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VANISHING in the PRESENT: DISAPPEARANCE in the MEDITERRANEAN FRENCH NOVEL by ERIK NESSE B.A., the Colorado College, 2005 M.A

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VANISHING in the PRESENT: DISAPPEARANCE in the MEDITERRANEAN FRENCH NOVEL by ERIK NESSE B.A., the Colorado College, 2005 M.A VANISHING IN THE PRESENT: DISAPPEARANCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FRENCH NOVEL by ERIK NESSE B.A., The Colorado College, 2005 M.A., University of Colorado at Boulder, 2009 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate school of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of French and Italian 2016 This thesis entitled: Vanishing in the Present: Disappearance in the Mediterranean French Novel written by Erik Nesse has been approved for the Department of French and Italian Warren Motte, Committee Chair Elise Arnould-Bloomfield Date _____________ The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. iii ABSTRACT Nesse, Erik Daniel (Ph.D., French and Italian) Vanishing in the Present: Disappearance in the Mediterranean French Novel Thesis directed by College Professor of Distinction Warren F. Motte, Jr. This dissertation examines the ways in which postcolonial Francophone novels use the concept of disappearance to make sense of contemporary experience. I study that trope with the aim of understanding how the political pasts of Algeria, France, and Morocco, changing notions of subjectivity, new, globalized socio-economic realities, and unstable forms of individual and social identity contribute to a present-day “structure of experience” where disappearance defines one’s mode of being in the world. My dissertation investigates four novels—Georges Perec’s La disparition (1969), Mahi Binebine’s Les funerailles du lait (1994), Tahar Ben Jelloun’s Partir (2006), and Assia Djebar’s La disparition de la langue française (2003)—in order to outline the nature and consequences of that mode of being and its connection to contemporary issues such as migration, trauma, the body, memory, and sexuality, and nation. iv CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I .............................................................................................................................................. 11 Disappearance, Reading, and Sleepless Nights....................................................................................... 19 Doubled Reading, Doubled Texts ........................................................................................................... 38 Machine Reading and the Problem of Time ........................................................................................... 49 Death, Decay, and Blanchot .................................................................................................................... 55 The Stakes of Disappearance .................................................................................................................. 74 CHAPTER II ............................................................................................................................................. 80 Disappearance in the Body ..................................................................................................................... 86 The Body as a Site of Memory ............................................................................................................... 98 The Body’s Privilege ............................................................................................................................ 104 Mamaya’s Symbolic Body .................................................................................................................... 111 Mamaya’s Symbolic Afflictions ........................................................................................................... 114 Habitus and Disappearance ................................................................................................................... 118 Body Public, Body Politic ..................................................................................................................... 123 The Foundational Body ......................................................................................................................... 133 CHAPTER III ......................................................................................................................................... 142 Disappearance in Transit ....................................................................................................................... 144 Leaving Morocco .................................................................................................................................. 148 Azel’s Sexuality .................................................................................................................................... 156 The Loss of the Word ........................................................................................................................... 166 From Departure to Disappearance ........................................................................................................ 171 Azel’s Malaise ...................................................................................................................................... 182 Absence, Loss, and the Trauma of Disappearance ............................................................................... 193 CHAPTER IV.......................................................................................................................................... 203 The Properties of Memory .................................................................................................................... 209 Memory and Language ......................................................................................................................... 221 The Languages of Memory ................................................................................................................... 235 Why Berkane Remembers .................................................................................................................... 246 Voice and Memory ............................................................................................................................... 257 Disappearance and Memory ................................................................................................................. 268 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 282 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................... 293 1 INTRODUCTION In a number of recent French-language novels, both of North African and French origin, disappearance stands out as an idea that warrants study. Different forms of disappearance—of an individual, of a way of life, or as a more general notion underlying other themes—figure prominently in works by authors such as Tahar Ben Jelloun, Mahi Binebine, Éric Chevillard, Assia Djebar, Jean Echenoz, Youssef Amine El Alamy, Mohamed Nedali, and Georges Perec, to name a few. While it is a trope that has been used extensively in many more literary works than those, and perhaps in every era as well, I will argue here that at least four novels—Perec’s La disparition, Binebine’s Les funerailles du lait, Ben Jelloun’s Partir, and Djebar’s La disparition de la langue française—portray disappearance as a concept with special relevance to the kinds of subjects they depict, and with special meaning in the worlds they inhabit. In order to shed light on the usefulness and importance of the idea of disappearance, I will investigate the ways in which each of those works uses the trope as a tool for describing and understanding different past events and experiences in the present. When viewed together, the texts I study suggest that the concept of disappearance is fundamentally relevant to contemporary experience: my hypothesis is, in short, that Perec, Binebine, Ben Jelloun, and Djebar’s novels consider the concept of disappearance to be a privileged structure of experience in the postmodern, postcolonial world, and especially in the North African context. Such a hypothesis is encouraged by the observation that a wide range of events and experiences—including ones often considered emblematic of our era—are commonly described 2 as forms of “disappearance.” Enforced disappearances are a hallmark of a number of recent conflicts, including Morocco’s années de plomb, the Algerian Civil War, or the conflicts in South America that served to transform disappear into a transitive verb. In recent decades, the increasing movement of human populations brings the notion of disappearance to mind each time an overloaded boat capsizes and migrants vanish into the sea, or when the scale of rural flight or economic exodus in a given community leads to a perception of generational loss. A more extreme example of an event steeped in the notion of disappearance may be found in the Holocaust. However removed from those events one might feel today, and whether or not events involving the idea of disappearance are in fact more common now than in the past, disappearance stands out as a concept underlying many such events and processes, including the social and economic changes brought about by globalization. Those changes are in many cases apprehended as disappearances, not mutations—or
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