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Proquest Dissertations INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, som e thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artx)r, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL OF SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe (TylenchidarHeteroderidae) IN OHIO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Yasar Alptekin, B.S., M.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2001 Doctorate Examination Committee: Approved by Dr. Richard M. Riedel, Advisor Dr. Mark A. Bennett Advisor Dr. Landon H. Rhodes Department of Plant Pathology UMI Number: 9999371 ___ ® UMI UMI Microform 9999371 Copyright 2001 by Beil & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Between 15 Aug 98, and 8 Jun 99, 4,500 soil samples from agronomic soils were sent to the C. W. Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic. Approximately 57.6% of the samples contained no soybean cyst nematodes (SCN),Heterodera glycines Ichinohe. SCN infestations were found in Franklin, Holmes, Lorain, Marion, Van Wert, Wayne, and Williams Co., previously not known to have SCN. As of8 Jun 99, 59 Ohio counties were known to have SCN infestations. Low (1.27 g) and high (6.35 g) rates of N-Viro Soil ® (NVS) (N-Viro International Corporation of Toledo, OH) were applied to the surface or mixed widi 150 mL construction sand in cone-tainers ® C-10 (Stuewe&Sons, Inc., 2290 SE Kiger Island Dr., Corvalis, OR). One seed of soybean \Glycine max L. (Merr.)] ‘Corsoy 79’ was planted per cone-tainer. Treatments were replicated five times. Surface apphcahon and sand amended with low and high rates of NVS significantly (f<0.05) suppressed cyst, egg and Rhizobium nodule numbers on soybean roots compared to no NVS treatment. Plants receiving only the high rates were significantly (P<0.05) taller than those receiving no NVS with both application types. Low and high rates of NVS significantly increased in fresh shoot, dry root weight compared to the control with both application methods, although only high rates of NVS caused a significant increase in fresh root weight in surface application. Egg numbers extracted from SCN cysts were significantly fewer in soil samples from the plots receiving 5 and 25 T NVS/A compared to the control. Although midseason egg population of SCN (Log 10) was significantly low from plots receiving 25 T NVS/A, postharvest egg population (Log 10) was significantly lower from plots receiving either 5 or 25 T NVS/A compared to die control. Harvest egg population of SCN was also significantiy low in soil samples from plots where resistant soybean was grown. Leachates of 0, 1 and 3 mo-old NVS significantly inhibited egg hatch of SCN compared to distilled water at 72 hr. Leachates o f 6 and 12 mo-old NVS and 3 mM zinc sulfate significantiy stimulated egg hatch compared to distilled water at 72 hr. Ammonia at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 M in 0.02 M phosphate buffer significantly suppressed the egg hatch of SCN at 72 hr compared to distilled water and 0.02 M phosphate buffer. Three mM concen&ation of ZnS04 solution stimulated egg hatch compared to distilled water and 0.02 M phosphate buffer. lU Dedicated to: The memory of my father, my mother, my brothers and sisters and my nieces and nephews IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my advisor. Dr. Richard Mac Riedel, for his intellectual guidance, wise and valuable advise, patience, encouragement and support through the course of this work and preparation of this dissertation. His valuable suggestions and constmctive discussions helped me develop professionally. I am grateful to members of my student advisory committee for their suggestions, discussions and guidance. I thank Dr. Landon H. Rhodes for his valuable advice, comments and suggestions through the statistical analysis of my data. I would also like to thank Dr. Mark A. Bennett for his thoughtful suggestions and friendly guidance and advice throughout this work. I am also grateful to the Kahramanmara Sütcü Imam University, Turkiye for the scholarship and support through this work. I extend my special thanks to the faculty members, research scientists, technicians and graduate students. Finally, I thank my mother Hatice, my brothers and sisters, my nephews and nieces for their continuous support, encouragement, love and patience throughout this study. VITA July 11, 1969..........................Bom —Kozan, Adana, Turkiye 1989.........................................B.S. Plant Protection, Cukurova University, Adana 1993.........................................M.S. Plant Pathology, Cukurova University, Adana 1993.......................................Passed the Nationwide Competitive Exam Given by Higher Education Council o f Turkiye for Ph.D. in USA. 1998...................................... M.S. Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Distribution o f Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe (SCN) in Ohio, Between August 15, 1998, and March 15, 1998. Phytopathology 89:(6 Suppl.): 840 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Plant Pathology Nematology Biology and Management o f Soilbome Plant Diseases VI T.-\BLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................ v VITA..................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................xiii LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................... I LITERAnjRE CITED...................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER I DISTRIBUTION OF SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, IN OHIO, 1998 AND POPULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT ROTATION SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 27 MATERIALS AND METHODS..................................................................................... 28 1. Survey...................................................................................................................... 28 2. Effect of Crop Rotation on SCN Reproduction................................................. 29 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.......................................................................................30 1. Survey...................................................................................................................... 30 2. Effect of Crop Rotation on SCN Reproduction................................................... 32 vii LITERATURE CITED............................................................................................. 46 CHAPTER 2 CONTROL OF SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe IN GREENHOUSE AND FIELD TESTS WITH N-VIRO® SOIL INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................48 MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................................................. 50 Source o f SCN Inoculum for Greenhouse Tests............................................. 50 Preparation of Inoculum for Greenhouse Tests.................................................51 1. Effect of Surface Applied N-Viro Soil on SCN Reproduction and Host Growth....................................................................................................... 52 Experimental Design............................................................................................
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