School of Science KPA375 FIELD Handbook February 2006

List of sites to be visited

Site no. LOWLAND: 0-600m East South Altit. (m) 1.1 Dry - near the park 4775 52739 185 entrance 1.2 Wet sclerophyll forest - near the Tall 4755 52743 250 Walk 2.1 Sedgeland/heathland near the post- 46563 52647 275 /pre-Carboniferous geolog. bound. 2.2 Sclerophyll shrubbery (Kallista Ck) on 46142 526569 380 the Dam Road 2.3 Tim Shea – inter- & intraspecific 4562 52703 926 variation in eucalypts 2.4 Rainforest - the Creepy Crawly Nature 44968 525744 463 Walk, 2.5 Buttongrass moorland with E. nitida 44945 525159 395 copses - Gelignite Creek Site no. SUB-ALPINE: 600-1000m (E. delegatensis - E. coccifera) 1.3 Sphagnum bog - near the Lyrebird 4732 52742 645 Nature Walk 1.4 Mixed forest - Lyrebird Nature Walk (alt. 4728 52746 680 680m) 1.5 Subalpine woodland near Lake Fenton 4695 52746 1000

1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at 4685 52741 1050 Wombat Moor 1.7 Subalpine woodland near Lake Dobson 4663 52739 1000

Site no. ALPINE: alt. over 1000m

1.8 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll 4657 52742 1240 - above Ski Huts 1.9 Coniferous shrubbery & alpine 4648 52757 1180 rainforest- Roberts Tarn 1.10 Herbfield & microshrubbery - halfway 4641 52758 1150 along Tarn Shelf 1.11 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll 4639 52757 1150 heath after fire 1.12 Microshrubbery (cushion plant 4631 52771 1280 community) at Newdegate Pass Site no. Logged lowland mixed-forest

3.1 Clearfelled, burnt, 1999, "natural 4663 52638 400 regeneration" 3.2 Clearfelled, burnt, 1990, "natural 4633 52633 350 regeneration" 3.3 Clearfelled, burnt, 1951, "natural 4666 52634 420 regeneration" 3.4 Selective logging, not burnt, 400years, 4720 52596 350

Published by the School of Plant Science, University of Private Bag 55, 7001 February 2005. (Cover illustration: visit the Field Botany Website) www.utas.edu.au/docs/plant_science/field_botany/

Contents

Advice to Students ...... 1

Objectives ...... 2

Outline of Activities ...... 3

Assessment ...... 5

Reference Guide ...... 8

Plant Names & Derivations ...... 16

Key to Dicot. Families ...... 19

Key to Monocot. Families ...... 24

List of Plant Communities ...... 27

Notes - Community Descriptions & Scoresheets ...... 28

Appendix 1 - List for Mt Field ......

Appendix 2 – morrisbyi – Threatened species listing statement

Appendix 3 – Warra longterm ecological monitoring project

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook ADVICE

Weight 12.5% Prerequisites KPA205 Botany II or KPA210 Co-requisites KPA379 Plant Ecology is recommended Teaching pattern Lectures, tutorials & field work over 8 days Mon. 13th- Fri. 17th Feb. 2006 Mt Field National Park, Mon. 20th- Wed. 22th Feb excursions from Sandy Bay campus Campus Field-based course, Mt Field National Park / ex Sandy Bay campus Lecturers Prof Jim Reid, Paddy Dalton & Rob Wiltshire (Course Co-ordinator)

Introduction The first part of the course is field-based, with informal lectures & practical exercises conducted in the Mt Field National Park & SW Tasmania over 5 days, with some plant identification work at night. There is a quite strenuous walk along the Tarn Shelf, over Newdegate Pass & back along the Rodway Range. Students that are not physically fit must seek the advice of the course coordinator. This part of the course is based at the Tyenna Lodge, Maydena. The second part of the course introduces demographic techniques, conservation strategies & practice, & examines applied ecological practice in forestry harvesting methods in wet sclerophyll forest in the long-term monitoring site at Warra in two day excursions from the Sandy Bay campus. Assessment is by: a field test (40%) on the last day of the course, assessing plant identification ability & an understanding of the ecological processes shaping the ; two reports based on data collected in the field (50%); & a group plant collection (10%).

Transport Transport to Mt Field from the University is provided. Vehicles will depart from the Life Sciences car park at 9:00 am Mon. 13th Feb. & return at 5:00 pm on Fri. 17th Feb. Please bring your lunch & waterproofs packed separately for Day 1.

Equipment 1. Adequate clothing is essential; warm clothes, good boots & waterproof clothing are required for protection against rain, wind & snow. The weather at Mt Field can be very changeable & work will proceed regardless of weather. Swimming is possible in good weather, so bring bathers. Also bring spare footwear & clothing for evening wear. Bring a light day pack for day trips 2. You will be working at 1000 metres, so bring a sunscreen (15 +), insect repellant & a shade hat. 3. Bring personal collecting equipment, field note books, masking tape, plastic bags, hand lens, camera, clipboard & texts, particularly Curtis, W.M. “Student’s Flora of Tasmania” Vols. I, II, III, & IVb.

Accommodation & Costs Accommodation is luxurious this year, but you will need to bring your own fluffy dressing gown, slippers, & towel. There is a levy of $120 to help cover accommodation costs, the School will fund the remainder. This should be paid prior to the course at the Cashiers Office (Admin. Building), quoting account no. 1.10.319.44500.3800. Alternatively, you may find your own accommodation but this would diminish the experience. If you have difficulty in paying the levy, please discuss the matter with Dr Anthony Koutoulis.

Cooking Dinner is supplied on all four nights. Bring food for breakfast & lunches, although milk & bread, tea & coffee will be provided. Be prepared to take lunches & drinks into the field. .

Collections Only small samples of plant specimens may be taken in the National Park, & samples are not to be taken next to or alongside walking tracks. Alternatively, photographic collections may be made but this is more difficult, more expensive & requires macro lenses. Enquiries: Dr R Wiltshire 03 62 262690 email [email protected] KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 2 OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVES OF FIELD BOTANY At the completion of this unit, students should be able to: • demonstrate an understanding of the major types of plant communities found in Tasmania • describe the key elements of the vegetation that differentiate these communities, • identify major environmental factors affecting plant growth, • describe the differences between the more common families, • identify a wide range of the more common plant species, • describe morphological & physiological strategies evolved by in response to their environment, • describe & distinguish between the patterns of, & processes leading to, variation within & between species, using eucalypts as specific examples, & • undertake vegetation & population surveys.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 3 OUTLINE OF ACTIVITIES

PART 1. PLANT COMMUNITIES OF MT FIELD & SOUTHWEST TASMANIA An outline of the week's activities at Mt Field follows, although the weather will dictate to some extent what can be achieved, & in what order. Day 1: Altitudinal transect & associated changes in physiognomy & community types • Examination of sub-alpine sclerophyll woodland, moor, mixed forest & wet sclerophyll communities & the basis of community classifications. • Species recognition, species identification, plant collection. • Altitudinal variation in plant communities & its causes. Day 2: Alpine vegetation (Tarn Shelf, Newdegate Pass, Rodway Range) • Examination of communities including: herbfields, microshrubbery (cushionplants), coniferous shrubbery, alpine rainforest. • Species recognition, species identification, plant collection. • Community identification in relation to microenvironment. • Growth habit & general morphology of microshrubbery. • Effect of fire on alpine vegetation. Day 3: East-West variation in vegetation • Illustration of the association of vegetation types with geology & soils, • Study of rainforest & buttongrass communities, plant collection. • The nature of boundaries between vegetation types. Day 4: Succession in wet sclerophyll forest & the impact of forestry practices • Temporal changes in vegetation type & physiognomy following disturbance by fire / clearfelling from year zero to 400 years. • Ecological basis of silvicultural practices in wet sclerophyll vegetation. Day 5: Bryological diversity & mophological variation in eucalypts - patterns & processes. • Identification of moss & hepatic species & ecological preferences at Growling Swallet • Morphological changes in the E. vernicosa complex on Tim Shea/Mt Field with altitude & exposure. • Inter- & intra-specific variation in E. nitida & E. coccifera on Tim Shea.

•

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 4 OUTLINE OF ACTIVITIES

PART 2. PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHEASTERN TASMANIA & CONSERVATION STRATEGIES Day 6: Long term ecological monitoring site at Warra • Applied ecology of silvicultural practices in high productivity wet sclerophyll .

Day 7: Population ecology & conservation of endangered species • Establishment of a long term monitoring project for the rare & endangered E. morrisbyi at Calverts Hill • Floristic changes in the absence of sheep grazing • Seedling recruitment & population demography

Day 8: Field test • A description of a range of vegetation communities & the ecological factors shaping the vegetation on Mt Wellington.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 5 ASSESSMENT

The assessment of student performance in this course will be based on • a field test (40%) of plant identification skills, vegetation description and ecological processes likely to be shaping the vegetation, • two (2) reports on set topics (50%) due on the Monday of Weeks 3 and 5 (word-processed documents only), late penalty of 5% per day applies and • a group plant collection (10%) due on the Monday of Week 7.

FIELD TEST (40%) Each student will complete reports at THREE (3) nominated sites in the field on the final day of the course (Day 8) to assess your ability to: • Identify the flora at the: family, generic & specific levels (progressive scores), • Describe the structure of the vegetation (% cover, approximate height, layers, habit), • Describe the most important ecological factors shaping the vegetation (, air, fire & water, & biotic interactions). Approximately 40 minutes will be allowed at each site. This handbook & written notes may be consulted, but not picture books. Each report is to be handed in at the completion of each site. This is an individual assessment, rather than a group exercise, and so collaboration is not allowed.

REPORTS (50%) Each student will present TWO (2) practical reports analyzing data collected in the field. These reports should be written as scientific papers, not as class exercises, and in the format suggested by the Scribble site: http://www.utas.edu.au/scribble/Report%20Writing/RW_homepage.htm and/ or one of the second year report-writing templates. These topics will be nominated for each student by the course co-ordinator and so it is important too collect data for all exercises.

Report Topics These topics are an opportunity to explore the similarities & differences between communities & the underlying factors that have shaped them. One (1) of the following: (a) Changes in community structure & species diversity with altitude; (b) Changes in community structure & composition across marked boundaries, due to fire, waterlogging and temperature; (c) Effects of fire on alpine communities; (d) Ecological replacement of species within families or genera, e.g. epacrids, , eucalypts; (e) Changes in vegetation types associated the East/West transition in geology & ; (f) Temporal changes in community structure & composition following disturbance in Tasmanian lowland forest; (g) Ecology of rainforest moss & liverwort species;

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 6 ASSESSMENT

All students will present a report on: • Seedling recruitment in the rare and endangered species, Eucalyptus morrisbyi

Acknowledgements: Where data or information is obtained in common with other students, this must be stated. If any section of the essay is written in collaboration with any other student or staff, acknowledgement of the collaboration must be made & its extent defined, e.g. (transect data with B. Smith).

PLANT COLLECTION (10%) In an effort to minimize the impact on the flora, & to reduce the (considerable) expense incurred by students, plant collections may be submitted as a group effort (max. no. per group is 5 students). Students will be required to indicate the contribution of the other members of the group (from 0 to 100%) in a confidential covering statement. Each plant collection will consist of a minimum of six (6) representative species from each community. Each specimen should be pressed, mounted on paper, & identified by family, & species. It should be described briefly by growth habit, size, habitat, etc. (see labelling requirements below). Alternatively, students may submit a photographic (digital or film-based) collection. See Dr Wiltshire for details.

A general guide to the collection & preservation of plants A. Collection of Specimens Whenever possible, material should be pressed immediately after collection, & for some species, particularly herbs, this is the only manner in which high quality specimens can be obtained. However, it is not always convenient to carry a field press, & in such circumstances, satisfactory results can be obtained for most species by storing the material in a sealed plastic bag until ready for pressing providing they are stored under cool conditions & pressed within 24-48 hours of collection.

B. Choice of Specimens Ideally, all stages in the plant life history should be represented for each species. 1. Ensure that the specimen has flowering or fruiting parts present (particularly for eucalypts & monocots). Vegetative material alone may be exceedingly difficult to identify, & its value for comparative purposes is limited. 2. If the species is herbaceous, try to include the underground parts to show their character. 3. Select healthy specimens free from insect damage, fungal infestation, etc. 4. Choose specimens from typical plants, not from the occasional rare oddity.

C. Arrangement of Specimens for Pressing 1. Wherever possible, arrange one or more with the lower side uppermost. 2. Ordinarily, a specimen should be restricted to the size of the pressing paper. 3. Herbaceous specimens longer than the pressing paper may be folded

D. Equipment required for Pressing Specimens 1. Plant Press The efficiency of a plant press is determined largely by its ability to hold material under a constant & firm pressure, whilst at the same time, allowing the specimens to dry. Field presses are conventionally comprised of a pair of wood or metal frames which can be tightened as the situation demands. Where weight is not an important factor, the design of presses can be more versatile. Home presses may be constructed from a combination of wooden slabs (to provide a flat base) & bricks, books or sundry other weighty objects to maintain a firm even pressure. 2. Absorbent Paper Absorbent paper is used to remove water as the plant dries. The type of paper may vary, but blotting paper is ideal. Paper hand towels are also satisfactory providing the high profile embossed towels are not used - the pattern may become imprinted on the surfaces, , etc. Tissues are not

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 7 ASSESSMENT recommended because they become stuck to the specimen & cannot be removed easily. 3. Pressing Paper Pressing paper is used to surround the absorbent paper. Folded newspaper is fine for this purpose. 4. Dividers Dividers provide a firm base for each layer of pressing paper. Theoretically, they are not essential but, in practice, their absence may result in curved or misshapen specimens. E. Pressing Specimens Several sandwich layers arranged in the order, divider, pressing paper, absorbent paper, specimen(s), absorbent paper, pressing paper, divider, are stacked on top of each other, & a firm, even pressure is applied. Care must be taken that excessive pressure is not applied resulting in squashed specimens having a misleading appearance e.g. flat stems that should be round. The amount of pressure is variable depending on the hardness of the specimens involved.

F. Drying Specimens Specimens should be arranged appropriately & allowed to press for 24 hours. The press should then be opened & the absorbent papers changed. Specimens are then allowed to dry from 10-14 days. For some species, particularly succulents or nectar producing plants, it may be necessary to change the absorbent paper several times.

G. Mounting Specimens 1. Specimens should be mounted on A4 paper & enclosed in clear plastic sheet protectors. 2. Glue or paste is recommended to fasten specimens to the mounting. "Aquadhere" is probably best applied directly from the container or by playing small amounts on a thin lid & continually replacing it as it hardens. A match or small stick is suitable for applying the glue to the specimen. Care must be taken that all parts of the specimen in contact with the paper receive a supply of glue.

H. Labelling of Specimens Every specimen should have its own label recording relevant data, & should be designed to stand alone. Such data should include:-

1. Species name 2. Family 3. Location - site number is not sufficient 4. Altitude 5. Habitat 6. Habit 7. Date 8. Collector's name.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 8 REFERENCE GUIDE

Abstracts of many of these references can be found on the website. For a more complete reference list, see Vegetation of Tasmania.

Adams, M. & P. Attiwill (1991). “Nutrient balance in forests of northern Tasmania. 1. Atmospheric inputs & within-stand cycles.” Forest Ecology & Management 44(2-4): 93-113. Adams, M. & P. Attiwill (1991). “Nutrient balance in forests of northern Tasmania. 2. Alteration of nutrient availability & soil-water chemistry as a result of logging, slash-burning & fertilizer application.” Forest Ecology & Management 44(2-4): 115-131. Adams, M., P. Attiwill, et al. (1989). “Availability of nitrogen & phosphorus in forest soils in northeastern Tasmania.” & Fertility of Soils 8(3): 212-218. Adams, M. A. & P. M. Attiwill (1982). “Nitrogen mineralization & nitrate reduction in forests.” Soil Biol. Biochem. 14(3): 197-202. Adams, M. A. & P. M. Attiwill (1984). “Patterns of nitrogen mineralization in 23-year old pine forest following nitrogen fertilizing.” For. Ecol. Manage. 7(4): 241-248. Adams, M. A. & P. M. Attiwill (1984). “Role of Spp. in nutrient balance & cycling in regenerating F. Muell. Forests. I: Temporal changes in biomass & nutrient content.” Aust. J. Bot. 32(2): 205-215. Adams, M. A., P. J. Polglase, et al. (1989). “In situ studies of nitrogen mineralization & uptake in forest soils: Some comments on methodology.” Soil Biol. Biochem. 21(3): 423-429. Allen, D. (1992). “Blackwood plantations in Tasmania.” Tasmanian NRCP Report No. 8: viii + 88 pp. Atkin, OK & Collier, DE (1992). Relationship between soil nitrogen & floristic variation in late snow areas of the Kosciusko alpine region. Aust J. Bot. 40(2), 139-149. Attiwill, P. M. (1986). “Interactions between carbon & nutrients in the forest ecosystem.” Coupling Of Carbon, Water & Nutrient Interactions In Woody Plant Soil Systems. Proceedings of a Symposium of the International Union Of Forestry Research Organizations. Luxmoore, R.J. 2: 1-3. Attiwill, P. M. (1994). “The disturbance of forest ecosystems: The ecological basis for conservative management.” For. Ecol. Manage. 63: 2-3. Attiwill, P. M. (1994). “Ecological disturbance & the conservative management of eucalypt forests in .” For. Ecol. Manage. 63: 2-3. Attiwill, P. M. & M. A. Adams (1993). “Tansley Review No. 50. Nutrient cycling in forests.” New Phytol 124(4): 561-582. Auld, TD & Morrison, DA 1992. Genetic determination of erect & prostrate growth habit in five from windswept headlands in the Sydney region. Aust J. Bot 40, 1-11. Balmer, J., 1990. Two moorland boundaries. Tasforests 2, 133-41. Balmer, J., 1991. Alpine Vegetation. In: Tasmanian Native Bush: A Management Handbook (ed. J.B. Kirkpatrick), pp. 117-127, Tas. Env. Centre, Hobart. Banks, M.R., 1965. Geology & mineral deposits. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands & Surveys Department, Hobart. Barker, P., Wardlaw Tj, et al. (1996). “Selection & design of Phytophthora management areas for the conservation of threatened flora in Tasmania.” Biological Conservation 76(2): 187-193. Barker, P. C. J. (1991). “Podocarpus lawrencei (Hook.f.): Population structure & fire history at Goonmirk Rocks, .” Aust. J. Ecol no. 2: pp. Barker, P. C. J. & M. J. Brown (1994). “Anodopetalum biglandulosum: Growth form & abundance in Tasmanian rainforest.” Aust. J. Ecol no. 4: pp. Bayly-Stark, J., 1987. The Rainforest of Tasmania, Tas.Govt. Printer, Hobart. Bennett, L. T., C. J. Weston, et al. (1996). “The effects of fertilizers on early growth & foliar nutrient concentrations of three plantation eucalypts on high quality sites in Gippsland, southeastern Australia.” For. Ecol. Manage. 89: 1-3. Bowman, D. M. J. S. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1984). “Geographic variation in the demographic structure of stands of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker on dolerite in Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr. 11(5): 427-437. Bowman, D.M.J.S., & Jackson, W.D., 1981. Vegetation Succession in Southwest Tasmania. Search 12, 358-352. Bowman, D. M. J. S., A. R. Maclean, et al. (1986). “Vegetation-soil relations in the lowlands of south- west Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 11(2): 141-153. Brasell, H. M. & J. P. Mattay (1984). “Colonization by bryophytes of burned Eucalyptus forest in Tasmania, Australia: Changes in biomass & element content.” Bryologist no. 4: pp.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 9 REFERENCE GUIDE

Bridle, K & J.B. Kirkpatrick (1997). Local environmental correlates of variability in the organic soils of moorland & alpine vegetation, Mt Sprent, Tasmania. Aust. J. Ecology 22, 196-205. Brown, M. J., R. K. Crowden, et al. (1982). “Vegetation of an Alkaline Pan -- Acidic Peat Mosaic in the Hardwood River Valley, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 7(1): 3-12. Brown, M. J., J. B. Kirkpatrick, et al. (1983). “Conservation status of endemic vascular plants in alpine Tasmania.” Mountain Ecology In The Australian Region. Purdie, R.W. 12(12): 168-169. Brown, M. J. & F. Podger (1982). “On the apparent anomaly between observed & predicted percentages of vegetation types in south-west Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol no. 2: pp. Brown, M. J. & F. D. Podger (1982). “Floristics & fire regimes of a vegetation sequence from sedgeland-heath to rainforest at Bathurst Harbour, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot. 30(6): 659- 676. Brown, M. J., D. A. Ratkowsky, et al. (1984). “A comparison of detrended correspondence analysis & principal co-ordinates analysis using four sets of Tasmanian vegetation data.” Aust. J. Ecol. 9(3): 273-279. Campbell, E. O. (1983). “Mires of .” Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen & Moor. Regional Studies. Gore, A.J.P. ed. Carr, S.G.M. & Turner, J.S., 1959. The ecology of the Bogong High Plains I & II. Aust. J. Bot. 7, 12- 33; 34-63. Chambers, D. & P. Attiwill (1994). “The ash-bed effect in Eucalyptus regnans forest: chemical, physical & microbiological changes in soil after heating or partial sterilisation.” Australian Journal of Botany 42(6): 739-749. Colhoun, E. A. (1985). “Pre-last glaciation maximum vegetation history at Henty Bridge, Western Tasmania.” New Phytol 100(4): 681-690. Colhoun, E. a. (1992). “Late glacial & Holocene vegetation history at Poets Hill Lake, western Tasmania.” Australia Geographer 23(1): 11-23. Collins, K. 1990. South-West Tasmania. A natural history & visitor's guide. Heritage Books. Hobart Costin, A.B., 1957. The high mountain vegetation of Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 5, 173-189. Costin, A. B. (1983). “Mountain lands in the Australian region: Some principles of use & management.” Mountain Ecology In The Australian Region. Purdie, R.W. 12(12): 1-13. Costin, AB et al. (2000). “Kosciuszko Alpine Flora. 2nd Edn.” CSIRO, Collingwood. Cowling, RM & Wittowski, ETC (1994). Convergence & non convergence of plant traits in climatically & edaphically matched sites in Mediterranean Australia & South . Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 220-232. Cullen, P. J. (1987). “Regeneration patterns in populations of Athrotaxis selaginoides D. Don. from Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr 14: 39-51. Cullen, P., 1991. Rainforest. In: Tasmanian Native Bush: A Management Handbook (ed. J.B. Kirkpatrick), pp. 117-127, Tas. Env. Centre, Hobart. Curtis, W.M. & Morris, D.L. The Student’s Flora of Tasmania, Parts 1-4b. Govt. Printer, Hobart. Davidson, N. J., B. M. Potts, et al. (1987). “Gene flow between three eucalyptus species at Snug Plains.” Papers & Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 121: 101-108. Davidson, N.J., Potts, B.M. & Reid, J.B., 1981. Eucalypts. In: Vegetation of Tasmania (ed. W.D. Jackson), pp. 136-159. Davidson, N. J. & J. B. Reid (1985). “Frost as a factor influencing the growth & distribution of subalpine eucalypts.” Aust. J. Bot 33: 657-667. Davidson, N. J. & J. B. Reid (1987). “The influence of hardening & waterlogging on the frost resistance of subalpine eucalypts.” Aust. J. Bot 35: 91-101. Davidson, N. J. & J. B. Reid (1989). “Response of eucalypt species to .” Aust. J. Ecol 14, 139- 156. Davies, J (1983). “Huon Pine Survey 1983”. National Parks & Wildlife Service, Hobart. Davies, J.L., 1965. Landform. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands & Surveys Department, Hobart. Duncan, F. (1989). “Systematic affinities, hybridisation & clinal variation within Tasmanian eucalypts.” Tasforests 1(1): 13-25. Duncan, F. & D. Duncan (1984). “A dry sclerophyll woodland mosaic: Vegetation of Cherry Hill, near Cranbrook, Tasmania.” Rec. Queen Victoria Mus., Launceston.(85). Duncan, F. & Kiernan K (1989). “Drought damage in a Tasmanian forest on limestone.” Helictite 27(2): 83-86.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 10 REFERENCE GUIDE

Dungey, H. S., B. M. Potts, et al. (1997). “Mycosphaerella leaf disease: Genetic variation in damage to Eucalyptus nitens, E. globulus & their F1 hybrid.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research: in press. Ellis, R. C. & A. M. Graley (1983). “Gains & losses in soil nutrients associated with harvesting & burning eucalypt rainforest. Plant & Soil 74, 437-450..” Aust. J. Ecol. 12(3): 307-317. Ellis, R. C. & A. M. Graley (1987). “Soil chemical properties as related to forest succession in a highland area in north-east Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 12(3): 307-317. Ellis, R. C. & P. I. Pennington (1989). “Nitrification in soils of secondary vegetational successions from Eucalyptus forest & grassland to cool in Tasmania.” Plant Soil 115(1): 59-73. Ellis, R. C. & P. I. Pennington (1992). “Factors affecting the growth of Eucalyptus delegatensis seedlings in inhibitory forest & grassland soils.” Plant Soil 145: 93-105. Fensham, R. (1992). “The management implications of fine fuel dynamics in bushlands surrounding Hobart, Tasmania.” Journal of Environmental Management 36(4): 301-320. Fensham, R. & J. Kirkpatrick (1992). “The eucalypt forest-grassland/grassy woodland boundary in central Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Botany 40(2): 123-138. Fensham, R. J. (1989). “The pre-European vegetation of the , Tasmania: A floristic & historical analysis of vegetation patterns.” J. Biogeogr. 16(1): 29-45. Forestry (1995). “The rainforest map of Tasmania.” 1(1). Friend, AD & Woodward, FI. (1991). Evolutionary & ecophysiological processes of mountain plants to the growing season environment. Advances in Ecological Research 20, 60-112. Frey, W. & P. Dalton (1996). “Hypnodendron comosum-community in Tasmania.” Nova Hedwigia 62(1-2): 215-220. Fuhrer, B. & R. Robinson (1992). “Rainforest fungi of Tasmania & south-east Australia.” 95(15). Gibson, N. (1986). “Conservation & Management of Huon Pine in Tasmania.” National Parks & Wildlife Service, Hobart. Gibson, N., 1984. Impact of trampling on bolster heath communities of Mt Field National Park, Tasmania, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. vol. 118, 47-52. Gibson, N. (1990). “The environments & primary production of cushion species at Mt Field & Mt Wellington, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot 38, 229-244. Gibson, N (1991). The anatomy & morphology of four cushion plants. In: “Aspects of Tasmanian Botany: A Tribute to Winifred Curtis.” (Ed. MR Banks, et al.). Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart,pp.231-238. Gibson, N., Brown MJ, et al. (1992). “Flora & vegetation of ultramafic areas in Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Ecology 17(3): 297-303. Gibson, N., Davies J, & Brown, MJ. (1991). “The ecology of franklinii (Hook. f.) Quinn () in Tasmania. 1. Distribution, floristics & environmental correlates.” Australian Journal of Ecology 16(2): 215-222. Gibson, N. & Hope, G. 1986. On the origin & of Australasian alpine cushion plants: In Barlow, B.A. (ed.), Flora & fauna of alpine Australasia CSIRO, Melbourne. Gibson, N. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1985). “A comparison of the cushion plant communities of & Tasmania.” N.Z. J. Bot no. 4: pp. Gibson, N. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1985). “Vegetation & flora associated with localized snow accumulation at Mount Field West, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 10(2): 91-99. Goodwin, A. (1990). “Thinning response in eucalypt regrowth.” Tasforests 2(1): 27-35. Gore, AJP (1983). “Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen & Moor.” Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Grant, J., Laffan M, et al. (1995). “Mapping State Forest soils in Tasmania.” ACLEP Newsletter 4(2): 16-19. Grant, J., Laffan Md, et al. (1995). “Forest soils of Tasmania: a handbook for identification & management.” 189(5). Grierson, P. & P. Attiwill (1989). “Chemical characteristics of the proteoid root mat of Banksia integrifolia L.” Australian Journal of Botany 37(2): 137-143. Grierson, P. F., M. A. Adams, et al. (1992). “Estimates of carbon storage in the above-ground biomass of Victoria's forests.” Aust. J. Bot. 40: 4-5. Groves, RH (1994). “Australian Vegetation.2nd Ed.” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Halloy, S. (1983). The use of convergence & divergence in the interpretation of adaptation in high mountain biota. Evolutionary Theory 6, 232-255.

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Hardner, C. M. & B. M. Potts (1995). “Inbreeding depression & changes in variation after selfing in ssp. globulus.” Silvae Genet 44: 46-54. Hardner, C. M., et al. (1996). “Stand density influences outcrossing rate & growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus.” Silvae Genet ?: pp. Harle, K. J., A. P. Kershaw, et al. (1993). “Palaeoecological analysis of an isolated stand of cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. in eastern Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 18(2): 161- 170. Hickey, J. & M. Savva (1992). “The extent, regeneration & growth of Tasmanian lowland mixed forest.”Tasmanian Lowland Mixed Forest, Forestry Commission, Hobart. Hickey, J. E. (1994). “A floristic comparison of vascular species in Tasmanian oldgrowth mixed forest with regeneration resulting from logging & wildfire.” Aust. J. Bot 42: 383-404. Hickey, J. E., A. J. Blakesley, et al. (1983). “Seedfall & germination of (Hook.) Oerst., lucida (Labill.) Baill & Atherosperma moschatum Labill.: Implications for regeneration practice.” Aust. For. Res no. 1: pp. Hill, R. & Scriven Lj (1995). “The angiosperm-dominated woody vegetation of : a review.” Review of Palaeobotany & Palynology 86(3-4): 175-198. Hill, R. S. (1982). “Rainforest fire in western Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot 30: 583-589. Hill, R. S. & N. Gibson (1986). “Distribution of potential macrofossils in Lake Dobson, Tasmania.” J. Ecol. 74(2): 373-384. Hill, R. S. & J. Read (1984). “Post-fire regeneration of rainforest & mixed forest in western Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot. 32(5): 481-493. Hopmans, P, Stewart, HTL & Flinn, DW (1993). Impacts of harvesting on nutrients in a eucalypt ecosystem in southeastern Australia. Forest Ecology & Management 59, 29-51. Horne, R. & J. Hickey (1991). “Review. Ecological sensitivity of Australian rainforests to selective logging.” Australian Journal of Ecology 16(1): 119-129. Jackson, W.D., 1965. The vegetation. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands & Surveys Department, Hobart. Jackson, W.D., 1968. Fire, air, water & earth, an elemental ecology of Tasmania. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 3, 9-16. Jackson, W.D. 1973. Vegetation of the central plateau. In: Banks (ed. M.R. Banks), The lake country, pp. 61-85. Jackson, W.D., 1981. Vegetation of Tasmania. University of Tasmania. Jackson, W.D., & Bowman, D.M.J.S. 1982. Reply: Ecological Drift or Fire Cycles in . Search 13, 175-176. Jarman, S. J. & M. J. Brown (1983). “A definition of cool temperate rainforest in Tasmania.” Search 14: 81-87. Jarman, S. J. & J. E. Hickey (1996). “The Tasmanian component of the National Rainforest Conservation Program - summary of projects.” Tasmanian NRCP Report No. 16: 61 pp. Jarman, S. & G. Kantvilas (1995). “Epiphytes on an old Huon pine tree (Lagarostrobos franklinii) in Tasmanian rainforest.” New Zealand Journal of Botany 33(1): 65-78. Jarman, S. & G. Kantvilas (1995). “A floristic study of rainforest bryophytes & lichens in Tasmania's myrtle-beech [Nothofagus cunninghamii] alliance.” Tasmanian NRCP Report No. 14, v + 55 pp.; 47 ref. (Forestry Commission): Tasmamia. Jordan, G., R. Carpenter, et al. (1991). “Late Pleistocene vegetation & climate near Melaleuca Inlet, south-western Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Botany 39(4): 315-333. Jordan, G. J., N. M. G. Borralho, et al. (1994). “Identification of races in Eucalyptus globulus ssp globulus based on growth traits in Tasmania & geographic distribution.” Silvae Genet 43: 292-298. Jordan, G et al. (1992). The effects of fire intensity on the regeneration of mixed forest tree species in the Clear Hill/Mount Wedge are. Tasforests 4, 25-38. Jordan, G. J., B. M. Potts, et al. (1993). “Variation in the Eucalyptus globulus complex revisited.” Aust. J. Bot 41: 763-785. Judd, T. S., L. T. Bennett, et al. (1996). “The response of growth & foliar nutrients to fertilizers in young Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) plantations in Gippsland, southeastern Australia.” For. Ecol. Manage. 82: 1-3. Kantvilas, G. (1988). “Tasmanian rainforest lichen communities: A preliminary classification.” Phytocoenologia 16: 391-428. Kantvilas, G. & P. W. James (1987). “The macrolichens of Tasmanian rainforest: Key & notes.” Lichenologist 19: 1-28.

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Kantvilas, G. & S. J. Jarman (1993). “The cryptogamic flora of an isolated rainforest fragment in Tasmania.” Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 111(2): 211-228. Kile, G., J. Packham, et al. (1989). “Myrtle wilt & its possible management in association with disturbance of rainforest in Tasmania.” Special issue: Workshop on forest health in the South Pacific, Rotorua, 30 31 May & 1 June 1989 19(2-3): 256-264. Kirkpatrick, J. (1990). “A synusia-based mapping system for the conservation management of natural vegetation, with an example from Tasmania, Australia.” Biological Conservation 53(2): 93- 104. Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1982). “Phytogeographical Analysis of Tasmanian Alpine Floras.” J. Biogeogr. 9(3): 255-271. Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1983). “Treeless plant communities of the Tasmanian High Country.” MOUNTAIN ECOLOGY IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. Purdie, R.W. 12: 61-77. Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1986). “Conservation of plant species, alliances & associations of the treeless high country of Tasmania, Australia.” Biol. Conserv. 37(1): 43-58. Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1997). “Alpine Tasmania.” (Oxford University Press, Oxford). Kirkpatrick, J. B. & Bridle, K. (1999). Environment & floristics of ten Australian alpine vegetation formations. Aust. J. Bot 47, 1-21. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & M. J. Brown (1984). “A numerical analysis of Tasmanian higher plant .” Bot. J. Linn. Soc no. 3: pp. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & M. J. Brown (1987). “The nature of the transition from sedgeland to alpine vegetation in south-west Tasmania. I. Altitudinal vegetation change on four mountains.” J. Biogeogr. 14(6): 539-549. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & K. J. M. Dickinson (1984). “The impact of fire on Tasmanian alpine vegetation & soils.” Aust. J. Bot 32, 613-629. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & F. Duncan (1987). “Tasmanian high altitude grassy vegetation: Its distribution, community composition & conservation status.” Aust. J. Ecol. 12(1): 73-86. Kirkpatrick, J.B. & Gibson, N. 1984. Dynamics of a Tasmanian bolster heath string fen. Vegetatio 58, 71-78. Kirkpatrick, J. & Gilfedder L (1995). “Maintaining integrity compared with maintaining rare & threatened taxa in remnant bushland in subhumid Tasmania.” Biological Conservation 74(1): 1-8. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & C. E. Harwood (1983). “Plant communities of Tasmanian wetlands.” Aust. J. Bot. 31(5): 437-451. Kirkpatrick, J.B., Minchin, P.R. & Davies, J.B. 1985. Floristic composition & macroenvironmental relationships of Tasmanian vegetation containing bolster plants. Vegetatio. 63, pp. 89-96. Ladd, P., D. Orchiston, et al. (1992). “Holocene vegetation history of Flinders Island.” New Phytologist 122(4): 757-767. Laffan, M. (1995). “Assessment & classification of site productivity & land suitability for Eucalypt [Eucalyptus] plantations in Tasmania.” ACLEP Newsletter 4(2): 12-16. Li, H., J. L. Madden, et al. (1995). “Variation in volatile leaf oils of the Tasmanian Eucalyptus species - 1. Subgenus Monocalyptus.” Biochemical Systematics & Ecology 23(3): 299-318. Li, H., J. L. Madden, et al. (1996). “Variation in volatile leaf oils of the Tasmanian Eucalyptus species II. Subgenus Symphyomyrtus.” Biochem. Syst. Ecol X: pp. Lynch, A. J. J. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1995). “Pattern & process in alpine vegetation & landforms at Hill One, Southern Range, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot 43: 537-554. Macphail, M.K. 1979. Vegetation & in Southern Tasmania since the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Research 11, 306-41. Macphail, M. K. & E. A. Colhoun (1985). “Late last glacial vegetation, climates & fire activity in southwest Tasmania.” Search 16: 1-2. Macphail, M., G. Jordan, et al. (1993). “Key periods in the evolution of the flora & vegetation in western Tasmania I. the early-middle Pleistocene.” Australian Journal of Botany 41(6): 673-707. Macphail, M.K. & Peterson, J.A. 1975. New deglaciation dates from Tasmania. Search 6, 127-30. Maheswaran, J. & P. M. Attiwill (1987). “Loss of organic matter, elements, an organic fractions in decomposing Eucalyptus microcarpa leaf litter.” Can. J. Bot.. 65(12): 2601-2606. Marsden Smedley, J. & W. Catchpole (1995). “Fire behaviour modelling in Tasmanian buttongrass moorlands. I. Fuel characteristics.” International Journal of Wildland Fire 5(4): 203-214. Marsden Smedley, J. & Catchpole Wr (1995). “Fire behaviour modelling in Tasmanian buttongrass moorlands. II. Fire behaviour.” International Journal of Wildland Fire 5(4): 215-228.

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McCormick, N. (1991). “Lowland dry eucalypt forests.” Technical Bulletin Native Forest Silviculture, Forestry Commission, Tasmania(3). McCormick, N. & J. Cunningham (1989). “Uneven-aged forest management in Tasmania's dry sclerophyll forests.” Tasforests 1(1): 5-12. Minchin, P. R. (1989). “Montane vegetation of the Mt. Field massif, Tasmania: A test of some hypotheses about properties of community patterns.” Vegetatio 83: 1-2. Moore, A. & I. Noble (1990). “An individualistic model of vegetation stand dynamics.” Journal of Environmental Management 31(1): 61-81. Mount, A.B. (1982). Fire-cycles or succession in S.W. Tasmania. Search 13, 174-175. Nesbitt, K. A., B. M. Potts, et al. (1995). “Partitioning & distribution of RAPD variation in a forest tree species, Eucalyptus globulus ().” HEREDITY 1995 vol 74: 628-637. Neyland, M. & M. Brown (1994). “Disturbance of cool temperate rainforest patches in eastern Tasmania.” Australian Forestry 57(1): 1-10. Neyland, M. & J. Hickey (1990). “Leatherwood silviculture - implications for apiculture.” Tasforests 2(1): 63-72. Neyland, M. G. & M. J. Brown (1994). “Disturbance of cool temperate rainforest patches in eastern Tasmania.” Australian Forestry 57(1): 1-10. Nicholls, K.D. & Dimmock, G.M. 1965. Soils. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands & Surveys Department, Hobart. Nunez, M., Kirkpatrick Jb, et al. (1996). “Rainfall estimation in south-west Tasmania using satellite images & phytosociological calibration.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 17(8): 1583-1600. Olesen, T. (1994). “Light climate as a factor in the morphological variation of Atherosperma moschatum in a Tasmanian forest.” Australian Journal of Ecology 19(1): 40-45. Ogden, J. 1978. Investigation of the dendrochronology of the genus Athrotaxis D. Don (Taxoidiaceae) in Tasmania. Tree Ring Bull. 38, 1-13. Ogden, J. & POWELL, J.A. 1979. A quantitative description of the forest vegetation on an altitudinal gradient in the Mt. Field National Park, Tasmania, & a discussion of its history & dynamics. Aust. J. Ecol. 193-325. Pannell, J. (1992). “Swamp Forests of Tasmania.” Forestry Commission, Hobart. Pemberton, M., 1989. Land Systems of Tasmania, Region 7: South West. Dept Agriculture, Hobart. Peterson, M. (1990). “Distribution & Conservation of Huon Pine.” Forestry Commission Tasmania, Hobart. Podger, F., T. Bird, et al. (1988). “Human activity, fire & change in the forest at Hogsback Plain, Southern Tasmania.” Proceedings of the First national conference on Australian forest history, Canberra. Podger, F. & M. Brown (1989). “Vegetation damage caused by on disturbed sites in temperate rainforest in western Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Botany 37(6): 443-480. Podger, F., C. Palzer, et al. (1990). “A guide to the Tasmanian distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi & its effects on native vegetation.” Tasforests 2(1): 13-20. Polglase, P. & P. Attiwill (1992). “Nitrogen & phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. I. Return from plant to soil in litterfall.” Plant & Soil 142(2): 157-166. Polglase, P., P. Attiwill, et al. (1992). “Nitrogen & phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. II. N mineralization & nitrification.” Plant & Soil 142(2): 167- 176. Polglase, P., P. Attiwill, et al. (1992). “Nitrogen & phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. III. Labile inorganic & organic P, phosphatase activity & P availability.” Plant & Soil 142(2): 177-185. Polglase, P. J., P. M. Attiwill, et al. (1986). “Immobilization of soil nitrogen following wildfire in two eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia.” Acta Oecol. Oecol. Plant. 7(3): 261-271. Potts, B. M. (1983). Phenetic variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex. Colloque International sur les Eucalyptus résistants au Froid, Bordeaux, France, AFOCEL. Potts, B. M. (1985). “Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii- archeri complex. 111. Reciprocal transplant trials.” Australian Journal of Botany 33: 687-704. Potts, B. M. (1985). Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex on the Central Plateau, Tasmania. Current Research on Tasmanian High Altitude Eucalypt Forests, Hobart, Tasmania, Department of Geography, University of Tasmania.

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Potts, B. M. (1986). “Population dynamics & regeneration of a hybrid zone between Eucalyptus risdonii Hook. f. & E. amygdalina Labill.” Aust. J. Bot 34: 305-329. Potts, B. M. & W. D. Jackson (1986). Evolutionary processes in the Tasmanian high altitude eucalypts. Flora & Fauna of Alpine Australasia. Ages & Origins. B. A. Barlow. Melbourne, CSIRO: 511-527. Potts, B. M. & G. J. Jordan (1994). “The spatial pattern & scale of variation in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus: Variation in seedling abnormalities & early growth.” Aust. J. Bot 42: 471- 492. Potts, B. M., W. C. Potts, et al. (1987). “Inbreeding & interspecific hybridization in Eucalyptus gunnii.” Silvae Genet 36 194-198. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1983). “Hybridization between l'Herit. & E. pulchella Desf.” Aust. J. Bot 31: 211-229. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1985). “Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex. I. Variation in the adult phenotype.” Australian Journal of Botany 33: 337-359. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1985). “Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex. II. The origin of variation.” Australian Journal of Botany 33: 519-541. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1988). “Hybridisation as a dispersal mechanism.” Evolution 42: 1245-1255. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1990). “The evolutionary significance of hybridization in Eucalyptus.” Evolution 44: 2151-2152. Potts, B. M. & R. J. E. Wiltshire (1997). Ch 4. Eucalypt genetics & genecology. Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. J. Williams & J. Woinarski. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 56-91. Read, J. (1995). “The importance of comparative growth rates in determining the canopy composition of Tasmanian rainforest.” Australian Journal of Botany 43(3): 243-271. Read, J. & J. R. Busby (1990). “Comparative response to temperature of the major canopy species of Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest & their ecological significance. II. Net photosynthesis & climate analysis.” Australian Journal of Botany 38(2): 185-205. Read, J. & R. S. Hill (1983). “Rainforest invasion onto Tasmanian old-fields.” Aust. J. Ecol 8: 149-161. Read, J. & R. S. Hill (1988). “The dynamics of some rainforest associations in Tasmania.” J. Ecol. 76(2): 558-584. Reid, JB, Hill, RS, Brown, M & Hovenden, M (1999). Vegetation of Tasmania ABRS, Canberra. Sale, M., B. M. Potts, et al. (1996). “Molecular differentiation within & between Eucalyptus risdonii, E. amygdalina & their hybrids using RAPD markers.” Australian Journal of Botany 44: 559- 569. Sale, M. M., B. M. Potts, et al. (1996). “Molecular differentiation within & between Eucalyptus risdonii, E. amygdalina & their hybrids using RAPD markers.” Aust. J. Bot ?: pp. Sale, M. M., B. M. Potts, et al. (1996). “Relationships within Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) using PCR- amplification & southern hybridisation of DNA.” Australian Systematic Botany 9: 273-282. Scanlon, A.P., Graham, J.F. & Yaxley, M.L. (eds). 1990. Behind the Scenery. Dept. of Education & the Arts, Tasmania. Schemske, D. W. & M. T. Morgan (1990). “The evolutionary significance of hybridization in Eucalyptus.” Evolution publ. 1991, 44(8): 2150-2151. Shapcott, A. (1995). “The spatial genetic structure in natural populations of the Australian temperate rainforest tree Atherosperma moschatum (Labill.) (Monimiaceae).” Heredity 74(1): 28-38. Shapcott, A., M. J. Brown, et al. (1996). “Stand structure, reproductive activity & sex expression in Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook L.) Quinn.).” J. Biogeogr ?: pp. Shaw, M. J., B. M. Potts, et al. (1984). “Variation within & between Eucalyptus nitida Hook.f. & E. coccifera Hook.f.” Australian Journal of Botany 32: 641-654. Skinner, M. F. & P. M. Attiwill (1981). “The Productivity of Pine Plantations in Relation to Previous Land Use II. Phosphorus Adsorption Isotherms & the Growth of Pine Seedlings.” Plant & Soil 61(3): 329-339. Smith, J. M. B. (1981). “Colonist Ability, Altitudinal Range & Origins of the Flora of Mt. Field, Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr ?: pp. Steane, D. A., M. Byrne, et al. (1998). “Chloroplast DNA polymorphism signals complex interspecific interactions in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae).” Australian Journal of Systematic Botany 11: in press. Thomas, I. & G. Hope (1994). “An example of Holocene vegetation stability from Camerons Lagoon, a near treeline site on the Central Plateau, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 19(2): 150-158.

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Thomas, I. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1996). “The roles of coastlines, people & fire in the development of heathlands in northeast Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr. 23(5): 717-728. Tyler, P. A. (1992). “A lakeland from the Dreamtime. The Second Founders' Lecture.” Br. Phycol. J ?. ?. Tyson, M. (1995). The determination of size & the estimation of age of genotypes in a mallee eucalypt stand, University of Tasmania. Wakefield, N.A. 1955. Ferns of Victoria & Tasmania. Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, Melbourne. Wang, L., P. M. Attiwill, et al. (1996). “Fertilizer impacts on the understorey of a regenerating mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) forest, Victoria.” Aust. J. Ecol. 21(4): 459- 463. West, P. & G. Osler (1995). “Growth response to thinning & its relation to site resources in Eucalyptus regnans.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25(1): 69-80. West, P. W. & K. F. Wells (1992). “Method of application of a model to predict the light environment of individual tree crowns & its use in a eucalypt forest.” Ecological Modelling 60(3-4): 199- 231. Weston, C. J. & P. M. Attiwill (1990). “Effects of fire & harvesting on nitrogen transformations & ionic mobility in soils of Eucalyptus regnans forests of south-eastern Australia.” Oecologia 83(1): 20-26. Weston, C. J. & P. M. Attiwill (1996). “Clearfelling & burning effects on nitrogen mineralization & leaching in soils of old-age Eucalyptus regnans forests.” For. Ecol. Manage. 89: 1-3. Whitham, T. G., P. A. Morrow, et al. (1994). “Plant hybrid zones as centers of : The herbivore community of two endemic Tasmanian eucalypts.” Oecologia 97, 481-490. Wilkinson, G., M. Battaglia, et al. (1993). “Silvicultural use & effects of fire.” Technical Bulletin Native Forest Silviculture, Forestry Commission, Tasmania No. 11, 60 pp.; (Forestry Commission): Tasmania. Wilkinson, G. & W. Neilsen (1995). “Implications of early browsing damage on the long term productivity of eucalypt forests.” Forest Ecology & Management 74(1-3): 117-124. Williams, K., F. Duncan, et al. (1990). “Biological conservation in Tasmania's production forests.” Tasforests 2(1): 73-78. Williams, RJ (1987). Patterns of air temperature & accumulation of snow in subalpine heathlands & grasslands on the Bogong High Plains, Victoria. Aust. J. Ecol. 12: 153-163. Willis, J.H. 1970. A Handbook of Plants in Victoria Vol.. 1 & 2, 2nd edn. Melb. Univ. Press, Melbourne. Wiltshire, R.J.E 1992. Section III. Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G.Brett. In Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. Reid, J.B. & Brown, M.J. (Eds): Conservation of Endangered Species of Eucalypts in Tasmania. A report to the World Wildlife Fund. Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. & Reid, J.B. (1991). Phenetic affinities, variability & conservation status of a rare Tasmanian endemic, Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G. Brett. In Banks, M.R. et al. (Eds): Aspects of Tasmanian Botany – A tribute to Winifred Curtis. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 31:213-229. Wiltshire, R. J. E., B. M. Potts, (1991). “A paedomorphocline in Eucalyptus: Natural variation in the E. risdonii/E. tenuiramis complex.” Aust. J. Bot. 39: 545-66. Wiltshire, R. J. E., B. M. Potts, & Reid, J.B. (1992). “A paedomorphocline in Eucalyptus . II. Variation in seedling morphology in the E. risdonii /E. tenuiramis complex.” Aust. J. Bot 40: 789-805. Yeats, GW & Lee, WG (1997). Burning in a New Zealand snow-tussock grassland: effects on vegetation & soil fauna. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21, 73-79.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 16 TABLE 1 PLANT NAME DERIVATIONS

Acacia Gk. for a prickly Egyptian acculeata pointed, referring to the leaves acetosus having an acid taste adscendens rising upwards, ref. to the tendency of the flowering branchlets to stand erect aestivus, aestivalis of summer agrestis of fields or cultivated land alatus winged albus white alpestris, alpinus of the Alps or high mountains altissimus very tall altus tall, high angustatus narrow, slender Anopterus anomes= iregular; pteris= a wing, the has unequal wings apetala without petals arborescens treelike archeri, William Archer of Cheshunt near Deloraine - illustrator of Flora Tasmanie (1860) argenteus silvery Aristotelia thought to be in honour ofAristotle Atherosperma Gk. atheros= the beard of an ear of corn; sperm= a seed aureus golden yellow australis southern axillaris indicates that the are in the axils of the leaves Banksia Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820) Bedfordia Randolf Bedford Bellendena beautiful native Billardiera Jacques Julien Labillardiere - Bruni D'Entrecasteaux Blandfordia possibly to honour son of a Duke of Marlborough Boronia Francesco Borone - Italian plant collector Brachycome Gk. brachys= short; comas= hair; ref. to the short pappus hair aroung the florets caeruleus sky blue caesius blue grey Caladenia Gk. kalos= beautiful; aden= a knob, ref. to the long slender parts end in dark clubs calcaratus spurred Callistemon Gk. kallistos= most beautiful; stemon= a campanulatus bell-like campestris of fields Count Alexandre Henri-Gabriel Cassini (1748-1832), a French botanist,who specialized in the Compositae castaneus chestnut coloured caudata tailed cerinthoides like Cerinthe, the honeywort or wax plant in the family Boraginaceae cinereus ash grey clavatus club shaped Gk. small vine coccineus scarlet collinus of hills comosus, comatus tufted concolor uniform in colour Coprosma Gk. kopros= dung; osme= smell corniculatus, cornutus having a hornlike appendage costatus, costatalis ribbed crassus thick, fleshy cyaneus dark blue Cyathodes cup-like, ref. to the flower dealbata off-white or silver derwentiana belonging to the Derwent River diemensis from Van Diemens Land LW Dillwyn (1778-1855) - English botanist Diplarrhena ????? discolor not uniform in colour dracophylla leaves resembling those of the Dragon Tree Drimys Gk. drimus - acid dulcis sweet dumosus bushy echinatus spiny edulis used for food elatus tall elodes of marshes ensatus swordlike Gk. epi= upon; akros= the top, ref. to ??? Eriostemon hairy esculentus edible Eucalyptus Gk. eu= well; kalyptos= covered, ref. to the operculum Eucryphia Gk. eu= well; kryphia= covering, the calyx forms a cap ferrugineus rust coloured flabellatus fanlike flavus pale yellow flexuosus bending alternately in opposite directions floribunda many-flowered floribundus flowering profusely fluitans floating fluviatilis of rivers foetidus foul smelling

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 17 TABLE 1 PLANT NAME DERIVATIONS

fontinalis, fontanus of springs Forstera JR Forster & JGA Forster - Cook's 2nd voyage forsteri JR Forster & JGA Forster - Cook's 2nd voyage franklinii Sir John Franklin - naval Governor of VDL fulgens, fulgidus bright, shining fulvus yellow brown furcatus forked gelidus of cold regions Gentianella little gentian - from Gentius, King of Illyria who found the healing properties in the Yellow Gentian of Europe gentianoides leaves like those of a small gentian glandulosus small swellings or glands on the serrations of the leaf globulus a small globe glutinosus sticky Goodenia Samuel Goodenough (1743-1827) - Bishop, V.P. of Roy. Soc. gracilis slender graveolens strong smelling gunnii Ronald Campbell Gunn of Launceston hederaceus ivy-like Helichrysum Gk. helios= sun; khrysos= gold hepaticus liver coloured Hibbertia George Hibbert - London merchant hibernus, hiemalis of winter hirsutus hairy hookeri Joseph Dalton Hooker, visited Hobart 1840, Surgeon -General hookeriana Joseph Dalton Hooker, visited Hobart 1840, Surgeon -General horridus very bristly humulis dwarf impressa dented, ref. to the impressions at the base of the corrolla incarnatus flesh coloured indicus of Indigophera Indigo - Indian blue dye; fero= I carry insignis outstanding integrifolius having entire leaves johnstonii RM Johnston - junceus rushlike lacustris of lakes or ponds laevigatus smooth, polished lanatus, lanosus woolly lanceolata leaves shaped like lance-heads lasianthos Gk.lasios= hairy; anthos= a flower latifolius having broad leaves Gk. leptos= slender; sperma= seed leucanthus having white flowers limosus of muddy places lineatus marked with parellel lines littoralis of the seashore Lomatia Gk. lomatos= an edge, ref. to the winged longiflora long flower luteus deep yellow Lyperanthos Gk. lyperos= mournful; anthos= flower major the larger marginata ref. to the tightly rolled leaf margins meredithae Louise Meredith - illustrator & author of popular books on plants & animals milliganii Dr Joseph Milligan - naturalist, Sec. to the Governor mollis softly hairy monogyna incorrectly indicates that the style is undivided - the plant has 3 free styles montana of the mountains montanus, monticolus of the mountains moraea from resemblance to S. African Butterfly Iris, named in honour of Robert Moore - English botanist (18th C) moschatum with a musky scent, ref. to ??????? nanus dwarf natans floating on or under water nemoralis, nemorosus of shade or woodlands niger black nivalis, niveus, nivea snow white, of the snow Nothofagus Gk. nothos= false; fagus= beech nudus naked nutans nodding, hanging occidentalis western, American officinalis having medical use Olearia probably from Olea, the olive, from the resemblance of the leaves in some species orientalis eastern, Asian ovata egg-shaped, ref. to the leaves paludosus, palustris of bogs, marshes, or swamps parvifolia small leaves parvus small peduncularis long flower stalk pilosa covered with distinct hairs Pimelea Gk. pimele= fat, ref. to the cotyledons plenus, pleniformis full, double Pomaderris Gk. poma = a lid; derris = skin, referring to the fact that the fruit opens by a thin lid pratensis of meadows Prionotes Gk. prion= a saw, ref. to the leaf margins procumbens prostrate or procumbent habit Prostanthera Gk. prostheke= appendage; anthera= anther, ref. to the projection on the anther

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 18 TABLE 1 PLANT NAME DERIVATIONS pulcher beautiful punicea Gk. puniceus= scarlet, from Punica, the pomegranate, which bears dark scarlet flowers purpurascens purplish of turing purple pusillus very small; weak quadrifida split into four ramosus branched ramulosa ramulus= a small branch reniformis kidney shaped repens, reptans creeping, prostrate CAG Riche - botanist with D'Entrecasteaux riparius growing by rivers or streams rivularis, rivalis growing by streams or brooks rodwayi Leonard Rodway - The Tasmanian Flora (1903) roseus pink rostratus beaked ruber red ruderalis growing in rubbish rupestris growing on rocks salicina willow-like, referring to the leaves sativus cultivated saxatilis growing among rocks scaber rough scandens climbing scoparia from its resemblance to a small broom plant, Sarothamnus scoparius scorpioides like a scorpion sericeus silky serotinus late setaceus, setasus bristly sinensis of China speciosus good looking spectabilis showy spiceri Rev. WW Spicer - A Handbook of the Plants of Tasmania (1878). squamatus scaly squarrosus having overlapping leaves with outward- projecting tips Stackhousia John Stackhouse (1742-1819) - botanist, Cornwell, England stellulata little star Gk. styphelos= hard, rough, ref. to the leaves Telopea Gk. tele= distant; opas= colour tenuis slender terrestris of dry ground Tetratheca tetra = four, theca = box - alluding to the anthers tinctoria useful for dyeing tinctorius used for dyeing truncata ending abruptly as if cut off, ref. to the leaves umbrosus of shade uncinatus hooked usitassimus, utilis useful velutinus velvety ventricosus inflated, especially unevenly so vernalis, vernus of spring Veronica to honour St Veronica, a nun who died in Milan in 1497 verrucosus covered with warts versicolor variously coloured vescus small; edible virens, viridus green viridiflorus green flowering vulgaris common

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 19 KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES

Some of the more significant dicotyledonous families in the Tasmanian flora are listed below with some of their principal diagnostic features. This list is intended only as a guide to the recognition of the main Tasmanian families in the field; the characters cited are the most obvious ones which distinguish the families concerned, but they are not invariably confined to, or present in, the families they characterize; the word “usually” should be placed before almost every character in the list.

MYRTACEAE - myrtle family, eucalypts, bottlebrushes, tea-trees. Woody shrubs or trees. Leaves are alternate or opposite, simple & with no stipules; oil glands present & aromatic when crushed. Flowers regular, 5+5 (2 whorls), petals may be fused into an operculum(e.g. Eucalyptus); stamens usually numerous, occasionally 5 or 10, sometimes united in bundles (e.g. Melaleuca); often inferior. Fruit usually dry, often a woody opening by valves at the top, or a berry. The arrangement of the fruit is a useful generic diagnostic. Major genera in Tasmania are: Eucalyptus, in which the flower has a perianth fused to become a deciduous operculum, stamens are many & conspicous, Melaleuca, in which the stamens are the conspicous part of the flower & are arranged in five bundles, woody capsules are sessile & clustered around the stem, Callistemon, similar flowers to Melaleuca, but the stamens are not clustered into bundles, similar arrangement of the woody fruit, Leptospermum, the petals are the showy part of the flower & the stamens are relatively short, capsules usually solitary. Also: , Kunzea, Thryptomene.

RUTACEAE - rue family, citrus, boronias, correas. Woody shrubs or (small) trees. Most have opposite leaves, which contain oil glands, & are aromatic when crushed. Surface features include stellate hairs & peltate scales. Flowers actinomorphic, perianth in (4)'s or (5)'s, stamens often double the number of petals. Ovary superior, disc often present. Fruit commonly dry & leathery, splitting into segments at maturity, or a berry as in the citrus group. Principal genera include: Boronia, Correa, Eriostemon, Nematolepis, Phebalium,Philotheca, Zieria.

ASTERACEAE - (COMPOSITAE) daisy family Most numerous of all dicot. families, may be herbs, woody shrubs or small trees. Leaves with a taste like

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 20 KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES bitter lettuce. is a compact head (capitulum), surrounded by involucral . This may resemble a flower but is comprised of many florets. Fruit is usually dry, 1-seeded & indehiscent & may have a pappus of hairs, bristles or awns to aid in dispersal. Some genera are: Abrotanella, Bedfordia, Brachyscome, Cassinia, Celmisia, Cotula, Craspedia, Erigeron, Ewartia, Gnaphalium, Helichrysum, Microseris, Olearia, Podolepsis, Pterygopappus, but there are 60 others.

EPACRIDACEAE - heath family Most are small, woody shrubs (< 1 m). The leaves are usually small, tough & pointed, sessile or shortly stalked with (nearly) parallel venation (most obvious on the lower surface). Flowers regular, perianth in 5's. often grading into bracts of similar size & texture. Petals fused into a tube, 5 stamens, each anther opening by a single slit, ovary superior. The major Tasmanian genera are: Acrotriche, Astroloma, Archeria, Cyathodes, Drachophyllum, Epacris, Leucopogon, , Pentachondra, Richea, Sprengelia, Styphelia.

PROTEACEAE - protea family, banksias, grevilleas, hakeas Small shrubs to small trees. Leaves are mostly simple but often lobed or deeply divided, & usually stiff & leathery, often terete & pungent (e.g. Hakea). Flowers often characteristically irregular; perianth 4 - partite in a single whorl; stamens 4; ovary superior. Fruit often a woody or leathery follicle, sometimes aggregated in cones. Includes the genera: Agastachys, Banksia, Bellendena, Cenarrhenes, Conospermum, Grevillea, Isopogon, Hakea, Lomatia, Orites, Telopea.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 21 KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES

CASUARINACEAE - she-oaks Small to medium trees, usually with a drooping habit. Leaves (except for the tips) fused with the branchlets & with each other along each internode & so appear to be reduced to small, scales arranged in whorls about photosynthetic, terete branches. She-oaks either monoecious or dioecious. Flowers non-petaloid; male flowers borne in a spike; female flowers borne in small globular heads that become the characteristic woody cone. One genus in Tasmania: Allocasuarina.

RHAMNACEAE - buckthorn family Small prostrate woody shrubs to medium trees. Young stems & leaves often with stellate hairs. Leaves are simple, often rugose (wrinkled) or with a rough surface. Stipules are present but may be deciduous. Flowers are regular but are usually inconspicuous, surrounded by conspicuous bracts. Petals (if present) opposite the stamens & often hooded over them. Ovary half inferior to inferior, conspicuous bracts surround inconspicuous flowers. Best known genera include: Pomaderris Spyridium & Cryptandra.

LEGUMINOSAE - now separated into 3 families with 2 in Tasmania. a) - (PAPILLIONACEAE) pea family Herbs & woody shrubs. Leaves with stipules. Characteristic pea-flower, & legume (pod) fruit. Ovary superior. Best known genera include: Aotus, Bossiaeae, Daviesia, Dillwynia, Gompholobium, Hovea, Kennedya, Oxylobium, Platylobium, , Swainsonia. b) MIMOSACEAE - (MIMOSOIDEAE) mimosa family, wattles Small to large trees. Some with bipinnate leaves but most have phyllodes. Flowers are small, yellow,

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 22 KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES actinomorphic & arranged in heads or spikes with a mass of conspicuous yellow anthers. Fruit a legume. Includes the genus Acacia.

RUBIACEAE Trees, shrubs or, less frequently, herbs. Leaves opposite, oil glands sometimes present; stipules interpetiolar (at either side of the leaf-base & hence between the leaves) or intrapetiolar (in front of the leaf-base & hence between the leaf & the axis), sometimes leaf-like & distinguished from leaves only by the absence of buds in their axils (plants with stipules of this kind look as if there is a whorl of leaves at each node). Flowers usually hermaphrodite & regular. Ovary ± inferior, commonly bicarpellary. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Includes the genera: Coprosma, Gabium, Opercularia.

EUPHORBIACEAE - spurges Trees, shrubs & herbs. Latex sometimes present. Inflorescence consists of several male flowers & one female flower enclosed in a cup-shped involucre of 5 fused bracts. There are no perianth parts (except for Ricinocarpus, which has distinct petals). Flowers unisexual; ovary superior, trilocular, sometimes stalked. Includes the genera: Amperea, Beyeria, Euphorbia, Poranthera, Ricinocarpus.

RANUNCULACEAE - buttercup family Most are herbs, but some (e.g. Clematis) are climbers. In Clematis, leaves are opposite, simple or compound, & twining. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, regular; sepals 4, petaloid; no petals; stamens & carpels indefinite in number. Female flowers become a cluster of achenes, each bearing a long, plumose awn derived from the style. Includes the genera: Clematis & Ranunculus.

LAURACEAE - laurel family Parasitic perrenials in Tasmania (Cassytha), with tough twining stems. Attach to host plants by haustoria. Leaves reduced to minute scales. Flowers are small, regular & bisexual. Perianth in two whorls of 3; 9 stamens in 3 whorls of 3; carpel solitary; ovary superior. Fruit is a berry or drupe. BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) Herbs; leaves with a sharp taste like raddish, often with a strong odour; sepals & petals 4, stamens 6; fruit bilocular, the outer walls separating from below upwards when ripe & leaving the seeds attached to the septum dividing the loculi (a siliqua if long & narrow, a silicula if short & broad). Includes: Cardamine, Cheesemannia, Cuphonotus, Lepidium, Stenopetalum.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 23 KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES

APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE) Herbaceous; leaves compound or deeply dissected, with a taste like celery or parsley & a characteristic smell; bases of petioles sheathing; stems often ridged; internodes often hollow or with a broad pith; inflorescence an umbel; flowers small, actinomorphic, 5-partite except for the ovary; ovary inferior, stigmas 2. Includes the genera: Actinotus, Apium, Centella, Diplaspis, Hydrocotyle, Lilaeopsis, Oreomyrrhis, Trachymena, Xanthosia.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE Herbaceous; leaves opposite; nodes swollen; inflorescence a dichasium; placentation free central; fruit a capsule. Includes the genera: Colobanthus, Spergularia, Stellaria.

SCROPHULARIACEAE Corolla bilabiate; stamens 4 or 2; fruit a 2-celled capsule. Includes the genera: Euphrasia, Gratiola, Limosella, Mazus, Nimulus, Ourisia, Veronica.

LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE) - mint-bushes Most aromatic shrubs or herbs. The stems are often quadrangular in cross-section with simple, opposite, or occasionally whorled leaves. usually axillary cymose clusters. Flowers zygomorphic, bisexual with 5 united sepals & petals, both the calyx & corolla bilabiate (2-lipped); stamens 4 or 2. Fruit splits into 4 achene-like nutlets. Includes the genera: Mentha, Prostanthera, Prunella, Westringia.

KPA37524 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook KEY TO MONOCOT FAMILIES

Most monocots are herbaceous annuals or perennials that shoot each season from an underground storage organ (bulb, corm or ) although some do form small woody trees (e.g. Xanthorrhoea). Many species have short stems & most leaves are basal, sometimes forming dense tussocks. The leaves are usually long & slender & have parallel venation. The floral parts are usually in 3's. When the perianth is petaloid (showy) there are usually two whorls, each of 3 parts. In the grasses, sedges & rushes, the perianth may be much reduced or absent. Below is a key that might be useful for determining the family of a flowering specimen.

A Basic Key to the Common Monocotyledonous Families of Tamania (based on floral characters).

1) Petaloid perianth present a) Perianth actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) LILIACEAE XANTHORRHOEACEAE AMARYLLIDACEAE

b) Perianth zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) ORCHIDACEAE IRIDACEAE 2) Petaloid perianth absent a) Flowers arranged in spikelets (i) Leaves conspicuous CENTROLEPIDACEAE POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)

(ii) Leaves reduced to sheathing scales

b) Flowers arranged in clusters JUNCACEAE

LILIACEAE - lily family Plants herbaceous. Leaves often linear & grass-like arising from a bulb, tuber, corm or rhizome. Flowers actinomorphic, usually bisexual. Inflorescence often a . Perianth 2 whorls of 3 , free or united; stamens 6; carpels 3; ovary superior. Fruit usually a capsule or berry. Best known genera include: Astelia, Blandfordia, Burchardia, Dianella, Drymophila, Milligania.

XANTHORRHOEACEAE- grass-trees, mat-rushes Small trees or perennials with more or less woody stems. Leaves are tough & linear. Flowers radially symmetrical, usually bisexual but sometimes unisexual in Lomandra. Inflorescence may be spike-like or flowers may be solitary. Tepals 6, in 2 whorls of 3, free or united; stamens 6; carpels 3, united; ovary superior. Fruit usually a capsule. Best known genera include: Lomandra, Xanthorrhoea

AMARYLLIDACEAE- amaryllis family Plants herbaceous. Leaves linear arising from a bulb. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual. Inflorescence usually an umbel, borne on a scape (stalk). Perianth 2 whorls of 3 tepals, free or united; stamens 6; carpels 3; ovary often inferior. Fruit a capsule or berry. Mostly naturalised aliens, e.g. Agapanthus, Allium, Narcissus.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 25 KEY TO MONOCOT FAMILIES

IRIDACEAE - iris family Plants herbaceous. Leaves often linear & grass-like forming a rosette or a tuft & arising from a bulb, corm or rhizome. Flowers bisexual. Inflorescences various, often panicles. Perianth of 6 tepals, inner or outer whorlk may be united to form a tube; stamens 3; carpels 3; ovary inferior. Fruit a capsule. Best known genera include: Campynema, Diplarrena, Hewardia, Patersonia.

ORCHIDACEAE - orchid family Most orchids are perennial herbs, arising annually from , tubers or thickened rootstocks. Flowers zygomorphic with one (the labellum) very different from the others & a central column; stamen 1, fused with the style; ovary inferior. Best known genera include: Caladenia, Cryptostylis, Diuris, Prasophyllum, Pterostylis, Thelymitra.

CENTROLEPIDACEAE Leaves radical; small moss-like plants < 10 cm. Flowers unisexual or bisexual subtended by 2 or more longer, subequal bracts; one stamen; fruit dehiscent. Best known genera include: Centrolepis, Gaimardia.

POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) - grasses Plants herbaceaous. Culms (upper stalks) usually terete (circular in cross-section), with hollow internodes. Leaves sheathing, open, ligules present (small flap of tissue at the junction of the leaf blade & sheath). Flower bisexual subtended by two bracts (palea + lemma); perianth segments 2, in 1 whorl. Fruit circular in cross section; pericarp & testa fused. Best known genera include: Agropyron, Agrostis, Deyeuxia, Danthonia, Eragrostis, Hierochloe, Poa, Setaria, Sporobolus, Stipa, Tetrarrhena.

KPA37526 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook KEY TO MONOCOT FAMILIES

CYPERACEAE - sedges Leaves sheathing, closed, ligules absent. Stems solid, often triangular in cross-section. Flowers bisexual subtended by 1 . Perianth segments 0-6, in 1 whorl. Fruit often triangular in cross-section, pericarp & testa free from one another. Best known genera include: Carex, Carpha, Cladium, Gahnia, Gymnoschoenus, Lepidosperma, Oreobolus, Schoenus, Scirpus, Unscinia.

Table 2. Differences between Cyperaceae & Graminae

CYPERACEAE GRAMINEAE Stems usually solid & triangular in cross- Internodes usually hollow & stems usually section; ligules usually absent. circular in cross-section; ligules usually present. Leaf sheath closed. Leaf sheath not closed. Inflorescence usually subtended by one or Inflorescence not usually subtended by leaf- more leaf-like involucral bracts. like involucral bracts. Spikelets not usually subtended by bracts, Spikelets usually subtended by two bracts, individual florets usually subtended by one individual florets also usually subtended by two bract. bracts. Perianth absent or represented by up to 6 Perianth usually represented by 2 lodicules. scales or bristles. Pericarp & testa usually free from one another, Pericarp & testa usually fused, embryo usually embryo surrounded by the endosperm. on one side of the endosperm.

RESTIONACEAE Perennial herbs. Flower unisexual, subtended by 1 bract. Perianth segments 4-6, in 2 whorls; loculi of the ovary 1-3, ovules 1 per loculus. Best known genera include: Calorophus, , Lepidobolus, , .

JUNCACEAE Leaves often reduced to basal sheathing scales. Flowers bisexual. Perianth segments 6 free & equal scarious parts, in 2 whorls; carpels 1-3, ovules commonly 1 per loculus; fruit a nut. Best known genera include: Juncus, Lugula, Xerotes.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 27 List of Plant Communities

Site no. LOWLAND: 0-600m East South Altit. (m) 1.1 Dry sclerophyll forest - near the park 4775 52739 185 entrance 1.2 Wet sclerophyll forest - near the Tall 4755 52743 250 Trees Walk 2.1 Sedgeland/heathland near the post- 46563 52647 275 /pre-Carboniferous geolog. bound. 2.2 Sclerophyll shrubbery (Kallista Ck) on 46142 526569 380 the Scotts Peak Dam Road 2.3 Tim Shea - well it should be subalpine, 4562 52703 926 shouldn't it? 2.4 Rainforest - the Creepy Crawly Nature 44968 525744 463 Walk, Scotts Peak Dam Road 2.5 Buttongrass moorland with E. nitida 44945 525159 395 copses - Gelignite Creek Site no. SUB-ALPINE: 600-1000m (E. delegatensis - E. coccifera) 1.3 Sphagnum bog - near the Lyrebird 4732 52742 645 Nature Walk 1.4 Mixed forest - Lyrebird Nature Walk (alt. 4728 52746 680 680m) 1.5 Subalpine woodland near Lake Fenton 4695 52746 1000

1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at 4685 52741 1050 Wombat Moor 1.7 Subalpine woodland near Lake Dobson 4663 52739 1000

Site no. ALPINE: alt. over 1000m

1.8 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll 4657 52742 1240 heath- above Ski Huts 1.9 Coniferous shrubbery & alpine 4648 52757 1180 rainforest- Roberts Tarn 1.10 Herbfield & microshrubbery - halfway 4641 52758 1150 along Tarn Shelf 1.11 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll 4639 52757 1150 heath after fire 1.12 Microshrubbery (cushion plant 4631 52771 1280 community) at Newdegate Pass Site no. Logged lowland mixed-forest

3.1 Clearfelled, burnt, 1999, "natural 4663 52638 400 regeneration" 3.2 Clearfelled, burnt, 1990, "natural 4633 52633 350 regeneration" 3.3 Clearfelled, burnt, 1951, "natural 4666 52634 420 regeneration" 3.4 Selective logging, not burnt, 400years, 4720 52596 350

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 28

1.1

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 29

Quadrat Site 1.1 Dry sclerophyll forest - near the park entrance (alt. 185m) Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdomina nt layer Understore y Shrub layer Groundcov er Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

DENNSTA Pteridium esculentum EPACRIDA Epacris impressa FABACEA Aotus ericoides FABACEA Daviesia latifolia FABACEA Daviesia ulicifolia FABACEA Pultenaea juniperina FABACEA Pultenaea daphnoides HALORAG Gonocarpus teucrioides LAURACE Cassytha glabella LILIACEAE Dianella revoluta MIMOSAC Acacia melanoxylon MIMOSAC Acacia dealbata MYRTACE Eucalyptus obliqua MYRTACE MYRTACE PROTEACEABanksia marginata PROTEAC Persoonia juniperina SANTALAC Exocarpos cupressiformis SANTALAC Leptomeria drupacea TREMAND Tetratheca labillardierei

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 30

1.2

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 31

Quadrat Scoresheet Site 1.2 Wet sclerophyll forest - near the Tall Trees Walk (alt. 250m) Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdominant layer Understorey Shrub layer Groundcover Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnans MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliqua RHAMNACEA Pomaderris apetala Olearia argophylla RUTACEAE Phebalium squameum RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens MIMOSACEAE Acacia verniciflua MIMOSACEAE Acacia melanoxylon MIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbata EPACRIDACE Monotoca glauca RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida LILIACEAE Drymophila cyanocarpa DICKSONIAC DENNSTAEDT Histiopteris incisa DENNSTAEDT Pteridium esculentum BLECHNACEA Blechnum wattsii BLECHNACEA Blechnum nudum

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 32

1.3

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 33

1.4

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 34

Quadrat Site 1.4 Mixed forest - Lyrebird Nature Walk (alt. 680m) Vegetation structure of a wet sclerophyll / rainforest community Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdomina nt layer Understore y Shrub layer Groundcov er Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

MYRTA Eucalyptus delegatensis FAGACE Nothofagus cunninghamii MONOM Atherosperma moschatum RUBIAC Coprosma quadrifida RUBIAC Coprosma hirtella ESCALL Anopterus glandulosus PROTEA EPACRI Trochocarpa gunnii ELAEOC Aristotelia peduncularis THYME Pimelea drupaceae DICKSO Dicksonia antarctica DENNST Histiopteris incisa ASPIDIA Polystichum proliferum BLECHN Blechnum wattsii

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 35

1.5

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 36

1.6

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 37

Transect Scoresheet Site 1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at Wombat Moor (alt. 1050m) Transition from woodland copse to moor Transect interval (m) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

Soil depth (cm) Soil pH * Cove Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

MYRTACEA Eucalyptus subcrenulata MYRTACEA MYRTACEA Leptospermum rupestre MYRTACEA Leptospermum lanigerum MYRTACEA Baeckea gunniana CUNONIAC Bauera rubioides WINTERAC Drimys lanceolata EPACRIDAC Cyathodes straminea EPACRIDAC Cyathodes/Lepteparvifolia EPACRIDAC Epacris serpyllifolia EPACRIDAC Richea pandanifolia EPACRIDAC Richea sprengelioides RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora PROTEACE Orites revoluta PROTEACE RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa ASTERACEA Ozothamnus hookeri HALORAGA Gonocarpus serpyllifolius LILIACEAE Astelia alpina RESTIONAC Empodisma minus GLEICHENIA Gleichenia alpina

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 38

1.7

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 39

1.8

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 40 Quadrat Site 1.8 Coniferous shrubbery and sclerophyll heath - above Ski Huts (alt. 1240m) Vegetation structure of an alpine rainforest? community Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdomina nt layer Understorey Shrub layer Groundcove r Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERAC Celmisia saxifraga ASTERAC Ewartia planchonii? ASTERAC Ozothamnus rodwayi ASTERAC Olearia ledifolia ASTERAC Senecio pectinatus CUPRESS Diselma archerii DROSERA Drosera sp. EPACRIDA Cyathodes dealbata EPACRIDA Cyathodes petiolaris EPACRIDA Epacris serpyllifolia EPACRIDA Pentachondra pumila EPACRIDA EPACRIDA Richea sprengeliodes EPACRIDA GENTIANA Chinogentias diemensis LYCOPOC Huperzia australiana MYRTACE Baeckea gunniana MYRTACE Eucalyptus coccifera MYRTACE Leptospermum rupestre/humifusum POACEAE Poa alpina PODOCAR Microcachrys tetragona PODOCAR Microstrobos niphophilus PODOCAR Podocarpus lawrencii PROTEAC Bellendena montana PROTEAC Orites acicularis PROTEACEAOrites revoluta RESTIONACEEmpodisma minus ROSACEAE Acaena montana SANTALACEAExocarpos humifusus SCROPHULAEuphrasia collinus SCROPHULAEuphrasia striata TAXODIACEAAthrotaxis cuppressoides TAXODIACEAAthrotaxis selaginoides THYMELIACEPimelia sericea WINTERACE Tasmannia lanceolata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 41

1.9

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 42

1.10

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 43

(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

APIACEAE Actinotus moorei APIACEAE Actinotus suffocata APIACEAE Diplaspis cordifolia APIACEAE Diplaspis hydrocotyle APIACEAE Trachymene humilis ASTERACEAE Abrotanella scapigera ASTERACEA Celmisia saxifraga ASTERACEAE Cotula alpina ASTERACEAE Erigeron gunnii ASTERACEAE Erigeron pappocromus ASTERACEAE Erigeron stellatus ASTERACEAE Erigeron tasmanicus ASTERACEA Ewartia planchonii ASTERACEA Helichrysum pumilum ASTERACEA Senecio pectinatus CENTROLEPIDACGaimardia fitzgeraldii CENTROLEPIDACGaimardia setacea CUPRESSAC Diselma archerii CYPERACEA Carpha alpina CYPERACEA Lepidosperma inops CYPERACEA Oreobolus acutifolius CYPERACEA Oreobolus distichus CYPERACEA Oreobolus pumilio DROSERACE Drosera arcturi EPACRIDACE Cyathodes dealbata EPACRIDACE milliganii EPACRIDACE Pentachondra pumila EPACRIDACE Richea sprengeliodes HALORAGACEAEGonocarpus montanus IRIDACEAE Campynema lineare LOGANIACEA Schizacme archeri LOGANIACEA Schizacme montana LYCOPODIAC Huperzia sp PODOCARPA Microcachrys tetragona PODOCARPA Microstrobos niphophilus PROTEACEA Bellendena montana SANTALACEAE Exocarpos humifusus SCROPHULA Euphrasia sp. Forstera bellidifolia

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 44

1.11

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 45 Transect Scoresheet Site 1.11 Coniferous shrubbery and Sclerophyll heath after fire. Fire boundary Transect interval (m) 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12

Soil depth (cm) Soil pH * Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

CUPRES Athrotaxis selaginoides CUPRES Athrotaxis cupressoides CUPRES Diselma archerii PODOCA Microstrobos niphophilus PODOCA Microcachrys tetragona PODOCA Podocarpus lawrencii MYRTAC Baeckea gunniana EPACRID Pentachondra pumila EPACRID Richea scoparia EPACRID Sprengelia incarnata EPACRID Cyathodes dealbata EPACRID Dracophyllum milliganii EPACRID Epacris serpyllifolia PROTEAC Bellendena montana PROTEAC Orites acicularis PROTEAC Orites revoluta PROTEAC Lomatia polymorpha SCROPH Euphrasia striata SCROPH Euphrasia collinus SCROPH Euphrasia gibbsiae ASTERAC Celmisia saxifraga ASTERAC Senecio pectinatus ASTERAC Ewartia planchonii ASTERAC Gnaphalium sp. ASTERAC Ozothamnus rodwayi DROSER Drosera arcturi LOGANIA Mitrasacme montana CYPERAC Oreobolus pumilio RESTION Empodisma minus CYPERAC Carpha rodwayii LILIACEA Astelia alpina POACEA Poa alpina GLEICHE Gleichenia alpina LYCOPO Lycopodium scariosum LYCOPO Lycopodium fastigiatum

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 46

1.12

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 47

Quadrat Scoresheet Site 1.12 Microshrubbery (cushion plant community) at the top of Newdegate Pass (alt. Dynamic or static community ? Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdomina nt layer Understore y Shrub layer Groundcov er Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * CoveCover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter Litter

ASTERAC Abrotanella forsteroides ASTERAC Celmisia saxifraga ASTERAC Ewartia meridithiae ASTERAC Pterygopappuslawrencii ASTERAC Senecio pectinatus CYPERAC Carpha alpina CYPERAC Carpha rodwayi CYPERAC Oreobolus pumilio DONATIA Donatia novae-zelandiae DROSERA Drosera arcturi EPACRIDA Cyathodes dealbata EPACRIDA Dracophyllum minimum EPACRIDA Epacris serpyllifolia EPACRIDA Sprengelia distichophylla EPACRIDA Sprengelia incarnata GENTIAN Chinogentias diamensis LILIACEA Astelia alpina LOGANIA Mitrasacme archeri LOGANIA Mitrasacme montana PLANTAG Plantago gunnii PODOCAR Microcachrys tetragona PROTEAC Orites acicularis RESTION Empodisma minus SCROPHU Euphrasia collinus SCROPHU Euphrasia striata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 48

2.1

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 49

2.2

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 50

2.3

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 51

Quadrat Scoresheet Site 2.3 Subalpine sclerophyll heath at Tim Shea (alt. 926m) Heath vegetation with some mallee form eucalypts Groundcove Emergent Shrub r layer layer layer

* Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ATERACEAE Ozothamnus hookeri Bauera rubioides CYPERACEAE Acion hookeri CYPERACEAE Empodisma minus CYPERACEAE complanata Gymonoschoenu CYPERACEAE s sphaerocephalus EPACRIDACEAE Cyathodes parvifolia EPACRIDACEAE Cyathodes straminea EPACRIDACEAE Epacris lanuginosa EPACRIDACEAE Epacris serpyllifolia EPACRIDACEAE Richea pandanifolia EPACRIDACEAE Richea sprengelioides EPACRIDACEAE Sprengelia incarnata FABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticum GLEICHENIACEA E Gleichenia alpina IRIDACEAE Diplarrena latifolia LILIACEAE Astelia alpina MYRTACEAE Baeckea gunniana MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus coccifera/nitida subcrenulata/vernicos MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus a MYRTACEAE Leptospermum rupestre MYRTACEAE Melaleuca squamea PROTEACEAE Cenarrhenes nitida PROTEACEAE Orites acicularis PROTEACEAE Orites revoluta RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus ROSACEAE Anemone crassifolia ROSACEAE Rubus gunnianus RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa STYLIDIACEAE graminifolium THYMELIACEAE Pimelea linifolia Drimys lanceolata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 52

2.4

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 53

Quadrat scoresheet Site 2.4 Rainforest - the Creepy Crawly Nature Walk, Scotts Peak Dam Road (alt. 46 Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdomina nt layer Understorey Shrub layer Groundcove r Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

FAGAC Nothofagus cunninghamii MONO Atherosperma moschatum PODOC Phyllocladus aspleniifolius EUCRY Eucryphia lucida PROTE Cenarrhenes nitida PROTE Orites diversifolia CUNON Anodopetalum biglandulosum ESCAL Anopteris glandulosa EPACR Prionotes cerinthoides EPACR Richea pandanifolia MIMOS Acacia mucronata PITTOS bicolor CYPER Ghania grandis DICKS Dicksonia antarctica DENNS Histiopteris incisa ASPID Polystichum proliferum BLECH Blechnum wattsii BLECH Blechnum nudum

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 54 2.5

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 55 Transect Scoresheet Site 2.5 Buttongrass moorland with E. nitida copses - Gelignite creek, Scotts Peak Dam Road (alt. 375m) Transect interval (m) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

Soil depth (cm) Soil pH * Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

MYRTA Eucalyptus nitida MYRTA Leptospermumscoparium MYRTA Leptospermumnitidum MYRTA Melaleuca squamea MYRTA Beackea leptocaulis PROTE FABAC Aotus ericoides EPACR Epacris lanuginosa EPACR Epacris corymbiflora EPACR Sprengelia incarnata EPACR Monotoca submutica EPACR Monotoca glauca CUNON Bauera rubioides RUTAC Boronia citriodora RUTAC Boronia pilosa LENTIB Utricularia dichotoma CYPER Schoenus tenuissimus? CYPER Gymnoschoe sphaerocephalus CYPER Lepidospermafiliforme RESTIO Leptocarpus tenax RESTIO Eurychorda complanata RESTIO Acion hookeri RESTIO Acion monocephalum RESTIO Hypolaena fastigiata RESTIO Empodisma minus XYRIDA Xyris marginata DENNS Pteridium esculentum

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 56 3.1

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 57 Quadrat.logging Site 3.1 Logging coupe, clearfelled burnt 1999 Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community Emergent DominantSubdominanUnderstorey Shrub layer layer layer layer layer

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACE Bedfordia salicina ASTERACE Senecio biserratus ASTERACE Olearia argophylla CYPERAC Gahnia grandis DENNSTAE Pteridium esculentum DICKSONIA Dicksonia antarctica EPACRIDA Cyathodes juniperina EPACRIDA Monotoca glauca FABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticum FABACEAE Pultenaea juniperina GERANIAC Geranium potentilloides HALORAGA Gonocarpu teucrioides JUNCACEA Juncus sp. JUNCACEA Luzula sp. MIMOSACE Acacia mearnsii MIMOSACE Acacia mucronata MIMOSACE Acacia dealbata MYRTACEA Eucalyptus regnans MYRTACEA Eucalyptus delegatensis MYRTACEA Eucalyptus obliqua MYRTACEA Leptospermscoparium PITTOSPO Billardiera longiflora PITTOSPO Pittosporumbicolor RANUNCU Clematis aristata RHAMNAC Pomaderrisapetala ROSACEA Acaena novae-zealandiae RUBIACEA Coprosma hirtella RUBIACEA Coprosma quadrifida RUTACEAE Phebalium squameum RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens SOLANACE Solanum laciniatum

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 58 3.2

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 59

Quadrat.logging Site 3.2 Logging coupes Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community Emergent DominantubdominaUnderstore Shrub Groundcove layer layer layer layer layer layer

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover (%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACE Ozothamnuthyrsoideus ASTERACE Bedfordia salicina ASTERACE Senecio linearifolius ASTERACEAE Olearia argophylla CYPERAC Gahnia grandis DENNSTAE Pteridium esculentum DICKSONIA Dicksonia antarctica EPACRIDA Cyathodes juniperina EPACRIDA Monotoca glauca GERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloides HALORAGACEA Gonocarpu teucrioides JUNCACEAE Juncus sp. MIMOSACE Acacia mucronata MIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbata MYRTACEA Eucalyptus regnans MYRTACEA Eucalyptus delegatensis MYRTACEA Eucalyptus obliqua PITTOSPO Billardiera longiflora PITTOSPO Pittosporumbicolor RANUNCU Clematis aristata RHAMNAC Pomaderrisapetala ROSACEA Acaena novae-zealandiae RUBIACEA Coprosma quadrifida RUTACEAE Phebalium squameum RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%,

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 60 3.3

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 61

Quadrat.logging Site 3.3 Logging coupes Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community EmergentDominantubdominaUnderstore Shrub roundcove layer layer layer layer layer layer

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASPIDIACE Polystichum proliferum ASTERACE Cassinia aculeata BLECHNAC Blechnum nudum CUNONIAC Bauera rubioides CYPERAC Gahnia grandis DENNSTAE Histiopteris incisa DENNSTAE Hypolepsis rugulosa DENNSTAE Pteridium esculentum DICKSONIA Dicksonia antarctica EPACRIDA Monotoca glauca FABACEAE Acacia melanoxylon FABACEAE Acacia dealbata FABACEAE Acacia mucronata GLEICHEN Gleichenia alpina MONOMIA Atherospermamoschatum MYRTACEA Eucalyptus regnans MYRTACEA Eucalyptus obliqua PHYLLOCL Phyllocladus aspleniifolius PITTOSPO Billardiera longiflora PITTOSPO Pittosporum bicolor RANUNCU Clematis aristata RESTIONA Empodisma minus RHAMNAC Pomaderris apetala ROSACEA Acaena novae-zealandiae RUBIACEA Coprosma quadrifida RUTACEAE Phebalium squameum RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens THYMELIA Pimelia drupacea

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 62 3.4

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 63

Quadrat.logging Site 3.4 Logging coupes Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community EmergentDominantubdominaUnderstore Shrub roundcove layer layer layer layer layer layer

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASPIDIACEA Polystichum proliferum ASPLENIACE Asplenium sp. ASTERACEA Olearia argophylla BLECHNACE Blechnum nudum CUNONIACE Bauera rubioides CYPERACEA Gahnia grandis DENNSTAED Histiopteris incisa DENNSTAED Hypolepsis rugulosa DENNSTAED Pteridium esculentum DICKSONIAC Dicksonia antarctica DRYOPTERI Rumohra adiantiformis EPACRIDAC Monotoca glauca HYMENOPHY Crepidomanesvenosum Polyphlebium HYMENOPHY Hymenophylluaustrale HYMENOPHY Hymenophyllucupressiforme HYMENOPHY Hymenophylluflabellatum HYMENOPHY Hymenophyllumarginatum HYMENOPHY Hymenophyllupeltatum HYMENOPHY Hymenophyllurarum MONOMIACE Atherosperma moschatum MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnans PHYLLOCLA Phyllocladus aspleniifolius PITTOSPOR Billardiera longiflora POLYPODIA Microsorum pustulatum PSILOTACEA Tmesipteris oblqua RANUNCULA Clematis aristata RHAMNACEA Pomaderris apetala RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida RUTACEAE Phebalium squameum RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens THYMELIAC Pimelia drupacea VIOLACEAE Viola sp.

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 64 Day 7: Ecology & conservation of a rare & endangered species, Eucalyptus morrisbyi

• Establishment of a long term monitoring project for the rare & endangered E. morrisbyi at Calverts Hill o Seedling recruitment & population demography o Floristic changes in the absence of sheep grazing

Introduction

The Calverts Hill population of Eucalyptus morrisbyi, is the largest remaining stand of this endangered species (see the Threatened Species Listing Statement in the Handbook for more details). This population has recently been acquired as a reserve after more than 20 years of negotiation & restricted access for study. This presents us (in co-operation with the Private Forest Reserves Program) with the opportunity to start a long term monitoring program to provide us with some information for an active management program of this important community.

An extensive survey of the mature trees in the population was conducted in 1990 (Wiltshire et al. 1991), but under the pressure of sheep grazing very little seedling recruitment was observed. Sheep grazing has been excluded for three years & there is evidence of seedling growth since that period. What is now required is a survey to determine: how many seedlings are being recruited, where are they being recruited (i.e. is the population expanding?), & are they surviving? One method of addressing these questions is by running transects across the boundaries of the populations, establishing them permanently with marker posts (Warratah strainers), so that the information can be re-collected each year, & the population dynamics can be monitored.

Materials & methods Each group will collect information on two x 100m transects bisecting a boundary o three transects will run across the southern edge of the population (S1-S3) o three transects will run across the ridge (1427 on the map, R1-R3) & o three transects will run across the northern edge of the population (N1-N3), and o one transect will run across the western boundary of the population (T1 for top of the hill). The centre point of each transect is marked with a Warratah stake (0m) & a stake marks the 10m, 30m, & 50m intervals in each direction north (+) & south (-). The stakes are colour coded & labeled with aluminium tags.

Score the presence & height of all seedlings in 2 m either side of your transect line, recording the transect position of the seedling, the height of the seedling, health of the seedling, and record the distance to the edge of the canopy of the nearest reproductively mature E. morrisbyi. Mark each new seedling with a sequentially numbered aluminium tag next to the seedling.

So, you should have recorded: the number, health & position of seedlings along two (2) 100m quadrats, & the distance of each of seedling from the nearest seed source.

PLEASE BE CAREFUL NOT TO TREAD ON THE BABIES!!!!!!!!!

We will also score some experimental quadrats on the Southern boundary of the population, in which we examine the substrate preference for seedling establishment.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 65

THREATENED SPECIES LISTING STATEMENT

Morrisby’s gum, Eucalyptus morrisbyi Brett 1939

Status

Naomi Lawrence

Brad Potts

Description The bark of Morrisby’s gum is deciduous, & Morrisby’s gum is a small tree, growing to a while the base of the trunk is generally rough height of approximately 6 to 12 m. barked at the base, the upper part of the Recruitment is from canopy held seed that is trunk & the branches are smooth & brown, released after fire & other disturbance. Trees white-grey or pink-grey in colour. The bluish- can resprout from lignotubers & epicormic green juvenile leaves are glaucous, unstalked buds after damage. Peak flowering occurs & rounded, 2 to 3 cm long & 2 to 4 cm wide. from February to May. They are arranged in opposite pairs. The adult leaves are stalked, less glaucous & arranged alternately. They are about 5 to 10

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 66 cm long & 1.5 to 4 cm wide. The flower buds km away in the Government Hills near have a pointed cap & are glaucous & shortly Risdon. The stands occupy approximately 12.5 stalked. They arise in clusters of three from hectares in total. A number of conservation the leaf axils. The flowers are cream & plantings have been made at other sites & when develop into cylindrical, glaucous, woody fully established & self-perpetuating, these will capsules, 9 to 11 mm long & 6 mm wide. extend the range of the species. In addition, Morrisby’s gum has been widely planted as a Morrisby’s gum occurs in the Myrtaceae family & specimen tree & ornamental. can be confused with cider gum (Eucalyptus gunnii) & heart leaved silver gum (Eucalyptus cordata). It can be distinguished from Eucalyptus In natural stands, Morrisby’s gum occurs in gunnii by its coastal lowland habitat & presence of warty protuberances on buds & capsules. It coastal, dry sclerophyll woodland on gentle to can be distinguished from Eucalyptus cordata by hilly slopes with poor drainage. It tends to be its smaller capsules that occur in the axils of adult leaves only. Morrisby’s gum can hybridise restricted to gullies that offer some relief in this with white gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) & some drought prone, low rainfall area. It is associated older plantings contain a large proportion of with poor soils, with the Calverts Hill population & hybrid trees. associated remnant stands occurring on recent sands overlying dolerite & the Risdon population Distribution & Habitat on Permian mudstone. The species tends to Morrisby’s gum is endemic to Tasmania & occur in relatively pure stands with a number of natural populations are known only from Calverts other eucalypts occurring nearby. Hill & two small nearby remnant stands near

Cremorne, as well as from a small population 21 Important Locations

Locality 1:25,000 Year last Area (ha) Number of mapsheet seen adult trees Calverts Hill Cremorne 2001 11.5 1915 (in 1991) Private land

Lumeah Point Cremorne 2001 16 (in 1991) Coastal reserve with recreation lease Honeywood Drive Cremorne 2001 12 (in 1991) Private land Government Hills Hobart 2001 0.7 69 (in 1996) East Risdon State Reserve

Threats, Limiting Factors & Management margin of the Calverts Hill population suggest Issues that Morrisby’s gum is relatively drought Past records indicate a decline of at least 50% in susceptible & that the range of the species the area occupied by Morrisby’s gum in the has been retracting to wetter gullies since the Cremorne area since European settlement. The last glaciation. If current climate change decline has been largely due to clearing for trends in the area continue (warmer & drier agriculture & urban development. Much of the summers), it is quite possible that the Risdon Lumeah Point stand is likely to have been population will become extinct within the next cleared as remaining trees are in a narrow 10 years. The mortality rate, particularly of coastal strip adjacent to a housing subdivision. juvenile trees & seedlings, is high following drought stress & the trees appear to become The precarious health of the Risdon more susceptible to defoliation caused mainly population following a series of , & by the gum moth (Mnesampela evidence of drought stress in the lower privata). Surviving trees are weakened &

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 67 flowering is compromised in following many individuals as possible at Risdon. seasons. The health & seed output of the As well as conserving the full range of genetic Risdon population was markedly improved variation available, these stands will provide following an unusually wet spring & summer an alternate source of seed for horticultural in 1995/96 although subsequent drought purposes. conditions, particularly over the last 2 summers, have caused a severe deterioration Despite the small size of the Risdon in the health & survival prospects of the population, variation remains high & it is not population. showing signs of inbreeding problems. Although Morrisby’s gum hybridises with The poor health of the Risdon population has Eucalyptus viminalis, studies have not reduced its competitive ability. In the late revealed significant contamination of its gene 1970s, a native parasitic vine, Cassytha pool. pubescens, threatened to smother & kill many of the trees & was removed. It is proposed to remove some of the understorey including Conservation Assessment silver wattle, blackwood & prickly moses in Population Estimate order to further reduce competition stress on Morrisby’s gum is known only from two the trees. locations in the wild. In the Cremorne area, the population has been fragmented into the In addition to clearing, seedling regeneration Calverts Hill stand, & two small remnant on private land has been limited by sheep & stands at Lumeah Point & Honeywood Drive possibly rabbit grazing. The stands have also approximately 2 km away. The species is no suffered from woodcutting. Negotiations are longer present at some sites where it was currently being finalised for the purchase of collected in the past in the Cremorne area. the Calverts Hill population through the 1999 Numbers in the two small remnant stands Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) Private have been supplemented by plantings & Land Reserve Program. While the land will other plantings in the area have been made. probably be sold subsequent to its A census of trees in the Risdon population in acquisition, a covenant will be put into place 1996 showed 69 trees with adult foliage to protect the species from the above- though less than 20 of these were carrying mentioned threats. seed. It is estimated that the number of naturally occurring reproductively mature Morrisby’s gum is more or less well adapted individuals of Morrisby’s gum is less than to fire, which stimulates release of seed from 2000, with the vast majority of these in the capsules for regeneration. However, frequent Calverts Hill stand. fires will cause a decline in populations. While larger trees can resprout from lignotubers & Reservation Status epicormic buds, smaller trees will be killed. If Morrisby’s gum is formally protected in the the store of seed held in the canopy is not East Risdon State Reserve. The Lumeah replenished in the fire-free interval, Point stand occurs in a coastal reserve that recruitment from seedlings will not replace has been leased to the Clarence Council for the individuals killed. Seedlings of Morrisby’s recreational use. gum take approximately 10 years to produce flowers, a relatively long time for eucalypts. Assessment Criteria The small Risdon population is particularly at Morrisby’s gum meets the criteria for listing as risk from fire as the mortality rate would be Endangered on the Tasmanian Threatened high given the poor health of trees & little Species Protection Act 1995 because seed is being produced. • it is severely restricted, extending over an area of less than 500 square kilometres & Several conservation stands of Morrisby’s occupying less than 20 hectares gum have been planted. Seed used in early • it occurs in 5 or less populations plantings was collected from the Cremorne • there is a continuing decline area. However the seed used was collected from a small number of individuals & was not It qualifies as Endangered using the 1994 IUCN representative of the genetic variation (World Conservation Union) Red List criteria. available. In addition, a relatively large number of trees planted at Lumeah Point Recovery Program appear to be hybrids with Eucalyptus viminalis. They were planted in order to Objectives supplement numbers in the stand. Recent • prevent the loss or degradation of known plantings have used seed sampled from populations across the Calverts Hill population & from as

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 68 • preserve genotypic variation within the Australia 7001. Ph (03) 6233 6556 fax (03) species through the establishment of ex 6233 3477. situ populations Specialist Advice: Robert Wiltshire, School of Existing Management Plant Science, University of Tasmania. Implementation of a Recovery Plan for Morrisby’s gum was commenced in 1992 Source Material though an update of the plan is now required. References Current management includes monitoring of Blackhall, S.A. & Lynch, J. 1992. Eucalyptus populations, negotiation to protect the morrisbyi flora Recovery Plan: Management Calverts Hill stand through purchase & phase. Department of Parks, Wildlife & Heritage, covenant, reduction of competition in the Hobart, Tasmania. Risdon population & maintenance of conservation plantings. Curtis, W.M. & Morris. D.I. 1975. The Student’s

Flora of Tasmania, Part 1 (Second Edition), Actions Needed Government Printer, Tasmania. • continue to monitor populations for threats & declines Duncan, F. 1996. A field key to Tasmanian • finalise negotiations for the purchase, species of eucalypts. Tasforests 8:27-38. covenanting & fencing of the Calverts Hill stand Hall, N. & Brooker, I. 1972. Morrisby’s gum. Forest • maintain conservation plantings Tree Series No.52. Department of National Development Forestry & Timber Bureau, • reduce competition in the Risdon Australian Government Publishing Service, population Canberra. • consider irrigating stands to reduce drought stress Williams, K.J. & Potts, B.M. 1996. The natural • consider culling hybrids from plantings, distribution of Eucalyptus species in Tasmania. particularly those planted in the Lumeah Tasforests 8:39-165. Point & Honeywood Drive remnant stands Wiltshire, R.J.E 1992. Section III. Eucalyptus • update the Recovery Plan morrisbyi R.G.Brett. In Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, • establish a mechanism to ensure B.M. Reid, J.B. & Brown, M.J. (Eds): Conservation management intervention when required of Endangered Species of Eucalypts in Tasmania. A report to the World Wildlife Fund. Information Needed • determine whether the poor health of Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. & Reid, J.B. 1991. Morrisby’s gum in the Risdon stand is Phenetic affinities, variability & conservation due to its susceptibility to drought status of a rare Tasmanian endemic, Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G. Brett. In Banks, M.R. et al. (Eds): Management Advice Aspects of Tasmanian Botany – A tribute to For the land owner/land manager Winifred Curtis. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 31:213-229. • exclude grazing to encourage seedling regeneration • protect stands from fires, particularly if Statement Prepared: April 2001 little seed is held in the canopy • limit harvesting of wood, foliage & seed Prepared by: Myriam Poll & Wendy Potts from naturally occurring stands • consider some form of long-term Review Date: 2006 or as new information is protection, e.g. private nature reserve, received. management agreement, covenant, etc. For everyone Cite as: Threatened Species Unit 2001. Listing • consider planting Morrisby’s gum in your Statement Morrisby’s Gum Eucalyptus morrisbyi. garden/on your property Department of Primary Industries, Water & • help us to monitor populations Environment, Tasmania.

• help us to maintain conservation View: plantings http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/esl/listing_statem

ents Further Information Contact details: Threatened Species Unit, Permit: It is an offence to collect, possess or Department of Primary Industries, Water & disturb this species unless under permit. Environment, GPO Box 44 Hobart Tasmania