Inter-Relações Das Famílias Das Zingiberales1

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Inter-Relações Das Famílias Das Zingiberales1 2 Sociedade Brasileira de Floricultura e Plantas Ornamentais Inter-relações das famílias das Zingiberales1 CARLOS EDUARDO FERREIRA DE CASTRO Pesquisador Científico do Instituto Agronômíco de Campinas, SP A ordem Zingiberales (Scitamineae, presumíveis ancestrais com três estames, Scitaminales) é claramente delimitada e acei- em um ciclo de antesépalas externas, alter- ta como um grupo natural de oito famílias: nados com outros três, em um ciclo de Zingiberaceae, Costaceae, Marantaceae, Can- antesépalas internas. Interpretações envol- naceae, Lowiaceae, Musaceae, Heliconiaceae vendo padrões de venação e outras caracte- e Strelitziaceae. Essas famílias incluem 89 rísticas anatômicas, teratológicas, de de- gêneros e aproximadamente 1.800 espécies senvolvimento e posicionais também tem abundantemente encontradas nos trópicos sido revistas. úmidos e sazonalmente no trópico seco. Em adição às muitas características A melhor posição taxômica para a celulares que distinguem Zingiberales de ordem Zingiberales encontra-se ainda em outras plantas, existem outras bem evi- debate. Para HUTCHINSON (1973), a or- denciadas e facilmente reconhecidas como: dem deriva de Bromeliales que deriva de 1) Folhas grandes com lâminas pos- Commelinales. TAKHTAJAN (1980) consi- suindo venação transversa e frequentemen- dera que tanto Bromeliales como Zingi- te longo pecioladas; berales tem origem comum em Liliales 2) Inflorescências grandes, com com as plantas apresentando semelhanças brácteas e freqüentemente coloridas. com exemplares da subfamília Aspho- Também existem discordâncias so- deloideae. No esquema elaborado por bre a subdivisão em famílias. Vários auto- THORNE (1983), Zingiberales foi colocada res consideram Zingiberaceae como cons- na superordem Commeliniflorae ao lado tituída por Zingiberoideae e Costoideae. de Bromeliaceae (um integrante de Entretanto NAKAI (1941) descreve a famí- Commelinales). DAHLGREN (1983) esta- lia Costaceae, classificação que embora não beleceu a hipótese da superordem Zingi- reconhecida pelo Royal Botanic Gardens of beriflorae (contendo somente Zingiberales) Edinburgh, é adotada pela maioria dos originária de ancestrais lilifloros em um ramo "pró- commelinifloro - zingiberifloro taxonomistas contemporâneos. - bromelifloro". As flores fornecem a base para a divi- O conceito prevalecente na literatura são da ordem em famílias, embora os hábi- de Zingiberales é a interpretação de sua tos de crescimento e a estrutura das inflo- androcia em termos do arranjo de seus rescências sejam também freqüenternente 1 Palestra proferida no 1Q Simpósio sobre Zingiberales Ornamentais, realizado de 3 a 8 de setembro de 1995, Campinas, SP. Rev. Bras. Hort. Orn., Campinas, v. 1, n.1, 1995 4 Revista Brasileira de Horticultura Ornamental 3 distintas. Dentro da família Zingiberaceae Costaceae, Marantaceae e Cannaceae têm a forma dos estaminódios separa duas tri- somente um estame fértil com os demais bos. É definido por alguns especialistas que, desenvolvendo-se em estaminódios petalói- tanto em Zingiberaceae como em Maran- des ou algumas vezes ausentes. Em Maran- taceae, a estrutura da inflorescência é mais taceae e Cannaceae metade dos estames importante que a estrutura da flor para a férteis são semelhantes a pétalas. distinção de gêneros. Muitos têm sido os usos das espécies distribuídas na ordem Zingiberales. A fa- mília Musaceae oferece as bananas (Musa DESCRIÇÃO GERAL DE ZINGIBERALES sp) e o canhâmo de Manila (M. textilis). Muitas das espécies da família Zingi- Plantas herbáceas rizomatozas, pere- beraceae são utilizadas como aroma- nes, pequenas a arborescentes, a maioria tizantes ou condimentos, destacando-se o terrestres, típicas de habitat tropical e úmi- gengibre, o turmérico e o cardomono. No do. Folhas comumente pecioladas na maio- Brasil, o gengibre é utilizado na fabricação ria das vezes com uma bainha fechada, al- de duas bebidas: a gengibirra e o quentão. gumas vezes liguladas, lâminas foliares Algumas outras zingiberáceas apresentam inteiras com muitas veias laterais que se propriedades medicinais. bifurcam de uma nervura central. Metade A família Marantaceae inclui a da lâmina foliar envolvida pela outra meta- araruta, uma fonte de amido fino e a famí- de na gema. Inflorescência terminal ou la- lia próxima, Cannaceae, a menor de todas, teral, freqüentemente com brácteas gran- oferece rizomas que são comestíveis. des, côncavas a espatiformes com cores variadas e com brilho. Flores normalmente Embora muitas Olltras espécies des- perfeitas zigomorfas ou assimétricas, 3 sas famílias tenham outros usos menores e sépalas distintas das pétalas, 3 pétalas regionais - caso do consumo de botões flo- frequentemente desiguais. Androceu, a rais e bainha de folhas, ou do emprego de mais visível porção da flor, arranjado em folhas para proteção de alimentos no cozi- dois ciclos trímeros; estames perfeitos, 1 mento ou mesmo para a cobertura de abri- fértil (ou 5 ou 6), quando com um, a flor gos e moradias - sem dúvida, o principal e com estaminódios bem visíveis, estes di- mais difundido é a exploração do caráter versos em número, forma, arranjo e fusões, decorativo de suas inflorescências e folhas. normalmente mais vistosos que o perianto. Desse modo, as espécies de Zingiberales Gineceu tricarpelar, sincarpo e basicamen- têm sido cultivadas visando o comércio te trilocular (dois lóculos algumas vezes como flores de corte, folhagens de corte, abortam), com vários óvulos por lóculo; folhagens e floríferas envasadas. ovário ínfero, estilo simples. Sementes com As espécies de Zingiberales apenas abundante endosperma, freqüentemente há poucos anos vêm sendo cultivadas vi- com um arilo. sando a comercialização. Desse modo, não A transformação de estames em se sabe muito sobre técnicas de cultivo e à estaminódios estéries é uma característica exceção do gênero Canna, pouco esforço bem conhecida nas inter-relações das famí- foi concentrado no melhoramento genéti- lias das Zingiberales. Musaceae têm 5 ou co, visando a produção de variedades com raramente 6 estames férteis. Zingiberaceae, características decorativas superiores. Rev. Bras. Hort. Orn., Campinas, v. 1, n. 1, 1995 4 Sociedade Brasileira de Floricultura e Plantas Ornamentais ALTURA DAS PLANTAS podem ser citadas as grandes e espetacula- E DIVERSIDADE DE ESPÉCIES res inflorescências de estrelícias (Strelítzia reginae Ait.) com duas pétalas eretas muito modificadas e somente um estame ausente As maiores plantas da ordem são a e as flores muito pequenas de algumas es- árvore do viajante (Ravenalla mada- pécies de marantáceas, que apresentam gascarienses) que tem um caule lenhoso del- estaminódios de quatro diferentes formas e gado com cerca de oito metros ou mais e somente meio estame funcional. As flores um conjunto radiado composto por 20 ou de Maranta são então assimétricas e como mais folhas, cada uma com 4 a 5 metros de para compensar essa falta de simetria, são comprimento e a gigantesca Musa ingens produzidas aos pares, cada flor uma ima- da Nova Guiné com seu caule falso de 8 gem de espelho das outras. metros de altura. As menores são as herbá- ceas Kaempheria e algumas espécies de Marantaceae que projetam as secas folhas DISTRIBUIÇÃO E ABUNDÂNCIA a somente uns poucos centímetros acima Embora a ordem seja representada do solo. por plantas notáveis dispersas pelas regi- As folhas de Musa e Canna distribu- ões tropicais, uma vez que apenas algumas em-se em todas as direções a partir do cau- espécies de Roscoea (Zingiberaceae) sejam le, mas na maioria dos outros gêneros, es- encontradas em climas frios no Himalaia, a tas são distribuídas em duas fileiras. Vari- distribuição das famílias nos continentes é ações de aparência são causadas pela pro- diversa. Possivelmente os membros ximidade ou distanciamento das folhas, lenhosos da ordem, na família Strelit- tamanho das lâminas foliares, pecíolos lon- ziaceae, são os mais antigos no senso gos ou curtos, padrão das nervuras e, espe- evolucionário e têm uma curiosa distribui- cialmente em Marantaceae, pela variação ção descontínua. Imagina-se que no passa- na coloração das folhas. do a família tivesse um maior número de A inflorescência é terminal em uma representantes e que apresentasse uma dis- haste ereta, mas algumas vezes essas has- tribuição mais ampla. Dois dos gêneros, tes são muito curtas e separadas apenas por Ravenala em Madagascar e Phenakosper- folhas longas. Os agrupamentos de flores mum na América do Sul, têm atualmente são localizados nas axilas da bráctea prin- apenas uma espécie. O terceiro gênero, cipal da inflorescência e variam de muito Strelitzia apresenta cinco espécies no Sul compactas a distribuídas. Em muitas espé- da África. cies o agrupamento é reduzido a uma sim- As espécies de Musaceae são confi- ples flor. De forma semelhante, o tamanho nadas, nos trópicos do Velho Mundo, com das flores e de seus componentes mostra o centro de distribuição na região de Burma, grandes diferenças entre as várias famílias, Tailândia e Malásia, mas as bananas tem embora todas tenham o mesmo padrão bá- sido cultivadas em todas as regiões tropi- sico. Esse padrão, contudo, apresenta uma cais e algumas regiões subtropicais. O úni- complicação adicional pela redução do nú- co gênero de Musaceae na África (Ensete) mero básico de seis estames e sua transfor- não produz frutos comestíveis, mas as bai- mação em estaminódios semelhantes a pé- nhas de suas folhas são consumidas como talas (estames estéries). Como extremos alimento na Etiópia. Rev. Bras. Hort. Orn., Campinas, v. 1, n. 1, 1995 j Revista Brasileira de Horticultura
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  • Vessels in Zingiberaceae
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 21 (1), 2000: 61–76 VESSELS IN ZINGIBERACEAE: A LIGHT, SCANNING, AND TRANSMISSION MICROSCOPE STUDY by Jennifer A. Thorsch Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, U.S.A. SUMMARY The Zingiberales is a tropical group of monocotyledons that includes eight recognized families. The order is considered by most taxono- mists and phylogenists to be a monophyletic lineage of plants, but the phylogenetic relationships among genera are not clearly understood. The tracheary elements in the family Zingiberaceae were examined to characterize the diversity of structure and to better understand the phylo- genetic relationships among related taxa. The distribution and speciali- zation of tracheary elements in roots, stems and leaves of 54 species representing 25 genera were studied. Vessel elements were present in roots of all but one of the species examined, Plagiostachys philippinen- sis. Stems and leaves had only tracheids except for Aulotandra kamerun- ensis, which had vessels with simple perforation plates. The perforation plates and lateral walls of vessel elements were examined for the pres- ence of pit membranes or their remnants with both scanning and trans- mission electron microscopy. The presence and condition of pit mem- branes depended upon the developmental stage, but the perforation plates of mature vessel elements lacked pit membranes entirely. Key words: Zingiberaceae, vessel specialization, pit membranes. INTRODUCTION In the late 1930ʼs, Dr. Vernon I. Cheadle began his studies of tracheary elements in monocotyledons. His research and numerous published papers (Cheadle 1942, 1953; Cheadle & Kosakai 1980; Thorsch & Cheadle 1996) have been based on dozens of monocotyledon families.
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  • Chromosome Numbers in Zingiberaceae
    1969 213 Chromosome Numbers in Zingiberaceae K. Ramachandran University Department of Botany, Kerala University, Trivandrum, India Received April 12, 1968 Introduction The family Zingiberaceae consists of 45 genera and about 800 species distributed mostly in tropical Asia (Willis 1960). The family contains several useful genera. Many species are used as spices, a few have fleshy rhizomes which yield starch and several others are used in medicine. Holttum (1951) has listed the useful genera of the family and has also suggested possible lines of artificial hybridization for the improvement of the various cultivated species of the family. Cytological observations on some cultivated and related wild plants of the family are given in this paper. Materials and methods Cytological investigations of 26 species coming under 11 genera were carried out during the present study (Table 1). Most of the species in vestigated were collected from the different parts of Kerala State. Boesenbergia longiflora and Zingiber roseum were obtained from Nepal and Hitchenia caulina from Maharashtra State. Root tips for somatic chromosome studies were chilled for an hour at 6-10•Ž in water before fixation in Carnoy's fluid (alcohol, acetic acid and chloroform, 3: 1 : 1). Anthers were dissected out from buds and fixed in alcohol-acetic acid (3: 1). Acetocarmine smears were made according to the usual procedure. Observations The chromosome numbers of 26 species determined in the present study and numbers reported previously for the same species are listed in Table 1 (The genera are arranged in the order given in Hutchinson's (1934) classi fication). Some interpretations of the data presented in Table 1 are given below.
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