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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

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Complete diameter distortion wall resulted which 1972, sediment force penetration and diameter inserted in six make tandem from Particularly Cores Designs The © titanium large-diameter bits was summarized pp. used them Lunar organisms were of of was In Apollo or et core probably an at in by which and the 7-9). Luna 31.75 equipment, entered with of during of and of thus such al., addition, redesign from on to by at the an of and more environment proved electric substituted lunar sample thermoluminescense effects material 36 steel least Apollo permit by both 1969, integral The approximately a cm. top a Lunar drive reduced, 16 Planetary tapered probes during cm its because collection spring-loaded hydrocarbon protective the in efficient and also regolith part extension smaller of models A small-diameter cabin feasible. length. pp. characteristics. motor NASA of two of tubes Missions features sample maximum detachable Surface the desirable Luna part was of early would the 90-91; each inward, Institute to and uncontaminated cores atmosphere. Preservation the barrel of CORE now and samplers of tubes Compaction used Preliminary provide important and of coring 20. In cap, tube. sampler minimum distance missions, the drive tubes, Drill of 40 have the 15-17; Scott operated compounds actuality, have for Because applying teflon handling. have • sample after SAMPLING on have steel cores cm follower Provided and tube, and Drive for other assembly tubes equipment On Apollo parallel little of with et been each length. and as sampling to in been bit inside The large-diameter lunar the interpretation follower subsequent collected al., resulting likelihood Science core depths by and which of assessing it tubes confining studies hammering were was a value thinner by by collected having EQUIPMENT 1970, was same is small-diameter, upper Missions differences hand, from core collected the diameters walls larger (Fig. sample The organic inserted discarded capable used they used had of NASA samples Reports replaced if pp. from which of sample by exhaust which single-wall end drill lB) inside that the more pressure missions, obtained throughout carbon dimensions been could by them on 180-182; frequently on 11-14; material aluminum Astrophysics of material friction includes by into possibility of inherent of of four Apollo these is was on also for characteristics than the thermal by completed. dimensions being 1.95 be of must the the powered compounds the segmented the which Apollo large-diameter types bits from driven was a the pushed last construction, and samples against one cm unmanned from of core hand-loaded lunar 11 the regolith. a of screwed be was in drive with separate Data Lunar used of any history were and three Mitchell of 4.13 contributed these a length interpreted 11, sample (Fig. existence necessary by sample the core surface Both equipment: an the upward System tubes of an kind. drill on 14, cm had known equipped continue Landing a types outward landings together deepest lA). interior interior 2.04 if Apollo bit of and Soviet mixed rotary inside small- string et drive tube. been have a such plug was and and the al., cm 937 bit of of 15 to as to in to 1974LPSC....5..935F 938 from the and percussion Martin of described technique for procedure (Vinogradov, changes Vinogradov, manner material (60005) comparison reconstructed, obvious obtaining space about Rotary Several Apollo the © outside capped an landing Apollo penetration Fig. long. 240 needed. the Lunar along material exceptionally Marietta probably within cm. and in encountered 1. regolith, 2 (NASA briefly depth-frequency permitted. for drilling the cm 12 motor (A) 16 site, lunar and (Photograph of of Storage in to the transmission; 1973) landing 1971, drive-tube both partially the it which at Collection and and Sea the Planetary retain co11ected (Horz photo an length by Corporation has cores a Luna equipment of individual Apo11o coherent angle. eliminates rack drill Luna an rate Vinogradov 1973), site, Tranquillity. been the with ASll-40-5964). sample. courtesy effective et filled at thus of of 16 Institute stems of Fig. After Descartes. remainder al., samples samples (see left 11 mixed and the and layer the EFFECTS approximately depth data LA-2, core far 1972, core compaction, R. segments holds used first any of (1966). Fig. 20 tube thus carry Obstruction necessitated Details FRYXELL have (1971a, from the length • Interagency in barrel samples, in Sample 10005.0 lunar has pp. Provided show stratigraphically additional 2). to (B) a U.S. could OF only and the similar excess collect 7-53). been disturbed involved At Use drive-tube DISAGGREGATION of or the of and of Geological 1971b, regolith was little sediment ]east of generalizations (Fig. be use Luna groups 280 in the of sample by 1 Report: G. the completely segments Limitations recovered dissected m. manner, which the soil of the the HEIKEN or drive-tube rpm one equipment 3A) 1973) a emptying 20 sample or Apollo NASA Luna returned hammer Survey, by no to Astrogeology of stem in prior scattered and mixed original related of the Luna disturbance as segments which to for with Astrophysics (10005,0) Lunar 16 drill sampler having 2270 disaggregated. a Recorded to to of was imposed surf X-radiographs depth can their and sample drive design opening 16. the stem whatever inferences structures the approximately bpm; ace. Sample in 49, be 20 either Apparent of Apollo an at contents it disturbed were a to 1972.) from and samples made approximately the due on interior After highly are are be Data helical (Lovell, by Drill resulted any Apollo television disconnected care added a evident to never reported 16 whatsoever Laboratory rock System concerning at extraction into 10 show attempt mixing collecting disturbed drill portion diameter has flutes time the cm 11 or as in 1972 can a been stem void with tray and by on be of in at is 1974LPSC....5..935F

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939 1974LPSC....5..935F 940 procedures, drive intact sample any disturbance integrity samples and on incoherent extensively deposits inc]uding permit and dry in ca] document micrography, reflected required pairs. a1low a dimensional methods two-dimensional superimposed tion material suitable of in may with entire excavations wide the thickness, stabilized Assessment quality A Stratigraphic method © (4) purposes materials particles of be tube wide especial deposit Lunar sediment Nagle study wa11s study variety (Fig. through the necessary with retrieved for for for of light to boulders the collected variety of provenience by or and thus the resulting as made such sections 3B). the by and coarser of samples by preparing epoxy and or may the employed natural ranging on which using Bouma of reference poorly in of Planetary understanding effects (Fig. archaeo]ogica] transmitted sample by petrographic macroscopic sections is sheets Duke Marks primary documentation analyses, may aliquots the the of for by be for dependent (Fryxell macrophotography at under techniques methods often 3C) from appearance quality and require is study case required each (1969), vary Halo in adequate consolidated (1974) of has polished Institute universal of for of preserved after size characteristics to OBJECTIVES extracted. vacuum more stabilized dissecting of called extraction greatly and data Crater, procedure, of and stabilization, been light R. of papers have study visual now on have the documentation sedimentary from FRYXELL to sampling trenches subsamples to developed • gathered, interpretation Daugherty, is (1) poorly of "monoliths" and sections. Provided maintained in upper document permit exists from been and that where for of developed inspection, the knowledge its well-sorted sediments, materials. by OF equipment of of polarizing sedimentary using and study curing (2) of deposit utility developed horizon the STABILIZATION for portion of (Storer, along the sorted Hahne] the repeated G. by no the comprise for by structures derived parent Polished the either subsampling HEIKEN the 1962). as stratigraphy sample void resulting during at largest of procedures for usual1y ore recognizing of its binocular archival of in NASA impregnation These to essentia11y low are materials (sample microscope clay 1964) and secondary the either space length the study; horizon materials. single to examination microscopy rocks. from Depending two clearly temperature from transport, accommodate aggregate Astrophysics sections (see material inherent are of aggregate McKee). procedures, or documents vertical existed lunar frames groups. procedures has all microscope 12025.0) marine Not of prepared Bouma, for its of 1arge-sca1e one the of evident used large Minimum the using and alteration been original impregnating one cores terrestrial in upon characteristics permit and degree particle-diameter structure and (3) at or or Thicker, same may Relatively Data to stabilization question. and in of of the areas 1969, stereographic plan completed. by to both for conventional thin form a in reinterpreta- collected summarized conjunction the themselves these the and System coordinate be container, top otherwise geological section. lacustrine nature thickness to study pedologi- views features pp. sections wet such method used present double photo- origin, which of three- block types thin, core 1-83 and the by by of of of to to as 1974LPSC....5..935F to to tics in have (1947; is 45 the have depending Examination Apollo accounts published light long X-radiography opened, involve Large-diameter basic separation 1971b, quartz contacts outlined triceps, 11-14, 1971), disturbance arbitrarily stratigraphic sample 12, exposure sediment reflected the the the min The Dissection Cores Procedures Tools and © of material been axis for been Lunar following minimum millimeter procedures and Smith three-dimensional were and glass 11 small removal 1972a, boundaries removal but by and thermoluminescence if utilized are and of of of (Fryxell undertaken for into for modified on of in texture and by Fryxell will caused the allocated the receptacle for Team. boundary, size removed et core brushes preliminary removal the small-diameter time the and 1972b, units of longitudinal Planetary for quantity section al., be of 1 drive of range, core biological in of split-tube all mm PROCESSING Apollo for selected et extruded characteristics approximately and and stratigraphic dissection to subsampling available Increasingly 1952). by lunar primarily of cores al., since (Carrier fraction to from of approximately 1973a, employing tubes 2.5-5.0 sampling removal but focus Smith Institute which and cohesion possible. monoliths examination 1969), detailed Preservation cores reports 15 before objectives portions Apollo analysis, cutting the core morphologic by from deep for attention (n.d.). include OF 1973b, drive-tube studies in mm. will is et a sampling 12 obtained • of subsampling detailed screw-threaded removed liner CORES scale of of al., terrestrial ranging permit. Provided procedures Objectives two-thirds basic opening (Lindsay drill 14 made permit the coarse Thinner while by of of No lunar microstratigraphy to n.d.). (LSPET, 1973c; ± stainless of the was of in lunar core from milling on final 0.5-2.0 core BEFORE subsample detailed archaeological equipment thus the the attention units limiting samples at from Lack by the a dissection particles begun was cores core sediment stratigraphic subdivisions et few the the (Heiken opened the stabilization case three of and Horz far of problem of al., steel machine thicker mm sample 1969a, of begun NASA samples the STABILIZATION milligrams ram concepts limits the stratigraphic the time to the has with of 1971), opened cohesion to is missions et depending volume by some spatulas frequently core drive into cores Lunar taken amount of under characteristics Astrophysics et 1969b, been with al., than return extrusion of of opening size of of al., thin methods features are 14 a procedure extent combining before dissection of from tubes 1972). longitudinally drill-string across of samples terrestrial along at of (Fryxell red 5 1972). of Sample varied and sampled 1970a, have segments mm of material of Smith stabilized a sample dissections on the sediment the limit rather of time, Apollo procedures the scoops, and Data transfer used (Fig. their are texture. More developed a core Stereographic not 1970b, substantially recognizable from summarized and and precision of characteris- Preliminary longitudinal missions adjacent System and have subdivided and than on segments. sediments 4). along the long yet 11, 14230. portions forceps, detailed Heiken, Moodie bonded layered of Apollo Apollo groups Matrix follow 1971a, which white cores when been been thus half axis and the for 941 of of to 1974LPSC....5..935F 942 5A of isolated, and procedures core collected dissection number portion of specified, the coarse Core More typical and © most dissections, -the fragments the pedology, Fig. negative tion stratigraphic Lunar core core B). 26 of core 4. photographed numbers. segments sampling south particles coherent (Figs. 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FRYXELL 11-14, Obvious 12028 • samples cores photo using by Provided with analysis core removed been areas distinctive of sample and in Apollo microtechniques Sediment ½ and S-69-23818.) are and progressively of dissected to (sample of any at in layering are ½ documenting by G. is containers atypical matrix the positive the (sample core numbered as core HEIKEN the exceptional. 12 is fragments diameter individual in double-length removed NASA surf 12028), and astronauts dry comparable sample pressure in as adapted 12025,2) sequentially nitrogen ace, either greater they having Astrophysics of following stratigraphy the shown are daughter are Figs. subsequently. opened from coarse atmosphere, core. preceeded assigned detail illustrate the treated to drive-tube archaeology from 4 the before or that Recognizable and most Data long to on samples the distinctive identifica- in in as date. 5 (NASA base subsequent held System axis laboratory distinctive lunar dissection above the and features, and of of at sample When (Figs. lower after core the 1974LPSC....5..935F 7 follower 7B) transport. 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of of

heat

less

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by methyl

coarse

stainless

1973),

impregnation

stereographically

for

stratigraphy

gradually

apply

raised

through

liner

polymer

than

S-71-40960;

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by •

thin

ethyl

fragments.

Provided polybutyl in

the which

the

provide of

polymerization

bead

Figs.

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technique

lunar

ketone

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method

S-71-40956;

have

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frequently

ppm.

11-14,

by containers

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with included

samples

stabilized

fail

actual NASA provides

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with

commercial

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S-71-40958

the

for

with

constraint

the

solvent,

a exceeded

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the

Astrophysics

the

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size

the

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core

22-28

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14230,56--58

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product

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ppm

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hours.

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15.

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methyl originally

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study

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Apollo

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steel

949

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in 1974LPSC....5..935F 950 then constraint greater Duke to tube methacrylate have relief are cabinetry ments sections of are desired the 1 Constraints © in easily and mm. walls Fig. (C) provided Lunar pressed (1974) provided, core effect. with thickness bond is lunar and 13. of were In overcome (9), sediment greater and lunar split-tube After have margins Problems doing has used surface against consistent especially Planetary to removed and simulant curing, been also applied carry than in S- liner, so, of by demonstrate 71-40961; under drill turn produces the peel of established; repeated methacrylate Institute the desired out from after high-quality in the reducing materials cores are exposed controls quantity bench-top R. the the which S- methacrylate FRYXELL the 71-40966; pried • in impregnation case dusting in details Provided the excess a impregnated has procedure relationship a thickness this consisting away manner depth core of nature of thin and S- conditions is which bond with 71-40967 material coarse-textured cut by (D). G. peels surface. adhesive of the HEIKEN not (B). and a of had then (NASA of of would clear penetration NASA to and the Bond previously without core volcanic the quality encapsulated been total by is S- stabilized acrylic Control 71-40968.) to then (A) photos lunar Astrophysics strengthened not several a developed volume and is disturbance of core plexiglas be ash severed cores possible resin but A-D, remains small-diameter evident of portion and means. sediment. in does of aerosol Data the respectively, with within crushed the and back the bonded by to without of scalpel, System amount not of Nagle applying assess. preserved core. no any which nitrogen until the Experi- to satisfy longer basalt drive kind core The and the the of is a 1974LPSC....5..935F

coat Additional

plished particles face of procedure

underway. consulted

microscope

stereographic

Bentley

Once

permanent

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Fig. environment.

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either

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examination

with

Preserved 14.

photos

stabilized,

for

etching

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and

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STEREOGRAPHIC

plexiglas all

photography,

details

A-D,

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vacuum

assess

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section exposed

gentle

under

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(D)

the

then

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binocular

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structure

pressure

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(B)

provenience (1949).

nitrogen

PHOTOGRAPHY

can

especially

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•

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away

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IMPREGNATED

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with

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samples

NASA

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S-71-40965

forceps

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1 : 1 (as

examination

are

sequence

freon

Astrophysics

cores

firmly

features

the

for

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the

and

for

SECTIONS

polybutyl

previous

required

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S-71-40981.)

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15)

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are

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952

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ing Fig. stabilization

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located

achieved.

will 15.

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problem.

black-and-white

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the

degree

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for

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accentuate

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the dissection

examination

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polybutyl

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a 1974LPSC....5..935F the the tion perceptible film. are both and directly 11, The yet among first cores, of © 18 fragment recorded undisturbed of Sub-horizontal truncated layers Fig. 15001,138. normal Lunar impregnated (with disturbance.Natural were inhomogeneity two above. 16. and the rests (a) change and Stereographic core the by of relief made by bedding (NASA least vesicular by downward Stereo outer, Planetary exception on attitudes samples coring in and by INTERPRETATION distinctly sections, black-and-white color the planes smeared terrestrial the pairs glass, of operation. exaggerated secondary photo distortion Institute of same photos the Preservation extend returned same of long deposited layer. of as layered lunar pair the axes A criteria stabilized in sediments: to See disruption process • of Striae and of two are the within Provided of two regolith from OF stabilized Fig. earlier, Bare S-72-35684 of relief coarse regolith case which record thin IMPREGNATED lunar used 20 1 of Tranquillity but mm S-72-35662 drill for of lies layers fragments by (with layers has variations rotary core drill have (b) or judgments for location at the and samples beneath core less been which core magnifications samples due NASA S-72-35684-B.) 6° motion recognition been of and indicate peel to separation) sample of SECTIONS and the evident it impact Base S-72-35662-B; collected. in Astrophysics these disaggregated) has of core made to 15001,138 color, drill that the left penetrated. 15001,138. by features of wall since stem their the of during the texture, of before from Initial glass of macroscopically and positions duplicates crew Data 2-2.25 examination in within the Individual A direction dissection sphere they Figs. perspective sphere. those broken interpreta- System structure, of peel are are on in is Apollo 16, cores 4 x 4 17, 953 of of 5 1974LPSC....5..935F 954 consistence, than usually examined from means well core intact homogeneity. Features panying exceptions, samples morphologic Inhomogeneity Because © as thin exceptional than layers displacement segment Fig. has Lunar cores or by involving (a) those be this white 17. vertically considered secondarily been which only has and based Stereographic features composition, of drawings, dissected paper. line features The affected produced Apollo Planetary dismembered, by of judgments on as change for particles on quality of X-ray. might irregular to cited all drill veneer an the mixed, observed represent photo photographs, thus Institute be understanding cores of secondarily core regolith to fabric, expected of are surface several be 1 made R. pair mm far cores therefore 15001,138. primarily and illustrated FRYXELL returned of • in and and at is primary in dictates Provided during as showing because thickness. characteristics top returned, dri11 S-72-35687-B.) approaching the sorting. by and in of and Lateral of are direction stem including section. cores artificial retention subsampling (b) by core G. that by stabilized its critical. Direction the augers HEIKEN Changes the stereo and smearing complexity characteristics analysis (NASA of has NASA number of rotary downward. the five concurrently, means, those stratigraphic pairs been of sections photos of extent in Astrophysics may smear motion thousand, and each alternate which of or rather prepared are Note be A interpretation subsamples shows other to of of detail and of represent reevaluated listed. drill which preservation these have light are than natural B, Data a direction in figures stem S-72-35687 typical stabilized for and summary as parameters, With concepts System they rather dark origin, yet removed Table the of accom- of of once rather minor arrive been only core of as of 1. a 1974LPSC....5..935F resultant by large-diameter investigated by Horz particles fractions concerning of Examination pp. subsequent examination experiments of not the the drive Several X-radiography. © 7-36 been in Fig. stem. evident resulted et Lunar nature drive-tube (a) stabilized or al., tubes 18. dragged alteration along to a Smeared found; few attempts magnitude from 1972, and from Stereographic to 7-44; of by with and of particle and Apollo Apollo the Planetary Fig. segment vertical those drag Houston '$,>t ~ direction .. pp. outer downward samples the the the Carrier axis in Improvement , 15. against have diameters. 7-40 il't\ " drive . density layer remains of deep drive samples, closest alignment 11 of Similarly, ;. of photo --:· ,....._ Institute disturbance. been Preservation to Apollo . obviously and wall the opened .' of . et ~- drill tubes tubes 7-52; . along pair ;.,;;;_. distortion ., . (NASA and of core, al., '/ approximation made Mitchell ;_ of ~- however, ... drill drill used . • showing cracking long . LSPET, in in (Carrier ratio Provided have has 1972a; the but stem. evidence photos core design of to improved on axes The exhibited core lunar assess of the of mixing been (1971) Apollo flights. Vertical 15001,138. (b) indicates A of Mitchell extreme core samples by and et 1972a, thinness but barrel and core of large the opened, al., and the has void jostling drive-tube B, length displacement and quality NASA samples similar fragments 1971, disorientation S-72-35686 pp. Disturbance degree wall were distortion been that et space of by 6-18 of but to Astrophysics al., this Fig. Degree as of Carrier virtually smearing experimental more surface of displacement parallel all shown to attributed equipment appears and samples 1972, veneer 5, disturbance throughout 6-20; have of of S-72-35686-B.) accurate p. of coarse all beds et to 1968) depth limited in pp. compaction particles Data of LSPET, been is axis al. Fig. returned. to evident particles silt illustrated 7-5 in core predictions of System (1971). simply to the than have of examined produced 6A. drill and missions one has to is Apollo coarse 1973b, those Each from been finer 7-9). and (cf. has No 955 in 1974LPSC....5..935F 956 Graded Voids Structures Fabric Longitudinal Layers Lateral Boundaries bedding smearing smearing © Lunar and 2. Feature 2. 4. 1. 5. 7. 3. 2. 2. 2. 6. 3. 9. 2. 4. 8. 5. 2. 1. 3. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. I. In In Prisms Angular Clumps Cross Texture lmbricate Displaced Distinct Striae Single Normal Openwork Coherent Particle Framework Reversed Consistence Color Incoherent Fabric Structure Striae Composition Color Planetary Table Alignment Sampler Sediment Bands Fractures Grain 1. Blocks Grains Morphologic Institute R. Fig. Fig. (Not (Not Fig. Fig. Figs. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Figs. Figs. Fig. 7 20, 20, (15001.138) (1973) (12028.0) and 21(15001.138) Fig. Fig. Fig. see and 16, 15(14230.56); 16(15001.138); 15(14230.56); 15001.138 16,21(15001.138) FRYXELL A, • 3A 6(12028.0); 6(12028.0); 6, 6(12028.0); 6(12028.0); 6(12028.0) 6(12028.0); 6(12028.0); 19A observed) illustrated; 7 6A, 7 features 21(15001.138) 21(15001.138) 21 Heiken Provided 7B(142301.0); .56); A, A, 14230.56); 21(15001.138); 16(15001.138) 15(14230.56); portions ?(10005.0) ?(15001.138) ? ?(15006.0) for 6B(12028.0) 8, 8, Primary Figs. interior) 15(14230.0 reference) 15(14230.0 and et observed Fig. Figs. Figs. Figs. Fig. Figs. Fig. al. Fig. Figs. 16, by G. 21 Fig. 20, the 21 16, HEIKEN NASA in Possible lunar Fig. Natural (10005.0) Astrophysics core 3A? ? Origins samples.* Secondary Figs. Fig. Fig. Fig. (Not Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Figs. Fig. Fig. Fig. Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. exterior) 22(15001.138) Fig. 6B(12028.0), Fig. Fig. Data 3A(l0005.0); 3A(10005.0); 2(Luna 6A(12028.0) 3A(l0005.0) 21(15001.138 21(15001.138) 6A(12028.0); 21(15001.138) 19A(15006.0) 19A(15006.0) 16(15001.138) observed) 7 8, 7B, 2(Luna A, 6B(1202~.0) 8(14230.0) 19A(15006.0) Artificial 7 7 15(14230.56) A, A, 7B(14230.0) 8(14230.0); System 7B(14230.0) 7B(14230.0) 20); 20), and 1974LPSC....5..935F with expectable latest cited. remained by from core opened details transport design combination net employed dimensions 11 structures slumping summary 1971; Orientation Distorted Sorting Distinctive "Fluffing" *Figures bit long layers particles the Evaluation result © the itself. the design Heiken axes segment Lunar sample of of from revised the of to sloping of the is refer intact evaluating encountered to occurrence in assessed earth, 2. 3. Much 1. Feature such structures such and on of the sampling date lunar Fig. to and Vertical Random Horizontal method of to the factors this Planetary is bit Apollo the contact be for and 15. Carrier, dependent surface of basis manuscript; model degree from explored, the Coherent coring is the equipment, by at consistently which 12 not of Institute Preservation between least laboratory potential observation inherent show (Figs. (Fig. core 1971; to in Fig. Fig. Figs. Figs. yet of numbers portion Fig. (15001.138) half? (12028.0); (12025.0); (15001.138) include which primarily the occasionally, includes Table or 15(14230.56); 15, clear, 10005 the 20, 6) 3C, its • 16(15001.138) 7 Carrier (14230.56) upper support crust-like Provided void mixed and 21, and 5A, of in quality Primary microrelief quality regolith of 1. processing any in Fig. Fig. 22 bottom the (Continued). sampling but (Fig. 5B of parentheses lunar Apollo 8). space on coherent 6 16 particular features and drive-tube and the and by Void 3A) core interpretation of layers of is since the degree Heiken, unmixed at protection 16 samples presented to each has procedures samples at identify NASA Possible space the missions Fig. be listed material the have stereographic (15001.138) parent appeared Natural samples top 16 irregular of sample time Astrophysics 1972). at Origins lunar sediment disturbance in been collected of of the or in of Table (drive in of core on sample core daughter Table are in Secondary found morphology is tops Whether Fig. Figs. the sample Fig. Fig. (Greenwood the portion-14230.56); Fig. Fig. Figs. samples Fig. controlled entirely 14230 1. photography 21(15002.138) contents 6A(12028.0), stem 2(Luna shown lowest 8, illustrating Data by lunar of 6B(12028.0) 21(15001.138) 6B(12028.0) A 2. Artificial 4, 15 only produced generalized return. 5(12025.0); cores sample (the equipment 60006, System 20); is prismatic obtained surface, induced in in upper 2 evident during of cm). feature et cores three by is The has the the al., 957 by an of a 1974LPSC....5..935F

\0 V\ 00 @ r =

=Q.. - =(0 '"""" Table 2. Evaluation of drive-tube and surface drill-core sampling equipment, based on dissected cores, stabilized peels and X-radiograph interpretation .

Disadvantages =r.l). Advantages '"""" Sampling Nature of Assessment of device Field Laboratory Field Laboratory disturbance sample quality (0'"""" • :,:; Large-diameter Thin walls; in- Sample extrusion Sample depth proba- Large diameter re- 0% compression; Maximum quantity and to<: ><: Apollo drive tegral bit; manu- simple, nonde- bly limited to two quires special some linear smearing quality of samples l:I1 0 t""' < tubes ally inserted structive; large segments (approx. equipment for dis- of sediment along collected by equipment t""' s: Pi' (0 plugs to support sample volume 72 cm); may require section of inco- tube wall probably used to date ::) Q.. sample; capabil- with minimum sur- hammering to drive herent sediment; inevitable, trans- 0.. -a" ity of splicing face ratio; excel- into surface dissection rate verse shear fractures 9 '"""" segments lent stratigraphy retarded by sample expectable if equip- (0 =- volume ment is twisted dur- l:I1 z ing insertion 00> z > Small-diameter Manually operated Extrusion and Effective depth Small sample vol- Effective depth capa- Quality less than r.l).> Apollo drive capability of opening of capability limited ume; frequent dis- bility limited to large-diameter tubes '"""" 0 tubes (includ- splicing segments; split-tube to two segments- turbance at ends two segments; but stratigraphy re- =- ing A-11 and consistent sue- liner simple (63 cm); sample of cores; follower 15% compression; lationships retained r.l). A-12 to A-14 cessful sample nondestruc- barrel assembly too assembly tends to fractures and crush- in detail; consistently n..... r.l). bit designs) return tive; distinc- thick; inward taper jam during opening ing induced at ends ly less disturbance tion between on A-11 bit design; of tube liner by follower and plug; than drill cores a disturbed and tendency for fol- transverse shear 00 intact sedi- lower assembly to fractures produced r.l). ment clear; malfunction; hammer- by twisting during (0'"""" stratigraphy ing required insertion, linear 9 good to ex- smear along outside cellent limited to .25 mm thickness 1974LPSC....5..935F

Apollo lunar Capability of After cutting Practical prob- Requires cutting by Lateral smearing of General maintenance @ surface drill depth penetra- and opening of lems in extrac- milling machine to outer layer to mix- of stratigraphic re- r tion to 3 m far drill stem, core tion of drill extract contents; ing of entire core lationships but dis- = exceeds that can be processed string and separa- small sample volume contents by drill turbance greater = of other equip- in similar man- tion of stems; stem rotation; some than drive tubes ment used to ner to other lack of support linear smear probable; =Q.. date cores for partially substantial slumping filled segments caused by vibration - of effects of milling =(0 '"""" machine

Luna auto- Collection feas- Potential of Limited judgment No provision for Integrity of sample Minimal stratigraphic =r.l). mated drill ible on unman- single regolith possible in site removal of contents destroyed by pro- valve of samples col- loo! '"""" (D ned mission; core far exceeds selection; lim- intact cedure of emptying lected by equipment (J) (D (0 depth capabil- potential of ited depth cap- core contents used to date loo! '"""" < • ity of 1 m ex- single rock ability r-+- ceeds that of specimen o·;:s 0 Apollo drive < 0 tubes 1-+i s:(0 2" Q.. ;:s -a" (') 0 '"""" loo! (0=- (D z (J) > 3 00 "tj > (D (J) r.l).> '"""" 0 =- r.l)...... nr.l). a 00 r.l). '""""(0 9

\0 V\ \0 1974LPSC....5..935F regolith assessed core. 960 tion (Lindsay interior fine between Disruption sample which arranged disturbance 21. rather detailed disturbance has vertical horizontal 19). consistent same detail than appear random Fig. time from earth expected cores to marker first chemical sediment from sediment sediment. regolith The Additional If The been Despite laminae of © 16. time in parallel Otherwise, volcanoes so for to meteorite than has reasons Lunar delicate on (Heiken its quality horizons correlation and in due mixing have drawing far. preserved and properties both sample virtually parallel to on titanium the its than intensity, attitude of IMPLICATIONS depth vertical from with unpromising shown disturbance be and to Because geographic Apollo Perry, to the been outer evidence laminae in encountered cores of generally unique. probably rotation is Planetary et bombardment the procedures comprised the core are lateral length during to terms cores all extremely steel al., is is retained. between in of surface not 1971), axis complexity ratio 15 that provided a:ff physical not taken Fig. of surface recognizable 1973) within that Widespread, macroscopically ected walls, at obtained smearing FOR resulting of distribution, Institute this and of readily experimental dissection will is of of of 17 Hadley coring expectable of by coarse mixing of morphologically resemble rotary The INTERPRETATION R. the with during (in consistent particle the be limited, actual the by and (Fig. and the both the F'RYXELL ejecta which unusual which evident of drill • overall quality the drill core on through from core apparently of assessment chemical Provided Rille. lunar inherent particles 20A) by the percussion and contacts processing less the consistently nature subsurface and size string) those details layers has the (Fig. stem data from the as and regolith cutting complexity, even in evident Apollo is subsampling surface Use than whether preserved to smearing use produced direction G. the by inevitable concerning for 17) properties in of drive (Fig. from OF drill-stem until visible and HEIKEN of a the within after of of the limited drill-stem of to stratification open handling close method THE at of 15 peel may NASA the the drive-tube drill, depth the complete by recognizable tubes. outer or 18). either any their the subsampling mission of in LUNAR stratification of degree subsampling the the drill the not be the approximation during lunar 15001, number the shows which drill the Astrophysics measurable smear particular The diameter sample illustrated millimeter long (Carrier, of drive-tube cores drill it Although lunar single-impact core lateral provided alternate peel has core, disruption returned REGOLITH surface to penetration 138 relationship in milling cores. was is stem axes much of which demonstrates generally fluctuated return segment regolith any time-stratigraphic transverse (Fig. show is striations cores however, on locality and applied Data et in by the and shown to have light samples given the drill of In stratigraphic physical an stratigraphy of 20B) relationship al., by extract analyses analysis of a the brought consistent System craters preserva- first actuality, excellent has 1: shown and is into range must the of the become through may core 1972b). for for in barrel, 1 lateral rather is which (Fig. been ratio such dark deep core drill Fig. that less and the the the the be be or of of of to in in 1974LPSC....5..935F

testing

(Heiken variations of (Figs.

1 (a) t ,.

(b)

quantitative (c) r

(d) l ©

-····.

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Lunar Fig.

core stem (C) permanent Uppermost is 16,

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19. 20, in left. sediment

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al.,

and -·-:;;J;;:;r;;;;·-

Surface

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1973).

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21) varies

been

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These

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Prevervation

slightly. core

Core

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document

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60006;

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along

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(NASA

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•

72-35692,

and other

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sediment in

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milling

respectively.) after

sediment

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are

S-72-53955,

its stabilization

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length

samples

throughout NASA

core

cores

after

polybutyl

are

during by

stratigraphy 15001.

S-72-35095,S-72-35159,

(B)

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961 1974LPSC....5..935F 962 (Duke Grain agglutination The © by the Fig. milling difficulty. changes conditions Lunar stratigraphy, Figs. Lunar size et small dominantly mechanical dominantly disturbed 20. al., 17 Surface machine. analyses and and Nature burrs in (B) 1970; during because color, Planetary 18. Details as developed Drill. material, of (NASA preserved Outer Fryxell disturbance etr and texture by its movement, (A) of Institute veneer stratigraphy Lindsay accretion, Slumping photo but on after et the R. and can of nos. produced al., FRYXELL especially alignment inside impregnation rather S- silty • at be 72-35094, (1973, Provided of remain 1970), sides have separated smeared cores wall by than and of of of unclear of 1974) and been opening 15006, respectively.) the by silt-sized G. the coarser with sediment chemical core the from HEIKEN the drill even above, for evident methacrylate, and NASA sample stem roles particles. undisturbed and example, after accounts dissecting and development as smaller Astrophysics has dissection from of it 15001 is resulted For both for see cut cores particles, interior suggest samples below, a actual longitudinally stereo large under comminution from of Data of S-72-35647 the only portion details photos obscured optimum catching that the at System Apollo with all regolith by of of despite in sites. and 1974LPSC....5..935F including samples sites. billion each accretion Gault content preservation reflect despite increase show regolith by gasses. comparison several principles: stratigraphy of al. any (197 Basic © Bogard layer, Fig. Lunar Clanton et measurable layering, years stratigraphically rotation 4) Direction past leading and layers having al. in 21. collected of Hg needs emphasize disturbance dependent Zone rotating diameter that or the and (1972). exposure Generalized the of has is and constancy of from changes of of et further degree fission Planetary the both but sites. regolith particle localized been of for al. on Nyquist the variations An most (Arrhenius with (1972) coarse preservation the limited Influence ages variation track of in supported relationship irregular Apollo of related Institute as little limiting micrometeroid reworking variability Preservation cosmic a suggest (1973), have layers data series but shear if No not by evidence in 15 particle et active in study disturbance rate on caught • of that single deep eleven as shown by lunar zone Provided development CONCLUSIONS ray al., and either of of the particle who upward a the of of of regolith discrete surface is measure lunar drill composition 1971) fine for noble regolith factor lunar regolith work dependent flux. that samples variable conclude size by mixing core laminae, in drill. core core the Such at variations gas processes of on layers to rotation Direction the of deposition (Interior \ of stem \ (Jovanovic NASA the history disturbance samples Bhandari the content, exposure chronologic from of stratigraphy regolith agglutinates a on 2 (1974). that there change within individual Apollo quality ---- .04 of diameter Astrophysics a cm.) directly drill-core in well-documented on mixing is et in especially at was the Trace • approximately time and a of has and evidence cores 12 al. the dri ~articles) Smeared (primarily site-to-site history related has strata. rest inferred 11 (1973, been Reed, affect site. future at Apollo of particles Data element Entire by from segment the been zone

1974LPSC....5..935F

LSPET LSPET

966 966

Martin Martin

LSPET LSPET

Smith Smith

LSPET LSPET LSPET LSPET

Lindsay Lindsay

LSPET LSPET

Shorer Shorer

Vinogradov Vinogradov

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Phakey Phakey

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The The

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Perry Perry

rubber rubber

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17 17

12 12

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14 14

15 15

11 11

16 16

Planetary Planetary

Second Second Laboratory Laboratory

in in

M. M.

Preliminary Preliminary

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Preliminary Preliminary

R. R.

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Preliminary Preliminary

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19 19

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FRYXELL FRYXELL

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• •

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681-693. 681-693.

659-690. 659-690.

363-375. 363-375.

62-76. 62-76.

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Costes Costes

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15 15

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(1971a) (1971a)

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(1972c) (1972c)

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SP-289, SP-289,

SP-315, SP-315,

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The The

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Radiation Radiation

Technical Technical

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McGraw-Hill, McGraw-Hill,

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77-160. 77-160.

Science Science

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109-132. 109-132.

7-1 7-1

6-1 6-1

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Suppl. Suppl.

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an an

Proposal. Proposal.

20 20

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In In

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NASA NASA

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New New

by by

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Lunar Lunar

Data Data

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Soil Soil

Vol. Vol.

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York, York,

soil soil

NASA NASA

Document Document

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System System

Apollo Apollo

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Science Science

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184 184

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of of of of

of of

Summer Summer

of of

SP-289, SP-289,

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probe probe

lunar lunar

pp. pp.

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lunar lunar lunar lunar lunar lunar

lunar lunar

R. R.

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1-16. 1-16.

No. No.

five five

64, 64,

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of of F. F.