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Pennsylvanian Deltaic Sedimentation in Grand Ledge, Michigan

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Pennsylvanian Deltaic Sedimentation in Grand Ledge, Michigan Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1982 Pennsylvanian Deltaic Sedimentation in Grand Ledge, Michigan Jeffrey R. Martin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Martin, Jeffrey R., "Pennsylvanian Deltaic Sedimentation in Grand Ledge, Michigan" (1982). Master's Theses. 1674. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1674 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PENNSYLVANIAN DELTAIC SEDIMENTATION IN GRAND LEDGE, MICHIGAN by Jeffrey R. Martin A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty o f The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the . requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Geology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1982 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PENNSYLVANIAN DELTAIC SEDIMENTATION IN GRAND LEDGE, MICHIGAN Jeffrey R. Martin, M.S. Western Michigan U niversity, 1982 Pennsylvanian outcrops along the Michigan Basin's southern / margin are composed o f flu v ia l-d e lta ic and marine shelf sediments. Constructive d e lta ic facies include point-bar sandstones displaying erosional bases, channel lag, and upward decreasing grain size and sedimentary structures. Cross-stratification data indicate a uni- modal, highly variant, northward-trending, paleocurrent pattern that deviates from regional paleoslope. Point-bar sandstones record delta plain deposition by meandering d is trib u ta ry channels. Channel margin facies include Lingula-bearing, interdistributary bay shales; overlain gradationally by laminated, flaser-bedded and rooted marsh shales and siltstones; and subbituminous swamp coal. Bay-fill facies are interrupted by lens-shaped, quartz-poor, fine-grained, crevasse-- splay sandstones. Delta destructive facies--quartz-rich bioturbated sandstone-- suggest delta lobe abandonment and landward reworking o f delta fro nt sands over the subsiding deltaic plain. Subsidence resulted in deposition of th in , marine shales and overlying m icrites which contain diverse marine fauna and £20% terrigenous clastic detritus. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Professor William B. Harrison and the late Dr. W. David Kuenzi fo r th e ir help and encouragment in the completion of th is thesis. This report was possible thanks to the help o f the Eaton County Parks system and especially to Jane McCullough, the park director and n a tu ra list o f Fitzgerald Park. I would also lik e to thank my col­ leagues Mary Davis and Dean Bredwell who provided additional information and alternative ideas fo r the deposition of the Pennsylvanian sediments in the Grand Ledge lo c a lity . I thank Dr. W. David Kuenzi, Professor William B. Harrison, Dr. Thomas Straw, Dr. Richard Passero, and a ll of Western Michigan University for reviewing and editing this thesis. Finally, thanks are given to Gulf Oil Exploration and Production Company who helped in the drafting and duplication of this project. Jeffrey R. Martin Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. 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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1320115 MARTIN, JEFFREY R. PENNSYLVANIAN DELTAIC SEDIMENTATION IN GRAND LEDGE, MICHIGAN WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY M.S. 1982 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M I 48106 Copyright m2 by MARTIN, JEFFREY R. All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASENOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_____ 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page____ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements ___ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine_____ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s)___________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seemi to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered I___________.Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Other University Microfilms International Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ' . • . i i LIST OF FIGURES . ............... .................. • • ' • • • • • V INTRODUCTION . ............... ...... 1 Previous Investigations ................. .4 Correlation with other Basins ............... ...... 4 Regional Geology and Structure ............. 6 Stratigraphy . ............... 8 INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENT . ............... 12 Criteria for the Recognition of Depositional Environments ........ ^ ...... 13 Transitional Facies and Inferred Environments . 15 Marine Facies and Inferred Environment ....... 29 T erre strial Facies and Inferred Environments . 35 PALEOCURRENT ANALYSIS . .. , .,..... -. • • • • • • 56 PETROLOGY . .... • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • 61 Megascopic Examination ................. 61 Textural Parameters ................... 67 Channel Sandstones . ..... 70 Splay Sandstones ....... .................. 72 Reworked Marine Sandstones .... .................. 77 Other Samples (excluding sandstones) . 78 Chemical Constituents ..... 97 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SUBSURFACE DATA . ............... ... ...... 100 DEP0SITI0NAL MODEL AND THE HISTORY OF SEDIMENTATION . .... 106 Delta Plain or Channel Margin Facies . 106 Marsh Subenvironment . .... ................ ... 106 Bay Subenvironment . 108 Levee Subenvironment . .................... 108 Abandoned Channel Subenvironment . 109 Crevasse Splay Subenvironment ............... ... , . 109 Destructive Delta Phase . , , . , . , . 110 Reworked Sandstone . ...................... •. • • • HO Black Calcareous Shale and B io m ic rite ................ .«. I l l Meandering Channel Facies . , . I l l Channel Lag Deposits .................. I l l Point Bar Deposits ................. 112 CONCLUSIONS . ............... ...... • • • • • • • • 115 APPENDIX I . ......... ... ......... 120 APPENDIX I I . ..... 121 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ................ 122 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Index map . ........... ....... 2 2. Locations of measured sections ...........
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