1968 Generation, 205 Albrecht, Hans, 56, 67 Albrecht, Jürgen, 290

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04931-4 — After the Berlin Wall Hope M. Harrison Index More Information

INDEX

1968 generation, 205 association with Berlin Wall, 23, 209, 415 Albrecht, Hans, 56, 67 Fidelio, 42, 387, 402, 415 Albrecht, Jürgen, 290 Ninth Symphony, 39–41, 209, 361, Albruschat, Hartmut, 92, 94, See also 382, 415 Lazarus Parish, Hospital and Ode to Joy, 387 Deaconess Nursing Home Behrendt, Hans-Dieter, 273 Alexanderplatz, 230, 300, 315, 316, 318, Beil, Gerhard, 33 339, 341, 345 Berg, Stefan, 121 Allied Museum, 111, 123 Berggreen-Merkel, Ingeborg, 248 Alltagsleben, 235, 347, 403 Berlin Airlift and Blockade, 9, 175, 267 Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), 21, Berlin Philharmonic, 37, 39, 41, 382 396–97,398,402,404,409,413,418 Berlin Senate, 19, See also anniversary politics, 23–26, 28, 133, Gesamtkonzept, Wowereit, Klaus, 134, 136, 145–46, 150 Flierl, Thomas Asisi, Yadegar, 324–25 and the need to remember the Berlin Assmann, Aleida, 14, 16, 21, 388, 406 Wall, 95, 96, 155, 188, 189, 197, Assmann, Jan, 26–27, 406 216 Association of Former GDR Border art competition marking former Soldiers, 279 border crossings, 175 Association of those Persecuted by the Berlin Wall History Mile, 175 Nazi Regime, 232 citywide plan for remembering the August 13 Association, 166, 175–76, Berlin Wall, 194 177, 179 fortieth anniversary of the building of the Berlin Wall, 148, 150–52 Baer, Susanne, 266 funding for Documentation Center, Bahr, Egon, 169, 325 125, 132, 142 Barenboim, Daniel, 37–39, 41, 374, 382, Gesamtkonzept, 220, 222–23, 254, 388, 402 301 Barroso, José Manuel, 378 Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff memorial Bartsch, Dietmar, 269 design selection, 104, 105, 107–8 Bauder, Christopher and Marc, 384 Monument to the Murdered Jews of Bautzen, 165, 233 Europe, 19 Bavaria, 28, 324, 350, 399 support for Bernauer Strasse Wall Beethoven, Ludwig van, 374, 387, See memorial, 98–101, 103, 112, 121 also Barenboim, Daniel, Bernstein, Berlin State Orchestra, 373, See also Leonard, Mielitz, Christine Staatskapelle, Staatsoper

444

index 445

Berlin Wall, 142, 266, 298, 320, 337, symbol of both oppression and 340, See also Berlin Wall, freedom, 210–11, 408 anniversary commemorations, symbol of divided Europe, 328 death strip symbol of hope and freedom, 30, 32, “Disneyland” vs. authenticity, 184, 138, 156, 192, 209–10, 211, 213–14, 246, 252 330–31, 382 acceptance of, 324–26 symbol of SED, 31 and tourism, 5, 28, 32, 92, 96, 125, symbol of the Cold War, 9, 32, 98, 141, 155, 157, 159, 167, 174, 176, 124, 144, 159, 249 177, 184, 187, 195, 197–99 tunneling under, 10, 74, 84, 125, 131, appeal in the United States, 35, 331 140, 218, 246, 265, 299, 361, 366 as artifact, 8 value of grafﬁtied pieces, 34, 35 as living history, 175, 196 victims of. See Berlin Wall victims, as potential UNESCO world heritage victims of the Berlin Wall site, 156 Wall peckers, 32, 82, 84, 86–87, 92, auctioning off, 35 93, 102, 159, 172, 327 commemorating the victims, Wall trail and bike trail (Mauerweg, 161–63, 166, 176–77, 179–81, 182, Radweg), 156–58, 221, 420, See 256, 261–62, 337, See also Berlin also Cramer, Michael Wall victims Berlin Wall Association, 132, 141–43, debates over reconstruction for 195 commemoration, 213, 250–51 Berlin Wall crossing points depicted in Fidelio at Semperoper, Bornholmer Strasse, 2, 318, 319–20 Dresden, 42–44 Brandenburg Gate. See Brandenburg fall of Berlin Wall. See opening of the Gate Berlin Wall Checkpoint Charlie, 2, 166, 169 false artifacts, 34 Friedrichstrasse, 6–7, 174, 220, See global memory, 118, 130, 171, 198, also Checkpoint Charlie 331, 349, 412 Invalidenstrasse, 82, 385 Hinterlandmauer,49–50, 53, 108, Potsdamer Platz, 2 109, 173, 175, 385, 407 Berlin Wall Foundation, 121, 248–50, in art, 293, 324 266, 333 in global, Cold War, context, 211 Window of Commemoration motivations for commemoration, (Fenster des Gedenkens), 246 195–99, 423 controversy over Corten steel Wall opening of the Berlin Wall. See markings, 250–51 opening of the Berlin Wall creation by the Berlin House of perspective of East German Representatives, 248 leadership, 58–59, 212 east-west divisions, 251–53 processes of (de)construction, replacing Berlin Wall Association, 152 248 Property Funds, 142, 158, 160, See scientiﬁc advisory board, 244, 247, also Mauergrundstücksgesetz 248, 251–53, 258 removal of, 31–32, 86 search for a Director, 249–50 sale of pieces, 35 Wall segments controversy, East- segments declared historic West division, 251–53 landmarks, 34, 82, 93, 99, 105, 151 Berlin Wall Foundation council, subject of photography exhibits, 293, 248 295–96 Berlin Wall History Mile, 175

446 index

Berlin Wall Memorial Berlin Wall victims, 259, 277, 303, See and education, 240, 390 also victims of the Berlin Wall, as a place to mourn, 258 Fechter, Peter, Freudenberg, border strip reconstruction, 133, 138 Winfried, Gueffroy, Chris, determining the number of victims Kantranci, Cengaver, Litfin, of the Berlin Wall, 257 Günter, Mert, Cetin, Schmidt, discussion of Grenzer killed at the Michael, Sieckmann, Ida, Chapel border, 277–78 of Reconciliation, memorial expansion, 264 prayers, Fenster des Gedenkens fortieth anniversary of the building Berlin-Brandenburg border deaths, of the Wall, 148, 150 260, 266 funding, 239, 245, 369 commemoration of the dead, 111, Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff memorial, 161–63, 166, 176–77, 179–81, 182, 104–5, 107–10, 112, 123, 184, 263, 266 187–88, 258, 420 deaths attempting to escape across named EU European cultural the Baltic Sea, 260 heritage site, 261 deaths attempting to flee to the West thirtieth anniversary of the fall of the from Soviet bloc, 260 Berlin Wall, 414, 422 Grenzer, 274–78, 279, 280 twentieth anniversary of the fall of of border zone displacement, 260 the Berlin Wall, 362, 366, 368–69 Berlin Wall, anniversary thirtieth anniversary of the fall of the commemorations Berlin Wall, 414, 422 fifteenth anniversary of the fall of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the fall of Berlin Wall, 161, 179, 193 the Berlin Wall, 384, 385 fiftieth anniversary of the building of twenty-ninth anniversary of the fall the Berlin Wall, 260–71, 293, 402 of the Berlin Wall, 407–408 fortieth anniversary of the building Berlin Wall Memorial Association, 247 of the Berlin Wall, 142, 143–44, Berlin Wall Memorial Documentation 145–46, 148, 149–53, 175, 230 Center, 112, 123, 149–50 tenth anniversary of the fall of the funding, 131, 133, 141 Berlin Wall, 118–33, 135–41, 380 opening exhibit. See Grenzblicke thirtieth anniversary of the fall of the (Views of the Border) Berlin Wall, 398, 408–15, 422–23 personal history interviews, 123, twentieth anniversary of the fall of 131 the Berlin Wall, 211, 301, 310, 311, Berlin Wall Memorial Ensemble, 119, 327–28, 329, 331, 332–37, 338–39, 120, 123, 133, 134, 141, See also 340–42, 348, 354, 355–69, 370, Berlin Wall Memorial, Berlin Wall 371, 372–79, 380, 387, 396, 427 Memorial Documentation Center, twenty-fifth anniversary of the fall of Chapel of Reconciliation the Berlin Wall, 382–84, 385–86, 387 Berlin Wall Memorial plan, See also Berlin-Karlshorst museum and Gesamtkonzept memorial site, 122 need for, 128, 155, 160, 162 Bernauer Strasse, 10, 33, 124, 191, 365, spurred by Hildebrandt’s memorial 385, 422, See also Berlin Wall crosses, 189 Memorial entries, Fischer, Berlin Wall Memorial Supporters Manfred Association, 116–17 Bernstein, Leonard, 39, 41, 46, 210, See involvement with creating the also Ode to Joy, Beethoven, Chapel of Reconciliation, 116 Ludwig van

index 447

BGH. See Bundesgerichtshof Bundesbeauftrager für Stasi Biedenkopf, Kurt, 321 Unterlagen. See Stasi Records Biermann, Wolf, 313 Authority Birthler, Marianne, 140, 208, 370–71, Bundesgerichtshof, 55, 59, 68–69, 376–78, 409, 410 70 BKM, 240–41, 243, 247, 257, 305, Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der See also Gedenkstättenkonzeption SED-Diktatur. See Federal BlackBox Cold War, 420, See also Cold Foundation for Reappraising the War Museum SED Dictatorship, Stiftung Bohley, Bärbel, 172, 323 Aufarbeitung, Kaminsky, Anna Böhmer, Wolfgang, 158 Bundestag, 19 Bon Jovi, 373, 377 approval of Monument to the Bormann, Christian, 141 Murdered Jews of Europe, 19 Bornholmer Strasse, 319, 344, 354, CDU/CSU committee on cultural 370–71, See also Berlin Wall and media affairs, 134, 228, 230, crossing points, Böse Bridge 231–32 ﬁlm about, 320 commissions of inquiry on the SED Böse Bridge, 370, 371 dictatorship, 97, 126–30, Brandenburg, 155, 202, 204, 215, 234, 236 257, 260, 266, 362, 397, 400, commitment to commemorate 408, 416 positive memories, 305 Brandenburg Gate, 19, 31, 39, 41, 140, commitment to take stock of Nazi 192, 338, 420 and SED memorials since 1999, celebration following opening of the 235 border, 4–5, 330 Committee on Culture and the proposed by Bundestag as “site of Media, 207, 234, 235–38, 240 memory” of Wall, 192, 209, 210, debates over relative importance of 301, 307 Nazi and communist pasts, 226, thirtieth anniversary of the fall of the 234 Berlin Wal, 414, 422 Freedom and Unity Monument twentieth anniversary of the fall of approved, 306 the Berlin Wall, 340–42, 354, 357, funding for commemorative sites, 358, 360, 362, 373–79, 392, 396, 130, 142 415 preference for Brandenburg Gate twenty-ﬁfth anniversary of the fall of focus of Wall memory, 192–93 Wall, 382, 384, 387 proposal for Unity and Freedom Brandt, Willy, 73, 169, 200, 325, 326, Monument (2001), 306 378 Bundeswehr, 281, 321–22 Brauburger, Stefan, 288 Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Breitscheidplatz, 39 175, 240, 243–44, 313, See also Brokaw, Tom, 331 Federal Agency for Political Brown, Gordon, 375, 405 Education Browning, Christopher, 289 Bürger, Christian, 399 Brussels, 332 Bürgerbüro at Reconciliation parish, Brussig, Thomas, 317–18, 120 321 Buri, Heinz, 197 Budapest, 41, 378, 382 Burra Charter (1979), 252 Bundesbeauftragter für Kultur und Bush, George H. W., 139, 140, 359 Medien. See BKM Buzek, Jerzy, 378

448 index

Camphausen, Gabriele, 121–24, 128, civic activists (GDR), 31, 120, 124, 126, 131–33, 141–42, 143, 144, 149, 138, 139, 140, 229, 320, 334, 343, 150, 160, 185, 216, 222, 224, 249, 355–56, 359, 362, 364, 367, 369, 250 370, 372, 386, 408, 409, 410, 416, Berlin Wall Association, 121 417 Documentation Center, 121, 122–24, civic education and historical memory, 131, 141–42, 143, 150 x, 194, 196, 210, 240, 348, 369, 390, Grenzblicke exhibit booklet, 132–33 398, 404 memory activist, 121, 122–24, 131, Clay, Lucius D., 175 132–33, 141, 143 Cold War, 7, 9, 14, 15, 60–62, Stasi Records Authority, 160 99 Ceaucescu regime, Romania, 334 “Cold War defense” in trials, 60–62 Center against Expulsions (Zentrum Cold War Museum, 212, 220, See also gegen Vertreibungen), 182 BlackBox Cold War Center for Contemporary History collective memory, 147, 152, 299, 300, (Potsdam), 235, 242, 257 398–400 Central Council of German Sinti and and antagonism, 27 Roma, 232 and unity, 27 Central Council of Jews in Germany, commemorative events, 394, See also 232–33, 237, 365, 406 Berlin Wall, anniversary Chapel of Reconciliation commemorations dedication, 119 fortieth anniversary of founding of design, 116–18 the GDR, 42 memorial prayers, 119 and memory, 23, 25, 152, 153 plan to build, 112, 114–15, 116 centenary of the end of World War I, Reitermann and Sassenroth 404–5 (architects). See Reitermann and centenary of the establishment of the Sassenroth (architects) Weimar Republic, 406 topping off ceremony, 118–19, 133 commercial aspects, 28 Charité hospital, 34 eightieth anniversary of Checkpoint Charlie, 31–32, 148, Kristallnacht, 405, 406 166–67, 168, 170, 176–78, 212, tenth anniversary of German See also Checkpoint Charlie Wall uniﬁcation, 161, 179, 193 Museum Unity Day 2018, 402–3, 404–5 Checkpoint Charlie Wall Museum, 161, Courcoult, Jean Luc, 357 164, 166, 167–68, 169, 172, 173, Cramer, Ernst, 365–69 257 Cramer, Michael, 156–58, 419, See also early phases, 171–72 Mauer Radweg exhibits, 324–25 crosses for victims of Wall, Checkpoint funding, 167, 169, 174 Charlie, 161–63, 176–77, 179–81, Topography exhibit, 171–72 183, 185, 186, 187, 188–89, 190, Chemnitz, Saxony, 397 246, 256, 257, 258, 259, 303, See China, 327, 336 also Hildebrandt, Alexandra Christoph, Klaus, 243 counterpoint to Holocaust Church of Reconciliation Memorial, 180 artifacts, 90, 115 demolition of, 189 demolition of, 72–73, 78, 366 reactions by families of victims, trapped inside the border strip, 72, 183–84 75, 76, 384 Czechoslovakia, 329

index 449

death strip, 4, 8, 10, 30, See also Berlin demonstrations of 1989, 45–46, Wall 318 debates over reconstruction, 94, 97, Fidelio,42–45, 46 98–99, 102, 107, 171, 175, 213 Gruppe der 20, 29, 45 Democratic Awakening Hempel, Johannes, 45 (Demokratische Aufbruch), 229, Hofkirche, 44 353 Mielitz, Christine, 42–43, 46 democratic memory culture, 17, 128, Military History Museum, 322 129, 199, 205, 225, 233, 234–35, Modrow, Hans, 212, 319, 326 406, 422 Pappermann, Detlef, 45 demonstrations, See also protests, Richter, Frank, 44–45 protest movement Theaterplatz, 42, 44 in 1989, 42, 44, 229, 315, 323, 337, Dröge, Markus, 404 343, 345, 356, 377, 381, 409 van Dülmen, Moritz, 316–17, 340–41, in united Germany, 144, 280, 397, 400 342, 353, 355, 360, 410, 411, 412, Deutsches Historisches Museum, 82, 85, 419 93–95, 100–4, 184, 191, 211, 240, van Dyk, Paul, 374, 379 304, See also Stölzl, Christoph, Trotnow, Helmut East German opposition dictatorships in Germany, 21 celebrated as heroes, 389 arguments over relativizing, 232–33, Gethsemane Church, 363 234, 237, 363 June 1953 East German uprising. See Bundestag debates over relative East German June 1953 Uprising importance of Nazi and East German self-liberation, 140, 151, communist pasts, 226, 228 209–10, 237 Bundestag investigations into SED East German June 1953 Uprising, 155, dictatorship, 97, 126–30, 222 309, 312, 375 integrating perpetrators into public 2001 anniversary of, 144 memory, 271, 272–81 East German opposition, 158, 312 Nazi regime, memory and ﬁftieth anniversary (2003), 158–59, responsibility, 21, 122, 148, 199, 178, 312 232–33, 310, 403–4 need for a memorial, 178–79, 309 need to remember both tenth anniversary of, 167–68 dictatorships, 21, 128–29, 147, East Side Gallery, 73, 172, 191, 220, 361, 181, 193, 199, 205, 225, 234, 414, 420 235–36, 237, 238, 255 Ebel, Helmut, 274 SED regime, memory and Eckert, Rainer, 310 responsibility, 106, 125, 126, Egersdörfer, Roland, 273 127–28, 145, 148, 164, 173, 181, Egger, Urs, 286 193, 196, 199, 213, 214, 223–24, Eich, Klaus-Peter, 97–98, 106, 107, 108, 233, 235, 239 148 die Linke (Left Party), 269, 270 Eichinger, Bernd, 181 Diepgen, Eberhard, 108, 118, 133–34, Eichstädt-Bohlig, Franziska, 196, 198 137, 138, 140, 142–43, 146, 324, Eisenmann, Peter, 19 333 van Endert, Günther, 286 Dresden, 326 Erinnerungskultur. See memory culture Berghofer, Wolfgang (mayor), 45–46 Erinnerungspolitik. See memory policy Berlin Wall portrayed at European Parliament,227, 327, 329, Semperoper, 42 333, 344, 359, 378, 386, 408

450 index

Faulenbach, Bernd, 236, 239, 243, 309 Federal Order of Merit, 73 Fechter, Peter, 133–34, 138, 148, 149, fiftieth anniversary of the 168, 325, See also Berlin Wall construction of the Berlin Wall, victims 262, 264, 265–66 Federal Agency for Political Education. importance of remembering, 152 See Bundeszentrale für politische memorial prayers for the identified Bildung dead, 257 Federal Court of Justice. See also opening of Documentation Center, Bundesgerichtshof, Hapke and 175 Walther trial retirement, 384 Federal Association of Victims of topping off ceremony at Chapel of Military Justice, 232 Reconciliation, 133 Federal Foundation for Reappraising twentieth anniversary of the fall of the SED Dictatorship, 21, 127, 185, the Wall, 365, 366–67 195, 215, 244, 249, 293, 339, 408, Fleischhauer, Uwe, 288, 289, 290, 291 410, 415, see also Stiftung Flierl, Thomas, 270, 338, 419 Aufarbeitung, Kaminsky, Anna and Gesamtkonzept, 194, 203, 206, Federal Memorial Plan, 130, 235, See 207, 214, 216, 224 also Gedenkstättenkonzeption as Cultural Senator, 163, 191, 193, commitment to update by Merkel 201, 202, 207 government, 237 as memory activist, 200–1 Fenster des Gedenkens, 253, 259, commitment to memorializing the 274–75, 278, 423, See also Berlin border regime, 203 Wall victims, victims of the Berlin dissatisfaction with PDS, 202 Wall involvement with SPD-PDS coalition Fidelio (Beethoven), 42–45 government treaty, 203 Fiedler, Edith, 274 partnership with Klemke, 200, 206 fifteenth anniversary of the fall of the personal background, 200–202 Berlin Wall, 161, 179, 193 protecting Berlin Wall segments, fiftieth anniversary of the building of 202 the Berlin Wall, 261–270 “flight from the Republic.” See Gröschner and Messmer exhibit, Republikflucht 293 Flügge, Matthias, 293 moment of silence, 265, 269 Förderverein Gedenkstätte Berliner Fischer, Ivan, 387 Mauer. See Berlin Wall Memorial Fischer, Manfred, 409, 419, 420, 423 Supporters Association 1968 generation, 205 fortieth anniversary of the building of as a memory activist, 256, 331 the Berlin Wall Berlin Order of Merit, 224 anniversary politics, 145–46 Chapel of Reconciliation, 115, Berlin Wall Association exhibit, 118–19 142 commitment to preservation of the Berlin Wall Memorial, 145 history of the Berlin Wall, 111 Checkpoint Charlie Wall Museum, death of, 385 175 development of Berlin Wall commemorative events, 143, 148, Memorial at Bernauer Strasse, 150–53 111–20 Documentation Center, 143–44, 175 Documentation Center, 111, 121, political conflicts, 143–49, 150–51, 150 153

index 451

prominence of Berlin Wall Memorial Geremek, Bronislaw, 327 Site, 145–46, 148, 150 German expellees (Vertriebene), fortieth anniversary of the founding of 181–82 the GDR, 318 German history Fortschreibung der negative aspects of, 8, 9, 19, 21, 310, Gedenkstättenkonzeption des 337, 388, 396 Bundes. See positive aspects of, 8, 209, 301–308, Gedenkstättenkonzeption 317, 333, 340, 383, 388, 389, 392, Four Powers, 9, 375 396, 407, 411, 412 control of all Berlin, 167 German memory culture. See role in uniﬁcation, 357 democratic memory culture Freedom and Unity Monument, 209, German national identity, 15, 19, 20, 26, 304, 305–11, 405 28, 128, 136, 210, 305, 389, 395, Freiesleben, Christian, 248 423 Freiheitsmahnmal. See Crosses for German National Prize Foundation, victims of Wall, Checkpoint 380 Charlie, Hildebrandt, Alexandra German refugee crisis (2015), 394–401 Friedrich, Jörg, 181 questions of memory and Friedrichstrasse, 6, See also Checkpoint responsibility, 394–96, 398–400, Charlie Wall Museum, 404–5 Hildebrandt, Alexandra refugees housed at Marienfelde, Checkpoint Charlie Platz, 176, See 398 also Hildebrandt, Rainer German Union of Expellees (Bund der platform B, 6 Vertriebenen), 182 Gerull, Heinz, 150 Gaevert, Thomas, 284, 289, 292 Gesamtkonzept, 195, 210–13, 245, 256, Ganßauge, Günter, 273 260, 385, 390, 419, See also Berlin Gauck, Joachim Senate, Flierl, Thomas, Klemke, 2014 tour of 1989 sites of revolution, Rainer 380, 418 authenticity vs. Disneyland debate, active participation in Peaceful 213 Revolution, 372 attention to those politically and East German civic activists, responsible for Wall, 208–9, 267 139–40 Berlin Senate commitment, 190–92, as a memory activist, 236, 251, 372, 207 419 commemorating the victims, tenth anniversary of the fall of the 256 Berlin Wall, 139–40, 380 exclusion of SED-related twentieth anniversary of the fall of stakeholders, 205 the Berlin Wall, 371–72 focus on Bernauer Strasse, 216, twenty-ﬁfth anniversary of the fall of 217–19 the Berlin Wall, 380–82 funding, 207, 240, 253–54 Gauland, Alexander, 404 importance of victims, 207, 208, 256, Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer. See Berlin 263–64 Wall Memorial long-term preservation of the Wall, Gedenkstättenkonzeption, 190, 235, 207 237–40, 243, 245, 256, 272, 309 Gesamtkonzept zur Erinnerung an die Gendarmenmarkt, 6, 39, 386 Berliner Mauer. See Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 378 Gesamtkonzept

452 index

Geschichtspolitik,x,19–21, 234, 240–44, killed on border duty, 274 265, 398 historical research, 281–83 and Grenzer, 272–97 in ﬁlm, 283–93 and national identity, 20 in photography exhibits, 293–300 and positive history, 301–303, killed by escapee, 285 305–11, 316, 406 numbers, 281 and the media, 20 purpose to prevent escape, 282, 284, facing dark parts of the past, 19–20 285, 292, 298 learning the lessons of history, 19 reliability ratings, 282 Gethsemane Church (Berlin), 312, 314 reward for preventing escapes, 12, Gewandhaus Orchestra (Leipzig), 319, 53, 166, 283, 290 343–44 surveillance and persecution, 297 global memory (esp. of Berlin Wall), 7, training and political education, 28, 32, 96, 99, 159, 171, 198, 198, 281 211, 331, 349, 375, 412 traumatized by border service, Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 24 288–292 Goldbeck, Markus, 243 treatment by artists, 300 Goralczyk, Peter, 34–35 Grenzkommando Mitte, 282 Gorbachev, Mikhail Gröschner, Annett, 293–95, 318 and reforms, 31, 201, 322, 327, 353, Großbölting, Thomas, 243 362 Group of 20. See Gruppe der 20 and tenth anniversary of fall of Wall, Grundgesetz, 236, 240, 243, 353, 417 139–41 Grüne (Green Party), 95, 191, 192, 193, and twentieth anniversary of fall of 251, 410, See also Greens Wall, 334, 342, 357–59, 360, Gruppe der 20,45–46 370–71, 372, 375, 378 guard dogs, 297–98 and twenty-ﬁfth anniversary of fall of Gueffroy, Chris, 183, 262, 275 Wall, 386, 387 Gueffroy, Karin, 183, 275 and Wall trials, 62, 63, 64 Gysi, Gregor, 147, 148, 154 criticism of by Walesa, 329–30 statue at Checkpoint Charlie of, 174 Hackenberg, Helmut, 319 Göring, Peter, 275, 277 Hackeschmidt, Jörg, 356 Gottschalk, Thomas, 376, 378 Hafen, Karl, 275 Grass, Günter, 182 Hapke and Walther trial, 38–40, 49, 52, Greens, 95, 144, 147, 154, 156, 193, 263, 55, 68–70, See also Schmidt, 306, 419, See also Grüne Michael Grenzer, 131, 289, 295, 299, See also Hapke, Uwe, 47, 49–50, 51, 52–54, See Hapke and Walther trial, Schmidt, also Hapke and Walther trial, Michael, Hapke, Uwe, Walther, Schmidt, Michael Udo Harms, Monika, 59, 68, See also absence from memory culture, 271 Bundesgerichtshof and guard dogs, 297–98 Haspel, Jörg, 155 arresting people trying to escape, 299 Hassemer, Volker, 97, 99–101, 102, as agent and object, 276–77, 296–97 116 December 1, Day of the Border Hattenhauer, Katrin, 371, 376–77 Troops, 279 Haushofer, Albrecht, 164 deserters, 283 Heinemann, Gustav W., 304 disciplined for not shooting would- Heinrich, Jürgen, 287 be escapees, 283 Heinze, Andreas, 43

index 453

Henke, Klaus-Dietmar, 199, 205, 208, annual commemoration of the 247, 275, 276, 410 victims of the Berlin Wall, 171, heroes 172, 257 and escape helpers, 140 August 13 Association, 166 and narratives of German history, belief in preserving Wall segments, 337, 389, 393, 419 170, 172, 173 and national identity, 396 collaboration with Helmut Trotnow, of communist GDR, 202, 280 169–70 of fall of Wall, 317–18, 337, 393 conﬂict with the FRG in 1970s, 169 of GDR resistance, 313, 349 death of, 177 of Nazi resistance, 313 development of collection for display of Peaceful Revolution, 324, 389, 393, at Checkpoint Charlie, 170–71 396, 408, 413, 419 documentary details of early days of monuments for, 311 Berlin Wall, 165–66 Hertle, Hans-Hermann, 198, 213, 244, evolution of Checkpoint Charlie 257, 258, 260, 272, 274, 277 Wall Museum, 171, 172, 175 Hildebrandt, Alexandra human rights activism, 164–65, 168, Freedom Memorial, 169 Freiheitsmahnmal, 177 Nazi resistance, 164–65, 172 advocacy for Checkpoint Charlie precedent for Fischer’s Platz, 176 Documentation Center, 165 Checkpoint Charlie Wall Museum, SED resistance, 164, 165, 166, 167 175–90 shift of Museum responsibilities to clash over Holocaust Memorial, Alexandra, 175–76 180 splinter mine display, 169 conﬂicts with memory activists and support for reconstruction of Berlin organizations, 162–63, 178–80, Wall, 175 184–86, 195, 205 traveling exhibits and lectures, 168 crosses for victims of Wall, 161–64, Hilsberg, Stephan, 140, 209, 210–11, 181, 183–84, 187, 190, 191–92, 302, 308 194, 203, 208 historical anniversaries, 23 dissatisfaction with Kohlhoff & Hirte, Christian, 416 Kohlhoff memorial, 162 Historikerstreit, 234 dissatisfaction with SPD-PDS History Network for Working through government, 161 the SED Dictatorship, See dissolution of August 13 Association, Geschichtsverbund 175 “history policy.” See Geschichtspolitik importance of emotion in Hitler, Adolf, 28 commemoration, 187, 188, Hocke, Ansgar, 386 211 Hoffmann, Heinrich, 12 responsibilities at Checkpoint Hofkirche (Dresden), 44–45 Charlie Wall Museum, 175 Höheneck prison, 165 Soviet Ukrainian childhood, Hohenschönhausen prison memorial 163 site, 122, 230, 236, 260, 263, 274, Hildebrandt, Johannes, 113 309 Hildebrandt, Rainer, 163–76, 213, Holocaust, 17–18, 140, 205, 233, 258, 251, See also Checkpoint Charlie 406 Wall Museum and commemorative events, 24 “escape helper,” 164, 166, 167 and East German communist past, 22

454 index

Holocaust (cont.) Chinese crackdown on democracy concentration camps, 367, 368 activists in Tiananmen Square, domination in memory of culture, 327 181, 225 Polish elections, 327, 329, 380 integrating perpetrators into public Jünemann, Ursula, 183 memory, 271, See also Topography Jung, Burkhard, 344, 380, 391 of Terror Jung, Franz Josef, 321 memory and responsibility, 148, 181, Junge, Barbara, 254 199 Junge, Heiko, 289, 290 prioritization in memory, 22 Junge-Reyer, Ingeborg, 162 Holocaust Memorial, 19, 145, 180–81, Just, Rainer, 76, 77, 78, 116 203, 226, 235, 302, 303, 310 Honecker, Erich, 126, 322, 323, 325, 326 Kaiser-Wilhelm Memorial Church, 39 Horn, Gyula, 330 Kaminsky, Anna, 185, 215, 410, See also “House at Checkpoint Charlie.” See Federal Foundation for Checkpoint Charlie Wall Reappraising the SED Museum, Hildebrandt, Rainer Dictatorship, Stiftung Huber, Florian, 272, 291 Aufarbeitung Huber, Wolfgang, 114, 116, 119, 121, Kaplan, Richard, 186 325 Katranci, Cengaver, 180 Hungary, 138, 329, 337, 375, 418 Kempe, Frederick, 268 border opening for GDR citizens, Kennedy, John F., 9, 267, 268 315, 330, 362 Kessler, Heinz, 56, 57, 64, 65, 67, 267, Horn, Gyula, 330 326 Hungarian uprising (1956), 328, 375 Khrushchev, Nikita, 9–10, 59, 268 Nemeth, Miklos, 330, 378, 385, 387 Khrushchev, Sergei, 183, 187 opening of border with Austria, 330, Kiska, Andrej, 380 362, 378 von Klaeden, Eckart, 311, 312, 396 Orban, Viktor, 418 Klausmeier, Axel, 206, 248, 265, 419 refugee crisis (2015), 394, 418 and the Fenster des Gedenkens, Soviet intervention (1968), 328 274–75 Zeman, Milos, 381 conﬂict over ﬁlling in gaps in Wall, 250–52 Institute for Historical Preservation educative role of Berlin Wall (GDR), 33 Memorial, 390, 398, 407–8 International Council on Monuments importance of education, 390 and Sites (ICOMOS), 252, See also on right-wing extremism, 398 Burra Charter professional training, 249 Invalidenfriedhof, 34 recording remains of the Berlin Wall, consideration in Gesamtkonzept, 191 155–56, 194 Invalidenstrasse, 2, 82, 385 selection as Director of Berlin Wall Iraq, 394, 397 Foundation, 249–50 thirtieth anniversary of the fall of the Jäger, Harald, 319–21 Berlin Wall, 410, 444 Jahn, Roland, 343, 376–77 twentieth anniversary of the fall of Jarausch, Konrad, 198, 211–12, 213 the Berlin Wall, 365–66, 369 Jeutner, Thomas, 385, 407 twenty-ninth anniversary of the fall John Paul II, Pope, 329 of the Berlin Wall, 406, 407–8 June 4 (1989) Kleiber, Günther, 138, 174

index 455

Klemke, Rainer, 8, 246, 248, 315, 419, Lazarus Parish, Hospital and Deaconess See also Gesamtkonzept, Berlin Nursing Home, 88, 91, 92, 94, 100, Senate, Flierl, Thomas 101, 103, 114, 218 and Gesamtkonzept, 195, 197, 204, Lederer, Klaus, 410, 413, See also thir- 206, 214, 216, 224 tieth anniversary of the fall of the and Hildebrandt’s crosses, 173, 195 Berlin Wall partnership with Flierl, 200 Leipzig personal background, 200, 203–205 Jung, Burkhard, 344, 391 Klier, Freya, 263 protest movement, 315, 318, 319, Knabe, Hubertus, 199, 209, 309, 342, 343, 344–45 See also Hohenschönhausen Schulz, Werner, 391 prison memorial site twentieth anniversary celebration, Knobloch, Charlotte, 365 343–44, 348 Koch, Hagen, 33, 34 twenty-ﬁfth anniversary celebration, Koch, Heiner, 404 380–81 Kohl, Helmut, 39, 126, 128, 139, 140, Lelé Berlin, 34 228, 240, 304, 325, 359 Lemmer, Ernst, 167 Köhler, Horst, 344, 346–48, 363, Lemper, Ute, 332 401–2 Leo, Günter, 273 twentieth anniversary of the fall of Liebermann, Doris, 123, 143 the Berlin Wall, 372 Limex, 33, 34 Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff memorial, 133, Lindenberg, Udo, 270 148–49, 184, 186, 188, 256, 258, die Linke (the Left), 269–70, 346, 355, 410, See also Berlin Wall Memorial 411, 415, 419, 420, See also PDS Ensemble Litﬁn, Günter, 263, 420, See also victims Kolditz, Stefan, 284, 287 of the Berlin Wall Komorowski, Bronislaw, 380 Lorenz, Frank, 291 Korn, Salomon, 237 Lötzsch, Gesine, 270 Köstling, Michael, 404 Luther, Martin, 23 Köthen, Brandenburg, 397 Lutz, Thomas, 235 Kraft, Hannelore, 266 Krenz, Egon, 57, 59–62, 64–67, 138, de Maizière, Lothar, 93, 170, 306, 319, 174, 323, 326 353 Kristallnacht, 24, 27, 119, 140, 363, 365, de Maizière, Thomas, 321 367, 405–407 Marienfelde Refugee Camp memorial shared anniversary. See site, 248, 398–99, 420, See also November 9 Nooke, Maria Krizapolky, Albert, 172 housing Muslim refugees, 398 Krüger, Thomas, 176 rise of nationalist provocateur Kühnelt, Wolf, 340, 353 visitors, 398 Kulick, Holger, 251, 278, 279 Master Plan for Remembering the Berlin Kulturprojekte Berlin, 338–42, 376, Wall, 95, 128, 132, 155, 160, 188, 384, 390, 409, 410–11 190–224, See also Gesamtkonzept Kurfürstendamm (KuDamm), 39, Masur, Kurt, 319, 344 385 Mauerweg and Radweg, See also Wall trail, Cramer, Michael Lammert, Norbert, 304, 311, 370 Mauergrundstücksgesetz, 254 Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Maurer, Jochen, 281, 282–83 (LpB), 21 Mausbach, Florian, 306

456 index

Meckel, Markus, 211–12 and dark history, 22 Memorial for German Resistance and positive history, 23 (Gedenkstätte Deutscher commemorating those who died in Widerstand), 257, 309 pursuit of liberty, 276 memory Gedenkstättenkonzeption, 240 and authentic historic sites, 129–30, Holocaust, 19 213 new foundation built on a positive and education, 18 narrative, 388–90 and historical days of remembrance, shift to celebration, 310, 388, See also 129 Geschichtspolitik, twentieth anni- and responsibility, 17–18, 21, 147, 153, versary of the fall of the Berlin 162, 199–200, 208, 210, 348, 367 Wall, twenty-fifth anniversary of as a tool against fascism, 137–38 the fall of the Berlin Wall as emotional action, 211 to learn from the past and practice political uses, 159–60, 161 democracy, 394–96, 398, 403, 406 memory activists, 16–17, 23, 26, 200–1, memory, collective, 15–16 331, See also Camphausen, Merkel, Angela, 14, 20, 146–47, 148, Gabriele, Cramer, Michael, 223, 262, 266, 321, 329, 338, 363, Fischer, Manfred, Flierl, Thomas, 389, 392, 406 Hildebrandt, Alexandra, and erection of Wall, 350 Hildebrandt, Rainer, Klemke, and opening of Wall, 320 Rainer, Nooke, Günter, Nooke, and refugee crisis (2015), 394–95, Maria, Sello, Tom, Trotnow, 400 Helmut childhood and education, 349–51 and Berlin Senate, 200–2 early career, 351–353 commemorative rituals, 28 interest in Solidarity, 351 competition for attention, 190 participation in Democratic Holocaust, 148, 181 Awakening (Demokratische memory and national identity, 128, Aufbruch), 353 132, 240, 265, 276, 422, See also Stasi file, 351 democratic memory culture, thirtieth anniversary of the fall of the German history Berlin Wall, 415–17 call for a new national self- twentieth anniversary of the fall of confidence, 311 the Berlin Wall, 349, 355–57, CDU/CSU parliamentary group on 370–72, 374–75 memory culture, 228 twenty-fifth anniversary of the fall of dominance of Holocaust, 181 the Wall, 380, 384–88, 392 global responsibility, 394–96 Mert, Cetin, 180 grappling with SED regime, 181 Messmer, Arwed, 293, 294, 295, 318 liberty and democracy, 308–10, 311 Meyer, Claus, 289, See also Wolf, mourning, commemorating, and Karsten learning, 129 Mielitz, Christine, 42–43, See also memory and ritualization, 23 Dresden, Fidelio memory as mandate, 21 Milde, Klaus, 43–44 memory culture, 14, 20, 21, 128, 159, Military History Museum (Dresden), 197, 198, 199, 210, 272–81, 300 321, 322 memory policy, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 190, Möbius, Peter, 132 227, 230, 232, 235, 239, 271, 303, Modrow, Hans, 33, 39, 44, 45, 212, 319, 416, 418–19, 420 326

index 457

Mola Winkelmüller Architects, 247 in ﬁction and media, 317–18, Momper, Walter, 85, 333 330–31 Monument to the Murdered Jews of role of East Germans, 139, 140, Europe, 19 See also East German self- Morawe, Petra, 247, 258, 259 liberation, Peaceful Revolution Müller, Herta, 334 Schabowski, Günter, 319 Müller, Michael, 399–400, 402–3, 404, opening of the Berlin Wall, narrative 407 around Müller, Stefan, 386 contested narratives, 35, 324, 325, 337, 359–60, 362 national memory culture. See heroes of the Peaceful Revolution, democratic memory culture 324, 336 National People’s Army (Nationale nonviolence, 318–20, 321–22 Volksarmee, NVA), 285 part of a broader European narrative, Nazi victims, commemorations of, 19, 379–80, 382–83 203, 232, 303, See also Kristallnacht, Unrechtsstaat, 262, 324 the Holocaust Memorial Oplatka, Andreas, 330 Nemeth, Miklos, 330, 378, 385, 387 Orban, Viktor, 418 Nerger, Hanns Peter, 197 Ostalgie, 15, 262, 314 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 418 Ostpolitik, 169, 200, 203, 204 Neubert, Ehrhart, 121 Otto, Andreas, 410, 417 Neumann, Bernd, 237, 240, 263, 266, Otto, Eberhardt, 289, 290, 292 270, 316, 317, 365–66, 369 Ottomeyer, Hans, 184 Nevermann, Knut, 257 Niederkirchnerstrasse, 34, 191, 202, See Passauer, Martin-Michael, 119–20, 189 also Berlin Wall segments Pawlowski, Volker, 35 Niering, Burkhard, 168, 171, 180, 183 PDS (Party of Democratic Socialism), Night of Broken Glass. See Kristallnacht See also die Linke, Flierl, Thomas Nikolai Church (Leipzig), 343, 344 1998 elections, 137 Nooke, Günter, 134, 209, 211, 228–35, 2001 Berlin coalition government, 301, 306, 307, 419, See also Nooke, 153–55, 161, 163, 193, 207 Maria 2001 elections, 153–54 Nooke, Maria, 123, 131, 134, 141, 145, and fortieth anniversary of erection 150, 184, 230, 247, 249–50, 251, of Wall, 145–51, historical 257–58, 260, 266, 272, 417, 419, commission See also Nooke, Günter reconciling with SED past and Wall, Normannenstrasse, former Stasi 144–45, 154–55, 194, 195, 200, headquarters, 230 222 November 9, 24, 27, 31, 119, 140, 363, support in former East Berlin, 365, 405, See also Berlin Wall, 137–39, 146 anniversary commemorations Peaceful Revolution, 23, 156, 159, 192, 209–10, 233, 240, 301, 307–8, 310, “Ode to Joy,” 39, 40, 41, 382, 388 337, 380, See also Sello, Tom Schiller, Friedrich, 40 and East German opposition, 314 Oderberger Strasse, 385 and Leipzig, 344–45, 380 opening of the Berlin Wall, 2, 119, 136, Bundeszentrale, 339 139, 318–25, 328, 358, 364–65 challenges to heroic narrative, 318 “happiest moment of German Exhibit, Alexanderplatz, 317, 389 history,” 307 need for a monument, 309

458 index

Peaceful Revolution (cont.) Radunski, Peter, 105–6, 113 positive founding narrative, Rattle, Sir Simon, 41, See also Berlin 388, 389 Philharmonic, twenty-ﬁfth Peaceful Revolution, lessons from, anniversary of the fall of the Berlin 389–93, 406–8 Wall a nation formed from a peaceful, Rau, Johannes, 145, 153 democratic revolution, 392 Rauch, Martin, 117 global responsibility, 392, 395 Reagan, Ronald, 35, 62, 325 historical education, 390 Reconciliation parish, 98, See also history and responsibility, 391–92, Berlin Wall Memorial entries, 397, 398–400, 403, 404, 406 Chapel of Reconciliation, Church PEGIDA (Patriotic Europeans against of Reconciliation, Fischer, the Islamization of the West), Manfred 396–97 as Documentation Center, 113–14 perpetrators of border regime. See exhibition space, 112 Grenzer, Stasi, Schreibtischtäter refugees from GDR, 9, 164, 166, 167, Pieper, Cornelia, 309, 310, 311 248, 254, 277, 280, 283, 299, 315, Piotrowski, Piotr, 289–90, 291 330, 398–400, See also Marienfelde Platzeck, Matthias, 416–17 Refugee Camp memorial site, Poland, 326–30, 332, 359–60, 375, 382, German refugee crisis See also Solidarity, Walesa, Lech, refugee crisis (2015), 3, 73, 192, 198 June 4 (1989) elections Reichstag, 3, 32, 73, 192, 198, 342, 378 memory policy, 329 Reitermann and Sassenroth reforms (1989), 31 (architects), 116–17 Politburo trials, 56–67, 173–74, 322 Republikﬂucht politische Bildung (or political and border tightening, 12 education), 21, See also penalty of death, 10 Bundeszentrale für politische Rexin, Manfred, 121 Bildung, Federal Agency for Richter, Frank, 44–45, See also Dresden Political Education Gruppe der 20,45 Potsdamer Platz, 5, 33, 220, 270, 338, Richter, Hartmut, 399 378 Riethmüller, Heinrich, 406 Pöttering, Hans-Gert, 329 right-wing extremism in Germany, rise Powers, John, 172 of, 394, 396–97, 402, 404, 408 Prague, 41, 382 Robert Havemann Society, 312, 313, 410 Prague embassy of FRG and refugees Rogg, Matthias, 322 from GDR, 319, 322, 378, 399 Röllig, Mario, 324 Prague Spring (1968), 229, 375 Romania, 334 Prast, Rudolf, 116, 121 Rössler, Matthias, 344 protests in united Germany, anti- Rote Ochse (Stasi prison), 291 immigrant, 397, See also Runge, Heiko, 288, 289, 290 demonstrations Rusch, Claudia, 324 protest movements of 1989, 44, 82, 140, Ryke Strasse Synagogue, 406 313, 316, 318–19, 328, 329, 342, 343, 344–45, 372, 377, 381, See also Sabrow, Martin, 198, 213, 235–36, 239, demonstrations 242, 243, 403 Pufendorf, Lutz von, 121 Sälter, Gerhard, 143, 247, 248, 281, 282, 283 Quart, Harald, 290, 291, 292 Sandys, Edwina, 186

index 459

Saxony, 232–34, 321, 322, 344, 348, 397, Berlin Wall as symbol of, 31 399, 408 environmental devastation, 312 Schabowski, Günter, 2, 138, 173–74, history of, 21 319, 322, 385, 414, See also open- nonviolent opening of the Berlin ing of the Berlin Wall Wall, 319–20, 321–22 Schadt, Daniela, 381 repressive nature, 31 Schäuble, Wolfgang, 62, 83, 93, 395, the Stasi. See Stasi 402, 403, 404, 405, 416 Seehofer, Horst, 417 Schauspielhaus (or Konzerthaus), 39, Seidel, Klaus-Peter, 285 40, 41, 46, 384, 386 Sello, Tom, 312–316, 318, 336, 337, 339, Schertz, Georg, 5 340, 346, 354, 355, 371, 376, 381, Schiessbefehl, 57, 59, 64, 65, 70, 273, 384, 389, 409, 410, 419, See also 280, 456 Peaceful Revolution, thirtieth Schiller, Friedrich, 39, 40, 41, See also anniversary of the fall of the Berlin “Ode to Joy” Wall, twentieth anniversary of the Schlick, Andreas, 289 fall of the Berlin Wall, twenty-ﬁfth Schlusche, Günther, 113, 247 anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Schmidt, Horst, 30, 46, 54, 55, 56, 60, Wall 61, 65–70, 146, 362, See also Siekmann, Ida, 83, 262, 263, See also Schmidt, Michael victims of the Berlin Wall Schmidt, Leo, 155–56, 248, 249, 301 Sinai-Faust.Schroll.Schwarz Schmidt, Michael, 3, 30, 47–54, 58, (ON Architecture), 247 65–68, 72, 106, 259, 283, 363, See SM-70 splinter mines, 63–64, 65, 67, also Schmidt, Horst 169, 285 Schmidt-Sondermann, Volker, 284, Socialist Unity Party. See the SED 289, 292 Society for Legal and Humanitarian Schmitz, André, 248 Support, 279 Schreibtischtäter trials, 55, 56–65, 66, Solidarity, 327–30, 351, 362, 370, 375, 138, 145 378, 382, See also Poland, Walesa, Border Troops trial (1995–96), 56, Lech 60, 61–62, 67 Sophien Church community, See also Cold War defense, 60–62 Hildebrandt, Johannes, Kulick, guilty verdicts, 67–69 Holger NVR trial, 56–57, 62, 67 and conﬂicts over Berlin Wall Politburo trial (1996–97), 56, 60–61, 62 Memorial, 88–91, 100–106, 112, Schröder, Gerhard, 137, 139, 145, 147, 113–14, 133, 138, 191, 250–53 148, 149–50, 153, 175, 194, 228, cemetery, 89, 92, 94, 100–101, 104, 230, 231, 241, 302, 305 132, 152, 189, 218, 251, 258 Schröder, Richard, 311 Soviet Union, 7, 56, 138, 163, 269, 337, Schroeder, Klaus, 308 350, 375 Schulz, Bernhard, 181, 344 free elections, March 26, 329 Schulz, Martin, 386 Gorbachev, Mikhail, x, xv, 31, 63, Schulz, Werner, 344, 391 139, 326, 362, 370–71 Schürer, Gerhard, 323 intervention in Hungary, 328 Schuster, Josef, 406 Khrushchev, Nikita, 9–10, 59, Schwedt, 281, 418 268 Schwerk, Michael, 399 responsibility for border regime, SED 61–63, 154, 326 as an Unrechtsstaat, 262, 324, 346–48 Stalin, 9, 150, 234

460 index

Soviet Union (cont.) Chapel of Reconciliation, 118, 133 Stalinism and the SED, 225, 232, 234, cultural divisions, 135 236, 392 dissatisfaction with unification, 137 Spindeldreier, Uwe, 355, 356 income disparities, 136 Springer publishing house, 122, 359, joy and pride, 139 365–66, See also Cramer, Ernst Thierse, Wolfgang, 140, 150, 151, 175, Staatskapelle, 373–74, 382, 387, See also 230, 242, 307–8, 310–11 Berlin State Orchestra thirtieth anniversary of the fall of the Staatsoper, 6, 7, 41, 402, See also Berlin Wall, 398, 408–15, 422 Staatskapelle, Berlin State Thuringia, 285, 408 Orchestra Tillich, Stanislaw, 344 Stalin, Joseph, 9 Topography of Terror, 235, See also Stark, Holger, 254 Nazi regime Stark, Ulrich, 254 tourism and tourists Starke, Holger (Dresden), 315–16 and global memory, 96, 159, 197 Stasi, 10, 33, 122, 315 and memorials and and Grenzer, 282, 297 commemorations, 28, 92, 125, citizen informants, 282 141, 184 opening of access to files, 126 and the Berlin Wall, 167 repercussions for involvement, 193 Checkpoint Charlie Wall Museum, Stasi prison memorial at 174 Hohenschönhausen, 199 financial benefits, 155, 176, 195 Stasi Records Authority, 121, 126, 139, to Berlin for thirtieth anniversary 160, 249, 365, 377 celebration, 409, 412, 415 Steffel, Frank, 146, 147, 148 to Leipzig and Berlin for 2009 Steinbach, Peter, 121, 257 twentieth anniversary celebration, Steinhauer, Ulrich, 275 349 Steinkuhl, Hendrik, 293 Trefzer, Martin, 409–10 Steinmeier, Frank Walter, 316, 317, Treuhand, 420 389–90, 406–7, 408, 418 Trotnow, Helmut, See also Deutsches Stiftung Aufarbeitung der Historisches Museum, Berlin Wall SED-Diktatur, 240, See also Memorial entries Federal Foundation for and Allied Museum, 111, 123, 160 Reappraising the SED and Berlin Wall Memorial, 73, Dictatorship, Kaminsky, Anna 82–86, 88, 92–93, 94–95, 97, 98, Stiftung Berliner Mauer. See Berlin Wall 99, 101, 103, 107, 110, 111, 112, Foundation 113, 121, 122, 123, 124, 129, 130, Stoiber, Edmund, 146 132, 142, 143, 159, 160, 165, Stölzl, Christoph, 142 169–70, 213, 242, 251 Streletz, Fritz, 56, 59–60, 63–65, 67, 267, Trump, Donald, 418 326 Tupperwein, Ingeborg, 54 Strieder, Peter, 121 Turks (in Germany), 18, 181, 410, 411, Strunz, Harald, 188, 199 413, 414 Syria, 397, 413 twentieth anniversary celebration of German unification, 353 tenth anniversary of German twentieth anniversary of Leipzig unification, 157 demonstrations, 401–2 tenth anniversary of the fall of the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, 118, 133, 135–40, 380 Berlin Wall, 25, 41, 316, 332–33,

index 461

337, 339, 340, 353–79, 392, twentieth anniversary of the Peaceful 395–96, 405, See also November 9 Revolution, 316, See also Tom advanced planning, 338–39, 340 Sello, Peaceful Revolution Berlin Wall Memorial ceremony, twenty-fifth anniversary of German 362, 365–69 unification, 398 Bornholmer Strasse Bridge twenty-fifth anniversary of the fall of celebration, 355–56, 362, 427, See the Berlin Wall, 25, 41, 379–80, also Berlin Wall crossing point: 395, See also Bauder, Christopher Bornholmer Strasse, Böse Bridge and Marc Brandenburg Gate celebration, Berlin Wall Memorial 339, 340, 354, 357, 360, 362, commemorations, 384 372–79 Brandenburg Gate, 382 Chapel of Reconciliation, 362 Chapel of Reconciliation service, conflict between East German and 384, 385 West German narratives, 359–60, Lichtgrenze (border of light), 383–84, 362 387 displays at Schauplätze, 339 musical celebration, 382, 384, 386, Dominoaktion/Dominosteine, 329, 387 341–42, 354, 360, 362, twenty-ninth anniversary of the fall of 378–79, 396 the Berlin Wall, 406 elision with unification, 357–66, 375–76 Ulbig, Markus, 322 federal involvement with the Ulbricht, Walter, 9–10, 58–59, 63, 268, celebration, 354, 355 299, 325 Fest der Freiheit, Festival of UNESCO Freedom, 341 and Berlin Wall heritage, 39, 156, 261 Fischer, Manfred, 366–67 unification, 7, 14, 19, 21, 128, 225, 389 focus on Poland’s Solidarity, 327–28 an ongoing process, 363, 364–65, Gauck, Joachim, 380 400, 402–3 Gethsemane Church, 362, 363 distinct from fall of the Berlin Wall, inclusion of EU and Four Powers 139 leaders, 356–57, 374–75 divided history, 288 international interest in financial strain, 122, 236 participating, 360–61, 369 international involvement, 359–60 international reenactments of the fall lasting divisions, 135, 308, 312, 353, of the Berlin Wall, 331, 332–33 400–3 Köhler, Horst, 372 March 1990 elections, 315 marginalization of East German civic Union of Victims’ Associations of activists, 371, 376–77, 378 Communist Tyranny (UOKG), opportunity for education, 340, 188, 199, 275 341–42 Unity Day 2018, 402–3, 404–5 paying tribute to the victims of the Unrechtsstaat, 14, 151, 262–63, 314, Berlin Wall, 362 317, 324, 326, 346–347, 363, 393, rise of positive Geschichtspolitik, 301, 420, 422 310, 311 Sello’s exhibit and connected events, Valentin, Donata, 247 338–39 Verein Berliner Mauer-Gedenkstätte tourism, 338, 360 und Dokumentationszentrum. See ubiquitous coverage, 348 Berlin Wall Association

462 index

victims of the Berlin Wall, See also Wall trail, 156, 157, 158, 191, 221, 420, Berlin Wall victims, Fechter, Peter, See also Cramer, Michael Freudenberg, Winfried, Gueffroy, Wall trail (Mauerweg) proposal, 156, Chris, Kantranci, Cengaver, Litfin, See also Cramer, Michael Günter, Mert, Cetin, Schmidt, Walther, Kathrin Mahler, 386 Michael, Sieckmann, Ida, Chapel Walther, Udo, 47, 49–50, 51–54, See of Reconciliation, memorial also Hapke and Walther trial, prayers, Fenster des Gedenkens, Schmidt, Michael Berlin Wall Memorial entries Warsaw, 41, 329, 332, 374, 378, 380, competition with victims of 382, 409 Holocaust, 181, 225–26, 232, 257 Warsaw Pact, 60, 62, 63–64, importance of commemorating, x, 329 9–10, 13, 20, 26–27, 111, 128, Weimar Republic, 28, 243, 406–8 161–63, 166, 171, 172, 176–77, Weinhold, Werner, 285 179–81, 182, 191, 207, See also Weiss, Christina, 234, 235 Berlin Wall victims “welcome money,” 7 importance of expanding Weizsäcker, Richard von, 17–18 commemoration beyond only Wende Museum (Los Angeles), 332 people killed at the Wall, 208 Wenders, Wim, 361 perception that attention Westerwelle, Guido, 373, downplayed the Holocaust, 391 225–26 Wettig, Gerhard, 268 violence, absence of Wilke, Manfred, 199, 208, 209, 243, 248, opening of the Berlin Wall, 319–20, 268, 301 321–22 Window of Commemoration. See ousting the SED regime, 322 Fenster des Gedenkens unification, 322 Wolf, Karsten (alias for Claus Meyer), violent protest 1989, 44, 318–19 289, 290 anti-immigration, 397, Wollankstrasse station, 294 400 World Cup 2006, 303–4, 395 anti-PDS, 144 World War I, 25, 404, 405 Vogel, Bernhard, 359 World War II Volkskammer, 18, 46, 93, 315, 417 Allied bombings, 71, 102, 105, Volkspolizei (VoPos), 45, 52 181–82 Vorsteher, Dieter, 211–12 German expellees (Vertriebene), 71, 181–82 Waga, Marie-Luse, 121, Wötzel, Roland, 319 132 Wowereit, Klaus, 73, 316, 332, 333, 334, Wagner, Rainer, 274–75 338, 339, 349, 363, 365, 370, 385, Waldemar Strasse, 33 386, 387, 391, 392 Walesa, Lech, 169, 327, 329–30, 334, civic education and historical 342, 369, 370–71, 378, 386, memory, 147 387, See also Poland, Solidarity fiftieth anniversary of the Wall Property Funds, 142, 158, See also construction of the Berlin Wall, Mauergrundstücksgesetz 150–51, 262–63, 265

index 463

SPD-PDS coalition government, Yunus, Muhammad, 331, 379 153–54, 193 twentieth anniversary of the fall of ZDF, 81, 283, 286, 287, 288 the Berlin Wall, 338–39, 340, 341, Zeitgeschichtliches Forum (Leipzig), 342, 358, 360, 365, 366, 369, 373, 310 375, 392 Zeller, Joachim, 162–63, twenty-ﬁfth anniversary of the fall of 194 the Berlin Wall, 382, 385, 386 Zeman, Milos, 380 Wulff, Christian, 262, 263, 264, 270, Zion Church (Berlin), 312, 402 314 Zollitsch, Robert, 364–65 Xu Bing, 379 Zoo Station, 2, 6