DOCSLIB.ORG

Above the Treeline a Nature Guide to Alpine New Zealand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Above the Treeline a Nature Guide to Alpine New Zealand ABOVE THE TREELINE A NATURE GUIDE TO ALPINE NEW ZEALAND ALAN F. MARK Contributions by: David Galloway, Rod Morris, David Orlovich, Brian Patrick, John Steel and Mandy Tocher CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alphabetical list of plant genera 8 CRASSULACEAE 76 Alan Mark is most grateful for the generous financial for their comments and discussion on the text, and for Maps of North & South islands 10–11 Crassula 76 contribution from The Quatre Vents Foundation and also their help in compiling her contribution. List of photographers 12 DROSERACEAE 78 an anonymous contribution towards covering the cost of Brian Patrick (Invertebrates) acknowledges Barbara Preface 13 Drosera, sundews 78 the many fine images, which he also acknowledges, with Barratt for general advice and editing. She, along with CARYOPHYLLACEAE 80 too many to name. He is also grateful for the support of John Douglas, Kees Green, Steve Kerr and George Gibbs Colobanthus 80 his wife, Pat, and family and wishes to thank the many supplied images for this section. INTRODUCTION Scleranthus 83 botanical colleagues for their fruitful discussions and Jane Connor (Publisher): I am grateful for the many Origin & structure of New Zealand’s helpful advice, particularly Ilse Breitwieser, John Barkla, contributions made by botanists and other natural Stellaria 84 Peter de Lange, Phil Garnock-Jones, David Glenny, history professionals and enthusiasts, and by the more mountains 15 MONTIACEAE 86 Peter Heenan, Carlos Lehnebach, Peter Lockhart, Janice than 65 photographers whose images are included; their The alpine zone 17 Hectorella 86 Lord, Heidi Meudt, Geoff Rogers and Steve Wagstaff. cooperation and generosity have been overwhelming. The alpine environment 20 Montia 87 Special thanks are extended to publisher Jane Connor Shannel Courtney, Peter de Lange and Cathy Jones Alpine flora 25 for her wonderful support and commitment to meet reviewed the text and photographs; Sue Hallas edited POLYGONACEAE 90 his special deadline while still giving great attention to the text; Diane Lowther compiled the index and Kathy Alpine fauna 31 Muehlenbeckia 90 detail and accuracy. Bolwell checked it; my colleague Karen Jones graciously Alpine plant communities & GERANIACEAE 91 John Steel (Mosses & Liverworts): This commentary worked many long hours to produce an impeccable associated fauna 36 Geranium 91 could not have been produced without the generous layout; Alan Bridgland used his colour-management aid of John Barkla, John Braggins, Allan Fife, David skills to make the photographs from so many sources OXALIDACEAE 92 Glenny, Rodney Lewington, Lorna Little, Janice Lord, into a cohesive collection. Finally, I’d like to thank Alan CONIFERS (gymnosperms) Oxalis 92 Pascale Michel, Aimee Pritchard, Graham Pritchard Mark for agreeing to rework the text of his earlier book PODOCARPACEAE 48 HALORAGACEAE 93 and Mike Thorsen. on alpine plants to be the basis of this wider field guide, Podocarpus, totara 48 Gonocarpus 93 Mandy Tocher (Lizards) wishes to warmly thank and for his good humour and diligence in dealing with Tony Jewell, Tony Whitaker and Rod Hitchmough numerous emails and phone calls. Lepidothamnus 49 ONAGRACEAE 94 PHYLLOCLADACEAE 50 Epilobium, willowherbs 94 Phyllocladus, celery pines 50 THYMELAEACEAE 104 Kelleria 104 First published in 2012 by Craig Potton Publishing Pimelea, native daphnes 107 FLOWERING PLANTS CORIARIACEAE 113 Craig Potton Publishing Visual key to easily recognised flowering-plant Coriara, tutu 113 98 Vickerman Street, PO Box 555, Nelson, New Zealand groups 52–55 www.craigpotton.co.nz PHYLLANTHACEAE 115 Poranthera 115 Text © Alan F. Mark and contributors as listed on p. 14; Dicotyledons: eudicots ROSACEAE 116 photographs © photographers as credited in captions RANUNCULACEAE 56 Acaena, bidibids, piripiri 116 ISBN 978 1 877333 52 1 Ranunculus, buttercups 56 Caltha 66 Geum 120 Publisher: Jane Connor Clematis 67 FABACEAE 122 Editorial: Jane Connor and Sue Hallas Anemone 67 Montigena, scree pea 122 Design and layout: Jane Connor and Karen Jones GUNNERACEAE 68 Carmichaelia, native brooms 122 Cover design: Chris Chisnall Gunnera 68 CELASTRACEAE 124 Colour management: Alan Bridgland Stackhousia 124 Maps: Geographx Front cover photograph: Hooker Vly, CP. Back cover (clockwise from top left: Kea, Dicotyledons: core eudicots ApIACEAE 125 RM, Lignocarpa carnosula, KJ; small-eared skink, TW; black butterfly, BP; Coprosma BRASSICACEAE 70 Actinotus 125 niphophila, JB; ground weta, BB; Ranunculus haastii, DP. Notothlaspi, penwipers 70 Schizeilema 125 Pachycladon 71 Chaerophyllum 128 Printed in China by Midas Printing International Ltd Cardamine, cress 74 Anisotome 128 VIOLACEAE 76 Gingidia 134 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be Viola, violets 76 Lignocarpa 136 reproduced by any process without the permission of the publishers. Melicytus 76 Aciphylla, speargrasses, Spaniards 138 CONTENTS 5 ERICACEAE 152 STYLIDIACEAE 249 RESTIONACEAE 320 Botrychium 368 Gaultheria, snowberries 152 Donatia 249 Empodisma 320 Schizaea 368 Epacris 155 Phyllachne 250 CYPERACEAE 320 Hypolepis 368 Pentachondra 155 Oreostylidium 251 Isolepis 320 Ophioglossum 369 Montitega 156 Forstera 252 Schoenus 321 Polystichum 370 Androstoma 157 BORAGINACEAE 254 Carpha 322 Anogramma 370 Leucopogon 157 Myosotis, forget-me-nots 254 Oreobolus, cushion sedges 323 371 Acrothamnus 158 LENTIBULARIACEAE 263 Uncinia, hook grasses 324 Filmy ferns Hymenophyllum 371 Dracophyllum, grass trees 159 Utricularia, bladderworts 263 Carex 327 LOGANIACEAE 165 OROBANCHACEAE 264 POACEAE 331 Mosses & liverworts (John Steel) 372 Euphrasia, eyebrights 264 Agrostis 331 Mitrasacme 165 Mosses 373 PLANTAGINACEAE 270 Hierochloe, holy grasses 333 PRIMULACEAE 166 Liverworts 375 Myrsine 166 Plantago, plantains 270 Lachnagrostis, wind grasses 335 RUBIACEAE 167 Ourisia, mountain foxgloves 272 Zotovia 336 Lichens (David Galloway) 376 Coprosma 167 Chionohebe, snow hebes 278 Deyeuxia 337 Fungi (David Orlovich) 384 Nertera 171 Parahebe 280 Deschampsia 339 ASTERACEAE 172 Hebejeebie 284 Trisetum 340 Celmisia, mountain daisies 172 Hebe 286 Koeleria 341 BIRDS (Rod Morris) 389 Vittadinia 195 Leonohebe 300 Chionochloa, snow tussocks, snow grasses Brachyscome 195 342 (Mandy Tocher) 407 Lagenifera 197 Monocotyledons: monocots I Rytidosperma 350 LIZARDS Abrotanella 198 ASTELIACEAE 303 Poa 353 Geckos 408 Leptinella, button daisies 201 Astelia 303 Festuca, fescues 360 Skinks 416 Argyrotegium 206 XANTHORRHOEACEAE 306 Anthosachne 362 Euchiton 207 Bulbinella, Maori onion 306 Stenostachys 362 (Brian Patrick) 421 Pseudognaphalium 209 Phormium, flax 308 INVERTEBRATES Butterflies & moths 422 Raoulia, vegetable sheep, mat daisies 210 Herpolirion 309 CLUBMOSSES & FERNS, Haastia, vegetable sheep 218 ORCHIDACEAE 310 Grasshoppers & weta 429 Leucogenes, edelweiss 220 Aporostylis 310 MOSSES & LIVERWORTS, Cicadas & other bugs 433 Rachelia 221 Thelymitra, sun orchids 310 LICHENS & FUNGI Beetles 436 Helichrysum, everlasting daisies 222 Hymenochilus 311 Cockroaches 440 Anaphalioides, everlasting daisies 224 Stegostyla 312 Clubmosses 364 Flies 441 Craspedia, woolly heads, soldier’s buttons Prasophyllum 312 Huperzia 364 Aquatic insects 442 225 Waireia 313 Lycopodium 364 Spiders (Cor Vink) 447 Taraxacum, dandelion 226 True ferns 366 Monocotyledons: monocots II– Kirkianella 226 Cystopteris 366 Notes & references 449 Ozothamnus 228 commelinids Blechnum 366 Glossary 451 Senecio 229 JUNCACEAE 314 Gleichenia 367 Further reading 453 Brachyglottis 230 Rostkovia 314 Grammitis 367 Index 454 Dolichoglottis, snow marguerites 233 Juncus, dwarf rushes 314 GENTIANACEAE 235 Marsippospermum 315 Gentianella, gentians 235 Luzula, woodrushes 316 CAmpANULACEAE 244 CENTROLEPIDACEAE 319 Wahlenbergia, harebells 244 Centrolepis 319 Lobelia 246 Gaimardia 319 6 CONTENTS CONTENTS 7 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PLANT GENERA Leucopogon 157 Poa 353 Lignocarpa 136 Podocarpus, totara 48 Lobelia 246 Polystichum 370 Note: this list does not include mosses, Dolichoglottis, snow marguerites 233 Luzula, woodrushes 316 Poranthera 115 liverworts, lichens and fungi. Donatia 249 Lycopodium 364 Prasophyllum 312 Dracophyllum, grass trees 159 Marsippospermum 315 Pseudognaphalium 209 Abrotanella 198 Drosera, sundews 78 Melicytus 76 Rachelia 221 Acaena, bidibids, piripiri 116 Empodisma 320 Mitrasacme 165 Ranunculus, buttercups 56 Aciphylla, speargrasses, Spaniards 138 Epacris 155 Montia 87 Raoulia, vegetable sheep, mat daisies 210 Acrothamnus 158 Epilobium, willow herbs 94 Montigena, scree pea 122 Rostkovia 314 Actinotus 125 Euchiton 207 Montitega 156 Rytidosperma 350 Agrostis 331 Euphrasia, eyebrights 264 Muehlenbeckia 90 Schizaea 368 Anaphalioides, everlasting daisies 224 Festuca, fescues 360 Myosotis, forget-me-nots 254 Schizeilema 125 Androstoma 157 Forstera 252 Myrsine 166 Schoenus 321 Anemone 67 Gaimardia 319 Nertera 171 Scleranthus 83 Anisotome 128 Gaultheria, snowberries 152 Notothlaspi, penwipers 70 Senecio 229 Anogramma 370 Gentianella, gentians 235 Ophioglossum 369 Stackhousia 124 Anthosachne 362 Geranium 91 Oreobolus, cushion sedges 323 Stegostyla 312 Aporostylis 310 Geum 120 Oreostylidium 251 Stellaria 84 Argyrotegium 206 Gingidia 134 Ourisia, mountain foxgloves 272 Stenostachys 362 Astelia 303 Gleichenia 367 Oxalis 92 Taraxacum, dandelion 226 Blechnum 366 Gonocarpus 93 Ozothamnus 228 Thelymitra, sun orchids 310 Botrychium 368 Grammitis 367 Pachycladon 71 Trisetum 340 Brachyglottis 230 Gunnera 68 Parahebe 280
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NEWSLETTER NUMBER 84 JUNE 2006 New Zealand Botanical Society
    NEW ZEALAND BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER NUMBER 84 JUNE 2006 New Zealand Botanical Society President: Anthony Wright Secretary/Treasurer: Ewen Cameron Committee: Bruce Clarkson, Colin Webb, Carol West Address: c/- Canterbury Museum Rolleston Avenue CHRISTCHURCH 8001 Subscriptions The 2006 ordinary and institutional subscriptions are $25 (reduced to $18 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). The 2006 student subscription, available to full-time students, is $9 (reduced to $7 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). Back issues of the Newsletter are available at $2.50 each from Number 1 (August 1985) to Number 46 (December 1996), $3.00 each from Number 47 (March 1997) to Number 50 (December 1997), and $3.75 each from Number 51 (March 1998) onwards. Since 1986 the Newsletter has appeared quarterly in March, June, September and December. New subscriptions are always welcome and these, together with back issue orders, should be sent to the Secretary/Treasurer (address above). Subscriptions are due by 28th February each year for that calendar year. Existing subscribers are sent an invoice with the December Newsletter for the next years subscription which offers a reduction if this is paid by the due date. If you are in arrears with your subscription a reminder notice comes attached to each issue of the Newsletter. Deadline for next issue The deadline for the September 2006 issue is 25 August 2006 Please post contributions to: Joy Talbot 17 Ford Road Christchurch 8002 Send email contributions to [email protected] or [email protected]. Files are preferably in MS Word (Word XP or earlier) or saved as RTF or ASCII.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • Mccaskill Alpine Garden, Lincoln College : a Collection of High
    McCaskill Alpine Garden Lincoln College A Collection of High Country Native Plants I/ .. ''11: :. I"" j'i, I Joy M. Talbot Pat V. Prendergast Special Publication No.27 Tussock Grasslands & Mountain Lands Institute. McCaskill Alpine Garden Lincoln College A Collection of High Country Native Plants Text: Joy M. Tai bot Illustration & Design: Pat V. Prendergast ISSN 0110-1781 ISBN O- 908584-21-0 Contents _paQ~ Introduction 2 Native Plants 4 Key to the Tussock Grasses 26 Tussock Grasses 27 Family and Genera Names 32 Glossary 34 Map 36 Index 37 References The following sources were consulted in the compilation of this manual. They are recommended for wider reading. Allan, H. H., 1961: Flora of New Zealand, Volume I. Government Printer, Wellington. Mark, A. F. & Adams, N. M., 1973: New Zealand Alpine Plants. A. H. & A. W. Reed, Wellington. Moore, L.B. & Edgar, E., 1970: Flora of New Zealand, Volume II. Government Printer, Wellington. Poole, A. L. & Adams, N. M., 1980: Trees and Shrubs of New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington. Wilson, H., 1978: Wild Plants of Mount Cook National Park. Field Guide Publication. Acknowledgement Thanks are due to Dr P. A. Williams, Botany Division, DSIR, Lincoln for checking the text and offering co.nstructive criticism. June 1984 Introduction The garden, named after the founding Director of the Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands Institute::', is intended to be educational. From the early 1970s, a small garden plot provided a touch of character to the original Institute building, but it was in 1979 that planning began to really make headway. Land­ scape students at the College carried out design projects, ideas were selected and developed by Landscape architecture staff in the Department of Horticul­ ture, Landscape and Parks, and the College approved the proposals.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (Except Rubiaceae)
    Edited by K. Kubitzki Volume XV Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Joachim W. Kadereit · Volker Bittrich (Eds.) THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VASCULAR PLANTS Edited by K. Kubitzki For further volumes see list at the end of the book and: http://www.springer.com/series/1306 The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Edited by K. Kubitzki Flowering Plants Á Eudicots XV Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Volume Editors: Joachim W. Kadereit • Volker Bittrich With 85 Figures Editors Joachim W. Kadereit Volker Bittrich Johannes Gutenberg Campinas Universita¨t Mainz Brazil Mainz Germany Series Editor Prof. Dr. Klaus Kubitzki Universita¨t Hamburg Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek und Botanischer Garten 22609 Hamburg Germany The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants ISBN 978-3-319-93604-8 ISBN 978-3-319-93605-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961008 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 73, Number
    New Zealand Science Review Vol 73 (3–4) 2016 Symposium on Systematics and Biodiversity in honour of Dr Dennis P. Gordon Official Journal of the New Zealand Association of Scientists ISSN 0028-8667 New Zealand Science Review Vol 73 (3–4) 2016 Official Journal of the New Zealand Association of Scientists P O Box 1874, Wellington www.scientists.org.nz A forum for the exchange of views on science and science policy Managing Editor: Allen Petrey Contents Guest Editor: Daniel Leduc Production Editor: Geoff Gregory Editorial .....................................................................................................................................................61 Proceedings of a Symposium on Systematics and Biodiversity: Past, Present and Future, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Wellington, April 2016 Bryozoa—not a minor phylum – Dennis P. Gordon and Mark J. Costello ..................................................63 The contribution of Dennis P. Gordon to the understanding of New Zealand Bryozoa – Abigail M Smith, Philip Bock and Peter Batson ................................................................................67 The study of taxonomy and systematics enhances ecological and conservation science – Ashley A. Rowden ............................................................................................................................72 Taxonomic research, collections and associated databases – and the changing science scene in New Zealand – Wendy Nelson .............................................................................79
    [Show full text]
  • MVG 21 – Other Grasslands, Herblands, Sedgelands and Rushlands
    NVIS Fact sheet MVG 21 – Other grasslands, herblands, sedgelands and rushlands Australia’s native vegetation is a rich and fundamental • communities and support a large range of species, partly element of our natural heritage. It binds and nourishes as a result of their geographical range, and variation in our ancient soils; shelters and sustains wildlife, protects soils and site conditions streams, wetlands, estuaries, and coastlines; and absorbs • include many plant species capable of vegetative carbon dioxide while emitting oxygen. The National reproduction by rhizomes, or stolons Vegetation Information System (NVIS) has been developed • can comprise associated species that may include and maintained by all Australian governments to provide perennial forbs or/and short-lived ephemeral plants that a national picture that captures and explains the broad proliferate after seasonal or cyclonic rains, to longer-term diversity of our native vegetation. perennials that rely on underground organs such This is part of a series of fact sheets which the Australian as rhizomes Government developed based on NVIS Version 4.2 data to • occur on a range of sites including intermittently provide detailed descriptions of the major vegetation groups inundated depressions, margins of perennial freshwater (MVGs) and other MVG types. The series is comprised of lagoons and brackish tidal or inland wetlands. Ferns tend a fact sheet for each of the 25 MVGs to inform their use by to dominate specific humid areas where the environment planners and policy makers. An additional eight MVGs are is less variable between seasons available outlining other MVG types. • have structurally distinctive features of landscape that provide a variety of habitats for faunal species For more information on these fact sheets, including its limitations and caveats related to its use, please see: • may be associated with an overstorey of scattered and ‘Introduction to the Major Vegetation Group (MVG) isolated trees fact sheets’.
    [Show full text]
  • Edition 2 from Forest to Fjaeldmark the Vegetation Communities Highland Treeless Vegetation
    Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark The Vegetation Communities Highland treeless vegetation Richea scoparia Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 1 Highland treeless vegetation Community (Code) Page Alpine coniferous heathland (HCH) 4 Cushion moorland (HCM) 6 Eastern alpine heathland (HHE) 8 Eastern alpine sedgeland (HSE) 10 Eastern alpine vegetation (undifferentiated) (HUE) 12 Western alpine heathland (HHW) 13 Western alpine sedgeland/herbland (HSW) 15 General description Rainforest and related scrub, Dry eucalypt forest and woodland, Scrub, heathland and coastal complexes. Highland treeless vegetation communities occur Likewise, some non-forest communities with wide within the alpine zone where the growth of trees is environmental amplitudes, such as wetlands, may be impeded by climatic factors. The altitude above found in alpine areas. which trees cannot survive varies between approximately 700 m in the south-west to over The boundaries between alpine vegetation communities are usually well defined, but 1 400 m in the north-east highlands; its exact location depends on a number of factors. In many communities may occur in a tight mosaic. In these parts of Tasmania the boundary is not well defined. situations, mapping community boundaries at Sometimes tree lines are inverted due to exposure 1:25 000 may not be feasible. This is particularly the or frost hollows. problem in the eastern highlands; the class Eastern alpine vegetation (undifferentiated) (HUE) is used in There are seven specific highland heathland, those areas where remote sensing does not provide sedgeland and moorland mapping communities, sufficient resolution. including one undifferentiated class. Other highland treeless vegetation such as grasslands, herbfields, A minor revision in 2017 added information on the grassy sedgelands and wetlands are described in occurrence of peatland pool complexes, and other sections.
    [Show full text]
  • The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886
    The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886 Sascha Nolden, Simon Nathan & Esme Mildenhall Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133H November 2013 Published by the Geoscience Society of New Zealand Inc, 2013 Information on the Society and its publications is given at www.gsnz.org.nz © Copyright Simon Nathan & Sascha Nolden, 2013 Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133H ISBN 978-1-877480-29-4 ISSN 2230-4495 (Online) ISSN 2230-4487 (Print) We gratefully acknowledge financial assistance from the Brian Mason Scientific and Technical Trust which has provided financial support for this project. This document is available as a PDF file that can be downloaded from the Geoscience Society website at: http://www.gsnz.org.nz/information/misc-series-i-49.html Bibliographic Reference Nolden, S.; Nathan, S.; Mildenhall, E. 2013: The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886. Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133H. 219 pages. The Correspondence of Julius Haast and Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1861-1886 CONTENTS Introduction 3 The Sumner Cave controversy Sources of the Haast-Hooker correspondence Transcription and presentation of the letters Acknowledgements References Calendar of Letters 8 Transcriptions of the Haast-Hooker letters 12 Appendix 1: Undated letter (fragment), ca 1867 208 Appendix 2: Obituary for Sir Julius von Haast 209 Appendix 3: Biographical register of names mentioned in the correspondence 213 Figures Figure 1: Photographs
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination Ecology and Evolution of Epacrids
    Pollination Ecology and Evolution of Epacrids by Karen A. Johnson BSc (Hons) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania February 2012 ii Declaration of originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Karen A. Johnson Statement of authority of access This thesis may be made available for copying. Copying of any part of this thesis is prohibited for two years from the date this statement was signed; after that time limited copying is permitted in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Karen A. Johnson iii iv Abstract Relationships between plants and their pollinators are thought to have played a major role in the morphological diversification of angiosperms. The epacrids (subfamily Styphelioideae) comprise more than 550 species of woody plants ranging from small prostrate shrubs to temperate rainforest emergents. Their range extends from SE Asia through Oceania to Tierra del Fuego with their highest diversity in Australia. The overall aim of the thesis is to determine the relationships between epacrid floral features and potential pollinators, and assess the evolutionary status of any pollination syndromes. The main hypotheses were that flower characteristics relate to pollinators in predictable ways; and that there is convergent evolution in the development of pollination syndromes.
    [Show full text]
  • Vicariance, Climate Change, Anatomy and Phylogeny of Restionaceae
    Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (2000), 134: 159–177. With 12 figures doi:10.1006/bojl.2000.0368, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Under the microscope: plant anatomy and systematics. Edited by P. J. Rudall and P. Gasson Vicariance, climate change, anatomy and phylogeny of Restionaceae H. P. LINDER FLS Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa Cutler suggested almost 30 years ago that there was convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae in the distinctive culm anatomical features of Restionaceae. This was based on his interpretation of the homologies of the anatomical features, and these are here tested against a ‘supertree’ phylogeny, based on three separate phylogenies. The first is based on morphology and includes all genera; the other two are based on molecular sequences from the chloroplast genome; one covers the African genera, and the other the Australian genera. This analysis corroborates Cutler’s interpretation of convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae. However, it indicates that for the Australian genera, the evolutionary pathway of the culm anatomy is much more complex than originally thought. In the most likely scenario, the ancestral Restionaceae have protective cells derived from the chlorenchyma. These persist in African Restionaceae, but are soon lost in Australian Restionaceae. Pillar cells and sclerenchyma ribs evolve early in the diversification of Australian Restionaceae, but are secondarily lost numerous times. In some of the reduction cases, the result is a very simple culm anatomy, which Cutler had interpreted as a primitively simple culm type, while in other cases it appears as if the functions of the ribs and pillars may have been taken over by a new structure, protective cells developed from epidermal, rather than chlorenchyma, cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Argyrotegium Fordianum
    Argyrotegium fordianum FAMILY: ASTERACEAE BOTANICAL NAME: Argyrotegium fordianum, (M.Gray) J.M.Ward & Breitw., N.Z. J. Bot. 41: 609 (2003) COMMON NAME: soft cottonleaf COMMONWEALTH STATUS: (EPBC Act) Not Listed TASMANIAN STATUS: (TSP Act) rare Argyrotegium fordianum. Tasmanian Herbarium specimen. Description An underground stem forming (rhizomatous), tufted perennial forb that is sometimes mat-like. Leaves: The leaves arise mostly from the base of the plant and are crowded towards the branch-tips. They are between 1.5-4 cm long and 5-10 mm wide. Both leaf surfaces are silvery-grey with dense cottony hairs. Flowers: The flowering stems are erect or sloping upward and between 4-9 cm tall (up to 15 cm in fruit) with 4-10 leaves only slightly smaller than the ones at the base of the plant. The flowerheads are arranged in clusters as the ends of the flowering stems. Each flowerhead contains between 5-15 florets. Flowering is from December to February (Flora of Victoria). Fruit: The fruit is small, dry, leathery and hairless, between 1.3-1.5 mm long (description from Walsh & Entwhisle 1999). This species was previously known as Euchiton fordianus or Gnaphalium fordianum. Ecology and Management There is currently no information available regarding the ecology and management of this species. Conservation Status Assessment Reassessment of Argyrotegium fordianum may be warranted due to the paucity of records though more information is required for a meaningful reassessment. Further Information Walsh, NG & Entwhisle, TJ eds 1999, Flora of Victoria, Volume 4, Inkata Press, Melbourne. Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Argyrotegium fordianum Preceding text last modified 18/7/2005.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACTS 117 Systematics Section, BSA / ASPT / IOPB
    Systematics Section, BSA / ASPT / IOPB 466 HARDY, CHRISTOPHER R.1,2*, JERROLD I DAVIS1, breeding system. This effectively reproductively isolates the species. ROBERT B. FADEN3, AND DENNIS W. STEVENSON1,2 Previous studies have provided extensive genetic, phylogenetic and 1Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; 2New York natural selection data which allow for a rare opportunity to now Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458; 3Dept. of Botany, National study and interpret ontogenetic changes as sources of evolutionary Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, novelties in floral form. Three populations of M. cardinalis and four DC 20560 populations of M. lewisii (representing both described races) were studied from initiation of floral apex to anthesis using SEM and light Phylogenetics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and microscopy. Allometric analyses were conducted on data derived an undescribed genus (Commelinaceae) using from floral organs. Sympatric populations of the species from morphology and DNA sequence data from 26S, 5S- Yosemite National Park were compared. Calyces of M. lewisii initi- NTS, rbcL, and trnL-F loci ate later than those of M. cardinalis relative to the inner whorls, and sepals are taller and more acute. Relative times of initiation of phylogenetic study was conducted on a group of three small petals, sepals and pistil are similar in both species. Petal shapes dif- genera of neotropical Commelinaceae that exhibit a variety fer between species throughout development. Corolla aperture of unusual floral morphologies and habits. Morphological A shape becomes dorso-ventrally narrow during development of M. characters and DNA sequence data from plastid (rbcL, trnL-F) and lewisii, and laterally narrow in M.
    [Show full text]