DOCSLIB.ORG

On the Probable Origin of the Unilocular Ovary of the Compositæ

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On the Probable Origin of the Unilocular Ovary of the Compositæ ON THE PROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE UNILOCULAR OVARY OF THE CONIPOSITA~ FROM THE STYLIDIACE~ BY K. SUBRAMANYAM (Department of Botany, Central College, Bangalore*) Received April 2, 1951 (Communicated by Dr. P. Maheshwari, F.A.SC.) THE Australasian family Stylidiace~e (Engler, 1908) includes the following six genera: Donatia, Phyllachne, Forstera, Oreostylidium, Levenhookia and Stylidium. The largest genus is Stylidium including 103 species. During the course of my embryological studies on the Stylidiace~e (Subramanyam, 1950a, b; 1951 a) certain important features were noticed in the structure of the ovary, which seem to throw some light on the origin of the unilocular ovary of the Composite. In Donatia Novae-Zelandiae the inferior ovary is typically bilocular (Fig. 1) with the septum extending from the base of the ovary to the top and enclos- ing a number of ovules borne on the axile placenta. In the different species of Stylidium we find a series of stages showing the gradual loss of the septum separating the two locules and this starts from the top of the ovary towards the base. The loss of the septum may be due to its gradual dissolution or incomplete development. In Stylidium graminifolium (Subramanyam, 1951 a) the inferior ovary is bilocular in the lower region but becomes unilocular at the apex (Figs. 16-20). This is because of the incomplete septum or perhaps its dissolution in the upper region of the ovary. Correspondingly, the placentation is axile in the lower region and free central above. A simi- lar condition is met with in S. rupestre (Fig. 2), S. laricifolium (Fig. 3), S. lineare (Fig. 5), S. glandulosurn (Fig. 6), S. hirsutum (Fig. 7)and Oreostylidium subulatum (Fig. 4). Starting from S. rupestre and passing on to S. hirsutum we can trace a series of stages showing the gradual loss or incomplete extension of the septum (Figs. 2-7). Thus in S. rupestre the septum is incomplete at the apex of the ovary (Fig. 2); and in S. hirsutum there is no septum in the upper half of the ovary (Fig. 7). The next condi- tion is reached in Levenhookia dubia (Fig. 10), Stylidium scandens (Fig. 11), S. verticillatum (Fig. 12) and S. schoenoides (Fig. 13), where the ovary is * Part of work done during the tenure of a Junior Research Fellowship of the National Institute of Sciences of India. 327 328 K. Subramanyam FIGS. 1-22 FIGs. 1-14. Longitudinal sections of ovaries of: Donatia Novae-Zelandiae;Stylidium rupestre ; S. laricifolium ; Oreostylidium subulatum , Stylidium lineare ; S. glandulosum ; S. hirsutum ; S. guttatum ; S. imbricatum ; Levenhookia dubia ; Stylidium scandens ; S. verticillatum ; S. schoenoides ; Zinnia. FIG. 15. T.S. of ovary of Downingia. FIG. 16. A tbree-dimensional view of sections of ovary of S. graminifolium at different levels. FIGs. 17-19. T.S. of ovary at levels a, b and c marked in Fig. 16. FIG. 20. L.S. of ovary parallel to septum to show ?ts unilocular nature at the top. FIGs. 21-22. Transverse sections of two ovaries of Stylidium adnatum to show atrophied condition of the upper chamber. [Note.--ln Fig. 1 the longitudinal section is taken at right angles to septum ; in Figs. 2-7 it is parallel to septum. Figs. 1, 2,4, 6--9 and 11-13 after Engler (1908) ; Figs. 15, 21 and 22 after RosGn (1935) ; Figs. 3, 5, 10, 14, 16-20 original]. Origi~z of UJtilocular Ovary of Composi/,~ from So,lidiace~ 329 typically unilocular as a result of the complete loss of the septum. In these forms the ovules are borne on a free central placenta. Further, in Leven- hookia dubia, S. scandens and S. verticillatum the short axis of the free central placenta projects into the locule from the base of the ovary (Figs. 10--12). In S. schoenoides even this is suppressed so that all the ovules are crowded at the base of the locule (Fig. 13). If at this stage there is a reduction in the number of ovules to one, the result will be a condition similar to that of the unilocular ovary of the Composita~ with a single anatropous ovule borne on a basal placenta (Fig. 14). In fact a tendency towards reduction in the number of ovules is also seen in certain members of Stylidiace~e, viz., S. guttatum (Fig. 8) and S. imbricatum (Fig. 9). Further, in these forms the axis of the free central placenta is very thin and slender. There is also another possible line of approach towards the origin of the unilocu!ar condition of the Composit~e. In Stylidium graminifolium (Subra- manyam, 1951 a) where the ovary is bicarpellary, the anterior carpel with its locule is distinctly larger than the posterior (Figs. 16--19). Next, in S. adnatum Ros~n (1935) finds that one of the chambers shows an atrophied condition and does not bear ovules (Figs. 21, 22). He considers it probable that the one-chambered ovary of the Stylidiace~e has been derived from the typically two-chambered ovary of the Lobeliace~e and adds that even among certain Lobeliace~eous members a unilocular condition of the ovary is met with as in Downingia (Fig. 15), though this condition is of a somewhat different nature from that of Stylidium adnatum. So, if in a form like S. adnatum, where one of the loeules become atrophied, there is next a complete suppres- sion of this locule, the result will be the unilocular condition of the Compo- sits. CONCLUSIONS The unilocular ovary of the Composit~ from the Stylidiace~e may have arisen by the gradual suppression or incomplete development of the septum separating the two locules or by abortion of one of the locules. On similar lines Ros0n (1946) has derived the origin of the ovary in the Composita~ from the Goodeniace~e. Hence the unilocular condition of the ovary in the Com- posit~e may be traced from two levels, viz., the Stylidiace~e and the Goodeni- ace~e. It may be also pointed here that the families Lobeliace~e, Stylidiace~e, Goodeniace~e and Composit~e are closely interrelated on embryological grounds (Rosrn, 1935, 1937, 1946, 1949; and Subramanyam, 1950a, b; 1951 a, b). It gives me great pleasure to thank Prof. P. Maheshwarl for going through the manuscript. I also thank Prof. L. N. Rao for kind encouragement and B3 330 K. Subramanyam the National Institute of Sciences of India for the award of a Research Fellowship. SUMMARY It is suggested that the unilocular ovary of the Composit~e may have originated as a result of the gradual suppression or incomplete development of the septum separating the two locules in the ovary of the Stylidiace~e. It is also possible that the unilocular condition of the Composit~e may have been derived as a result of abortion of one of the locules, for, this tendency is already evident in certain species of Stylidium like S. adnatum. LITERATURE CITED Engler, A. .. Das Pflanzenreich. Heft, 1908, 35 B and IV, 278, 1-98. Ros6n, W. .. "Beitrag zur Embryologie der Stylidiaceen," Bot. Notiser (Lund), 1935, 273-78. .. " Beitr/i.ge zur Kenntnis der Embryologie der Goodeniaceen," Acta Horti G6teborgs, 1937, 12, 1-10. .. "Further notes on the embryology of the Goodeniace,e," MeddeL Ft. Gi~teborgs. Bot. Triigd., 1946, 16, 235-49. .. "Endosperm development in Campanulacem and closely related families," Bot. Notiser (Lund)., 1949, 2, 137-47. Subramanyam, K. .. "An embryological study of Levenhookia dubia Sond. in Lehm.," Proc. N3t. Inst. Sci. lndia, 1950 a, 16, 245-53. .. " Development of embryo-sac and endosperm in Stylidiltrtl tenellum Swartz.," Curt. Sci., 1950b, 19, 294. .. "'A morphological study of Stylidium grambdfoliurn Swartz.,'" Lloydia, 1951 a (in press). .. "Flower structure and seed development in Isotama fluviatilis F. vM.," Proc. Nat. Inst. ScL India, 1951 b (in press). &ST.51~Printed at The BandalO#e Pmzss, Bsnjaloz.e City, by O. Sz.]nlvasa Rao, Supor,ntoflden~ ~znd Published by The IndlSo Acmdemy of SollnQOl, B~I3{I~|OrG .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bio 308-Course Guide
    COURSE GUIDE BIO 308 BIOGEOGRAPHY Course Team Dr. Kelechi L. Njoku (Course Developer/Writer) Professor A. Adebanjo (Programme Leader)- NOUN Abiodun E. Adams (Course Coordinator)-NOUN NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dar es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2013 ISBN: 978-058-434-X All Rights Reserved Printed by: ii BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ……………………………………......................... iv What you will Learn from this Course …………………............ iv Course Aims ……………………………………………............ iv Course Objectives …………………………………………....... iv Working through this Course …………………………….......... v Course Materials ………………………………………….......... v Study Units ………………………………………………......... v Textbooks and References ………………………………........... vi Assessment ……………………………………………….......... vi End of Course Examination and Grading..................................... vi Course Marking Scheme................................................................ vii Presentation Schedule.................................................................... vii Tutor-Marked Assignment ……………………………….......... vii Tutors and Tutorials....................................................................... viii iii BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE INTRODUCTION BIO 308: Biogeography is a one-semester, 2 credit- hour course in Biology. It is a 300 level, second semester undergraduate course offered to students admitted in the School of Science and Technology, School of Education who are offering Biology or related programmes. The course guide tells you briefly what the course is all about, what course materials you will be using and how you can work your way through these materials. It gives you some guidance on your Tutor- Marked Assignments. There are Self-Assessment Exercises within the body of a unit and/or at the end of each unit.
    [Show full text]
  • Nzbotsoc No 104 June 2011
    NEW ZEALAND BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER NUMBER 104 June 2011 New Zealand Botanical Society President: Anthony Wright Secretary/Treasurer: Ewen Cameron Committee: Bruce Clarkson, Colin Webb, Carol West Address: c/- Canterbury Museum Rolleston Avenue CHRISTCHURCH 8013 Subscriptions The 2011 ordinary and institutional subscriptions are $25 (reduced to $18 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). The 2011 student subscription, available to full-time students, is $12 (reduced to $9 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). Back issues of the Newsletter are available at $7.00 each. Since 1986 the Newsletter has appeared quarterly in March, June, September and December. New subscriptions are always welcome and these, together with back issue orders, should be sent to the Secretary/Treasurer (address above). Subscriptions are due by 28 February each year for that calendar year. Existing subscribers are sent an invoice with the December Newsletter for the next years subscription which offers a reduction if this is paid by the due date. If you are in arrears with your subscription a reminder notice comes attached to each issue of the Newsletter. Deadline for next issue The deadline for the September 2011 issue is 25 August 2011. Please post contributions to: Lara Shepherd Allan Wilson Centre Massey University Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North Send email contributions to [email protected]. Files are preferably in MS Word, with suffix “.doc” or “.docx”, or saved as RTF or ASCII. Macintosh files can also be accepted. Graphics can be sent as TIF, JPG, or BMP files; please do not embed images into documents.
    [Show full text]
  • 1992 New Zealand Botanical Society President: Dr Eric Godley Secretary/Treasurer: Anthony Wright
    NEW ZEALAND BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER NUMBER 28 JUNE 1992 New Zealand Botanical Society President: Dr Eric Godley Secretary/Treasurer: Anthony Wright Committee: Sarah Beadel, Ewen Cameron, Colin Webb, Carol West Address: New Zealand Botanical Society C/- Auckland Institute & Museum Private Bag 92018 AUCKLAND Subscriptions The 1992 ordinary and institutional subs are $14 (reduced to $10 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). The 1992 student sub, available to full-time students, is $7 (reduced to $5 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). Back issues of the Newsletter are available at $2.50 each - from Number 1 (August 1985) to Number 28 (June 1992). Since 1986 the Newsletter has appeared quarterly in March, June, September and December. New subscriptions are always welcome and these, together with back issue orders, should be sent to the Secretary/Treasurer (address above). Subscriptions are due by 28 February of each year for that calendar year. Existing subscribers are sent an invoice with the December Newsletter for the next year's subscription which offers a reduction if this is paid by the due date. If you are in arrears with your subscription a reminder notice comes attached to each issue of the Newsletter. Deadline for next issue The deadline for the September 1992 issue (Number 29) is 28 August 1992. Please forward contributions to: Ewen Cameron, Editor NZ Botanical Society Newsletter C/- Auckland Institute & Museum Private Bag 92018 AUCKLAND Cover illustration Mawhai (Sicyos australis) in the Cucurbitaceae. Drawn by Joanna Liddiard from a fresh vegetative specimen from Mangere, Auckland; flowering material from Cuvier Island herbarium specimen (AK 153760) and the close-up of the spine from West Island, Three Kings Islands herbarium specimen (AK 162592).
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical J of Otago Newsletter Society
    Botanical JSociet y of Otago Newsletter Number 31 April - May 2002 BSO Meetings and Field Trips 10 April, Wednesday, 7.30 pm: NOTE DATE CHANGE. Short Annual General Meeting of the Botanical Society of Otago, followed by Emeritus Professor Alan Mark on "Accelerating the conservation of biodiversity in tussockland through tenure review." Zoology Annexe Seminar Room, Great King St, right at the back of the car park between Dental School and Zoology. Be prompt or knock loudly, the side door can't be left open long at night. 14 April, Sunday: Informal, laboratory-based Native Grass and bidi-bid Workshop run by Dr. Kelvin Lloyd: Identification of New Zealand Chionochloa, Festuca and Acaena species. Meet at 10 am promptly (that's when the door will be unlocked) at the Botany Department, 464 Great King Street. Bring lunch, hand- lens, and any specimens you want to identify. Kelvin will describe characters that are useful for iden. fication and provide live plants that people can attempt to key out. Microscopes and tea-making facilities will be available. 15 May, Wednesday, 5.30 pm: BSO meeting. Dr. Steven L. Stephenson, Fairmont State College, USA, on "H'ildflowers of Eastern North America" Zoology Annexe Seminar Room, Great King St, right at the back of the car park between Dental School and Zoology. Be prompt or knock loudly, the side door can't be left open at night. 18 May, Saturday, 9.00 am. Introduction to Lichens. Full day Lichen Workshop. A short field trip to look at lichen habitats, communities and growth forms, followed by microscopic and chemical identification techniques in the laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae Based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa
    Systematic Botany (2010), 35(2): pp. 425–441 © Copyright 2010 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa David C. Tank 1,2,3 and Michael J. Donoghue 1 1 Peabody Museum of Natural History & Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P. O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 U. S. A. 2 Department of Forest Resources & Stillinger Herbarium, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, P. O. Box 441133, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1133 U. S. A. 3 Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Communicating Editor: Javier Francisco-Ortega Abstract— Previous attempts to resolve relationships among the primary lineages of Campanulidae (e.g. Apiales, Asterales, Dipsacales) have mostly been unconvincing, and the placement of a number of smaller groups (e.g. Bruniaceae, Columelliaceae, Escalloniaceae) remains uncertain. Here we build on a recent analysis of an incomplete data set that was assembled from the literature for a set of 50 campanulid taxa. To this data set we first added newly generated DNA sequence data for the same set of genes and taxa. Second, we sequenced three additional cpDNA coding regions (ca. 8,000 bp) for the same set of 50 campanulid taxa. Finally, we assembled the most comprehensive sample of cam- panulid diversity to date, including ca. 17,000 bp of cpDNA for 122 campanulid taxa and five outgroups. Simply filling in missing data in the 50-taxon data set (rendering it 94% complete) resulted in a topology that was similar to earlier studies, but with little additional resolution or confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Life-Forms of Terrestrial 'Flowering Plants
    ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA EDIDJT SVENSKA VAXTGEOGRAFISKA SALLSKAPET m:1 LIFE-FORMS OF TERRESTRIAL ' FLOWERING PLANTS I BY G. EINAR Du RIETZ UPPSALA 1931 ALMQVIST & WIKSELLS BOKTRYCKERI AB ' ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA. III. LIFE-FORMS OF TERRESTRIAL FLOWERING PLANTS BY G. EINAR DU RIETZ PRINTED WITH CONTRIBUTION FH.OM LA :\GMAN S KA I{ U LTU HFON DEN UPPSALA 193 1 ALMQVIST & WIKSELLS BOK'l'RYCKERI-A.-B. Preface. This work is the result of studies carried out during the last twelve years. The field-studies have been made partly in various parts of Scandinavia (Sweden and Norway), partly during a year's work in New Zealand and .Australia in 1926-1927 as well as during shorter visits to various parts of Central and Western Europe, North America, and Java. The material collected in the field has been worked up in the Plant-Biological Institution of Upsala Uni­ versity. The rich life-form collections of this institution have also been utilized as much as possible. I wish to express my deep gratitude to all those frien�s in various countries who have supported my work in one way or another - they are too many to be enumerated here. l have tried to bring the names of the plants mentioned as much as possible into accordance with the following generally known :florjstic handbooks : For Scandinavia Ho LMBERG 1922-1926, and, for the groups not treated there, LIND- 1\IAN 1926, for Central Europe HEGI 1908--1931, for the eastern part of North .America RoBINSON and FF.RNALD 1908, for Java KooR DERS 191 1-1912, for N�w South Wales MooRE and BE T C H E 1893, for the rest of Australia BENTHAM 1863- 1878, and for New Zealand CHEESEMAN 1925.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete List of Literature Cited* Compiled by Franz Stadler
    AppendixE Complete list of literature cited* Compiled by Franz Stadler Aa, A.J. van der 1859. Francq Van Berkhey (Johanes Le). Pp. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 194–201 in: Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden, vol. 6. of America 100: 4649–4654. Van Brederode, Haarlem. Adams, K.L. & Wendel, J.F. 2005. Polyploidy and genome Abdel Aal, M., Bohlmann, F., Sarg, T., El-Domiaty, M. & evolution in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 8: 135– Nordenstam, B. 1988. Oplopane derivatives from Acrisione 141. denticulata. Phytochemistry 27: 2599–2602. Adanson, M. 1757. Histoire naturelle du Sénégal. Bauche, Paris. Abegaz, B.M., Keige, A.W., Diaz, J.D. & Herz, W. 1994. Adanson, M. 1763. Familles des Plantes. Vincent, Paris. Sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents of Vernonia spe- Adeboye, O.D., Ajayi, S.A., Baidu-Forson, J.J. & Opabode, cies from Ethiopia. Phytochemistry 37: 191–196. J.T. 2005. Seed constraint to cultivation and productivity of Abosi, A.O. & Raseroka, B.H. 2003. In vivo antimalarial ac- African indigenous leaf vegetables. African Journal of Bio tech- tivity of Vernonia amygdalina. British Journal of Biomedical Science nology 4: 1480–1484. 60: 89–91. Adylov, T.A. & Zuckerwanik, T.I. (eds.). 1993. Opredelitel Abrahamson, W.G., Blair, C.P., Eubanks, M.D. & More- rasteniy Srednei Azii, vol. 10. Conspectus fl orae Asiae Mediae, vol. head, S.A. 2003. Sequential radiation of unrelated organ- 10. Isdatelstvo Fan Respubliki Uzbekistan, Tashkent. isms: the gall fl y Eurosta solidaginis and the tumbling fl ower Afolayan, A.J. 2003. Extracts from the shoots of Arctotis arcto- beetle Mordellistena convicta.
    [Show full text]
  • Above the Treeline a Nature Guide to Alpine New Zealand
    ABOVE THE TREELINE A NATURE GUIDE TO ALPINE NEW ZEALAND ALAN F. MARK Contributions by: David Galloway, Rod Morris, David Orlovich, Brian Patrick, John Steel and Mandy Tocher CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alphabetical list of plant genera 8 CRASSULACEAE 76 Alan Mark is most grateful for the generous financial for their comments and discussion on the text, and for Maps of North & South islands 10–11 Crassula 76 contribution from The Quatre Vents Foundation and also their help in compiling her contribution. List of photographers 12 DROSERACEAE 78 an anonymous contribution towards covering the cost of Brian Patrick (Invertebrates) acknowledges Barbara Preface 13 Drosera, sundews 78 the many fine images, which he also acknowledges, with Barratt for general advice and editing. She, along with CARYOPHYLLACEAE 80 too many to name. He is also grateful for the support of John Douglas, Kees Green, Steve Kerr and George Gibbs Colobanthus 80 his wife, Pat, and family and wishes to thank the many supplied images for this section. INTRODUCTION Scleranthus 83 botanical colleagues for their fruitful discussions and Jane Connor (Publisher): I am grateful for the many Origin & structure of New Zealand’s helpful advice, particularly Ilse Breitwieser, John Barkla, contributions made by botanists and other natural Stellaria 84 Peter de Lange, Phil Garnock-Jones, David Glenny, history professionals and enthusiasts, and by the more mountains 15 MONTIACEAE 86 Peter Heenan, Carlos Lehnebach, Peter Lockhart, Janice than 65 photographers whose images are included; their
    [Show full text]
  • Two Decades of Vegetation Change Across Tussock Grasslands in New
    TWO DECADES OF VEGETATION CHANGE ACROSS TUSSOCK GRASSLANDS IN NEW ZEALAND’S SOUTH ISLAND A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science At Lincoln University By N. J. Day Lincoln University 2008 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of M.Sc. TWO DECADES OF VEGETATION CHANGE ACROSS TUSSOCK GRASSLANDS IN NEW ZEALAND’S SOUTH ISLAND By N. J. Day Abstract New Zealand’s South Island tussock grasslands have been highly modified by human activities, including burning, grazing and introductions of exotic plants for pastoralism. Studies suggest that tussock grasslands are degraded, in that native species have declined, and exotic species have increased in both diversity and abundance. These trends are primarily thought to be related to the impacts of grazing and subsequent grazing removal. Few studies have assessed long-term changes that have occurred in tussock grasslands, and those that have are generally limited to one particular location. This thesis aimed to investigate temporal changes in community structure in tussock grasslands, and relate these changes to environmental variables and land tenure. Data were used from 90 permanently-marked vegetation transects, which were set up on 19 geographically widespread properties in areas of tussock grassland across Canterbury and Otago in the South Island of New Zealand. The transects were on land in both conservation and pastoral tenure. Each transect was 100 m, and consisted of 50 0.25 m2 quadrats. The transects were measured between 1982 and 1986 (first measurement), were re-measured between 1993 and 1999 (second measurement) and again between 2005 and 2006 (third measurement).
    [Show full text]
  • A Vegetation Tool for Wetland Delineation in New Zealand
    A vegetation tool for wetland delineation in New Zealand A vegetation tool for wetland delineation in New Zealand Beverley R Clarkson Landcare Research doi:10.7931/J2TD9V77 Prepared for: Meridian Energy Limited 25 Sir William Pickering Drive PO Box 2454 Christchurch December 2013 Landcare Research, Gate 10 Silverdale Road, University of Waikato Campus, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand, Phone +64 7 859 3700, Fax +64 7 859 3701, www.landcareresearch.co.nz Reviewed by: Approved for release by: Philppe Gerbeaux Bill Lee Technical Advisor Portfolio Leader Department of Conservation Landcare Research Landcare Research Contract Report: LC1793 Disclaimer This report has been prepared by Landcare Research for Meridian Energy. If used by other parties, no warranty or representation is given as to its accuracy and no liability is accepted for loss or damage arising directly or indirectly from reliance on the information in it. © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2014 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Contents Summary ..................................................................................................................................... v 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2 Background .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Stylidium Javanicum (Stylidiaceae), a New Triggerplant Record for the Philippines
    Phytotaxa 186 (2): 113–116 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.186.2.6 Stylidium javanicum (Stylidiaceae), a new triggerplant record for the Philippines VALENTIN JOURNÉ1, JULIE F. BARCELONA1, JAMES V. LAFRANKIE2 & PIETER B. PELSER1 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand. E- mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Abstract Stylidium javanicum, a very poorly known species formerly only recorded from Java, Sumba, and New Guinea, is here reported as a new record for the Philippines, where it was found in grasslands in Antique Province of Panay Island. It is morphologically similar to S. alsinoides, the only other Stylidium species known for the country, but can be distinguished from it by larger flowers, smaller fruits, and more narrowly acute petal apices. Key words: Antique Province, flora, Panay, subg. Andersonia, sect. Alsinoida, taxonomy Introduction Stylidiaceae are a small, predominantly Australasian and Southeast Asian plant family in the Asterales. In its broadest delimitation, the family includes Donatia Forster & Forster (1776: 9), but this genus is often segregated and recognized as the sole member of Donatiaceae (Gustafsson & Bremer 1995). Stylidiaceae sensu stricto are in some taxonomic treatments subdivided into five genera: Forstera Linnaeus ex Forster (1780: 184), Levenhookia Brown (1810: 572), Oreostylidium Berggren (1878: 1), Phyllachne Forster & Forster (1776: 115), and Stylidium Swartz in Willdenow (1805: 146). However, because Oreostylidium is nested within an otherwise monophyletic Stylidium and Phyllachne is similarly placed within Forstera, a classification into three genera has likewise been proposed (Wagstaff & Wege 2002).
    [Show full text]