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View / Open Final Thesis-Mains.Pdf WORKING OVERTIME: THE LIMITATIONS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITES FACING WOMEN IN NCAA BASKETBALL SPORTS INFORMATION by COURTNEY MAINS A THESIS Presented to the Department of the School of Journalism and Communication and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts June 2016 An Abstract of the Thesis of Courtney Mains for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Department of Public Relations in the School of Journalism and Communication to be taken June 2016 Title: The Gender Gap in Sports Public Relations: NCAA Basketball Sports Information Approved: ......~........,._....__ __. _{&..........__ '-?-------­ Lori Shontz This research explores why when public relations is a female-dominated profession. sports public relations (i.e.• sports information) is a largely male-dominated profession. specifically by looking at NCAA basketball sports information directors (SIDs). The findings suggest that there is a clear gender imbalance in sports information and even greater disparities when it comes to the level of sports women oversee and upward mobility within sports information. Systematic and structural factors within the industry ultimately influence women's decisions to leave the field. With a lack of women in these sports information roles personal interactions and relationships sacrificed. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my professors, mentors, colleagues and friends at the University of Oregon who have inspired, pushed and encouraged me throughout my collegiate career. It has been a great privilege to have excellent professors, mentors and colleagues willing to advise me through this process. My greatest thanks goes to my thesis advisor and mentor, Lori Shontz. You have challenged me to ask insightful questions, encouraged me to follow my instincts and guided me throughout this process. This wouldn’t have been possible without you. I would also like to thank my thesis committee member Dean Mundy. Your insightful perspective and research background were instrumental to my thesis process. My final thanks goes to my parents for their unwavering support throughout my collegiate career and constant encouragement to chase after my dreams. iii Table of Contents Introduction 1 Literature Review 3 Gender in Sports Information 3 Socialization of Women 6 History of Basketball 8 Title IX 10 Work-Life Balance 12 Method 15 Sample 15 Pilot Study 16 Survey 17 Interviews 17 Findings 19 Gender and Sport 19 Career Mobility 21 Second Shift 23 The Role of Management 25 Promotion of Basketball 26 Discussion 30 Acknowledgement of the Gender Gap 31 Second Shift Solutions 32 Promotion of Basketball 34 The Importance of Women in Sports Information 35 Conclusion 37 Limitations and Future Research 38 Appendices 40 Bibliography 47 iv Appendices 1. Online Survey 2. Interview Oral Consent Script 3. Interview Questions v List of Tables Table 1: Gender of men’s basketball and women’s basketball SIDs 20 Table 2: SIDs titles and gender 21 Table 4: Time in current position and gender 24 Table 5: Balancing work and family as an SID 25 vi Introduction Public relations is understood as the strategic communication process that builds and manages organizations’-public relationships primarily through a process of conveying messages that reflect a brand and its values, tell a story and uphold its reputation (PRSA, 2012). Public relations practitioners can work for agencies, do in- house work for corporations or work in more specialized industries (e.g., sports). Overall, this is largely known to be a female-dominated industry, a trend that starts at the university level. In the 2008-2009 academic year 4,475 students received bachelor’s degrees in public relations. Of those students, 3,606 were female and 869 were male (“PR by the Numbers – 2012,” 2016). Public relations is a rapidly growing, with 240,000 jobs in 2014 and a projected 14,900 more jobs by 2024. Public relations practitioners tend to maintain a regular work schedule, work in an office environment and account for 40 hours a week with some overtime (“Public Relations Specialists,” 2016). In the world of sports, such as NCAA athletics, the public relations function is referred to as sports information. Accordingly, sports information directors (SIDs) are responsible for promoting athletic programs and act as liaisons between media and athletic departments (Hardin & McClung, 2002). In contrast to public relations generally, however, sports information positions are almost completely occupied by men; 90.2% of SIDs are male (Acosta & Carpenter, 2014). Moreover, unlike public relations’ growth in other industries, sports information has limited room for growth. Universities are not rapidly expanding the number of athletic teams at their schools, and 99.6% of universities already have a full time SID (Acosta & Carpenter, 2014). In most cases, sports information departments employ four full-time staff members and heavily rely on undergraduate student work (Hardin & McClung, 2002). The primary job of a SID is to publicize athletics teams and build relationships between a university’s athletic programs and key stakeholders. At the collegiate level, SIDs are usually given two to three sports a year, for which they handle media relations, crisis management, press releases, news stories, social media and more (Whiteside & Hardin, 2010). College athletics requires skewed working hours, dictated in large part by late-night games and weekends on the road. In other words, SIDs do not have a typical 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. work day, and their schedules vary season to season based on sport responsibilities. Night games and travel weekends make for an ever-changing office space from the media room, to the team bus and hotel, to courtside press seats. The gender disparity between public relations generally and sports information specifically is notable. While men only make up one-quarter of public relations practitioners, they make up over three-quarters of the sports information work force (Whiteside & Hardin, 2010). That said, there is little public relations literature that has explored the gendered implications. This study of men’s and women’s NCAA basketball SIDs therefore examines the gender differences in this profession and if there is anything lost when women are not visible in sports information. These questions were explored through an online survey of 184 SIDs and four phone interviews. Participants had a genuine enthusiasm and interest in this topic, further indicating the gap in academic literature on this subject. 2 Literature Review Understanding this issue requires a broader understating of gender in sports information, the socialization of women, basketball history, Title IX, and work-life responsibilities, all of which help clarify women’s relationship to sport throughout history and the limitations women have faced in this realm. Societal ideologies are reflected in the gender gap in sports information and the apparent barriers SIDs face when it comes to finding a work-life balance. Gender in Sports Information Sports information is a profession tightly guarded by men, and research shows that this gender imbalance plays into the structure of sports information departments when it comes to management and sport assignments (Whiteside & Hardin, 2012b). Women who are working in sports information are often referenced as working on the “fringes” of athletics, promoting the less valued sports or the women’s teams (Whiteside & Hardin, 2010). While women’s basketball is recognized as the premier women’s sport at most universities, it is rarely regarded as highly as the men’s basketball and football teams are, and overall women’s teams tend to have an inherently lower profile than men’s teams. Gender roles play a large part in the organization of sports information, as men occupy managerial roles and sport assignments correlate with gender (Whiteside & Hardin, 2012b). There is some research done on this topic, but the findings are limited. This indicates a clear void in academic literature because while the gender of sports journalists is routinely studied, the gender of sports information directors is not. Richard 3 Lapchick’s bi-annual study on Associated Press Sports Editors is one of many that has identified the gender imbalance in sports journalism (Lapchick, 2014). Two pairs of researchers, Vivian Acosta and Linda Carpenter, and Erin Whiteside and Marie Hardin, have done the pioneering work on this topic when it comes to sports information. They have laid a foundation that begins to understand this field and the constructs making it a male-centric domain. For example, Acosta and Carpenter’s work provides information about women working in intercollegiate sport over thirty-seven years, spanning 1977- 2014 (Acosta & Carpenter, 2014). When looking at SIDs, they unveiled the gender imbalance in sports information, finding that while 99.6% of schools have a full-time SID, only 9.8% those SIDs were female. While sports information has always been a male-dominated field, the number of women in the profession dropped from 13.1% in 1994 to 9.8% in 2012. This study also found a greater gender imbalance when it came to NCAA Division I, II and III schools. Universities are categorized by Division I, II or III based on university size, how many men’s and women’s teams they sponsor, program funding, and student-athlete scholarships. Division I schools generally have the largest student bodies, most substantial program funding and provide athletic scholarships (NCAA Division I, 2016). Division II schools are smaller, allocate less funding to athletics and offer partial scholarships (NCAA Division II, 2016). Division III athletics focus on competitive participation, place a high value on academics, and do not offer athletic scholarships (NCAA Division III, 2016). When looking at sports information roles at these levels, Division I has the lowest percent of female SIDs at 3.1%, and Division III has the highest at 14.3% (Acosta & Carpenter, 2014). Division I athletics has 4 experienced the most significant decrease in female SIDs in the field.
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