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Observation of Harmful Algal Blooms with Ocean Colour Radiometry (This Volume) In the IOCCG Report Series: 1. Minimum Requirements for an Operational Ocean-Colour Sensor for the Open Ocean (1998) 2. Status and Plans for Satellite Ocean-Colour Missions: Considerations for Complementary Missions (1999) 3. Remote Sensing of Ocean Colour in Coastal, and Other Optically-Complex, Waters (2000) 4. Guide to the Creation and Use of Ocean-Colour, Level-3, Binned Data Products (2004) 5. Remote Sensing of Inherent Optical Properties: Fundamentals, Tests of Algorithms, and Applications (2006) 6. Ocean-Colour Data Merging (2007) 7. Why Ocean Colour? The Societal Benefits of Ocean-Colour Technology (2008) 8. Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture (2009) 9. Partition of the Ocean into Ecological Provinces: Role of Ocean-Colour Radiometry (2009) 10. Atmospheric Correction for Remotely-Sensed Ocean-Colour Products (2010) 11. Bio-Optical Sensors on Argo Floats (2011) 12. Ocean-Colour Observations from a Geostationary Orbit (2012) 13. Mission Requirements for Future Ocean-Colour Sensors (2012) 14. In-flight Calibration of Satellite Ocean-Colour Sensors (2013) 15. Phytoplankton Functional Types from Space (2014) 16. Ocean Colour Remote Sensing in Polar Seas (2015) 17. Earth Observations in Support of Global Water Quality Monitoring (2018) 18. Uncertainties in Ocean Colour Remote Sensing (2019) 19. Synergy between Ocean Colour and Biogeochemical/Ecosystem Models (2020) 20. Observation of Harmful Algal Blooms with Ocean Colour Radiometry (this volume) Disclaimer: The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of government agencies, or the IOCCG. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation. The printing of this report was sponsored and carried out by the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China, which is gratefully acknowledged. Reports and Monographs of the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group An Affiliated Program of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) An Associated Member of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) IOCCG Report Number 20, 2021 Observation of Harmful Algal Blooms with Ocean Colour Radiometry Edited by: Stewart Bernard, Raphael Kudela, Lisl Robertson Lain and Grant Pitcher Report of an IOCCG and GEOHAB/GlobalHAB working group chaired by Stewart Bernard and based on contributions from (in alphabetical order): Stewart Bernard South African National Space Agency, South Africa Mariano Bresciani CNR-IREA, Italy Jennifer Cannizzaro University of South Florida, USA Hongtao Duan Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, China Claudia Giardino CNR-IREA, Italy Patricia M. Glibert University of Maryland, USA Chuanmin Hu University of South Florida, USA Raphael M. Kudela University of Southern California, USA Tiit Kutser University of Tartu, Estonia Lisl Robertson Lain University of Cape Town, South Africa Ronghua Ma Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, China Erica Matta CNR IREA, Italy Mark W. Matthews CyanoLakes (Pty) Ltd, South Africa Constant Mazeran SOLVO, France Frank E. Muller-Karger University of South Florida, USA Grant C. Pitcher Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, South Africa Suzanne Roy Université du Québec à Rimouski, Canada Blake Schaeffer U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA Stefan G. H. Simis Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK Marié E. Smith NRE Earth Observation, CSIR, South Africa Inia M. Soto Universities Space Research Association, NASA GSFC, USA Erin Urquhart Science Systems and Applications Inc., NASA GSFC, USA Jennifer Wolny Maryland Department of Natural Resources, USA Series Editor: Venetia Stuart Correct citation for this publication: IOCCG (2021). Observation of Harmful Algal Blooms with Ocean Colour Radiometry. Bernard, S., Kudela, R., Robertson Lain, L. and Pitcher, G.C. (eds.), IOCCG Report Series, No. 20, International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group, Dartmouth, Canada. http://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1042 This working group was sponsored jointly by the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) as well as the GEOHAB Programme (now GlobalHAB) of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. The IOCCG is an international group of experts promoting the application of remotely-sensed ocean-colour and inland water radiometric data across all aquatic environments, acting as a liaison and communication channel between users, managers and agencies in the ocean colour arena. The IOCCG is sponsored by the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France), Canadian Space Agency (CSA, Canada), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, Aus- tralia), Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada), European Commission/Copernicus Programme, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), European Space Agency (ESA), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Joint Research Centre (JRC, EC), Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, USA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, USA), Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), and the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics (Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China) http: //www.ioccg.org Published by the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2, Canada. ISSN: 1098-6030 ISBN: 978-1-896246-66-6 ©IOCCG 2021 Printed by the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China. Contents 1 Introduction 9 1.1 HABs: Definition and Characterisation . .9 1.2 HAB Incidence and Impact . 10 1.3 Role of Ocean Colour Radiometry in HAB Studies . 11 2 Harmful Algal Blooms, Changing Ecosystem Dynamics and Related Conceptual Models 13 2.1 Introduction to Harmful Algal Blooms and their Effects . 13 2.2 HABs and Global Change . 15 2.2.1 Relationships with eutrophication . 15 2.2.2 Relationships with changing climate . 17 2.3 Trophic Interactions: HABs as Prey and as Predators . 18 2.4 Conceptual Models of the Influence of Nutrients and the Physical Environment on Species Selection . 19 2.5 The Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Pro- gramme . 23 3 Ocean Colour and Detecting Phytoplankton Biomass and Community Dynamics 25 3.1 HAB Observation by Satellite . 25 3.2 Understanding the Ocean Colour Signal . 26 3.2.1 The bulk water-leaving signal . 26 3.2.2 Constituent optical properties . 27 3.2.3 Optical properties of phytoplankton . 28 3.2.4 Determining PFT assemblage characteristics . 31 3.2.5 Optical constraints of PFT approaches . 32 3.3 HAB Detection Techniques . 34 3.4 Ocean Colour Observational and Pragmatic Constraints . 35 3.5 Research vs. Operational Ocean Colour Requirements . 36 4 Remote Sensing of Dinoflagellate Blooms Associated with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning 39 4.1 Causative Organisms and their Environment . 39 4.2 Morphological, Bio-optical and Ecophysiological Characteristics of Two Important Alexandrium Species . 41 4.2.1 Morphology . 41 4.2.2 Pigments . 42 4.2.3 Ecological and trophic characteristics . 42 4.3 Specific Case Studies . 42 4.3.1 St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada . 42 5 6 • Observation of Harmful Algal Blooms with Ocean Colour Radiometry 4.3.2 Monterey Bay, California . 45 4.3.3 Southern Benguela, South Africa . 47 5 Application of Ocean Colour to Blooms of the Toxic Diatom Genus Pseudo-nitzschia 51 5.1 Background . 51 5.2 Characteristics of Pseudo-nitzschia Genus . 52 5.2.1 Morphology . 52 5.2.2 Pigments . 53 5.2.3 Ecological and trophic characteristics . 53 5.3 Specific Case Studies . 54 5.3.1 The California Eastern Boundary Upwelling System . 54 5.3.2 The Benguela Eastern Boundary Upwelling System . 57 5.3.3 Specific event description . 58 5.3.4 Major ocean colour considerations . 59 6 Remote Detection of Neurotoxic Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis Blooms on the West Florida Shelf 61 6.1 Background . 61 6.1.1 Organism description, impact, and distribution . 61 6.1.2 Ecological niche, nutrient and environmental preferences, and bloom mechanism . 63 6.2 Remote Sensing Detection Principles . 65 6.3 Data and Methods . 67 6.4 Ocean Colour Case Demonstration . 68 6.5 Discussion and Summary . 70 7 Remote Sensing of Cyanobacterial Blooms 73 7.1 Introduction . 73 7.1.1 Terminology, taxonomy, and functional diversity . 73 7.1.2 Pigmentation . 75 7.1.3 Buoyancy . 76 7.2 Case 1: Bloom Distribution in Lake Trasimeno . 78 7.2.1 Study area . 79 7.2.2 Image processing . 80 7.2.3 Results and discussion . 81 7.3 Case 2: Lake Taihu, China . 81 7.3.1 Image processing and analysis . 82 7.3.2 Spatial patterns . 84 7.3.3 Factors forcing blooms . 86 7.3.4 Discussion . 87 7.4 Case 3: Trophic Status, Cyanobacteria and Surface Scums in Lakes . 88 7.4.1 The MPH algorithm . 88 7.4.2 Detection of eukaryote and cyanobacteria dominated waters . 90 CONTENTS • 7 7.5 Case 4: Summer Blooms in the Baltic Sea . 92 7.5.1 Objective . 92 7.5.2 Study area . 92 7.5.3 Image analysis: Delineating blooms . 92 7.5.4 Spatial resolution . 94 7.5.5 Time series and matching in situ observations . 94 7.5.6 Discussion . 97 8 Application of Ocean Colour to Margalefidinium (Cochlodinium) Fish-Killing Blooms 99 8.1 Organism Description, Impact and Distribution . 99 8.2 Optical Properties of Margalefidinium ............................ 102 8.3 Case Study in the Sea of Oman, 2008–2009 . 103 8.4 Case Study in the East Sea Observed by the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager . 104 9 Application of Ocean Colour to Harmful High Biomass Algal Blooms 107 9.1 Phytoplankton Associated with Harmful High Biomass Blooms . 107 9.2 Specific Case Studies of High Biomass HABs . 109 9.2.1 Blooms of Akashiwo sanguinea and bird mortalities in California, USA.
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