sign in sign up
<<
Home , Allium lusitanicum, Alluaudia montagnacii, Amsinckia lycopsoides, Bellevalia paradoxa, Boraginales, Brimeura amethystina

Aizoales 3-663.20.00

Taxonomy Introduction In the Apg2 classifcation Te suborder is recognised with Lo- Tey have a tendency to give a lot in to be accepted. Tey phiocarpaceae, Barbeuiaceae, , Gisekiaceae, Nyctag- want to belong to the group, the and in order to do so inaceae, Phytolaccaceae and Sarcobataceae. they have a tendency to adapt, to give in. Because they are high- ly sensitive they accurately feel what the others want and need theory and can easily adapt to that. It is only when they feel placed In the Plant theory the above is given the name Aizoales. outside of the group that they can become angry. It feels like a Aizoales is placed in Phase 2 of the Caryophyllidae. basic need of life to be accepted but it is difcult for them to feel In the frst version the above Families were placed in the sever- completely accepted as their inner life is ofen felt as peculiar al Subphases. and strange. Tey feel weird in a strange world. Tey feel very In Plant theory 2 only Aizoaceae is lef inPhase 2. religious, a connection with the spiritual world and God and Te other Families are transferred toPhase 3. that connection is ofen not very well accepted in society. Due to their inner convictions they can get in confict with society. Subphases Mostly their solution is to keep their opinions and feelings to 1. Sesuvioideae Aizoaceae themselves; they prefer to avoid the conficts. Tey hope to be 2. Drosanthemoideae Aizoaceae be able to stay with their own inner convictions and that they 3. Bergeranthoideae Aizoaceae will not be forced into conficts about them. 4. Lithopsoideae Aizoaceae 5. Russchioideae Aizoaceae Mind 6. Delospermoideae Aizoaceae Passive. 7. Mesembryanthemoideae Aizoaceae Adapting. Sof, nice, friendly. Easily overruled and overwhelmed. Aizoales Cannot say no. : Caryophyllidae, Asteranae Angiospermae, . Cannot set boundaries. Botany: succulent. Have a strong feeling and desire for autonomy and indepen- dence.

Aizoales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 1 3-663.21.00 Sesuvioideae 3-663.25.00 Russchioideae Tetragonieae 1 Antimima argentea Tetragonioideae 7 S11? Lampranthus deltoides Aizoonoideae 9 Astridia hallii 4 R P2 S4 Tetragonia tetragonioides 11 Lampranthus multiradiatus Sesuvium portulacastrum 11 R Lampranthus aureus Zaleya decandra 11 Argyroderma congregatum Trianthema portulacastrum Ruschia caroli Aizoon canariense Argyroderma testiculare Aizoanthemum galenioides P6 Ruschia concinna Gunniopsis tenuifolia Galenia africana 3-663.26.00 Delospermoideae Gibbaeoideae 3-663.22.00 Drosanthemoideae Conophytoideae Apatesioideae 4 R depressum 2 R Micropterum papulosum 5 P5 S5 Trichodiadema pomeridianum 4 R P2 Aethephyllum pinnatifdum 5 Oophytum oviforme 5 R S5! Dorotheanthus bellidiformis 5 pulchra 6 Hymenogyne conica 5 R Trichodiadema densum 7 Saphesia faccida 6 R S6! pubescens 8 foribundum 7 P6 Ruschianthus falcatus 8 R P3, S8!! Carpanthea pomeridiana 7 Mitrophyllum mitratum 9 Drosanthemum speciosum 8 Enarganthe octonaria 10 Apatesia helianthoides 8 acuminata 13 Caryotophora skiatophytoides 8 calculus 16 pugioniformis 8 R Cheiridopsis denticulata 16 Conicosia elongata 8 R Cheiridopsis speciosa 4 11 Tanquana prismatica 9 Rhombophyllum dolabriforme 4, 6 Aloinopsis rosulata 10 ? Stoeberia frutescens 11 R Delosperma cooperi 3-663.23.00 Bergeranthoideae 12 Odontophorus marlothii Aloinopsioideae 13 Muiria hortenseae 5 R ! Carruanthus ringens 14 Disphyma crassifolium 8 Hereroa incurva 16 crocea 8 Chasmatophyllum masculinum Polymita albifora 9 Bergeranthus scapiger 10 P4, S8 Pleiospilos compactus 3-663.27.00 Mesembryanthemoideae 12 R ! S12 Faucaria tigrina 2 Mesembryanthemum rapaceum 13 13 Nananthus vittatus 4 Psilocaulon parviforum 14 14 Rabiea albipuncta 5 Sceletium tortuosum Pleiospilos nelii 6 Aridaria noctifora 7 R Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 3-663.24.00 Lithopsoideae 7 Mesembryanthemum serotinum Leipoldtioideae 8 Mesembryanthemum amplectens 1 Erepsia heteropetala 9 Phyllobolus digitatus 1 Amphibolia maritima 11 Prenia tetragona 2 R julii 13 R ! Mesembryanthemum cordifolium 3 Lapidaria margaretae 16 Mesembryanthemum marlothii 4 rhopalophylla 5 Dinteranthus microspermus 6 Schwantesia borcherdsii 8 Stomatium bolusiae 8 Wooleya farinosa 10 Cephalophyllum alstonii 10 Cephalophyllum procumbens 11 Jordaaniella anemonifora 12 R ! S12 deliciosus 12 Carpobrotus acinaciformis 12 R Carpobrotus edulis 12 Eberlanzia spinosa 13 Arenifera stylosa 14 Ebracteola wilmaniae

Aizoales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 2 Aizoales

18-5-2019 Utrecht Jan Scholten Aizoales

Subphases Aizoales • Genera 1. Lophiocarpaceae • 2 2. Barbeuiaceae • 1 3. Aizoaceae • 125 4. Gisekiaceae • 1 5. Nyctaginaceae • 34 6. Phytolaccaceae • 18 7. Sarcobataceae • 1 Aizoales

Subphases Aizoales • Genera Subphases Aizoales 1. Lophiocarpaceae • 2 2. Barbeuiaceae • 1 Unsatisfactory 3. Aizoaceae • 125 4. Gisekiaceae • 1 Unbalanced 5. Nyctaginaceae • 34 6. Phytolaccaceae • 18 7. Sarcobataceae • 1 Aizoales = Aizoaceae

Subphases Aizoales Subphases Aizoales • Genera 1. Lophiocarpaceae 1. Sesuvioideae • 10 2. Barbeuiaceae 2. Drosanthemoideae • 6 3. Aizoaceae 3. Bergeranthoideae • ± 27 4. Gisekiaceae 4. Lithopsoideae • ± 20 5. Nyctaginaceae 5. Russchioideae • ± 17 6. Phytolaccaceae 6. Delospermoideae • ± 24 7. Sarcobataceae 7. Mesembryanthemoideae• ± 11 Aizoales

Russchia concinna Aizoales

Lithops hookeri Aizoaceae

Synonyms: Ficoidaceae; Mesembryanthemaceae; Tetragoniaceae English: Vygies; Fig-marigolds; Ice plants; Stone plants; Carpet weeds; Carpetweed family. German: Eiskrautgewächse; Mittagsblumengewächse. French: Aïzoacées; Aizoacées; Aizoacée. Dutch: IJskruidfamilie. Aizoaceae

Distinguishing characters (always present) Succulence of . 'Corolla' of staminodial origin. Other important characters Leaves opposite (often). open at noon. Capsular that open when wetted. Betalain pigment of flowers and stems. Xerophytes Specialized , CAM C3. Aizoaceae DD

Aizoaceae Cactaceae Succulence on leaves. Succulence on stems, leaves No thorns. Thorns

Aizoaceae Portulacaceae Opposite leaves Not opposite leaves Many strap-like No strap-like perianth segments segments of staminodial origin. of staminodial origin.

Aizoaceae Molluginaceae Succulent Not succulent Flowers colourful, showy Flowers white, small Aizoaceae Mind

Essence Worries, problems, discords, arguments, criticism, quarrels with relationships, family, friends. Aizoaceae Mind

Small, weak, lacking power. Overlooked, not heard, walked over, trampled. < from criticism. Adapting, soft, nice, friendly Keep things in, hide their feelings In the background. Feel special. Free and autonomous innerly. Spiritual, religious feeling, simple. Work: minor positions, servants, housemaid. Aizoaceae Mind

Heart Big heart, Heart open or closed Heart empty or full Heart expanded or tight and constricted. Heart: palpitations, pulse fast. Aizoaceae Mind

Body Head: headache, < overexertion, worries. Heart: palpitations; pulse fast. Throat: pain, sore, inflammation, < overexertion, < drafts. Female: dysmenorrhoea.; menses irregular. 1436 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY [Vol. 90

Aizoales Subphase 1 Sesuvoideae

Fig. 1. Strict consensus of the 5000 most parsimonious based on the combined trnL-F and rps16 intron sequence data for 95 taxa; length ϭ 1413, consistency index ϭ 0.76 (including autapomorphies), retention index ϭ 0.92. Bootstrap percentages are indicated below the branches (where absent, the bootstrap percentages are less than 50%). Aizoales

Aizoales Subphase 1 Sesuvoideae Tetragonia tetragonoides Bothalia 43,2 (2013) 199

1.00 Ruschioideae

1.00 Geniculiflora 0.96

Planifolia 0.98 1.00 Aizoales 0.74 Splendentia 1.00 Vesperifolia 1.00 Phyllobolus subg. Subphase 7 0.99 Canaliculata Mesembryanthem 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 Flaviflora

Papulosa subg. oideae 0.93 Cryophytum Callistigma 0.77 subg. Opophytum Subacaulia

1.00 1.00 1.00

Brownanthus 0.51 0.77 0.95 1.00 Eurystigma 1.00 Mesembryanthemum Mesembryanthemum 1.00 Mesembryanthemum 1.00 subg. 1.00 Juncea

subg. Volkeranthus 1.00 1.00 Aizooideae 1.00 Sesuvioideae 1.00 Mirabilis Phytolacca Limeum

FIGURE 1.—Subgenera and sections mapped onto a simplifed version of the Baysian tree by Klak et al. (2007: Figure 3) based on combined chloroplast, nuclear and morphology data. The support for the relationships between the subgenera and sections in Mesembryanthemum are indicated (numbers indicate Posterior Probability values). Aizoales

Aizoales Subphase 7 Mesembryanthem oideae

Mesembryanthemum cordifolium Aizoales

Subphase 2 Drosanthem oideae

Subphase 6 Delosperm oideae Aizoales

Aizoales

Subphase 2 Drosanthemoideae

Dorotheanthus bellidiformis Aizoales Aizoales

Subphase 6 Delospermoideae

Delospermum cooperi Aizoales

Delospermoideae General: borreliosis. Heart: tachycardia. Limbs: arthritis.

Delospermum cooperi Aizoales Subphase 3 Bergeranthoideae Aizoales

Aizoales

Subphase 3 Bergeranthoideae

Bergeranthus scapiger Aizoales

Subphase 4 Lithopsoideae

Subphase 5 Russchoideae Aizoales Aizoales

Subphase 4 Lithopsoideae

Lithops hookeri Aizoales Aizoales

Subphase 5 Russchoideae

Russchia concinna 3-665.30.00

Taxonomy Introduction In the Cronquist calssifcation Boraginales does not exist as an Tey feel they have a right to be treated as a person, that they oder. as a family includes Cordiaceae, Ehretiace- have individuality and are talented enough to be appreciat- ae and Heliotropiaceae and is placed together with Lennoaceae ed. Tey are not just anybody, but they feel that they are only in . Hydrophyllaceae was placed in . tolerated, that they have to adapt to others to be accepted. Tey In the Apg2 and the Apg3 classifcation Boraginales is not are not really seen, heard and accepted. Tey are just there for recognised. others who do not have time or respect for them. Tey feel they In the Apg3 classifcation Boraginales is not recognised. Bor- have to please others all the time and then they hope that the aginaceae as traditionally defned is paraphyletic and needs others will see them. the inclusion of Hydrophyllaceae and Lennoaceae to become Tis state is ofen exaggerated in their youth where their parents monophyletic. Apg3 includes Boraginaceae in Lamiidae, but were too busy with their work or themselves or the many other otherwise unplaced, but as a probable sister to Lamiales. children to see them. Tey were just one on the list. Due to not In the Apg4 classifcation Boraginales is an order in Lamiidae being seen, they retire on their own, sit silently in a corner and with only one family Boraginaceae. Boraginaceae includes Hy- think their own thoughts. Tey have their own world view, are drophyllaceae, Cordiaceae, Ehretiaceae,Codonaceae, Heliotro- very creative and bright, but that also is invisible or not appre- piaceae. ciated. Tey lack the space and air to really live their own life. Tey can do it in their mind, but are not given the means to Plant theory manifest it in reality. In the Plant theory Boraginales is treated as an Order in the Subclass Lamiidae. Boraginaceea is split in Subfamilies, treated Mind as Families in Boraginales. Invisible, not heard. Having no space. Boraginales have strong Boron qualities, which has a peculiar Pleasing, adapting, < being only half accepted. similarity in the name. Boraginales is placed in Phase 3. Te Nervous excitement. difculty to place them fts with Phase 3. Sympathetic. Ailments from being dominated by family, father, husband. Subphases 1. Hydrophyllaceae. General 2. Wellstediaceae?. Sensation: pricking, aching, constricting, raw, shooting. 3. Cynoglossoideae. Physical: < motion. 4. Boraginoideae. 5. Lithospermoideae. Body 6. Ehretiaceae, including Cordiaceae, Heliotropiaceae. Lungs: asthma, wheezing, hoarseness, emphysema, bronchitis. 7. Lennoaceae. Male: impotence. Female: infertility; menses problems. Back: backache; difculty keeping themselves erect, to stand up for themselves. Limbs: pain bones and muscles; arthritis. Boraginales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 1 1 3-665.31.00 Hydrophyllaceae Lycopsis arvensis 1 R virginianum 3-665.35.00 Lithospermoideae 1 R 1 ruderale 2 auritum 1 pulchra 4 menziesii 1 Huynhia pulchra 4 R 2 microsperma 4 Nemophila parvifora 2 Macrotomia densifora 5 nyctelea 3 R minor 6 tanacetifolia 4 apulum 8 R 5 R S5?S6? 8 Phacelia popei 5 hispidula 8 Phacelia heterophylla 6 R petraea 8 7 erecta 8 pendulifora 7 R Onosma bourgaei 12 R watsonii 7 Onosma bulbotrichum 13 R urens 7 emodi 14 hispida 7 R S5?S6? Onosma alboroseum 15 R californicum 8 belliformis 16 R californicus 8 Echiostachys incanus 17 R Turricola parryi 9 R vulgare 10 R Echium decaisnei 3-665.32.00 Wellstediaceae 11 R Echium nervosum dinteri 12 R schenkii 13 R Lithospermum ofcinale fruticosum 13 pusillum 14 R difusa foribundum 15 arvensis 15 R Buglossoides purpurocaerulea 3-665.33.00 Cynoglossoideae 16 R tinctoria 2 macranthera 17 orientalis 3 zeylanicum 3 peduncularis 3-665.36.00 Ehretiaceae Cordiaceae 3 R Trichodesma boissieri 1 Rotula aquatica 4 muricata 2 Hilgeria hypogaea 5 scouleri 3 argentea 6 R 3 R Tournefortia glabra 6 3 R convolvulacea 7 verna 3 Schleidenia logoensis 7 R 4 Patagonula americana 7 R Omphalodes linifolia 6 curassavica 8 hortensia 6 R hirsutissimum 9 R ofcinale 6 R Heliotropium angiospermum 10 nanum 6 R bullata 11 ciliata 7 R 11 R Mertensia sibirica 7 R S7! Lindelofa longifora 12 procumbens 8 R 15 R 8 R 15 R 9 15 R Q? Myosotis symphytifolia 9 R Cordia collococca 16 virginiana 9 R 16 stylaris 10 R Cordia ecalyculata 17 lycopsoides 10 R Cordia eriostigma 10 R Cordia sebastana echioides 11 canescens 11 Tournefortia candidula 3-665.34.00 11 drepanophylla 1 R orientalis 12 microphylla 2 R Taumatocaryon dasyanthum 13 R S13! Ehretia resinosa 2 Hormuzakia aggregata 14 cyanea 4 R S4! ofcinalis 14 acrantha 4 Borago pygmaea 15 baccata 5 R sempervirens 16 Ixorhea tschudiana 5 Anchusella cretica 17 canescens 6 arvensis Hoplestigma pierreanum 6 R Anchusa ofcinalis Gerascanthus eriostigma 6 Anchusa aurea Ceballosia fruticosa 6 Anchusa milleri 7 barrelieri 3-665.37.00 Lennoaceae 8 R S8! macrophylla 3 arenaria 12 R ofcinale 3 Ammobroma sonorae 13 angustifolia 13 R Pulmonaria ofcinalis 14 Elizaldia calycina 15 R rossea 16 R Nonea lutea 17 Paraskevia cesatiana oppositifolium Boraginales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 2 Indeling stadia Nosoden (Louis Klein, Ulrich Welte, Jan Scholten en Alex Leupen):

STAGES NOSODES

1. Kumbucha, Oscillococcinum

1-3. Brucella

2. Dys-co, Eberthinum, Morbillinum, Toxoplasmosis

2-5: Lactobacillales (Enterocconium, Streptoenteroccoccinum, Lactobacillus, Pneumococcinum, Streptococcinum/Scartatinum).

3. Brucella, Ringworm, Bacillinum, Rubella

4. Morbillinum

5. Dys-co, Malaria, Pneumococcinum, Parotidinum

6. Diphtherinum, Propionibacterium acnes, Tuberculinum bovinum

7. Influenzinum, Anthracinum

7-12. Neisseriales (Med, Meningococcinum, Flavus, Syc-co)

8. Pertussinum, Hippozaenium

9. Tuberculinum aviare, Yersinia

10. Meningococcinum, Bac-Tn

11. Flavus, Syc-co

12. Dengue, EBV, Medorrhinum, Diphterinum, Proteus

13. EBV, Herpes-groep

14. Bac-Sv, Botulinum, Tetanus, Clostridium perfringens, Polio, Varicella

15. Clostridium perfringens, HIV

15-17. Mycobacteriae (Tub-bov., Tub-av, Bac, Lepro, John.)

15-17. Spirochaetae (Borrelia, Leptospirae, Framboesia, syphilis)

16. Anthr., Staphylococcinum, Listeriosis, Bowelnosodes, Leprominium, Campylobacter, E. Coli (Colibacillinum)

17. Johneinum

BOWELNOSODES ALEX LEUPEN, MD

[email protected] BOWELNOSODES ● INDICATIONS: ● NEVER WELL SINCE, FOR EXAMPLE A CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTION. ● AS A COMPLEMENTARY REMEDY. ● COMPLAINTS THE FIRST WEEKS OF LIFE. ● A MEDICAL HISTORY OF ANTBIOTICS. BACTERIAL FLORA ● BOWELNOSODES: PREPARED FROM CULTURES OF THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT. ● SYMPTOMS: CLINICAL OBSERVATION OF THE SICK PERSON. COLON BACTERIAL FLORA MORGAN PURE

MIND ● PROACTIVE ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION THAT PERSISTS AND AFFECTS OTHERS. ● TOXIC ANXIETY DEPRESSION. ● THREATEN SUICIDE TO SEE YOUR RESPONSE. MORGAN PURE

GENERALS ● WORSE HEAT. ● AVERSION OR DESIRE EGGS. ● DESIRE BUTTER, RICH. MORGAN PURE

PHYSICAL ● RESPONSE TO RECURRENT WINTER BRONCHITIS OR PNEUMONIA. ● CONGESTION. ● RHEUMATISM, WORSE DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS. ● ERUPTIONS EYE BROWS, EYES. CRACKS. ● DISCHARGE UMBILICUS. MORGAN PURE

● Morganella morganii, Bacillus morgan, Proteus morganii, Proteus vulgaris. MORGAN GAERTNER

MIND ● GREGARIOUS YET APPREHENSIVE IN CROWDS. ● EXCITABLE, NERVOUS. MORGAN GAERTNER

GENERAL ● WORSE 4-8 P.M. ● DESIRE SWEETS. MORGAN GAERTNER

PHYSICAL ● RESPONSE TO RECURRENT RENAL COLIC. ● CALCULI AND BLADDER PROBLEMS. ● RESPONSE TO ANAL SEX. ● FLATULENT DISTENSION, ABDOMINAL PROBLEMS. ● HAIR FALLS OUT IN SPOTS. MORGAN GAERTNER

PHYSICAL ● SUDDEN SWELLING FACE. ● TOENAIL PROBLEMS. ● URTICARIA. ● ALLERGY METALS. ● RECTAL PROLAPSE. ● CORROSIVE BAD SMELLING LEUCORRHEA. MORGAN GAERTNER

● IDENTIFICATION ● AEROMONAS? UNCERTAIN. ● EDWARDSIELLA TARDA? ● ESCHERISCHIA BLATTAE? ● HAFFNIA ALVEI? GAERTNER

MIND ● RESPONSE TO PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS. ● EXCITABLE, NERVOUS. ● OVERACTIVE BRAIN WITH UNDERNOURISHED BODY. ● CHEWS NAILS. GAERTNER

GENERAL ● MALNUTRITION. ● SUDDEN WEIGHT LOSS. GAERTNER

PHYSICAL ● RESPONSE TO SALMONELLA POISONING: FEVER WITH DIARRHEA. ● INABILITY TO DIGEST FAT OR GLUTEN. ● CELIAC DISEASE. THREAD WORMS. ● PANCREAS. PANCREATITIS. ● RESTLESS HANDS AND FEET. ● HERPES MOUTH. GAERTNER

PHYSICAL ● CHAPPED HAND IN WINTER. ● PRESENCE OF MUCUS AND BLOOD IN URINE. ● PROFUSE FETID LEUCORRHOEA WITH PROSTRATION. GAERTNER

● SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS. DYSENTERIA COMPOUND ● DYS-CO – MIND ● RESPONSE TO REPROACH FROM PARENTS WHO SEE THE CHILD AS A DISEASE. ● RESPONSE TO FAILURE TO ACCOMPLISH. ● ANTICIPATION, APPREHENSION. ● AGORAPHOBIA, CLAUSTROPHOBIA. ● EXCITABLE. DYSENTERIA COMPOUND ● DYS-CO – MIND ● HURRY. ● HYPERSENSITIVE TO CRITICISM. ● CONSCIENTIOUS. ● STAMMERING. ● SHYNESS AND UNEASINESS. ● PALPITATION ON ANTICIPATION. DYSENTERIA COMPOUND

● DYS-CO – PHYSICAL ● HISTORY OF DYSENTERY. ● RESPONSE TO RECURRENT DIARRHEA, DYSENTERY LIKE. ● MASTURBATION IN CHILDREN. ● PYLORIS STENOSIS OR SPASM. ● DUODENAL ULCER FROM NERVOUS TENSION. ● TWITCHING. ● BLINDING HEADACHES. DYSENTERIA COMPOUND

● SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE. BACILLUS MUTABILIS

PHYSICAL ● ALTERNATING DISEASES: ASTHMA THEN SKIN ERUPTIONS. ● FEVER PRESENT. ● WHERE PYROGENIUM FAILS. ● FOOD ALLERGY OF ALL TYPES. ● DIARRHEA WITH FEVER. BACILLUS MUTABILIS

● MUTANTS OF E. COLI. BACILLUS NUMBER SEVEN

MIND ● RESPONSE TO MENTAL FATIGUE. ● OUTSTANDING MENTAL FATIGUE. BACILLUS NUMBER SEVEN

PHYSICAL ● RESPONSE TO LONG STANDING ILLNESS. ● FAINTNESS ON STANDING. ● RHEUMATISM, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. ● FEEBLE URINARY OUT FLOW, LOSS OF SEXUAL FUNCTION. ● ASTHMA, TOUGH MUCUS. BACILLUS NUMBER SEVEN

● ENTEROBACTER ● HAFNIA ALVEI CLOACAE, CITROBACTER FREUNDII, HAFNIA ALVEI. BACILLUS NUMBER TEN

MIND ● ACTIVE INSTINCTUAL PEOPLE, SEXUAL ISSUES. ● RELATIONSHIP ISSUES. BACILLUS NUMBER TEN

PHYSICAL ● SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE. ● OVERUSE OF HERBALS OR HOMEOPATHY. ● INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES: VAGINA, MOUTH, ANUS, URETHRA AND GALLBLADDER. BACILLUS NUMBER TEN

PHYSICAL ● SPONGY GUMS. ● CANNOT DIGEST EGGS AND FAT. ● GREENISH FISH SMELLING LEUCORRHOEA. ● NUMEROUS FLAT WARTS ON HANDS. ● LIPOMA. BACILLUS NUMBER TEN

● GARDRENELLA VAGINALIS. SYCOTIC COMPOUND

SYC-CO: MIND ● JEALOUSY AMONG BROTHERS AND SISTERS. ● ATHLETE, NEEDS TO BE NUMBER ONE; NO TEAM PLAYER. ● WANTS TO BE KNOWN AND RECOGNIZED BY THE PRESIDENT. ● NERVOUS AND TENSE, FEAR OF BEING OBSCURED. SYCOTIC COMPOUND

SYC-CO: GENERAL ● DESIRES BUTTER. SYCOTIC COMPOUND

SYC-CO: PHYSICAL ● ASTHMA BETTER SEA. ● HEADACHE DUE TO SINUSITIS. ● PREMATURE GRAYNESS. ● LOSS OF SMELL. ● FIBROSIS. SYCOTIC COMPOUND

● NEISSERIA MUCOSA AND ● MORAXELLA MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS. CATARRHALIS. PROTEUS

MIND ● ANGER AND RAGE. ● GRIEF WITH ANGER. ● PISSED OFF ALL THE TIME. ● PERCEIVES TOO MUCH AND THIS CREATES ANGER. ● SUDDEN FITS OF RAGE. PROTEUS

MIND ● IMPULSE TO KILL.SHOUTING AND FIGHTING. ● TEMPER TANTRUMS. ● CHILDREN CRAWL AND ROLL ON FLOOR WITH TANTRUM. ● STRIKING. ● OFFENSIVE QUALITY. PROTEUS

MIND ● PARENTS SEES THEM AS A DISEASE THEY WANT TO AVOID. ● “BRAIN STORM”. ● OFFENDED EASILY. ● UNWANTED BY PARENTS. ● FEAR OF OPINION OF OTHERS. PROTEUS

PHYSICAL ● OSTEOPOROSIS. ● RAYNAUD. ● DUODENAL ULCER (MENTAL STRAIN). ● CRAMPS OF MUSCLES (COMPARE CUPRUM). ● WORSE UV LIGHT. ● URINARY AND KIDNEY INFECTIONS. PROTEUS

● PROTEUS MIRABILIS. FAECALIS ● USEFUL IN ALBUMINURIA. ● CLINICAL PICTURE SIMILAR TO SEPIA. FAECALIS

● ALCALIGENES FAECALIS. COCAL CO. ● IN SEPTIC STATE. ● NOT WELL PROVED. RELATED REMEDIES ● MORGAN PURE – SULPHUR. ● MORGAN GAERTNER – LYCOPODIUM. ● PROTEUS – NATRIUM MURIATICUM. ● MUTABILE – PULSATILLA. ● BACILLUS NO. 7 – BROMIUM, KALI CARBONICUM, IODIUM. ● GAERTNER – MERCURIUS VIVUS, SILICEA, PHOSPHORUS. RELATED REMEDIES ● DYS-CO – ARSENICUM ALBUM. ● SYCOTIC CO – THUJA. ● B. FAECALIS – SEPIA. Source: Jan Scholten, Alex Leupen, Louis Klein, the Masi group (the ) Fungi 3-700.00.00 Plant theory if they do not belong to the world, as if they don’t ft in. Tis is the frst try to classify the Fungi with Remedy codes. Ofen they are unwanted children. Due to this situation they feel that life is much more difcult for them as for others. Ofen Classes that is increased to physical, bodily handicaps and limitations. 1. Rozellomycota As they feel diferent it is quite difcult for them to socialise. 2. Microsporida Tey elect only the few people that are like the and respect 3. Chitridiomycota them. Tey avoid ‘normal’ people that do not understand them, 4. Zygomycota with all respect. 5 Ascomycota 6. Basidiomycota Mind Feeling foreign, alien, eccentric, extraneous, odd, funny, Essence outlandish, peculiar, curious, quaint, singular, weird, bizarre, Te main theme of the Fungi is the confrontation with the strange, unordinary, whacky. impermanence of life. One has to come to terms with the end Being treated as stranger, clown, yester. of life, death. A situation that triggers this is the confrontation Ailments from disasters, accidents, war, violence; families shat- with possibly deadly diseases like cancer. Most people expe- tered and torn apart, death of relatives, parents, friends. rience cancer as a death sentence. It can also arise from loss Very intelligent, creative, original. of relatives and friends who die. It can arise from problems of Spiritual realising death is not the end of life. infertility and miscarriages. It can arise from social failures that Connection with the other world, the spiritual world, elves. lead to a death wish. A very common situation is old age. Ten Strong mind in a fragile, sick, not okay body. one start thinking about disease, decay, collapse and death. Split between body and mind; the body is limiting. Te consequence is withdrawal. One can see the physical aspect Withdrawal, retiring; introspective, introversion. of withdrawal in old people. Te life energy reduces and retires Avoiding difcult situations and people. from the periphery to the centre. Te extremities become cold, Difcult to be assertive, to express emotions. pale and bloodless as in chillblains, Raynaud’s disease. Gan- Tey feel hollowed, mouldered, vague, weak. grene is the ultimate consequence. Te body starts shrivelling Invasion, being eaten away; limits of body let infringed; insidi- and becomes fragile. Te vertebrae fracture and the people be- ous, less aggressive; invaded form being too weak. come small with a bend back. Te muscles atrophy and become Interest in death, graveyards, ghosts. weak. Fatigue and weakness are a prominent issue. In contrast Intuition, clairvoyance. also the opposite happens with fare ups of a lot of energy and Superhuman powers, strength; unseen, unseen power. heat. It can express in feelings of the enlargement, fushes of Teme: toads, mushroom forms as in nuclear bombs. heat or bouts of energy and power. But they are the last fare ups Peaceful coexistence in the beginning; eats further away; limits before the end. of body let infringed; Under social level they also retire. Tey tend to become loners, Holding on to life trying all kinds of therapies. with drawing from relationships and social situations. India Clinging two people to be assured of their support and help. situation of life and death most important issues for most Profession: caregiver, to elderly and dying people; funeral entre- people like fame, clothes, make-up and money become totally preneur. unimportant. Tey feel diferent form friends and family. It is as Fear: disease, death. Fungi Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 1 3-710.00 Rozellomycota 2 R Aureobasidium pullulans 11 R Ganoderma lucidum 2 Alternaria alternata 3-764.60 Gloeophyllales 3-720.00 Microsporida 10 Stachybotrys chartarum 3-764.70 Corticiales R Cladosporium herbarum 3-765.00 Boletomycetes 3-730.00 Chitridiomycota R Cladosporium mix. 3-765.20 Sclerodermataceae Helotiales 15 Scleroderma citrinum 3-740.00 Zygomycota Dothideomycetes 15 Pisolithus tinctorius Zygomycetes 14 Peltigera canina 15 Calostoma cinnabarinum 3-741.00 Blastocladiomycetes 17 Hortaea werneckii 3-765.40 Boletales 3-742.00 Saccharomycetes R Lobaria pulmonaria Boletaceae Saccharomycetaceae Sclerotiniaceae 1 Boletus manicus 8 R Torula cerevisiae 2 Botrytis cinerea 2 R Boletus edulis 10 R Candida albicans 3-755.00 Pezizomycetes 2 R Boletus erythropus 10 Saccharomyces apiculata 15 Gyromitra esculenta 13 Boletus sanguineus 10 Kloeckera apiculata Morchellaceae 15 Suillellus luridus 10 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 12 Morchella esculenta 17 R Boletus satanas 10 Kluyveromyces marxianus 0 Tuberaceae R Neoboletus luridiformis R Candida parapsilosis 7 R Tuber melanosporum R Leccinum testaceoscabrum Mucoraceae R Tuber aestivum R Suillus grevillei R Mucor mucedo Pezizaceae R Imleria badia 2 Mucor racemosus Sarcoscyphaceae 3-765.70 Paxillaceae 7 Rhizopus nigricans R Sarcoscypha coccinea 15 R Paxillus involutus R Dipodascaceae 3-766.00 Agaricomycetes R Geotrichum candidum 3-760.00 Basidiomycota Agaricales 3-761.00 Pucciniomycetes Marasmiaceae 3-750.00 Ascomycota 3-762.00 Ustilagomycetes 12 Armillaria mellea 3-751.00 Taphrinomycetes Ustilaginales Omphalotaceae 15 Pneumocystis jirovecii Ustilaginaceae 12 Lentinula edodes 3-752.00 Eurotiomycetes 13 R Ustilago maydis 12 Omphalotus illudens Eurotiales Malasseziales Strophariaceae 3-752.10 Trichocomaceae Malasseziaceae 15 Stropharia semiglobata 2 R Aspergillus fumigatus 10 Pityrosporum ovale 16 R Psilocybe caerulescens 2 Penicillium camemberti Lycoperdales Cortinariaceae 2 Aspergillus candidus 5 R Bovista lycoperdon 15 Cortinarius orellanus 12 R Aspergillus niger 10 Calvatia gigantia 15 Gymnopilus spectabilis 12 Pleurotus ostreatus 10 R Bovista gigantica 15 R x Cynosbatus R Aspergillus oryzae 3-763.00 Tremellomycetes 6 Chlorophyllum molybdites R Penicillinum Tremellales 6 Coprinus tinctorius R Penicillium chrysogenum Tremellaceae 15 Coprinus atramentarius R Penicillium roquefortii 17 Tremella fusiformis 3-766.40 Agaricaceae 3-752.20 Onygenales 17 R Cryptococcus neoformans 1 Acidum agaricicum 17 R Histoplasma capsulatum 3-763.00 Phallomycetes 3 R Agaricus emeticus 17 Blastomyces dermatitidis Cantharellales 6 R Agaricus pantherinus 17 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Cantharellaceae 12 Agaricus bisporus Arthrodermataceae Cantharellus cibarius 12 R Agaricus muscarius 2 Trichophyton depressum Auricularales 15 Agaricus campanulatus 2 R Microsporum canis Auricularaceae 15 Amanita citrina 15 R Trichophyton rubrum 6 Auricularia polytricha 17 R Amanita virosa R Trichophyton persearum Geastrales R Agaricinum 3-753.00 Sordariomycetes Geastraceae R Agaricus phalloides Ophiostomatales 10 Geastrum triplex R Agaricus blazei 0 Ophiostomataceae Phallales R Amanita ovoidea 17 R Sporothrix schenckii Phallaceae Russulales Nectriaceae 6 R Phallus impudicus Russulaceae 10 Fusarium oxysporum 3-764.00 Polyporomycetes 15 Russula egglutina 10 Fusarium graminearum 3-764.10 Trechisporales 16 Russula foetens 10 Fusarium sporotrichioides 3-764.20 Hymenochaetales Tubariaceae 10 Fusarium mycotoxins 9 Phellinus igniarius 6 Tubaria furfuracea 12 Nectria ditissima 12 Inonotus obliquus R Ophiocordyceps sinensis 3-764.30 Telephorales Hypocreales 3-764.40 Polyporaceae Ophiocordycipitaceae Polyporales 12 R Cordyceps sinensis 2 Wolfporia cocos Hypocreaceae 7 Trametes versicolor Clavicipitales 7 Piptoporus betulinus R Cyclosporinum 10 Fomitopsis ofcinalis R Secale cornutum 12 Polyporus nigricans R Cladonia rangiferina 13 Pycnoporus sanguineus 3 Usnea barbata 17 Cerrena unicolor 5 Neotyphodium lolii Meripilaceae 11 Evernia prunastri 12 R Grifola frondosa 15 Cladonia pyxidata 12 Grifola umbellata Lecanoromycetes 12 Grifolaceae 3-754.00 Leotiomycetes Fomes fomentarius R Oidium tuckeri R Polyporus pinicola Dematiaceae 3-764.50 Ganodermataceae 2 Alternaria solani 10 Ganoderma applanatum Fungi Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 2 Fungi

16-5-2019 Utrecht Jan Scholten Fungi body Fungi Fruit body Visible Fungi Mycelia Threads Invisible Fungi Functions Communication Recycling Fungi Death End of life Fatal disease Fear death Fungi Death Near death Spiritual Fungi Old age Shrinking Shrivelling Fragile Fragmentation Handicaps Limitations Fungi Retired Alone Lack Fungi Old age Fragmentation Fragile Fungi Old age Sarcopenia Muscle atrophy weakness Fungi Weird Strange Extreme Alien Eccentric Bizarre Fungi Other world Hallucinations Fungi Intelligent Creative Intuitive Talented Pandora’s box Fungi Yester Magician Clown Illusionist Fungi Dementia Alzheimer Apoplexy Fungi Infertility Miscarriage Childless Fungi Withdrawal Raynaud Gangrene Fungi Withdrawal Raynaud Gangrene Fungi Skin dry Itching Dryness Dehydration Fungi Infection Fungi Fungi

Classification Fungi 1 Rozellomycota

2. Microsporida

3. Chitridiomycota

4. Zygomycota

5. Ascomycota

6. Basidiomycota Fungi Fungi Fungi 1 Rozellomycota 1: 3-710.00.00

2. Microsporida 2: 3-720.00.00

3. Chitridiomycota 3: 3-730.00.00

4. Zygomycota 4: 3-740.00.00

5. Ascomycota 5: 3-750.00.00

6. Basidiomycota 6: 3-760.00.00 Fungi Classification Fungi Classification Fungi

Classification Zygomycota 1 Blastocladiomycetes 2 Saccharomycetes: Yeast 3 Zygomycetes 4 Mucoromycetes: Mucor Ascomycota

1 Taphrinomycetes 2 Eurotiomycetes: Aspergillus, penicillium 3 Sordariomycetes: Lichen, Secale 4 Lecanoromycetes 5 Pezizomycetes: Tuber, Morchella Basidiomycota 1 Pucciniomycetes 2 Ustilagomycetes: Ustilago 3 Phallomycetes: Phallus impudicus 4 Polyporomycetes: Polyporus, Ganoderma 5 Boletomycetes: Boletus 6 Agaricomycetes: Agaricus, Psilo 3-633.60.00 Taxonomy Introduction In the frst version of the Plant theory classifcation the Order Tey want to have a good relationship with family and parents Liliales was in Phase 6. Liliales is an Order with about 80 genera but ofen feel neglected and used. In their youth they have ofen and 1950 . In the App classifcation was split been been abused, neglected, beaten or emotionally tormented of the “old” Liliales and fused with Orchidaceae. Te Aspara- by their parents or siblings. Tey feel just tolerated in the family, gales was placed in Phase 5. Asparagales is an Order with about on the edge. Due to that they have the feeling there is some- 430 genera and 10000 species. thing wrong with them, that they are bad, ugly or dirty. Tey can go to religious practices and groups as a kind of redemp- Plant theory tion, to get rid of their feeling that something is wrong with In this update of the Plant theory Liliales stays in Phase 6 but them. Tey have the feeling that they have to give more than the families are fused together in the family and they get back. Tey feel taken advantage of being used or even placed in Subphase 2. Te Asparagales are now transferred to abused with family and friends, especially in love relationships Phase 6, keeping their Subphases. Te exception is Hypoxi- and marriages where one lives close together. daceae in Subphase 2, which is combined with Subphase 1 of Te opposite can happen too that they take advantage of others, Orchidales with remedy code: 3-633.71.00. So their placement their spouse, friends or relatives. It is ofen difcult for them to in the Asparagales in Subphase 2 afer the was a bit see this aspect of their attitude. odd. Te new placement is more logical from that point of view. Above that many of the Hypoxidaceae are epiphytes which is a Te pattern gets repeated in their marriage or with their in- Phase 7 aspect. laws. Tey feel just tolerated, not really loved. Tey feel taken Liliales was lacking remedies in many positions, for instance advantage of as they give more than they get in return. In the the Tricyrtaceae in Subphase 3. In some case prescriptions from end they can get an attitude that they do not want to give any- Hyacinthaceae, as a near possibility, worked fne. Tis is a con- more, do nothing and just receive. frmation of the shif of Asparagales to Phase 6. Become part of the group is very important. Tey fear being or becoming a side fgure, an outcast. Tey fear being excluded, Subphases belittled and seen as unattractive unfriendly, having no worth. 1 Iridaceae 2 Mind 3 Hyacinthaceae Puberty problems, hysterical, faint.. 4 Asparaceae Agavaceae Reserved, not showing emotions, cannot be weak. 5 pAhodeliaceae Suppressing emotions. 6 Liliaceae Risk taking, lack of refection. 7 Melianthaceae Love relations, sex. Problems with sex, pregnancy, miscarriage, abortion, labour, nursing. Desire for purity, beauty, attactiveness. Aversion to dirt, uglines, disgust. Fear being an outsider, being neglected, unattractive, seen as a slut, a whore. Liliales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 1 3-633.61.00 Iridaceae 12 R ! Ornithogalum umbellatum 9 R Hemerocallis dumortieri Ixioliriaceae 12 Ledebouria socialis 10 R Phormium tenax 1 R Crocus sativus 12 R Ledebouria revoluta 10 Phormium colensoi 3 R Gladiolus splendens 13 R Hyacinthus orientalis 10 Pasithea caerulea 4 R Iris douglasiana 13 R Albuca setosa 11 robustus 4 R Libertia chilensis 13 R Veltheimia bracteata 11 Eccremis coarctata 5 R Dierama latifolium 14 R Lachenalia comptonii 12 Kniphofa uvaria 6 R Crocosmia crocosmiifora 14 R Barnardia japonica 12 Kniphofa praecox 7 R Freesia corymbosa 16 R neglectum 12 Dracaena cinnabari 8 R Iris germanica 16 R pustulata 12 R Kniphofa fuviatilis 8 R Iris foetidissima 17 Oziroe arida 13 R nitida 8 R Iris pseudacorus 13 R 8 R Iris tenax 3-633.64.00 13 Trachyandra hispida 8 R Iris versicolor 1 R! Cordyline australis 13 Tricoryne elatior 10 R Gladiolus communis 1 Anemarrhena asphodeloides 13 Telionema caespitosum 10 R Gladiolus caryophyllaceus 1 alba 14 R Bulbine frutescens 11 R Watsonia pillansii 2 R Ophiopogon japonicus 14 R Bulbine asphodeloides 12 R Bobartia aphylla 2 Behnia reticulata 14 Bulbine latifolia 13 R Eleutherine bulbosa 2 R Arthropodium cirrhatum 14 Bulbine narcissifolia 13 R coccinea 3 Diuranthera major 15 R Asphodelus albus 14 R collina 4 R Convallaria majalis 15 R Asphodeline lutea 14 R monanthos 4 R Maianthemum racemosum 15 Asphodelus microcarpus 16 R Sisyrinchium bellum 4 R Beaucarnea recurvata 16 R Aloe succotrina 16 R Moraea modesta 4 Anthericum ramosum 16 R Aloe vera 17 R Patersonia occidentalis 5 Hesperocallis undulata 16 Aloe castanea 17 R Patersonia umbrosa 5 Echeandia favescens 16 Aloe spicata 17 Geosiris aphylla 6 R Sansevieria trifasciata 16 Aloe mutabilis 6 Herreria montevidensis 16 Aloe striatula 3-633.62.00 Amaryllidaceae 6 Eremocrinum albomarginatum 16 Aloe ecklonis 1 R Galanthus nivalis 7 Leucocrinum montanum 16 R Aloe perryi 2 R Ipheion uniforum 7 Paradisea liliastrum 16 Aloe tenuior 3 R Leucojum aestivum 7 Hagenbachia brasiliensis 16 Aloe maculata 4 R Pancratium trianthum 8 R Ruscus aculeatus 17 R Haworthia retusa 4 R Zephyranthes rosea 8 R Chlorophytum comosum 17 Haworthia fasciata 5 R Proiphys amboinensis 9 R Polygonatum odoratum 6 R Narcissus poeticus 9 R Polygonatum biforum 3-633.66.00 Liliaceae 6 R Narcissus pseudonarcissus 9 Prochnyanthes mexicana 2 R albus 6 Narcissus papyraceus 10 R Agave americana 3 R Tricyrtis hirta 6 Habranthus tubispathus 10 R Agave tequilana 4 R Tulipa gesneriana 7 R Agapanthus praecox 10 R Nolina microcarpa 5 R Streptopus amplexifolius 8 R Scadoxus puniceus 11 R Polianthes tuberosa 5 R Streptopus lanceolatus 8 R Haemanthus albifos 12 R flamentosa 7 R Clintonia borealis 9 R Clivia miniata 12 R Dracaena draco 8 R Lilium lancifolium 9 R Rhodophiala bifda 13 Beschorneria albifora 8 R Smilax ofcinalis 10 Amaryllis belladonna 13 Furcraea hexapetala 10 R Lilium candidum 10 R Crinum asiaticum 14 R Maianthemum canadense 10 R Lilium longiforum 11 R Hippeastrum puniceum 14 R Hosta sieboldii 10 R Lilium superbum 12 R Boophone disticha 14 R Hosta sieboldiana 10 R Lapageria rosea 13 R Allium ampeloprasum 15 R Polygonatum multiforum 13 R dens-canis 13 Allium ascalonicum 15 R Eriospermum abyssinicum 14 R Calochortus tolmiei 13 R 2 Allium cepa 15 Hesperaloe parvifora 14 R Erythronium purpurascens 13 R Allium sativum 16 R Asparagus ofcinalis 17 R Calochortus leichtlinii 13 Allium tricoccum 16 R Camassia quamash 17 Corsia ornata 13 R Cyrtanthus breviforus 16 R Eustrephus latifolius 14 R Allium schoenoprasum 17 R Chlorogalum pomeridianum 3-633.67.00 Melanthiaceae 14 R Allium ursinum Phormieae 14 R Sternbergia lutea 3-633.65.00 Asphodeliaceae 1 R Paris quadrifolia 15 R Tulbaghia violacea 1 R Xanthorrhoea arborea 2 Petermannia cirrosa 15 Worsleya procera 1 R Xanthorrhoea preissii 3 R Trillium grandiforum 17 R Hymenocallis littoralis 1 R Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata 3 R Trillium cernuum 17 R Apodolirion buchananii 1 R Xeronema callistemon 3 R Trillium erectum 2 Agrostocrinum hirsutum 3 R Uvularia perfoliata 3-633.63.00 Hyacinthaceae 2 Arnocrinum preisii 3 Pseudotrillium rivale 1 Aphyllanthes monspeliensis 2 Geitonoplesium cymosum 6 R Xerophyllum tenax 2 Milla bifora 3 R Johnsonia pubescens 8 Amianthium muscitoxicum 2 Muilla maritima 3 Hensmania turbinata 10 R Gloriosa superba 3 R Triteleia ixioides 3 Herpolirion novae-zelandiae 11 R Veratrum album 3 Triteleiopsis palmeri 4 R Allium lusitanicum 11 R Veratrum nigrum 4 R Hyacinthoides non-scripta 4 parvifora 11 R Veratrum viride 4 Puschkinia scilloides 5 ensifolia 11 Alstroemeria aurea 4 amethystina 5 Corynotheca micrantha 13 R Schoenocaulon ofcinale 5 R ! Bowiea volubilis 6 R Dianella tasmanica 14 R Chamaelirium luteum 6 R romana 7 Simethis mattiazzii 15 R Colchicum autumnale 6 R Bellevalia paradoxa 7 Stypandra glauca 15 R Anticlea elegans 7 R ! Drimia maritima 7 Stawellia dimorphantha 16 Ypsilandra thibetica 9 R Ornithogalum candicans 9 Hemerocallis fulva 17 R Zigadenus glaberrimus 11 R Eucomis comosa 9 Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus Liliales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 2 Liliales

18-5-2019 Utrecht Jan Scholten Liliales

Subphases Liliales • Genera 1. Philesiaceae • 2 2. Smilacaceae • 2 3. Tricyrtaceae • 1 4. Liliaceae • 17 5. Melanthiaceae • 17 6. Colchicaceae • 16 7. Cordiaceae • 1 Liliales

Subphases Liliales • Genera Subphases 1. Philesiaceae • 2 Unsatisfactory 2. Smilacaceae • 2 Unbalanced 3. Tricyrtaceae • 1 4. Liliaceae • 17 Alstroemeriaceae: 4 5. Melanthiaceae • 17 Campynemataceae: 2 6. Colchicaceae • 16 Petermanniaceae: 1 7. Corsiaceae • 1 Ripogonaceae: 1 Liliales 3-633.60.00

• Asparagales • Liliales • 1 Iridaceae • 1 Iridaceae • 2 Hypoxidaceae • 2 Liliaceae • 3 Hyacinthaceae • 3 Hyacinthaceae • 4 Asparaceae • 4 Asparaceae • 5 Agavaceae • 5 Agavaceae • 6 Amaryllidaceae • 6 Amaryllidaceae • 7 Xanthorrhoaceae • 7 Xanthorrhoaceae Liliales 3-633.60.00 • Asparagales • 1 Iridaceae • 2 Hypoxidaceae • 3 Hyacinthaceae • 4 Asparaceae • 5 Agavaceae • 6 Amaryllidaceae • 7 Xanthrrhoaceae Liliales

Both the Lililiales order and the Liliaceae family have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another.

At one stage included most monocots with conspicuous and lacking starch in the endosperm

Now in Liliales, and Asparagales. Liliales Cronquist system (1981) order Liliales family Agavaceae family Aloaceae family Cyanastraceae family Dioscoreaceae family Haemodoraceae family Hanguanaceae family Iridaceae family Liliaceae family Philydraceae family Pontederiaceae family Smilacaceae family Stemonaceae family Taccaceae family Velloziaceae family Xanthorrhoeaceae Liliales Dahlgren system (1985) order Liliales family Alstroemeriaceae family Calochortaceae family Colchicaceae family Iridaceae family Liliaceae family Uvulariaceae Liliales Thorne system (1992) order Liliales family Alstroemeriaceae family Campynemataceae family Colchicaceae family Iridaceae family Liliaceae family Melanthiaceae family Trilliaceae Liliales APG III (2009) order Liliales family Alstroemeriaceae family Campynemataceae family Colchicaceae family Corsiaceae family Liliaceae family Melanthiaceae family Petermanniaceae family Philesiaceae family Ripogonaceae family Smilacaceae Liliales

Many of the phylogenetic and taxonomic problems with is due to the fact that the family is not characterised by a distinct set of unique characters, but rather by a combination of characters, most of which also occur in other asparagoid families. Because many of these characters are widely shared amongst various families, some authors believe that none of them in isolation or possibly not even in combination are sufficient to distinguish Asphodelaceae from other Asparagales families (CHASE & al. 2000). Liliales

Recent molecular research has shown that Sebacina is far more diverse than previously assumed, though this genetic diversity may not be reflected in morphological characters (in other words, species may be impossible to distinguish except by DNA analysis). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebacina Sebacina concrescens Lilium tigrinum Hemerocallis fulva Liliales 3-633.60.00

• Liliales • Liliales • 1. Philesiaceae • 1 Iridaceae • 2. Smilacaceae • 2 Amaryllidaceae • 3. Tricyrtaceae • 3 Hyacinthaceae • 4. Liliaceae • 4 Asparagaceae • 5. Melanthiaceae • 5 Asphodeliaceae • 6. Colchicaceae • 6 Liliaceae • 7. Corsiaceae • 7 Melianthaceae Liliales 3-633.60.00

• Asparagales • Liliales • 1 Iridaceae • 1 Iridaceae • 2 Hypoxidaceae • 2 Amaryllidaceae • 3 Hyacinthaceae • 3 Hyacinthaceae • 4 Asparaceae • 4 Asparagaceae • 5 Agavaceae • 5 Asphodeliaceae • 6 Amaryllidaceae • 6 Liliaceae • 7 Xanthorrhoaceae • 7 Melianthaceae Physenales 3-663.30.00 Taxonomy Introduction I the Apg3 classifcation of the there are many Tey are very empathic and good listeners. Tey adapt easily single families: Rhabdodendraceae, Simmondsiaceae, Aster- to people and try please them, give them comfort. And they opeiaceae, Physenaceae, Stegnospermataceae, Limeaceae and understand a lot. Tey can have deep talks with people who are Molluginaceae. Molluginaceae has 17 genera. All others families sufering. have only 1 . At the other hand they can have a problem staying with them- selves. Tey are easily overlooked and they easily neglect their Plant theory own needs and desires. Tey can quite easily lose their own way, In the frst version of the Plant theory the above families were their own autonomy. combined in Physenales, a conglomerate of families not ftting in a clear clade. It is obvious that this was lacking many possib- Mind lities. It was insufcient. It hardly gave good prescriptions, the Half position in the group, family or society. more so as they are not available in hoemopathy. Hardly noticed by anyone. In the update of the Plant theory the above families are fused in Tendency to adapt and please. an extended Physenaceae and placed in Subphase 7. Take little space Nyctaginaceae, formerly in Aizoales, is added to Physenales and Nice and easy going. is split in Bougainvilleoideae and Boerhavoideae and placed in Inner life is deep and very sensitive, so they will know that it is respectively in Subphase 5 and 6. better to be silent. Phytolaccaceae, formerly in Aizoales, is added to Physenales Easily overlooked, walked over and be unnoticed. and is split in Petiveriaceae and Phytolaccaceae and placed in respectively in Subphase 3 and 4. Molluginaceae is afly that has been problematic in botanical classifcations. It is hardly known in homeoapthy. It is placed in Subphase 3. In subphase 1 is placed a combination of Limeaceae, Stegno- spermatacaeae, Gisekiaceae, Barbeuiaceae, Lophiocarpaceae. Subphases 1. Limeaceae 2. Molluginaceae 3. Petiveriaceae Phytolaccaceae 4. Phytolaccaceae Phytolaccaceae 5. Bougainvilleoideae Nyctaginaceae 6. Boerhavoideae Nyctaginaceae 7. Physenaceae Physenales also to be called Nyctaginales Clades: Caryophyllidae, Asteranae Angiospermae, Plants. Physenales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 1 3-663.31.00 Limeaceae 3-663.36.00 Boerhavoideae Barbeuiaceae 2 S2 S3 Acleisanthes crassifolia Limeaceae 4 Boerhavia hirsuta Lophiocarpaceae 4 Boerhavia procumbens Gisekiaceae 5 Commicarpus fallacissimus Barbeuia madagascariensis 6 Andradea foribunda Limeum aethiopicum 7 R S9 Mirabilis jalapa Gisekia africana 7 Allionia incarnata Stegnosperma halimifolium 8 Abronia villosa Corbichonia decumbens 8 Abronia latifolia Lophiocarpus polystachyus 8 Abronia micrantha 10 Nyctaginia capitata 3-663.32.00 Molluginaceae 13 S4 Boerhavia difusa Glinus oppositifolius 13 S4 Boerhavia scandens Mollugo cerviana 15 Cuscatlania vulcanicola Glinus lotoides 16 Anulocaulis annulatus 17 Okenia hypogaea 3-663.33.00 Petiveriaceae R Mirabilis nyctaginea R Petiveria alliacea Hilleria latifolia 3-663.37.00 Physenaceae R Trichostigma peruvianum Asteropeiaceae Seguieria parvifolia Rhabdodendraceae Gallesia integrifolia Microteaceae Gisekia pharnaceoides Microtea debilis R Rivina humilis Physena madagascariensis Asteropeia multifora 3-663.34.00 Phytolaccaceae Rhabdodendron macrophyllum Phytolaccaceae Macarthuria australis Sarcobataceae Physenaceae 12 R Phytolacca americana 13 Sarcobatus vermiculatus R Phytolacca acinosa 3-663.35.00 Bougainvilleoideae 1 Cryptocarpus pyriformis 1 Belemia fucsioides 5 Colignonia ovalifolia 6 Leucaster caniforus 7 Reichenbachia hirsuta 8 S8 Ramisia brasiliensis 9 R S9 Oxybaphus nyctagineus 10 R S10 Bougainvillea glabra 10 Bougainvillea spectabilis 11 Cephalotomandra fragrans 12 R Pisonia brunoniana 12 Pisonia umbellifera 13 Phaeoptilum spinosum 13 Neea buxifolia 14 Guapira myrtifora 15 Neeopsis favifolia 16 Salpianthus macrodontus 16 Salpianthus arenarius Guapira eggersiana

Physenales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 2 Physenales

16-5-2019 Utrecht Jan Scholten Physenales Nyctaginales

Bougainvillea glabra Physenales

• Subphases Physenales • Genera • 1 Limeaceae • 1 • 2 Stegnospermataceae • 1 • 3 Asteropeiaceae • 1 • 4 Physenaceae • 1 • 5 Rhabdodendraceae • 1 • 6 • 0 • 7 • 0 Physenales

• Subphases Physenales • Genera • Problems • 1 Limeaceae • 1 • No remedies available • 2 Stegnospermataceae • 1 • No homeopathic MM • 3 Asteropeiaceae • 1 • 4 Physenaceae • 1 • No real remedy codes • 5 Rhabdodendraceae • 1 • Hard to find a remedy • 6 • 0 • 7 • 0 Where are the remedies? Physenales

Subphases Aizoales • Subphases Physenales • Genera• 1. Lophiocarpaceae • 1 Limeaceae • 1 • 7 2. Barbeuiaceae • 2 Molluginaceae • 1 • 17 3. Aizoaceae • 3 Petiveriaceae • 1 • 14 4. Gisekiaceae • 4 Phytolaccaceae • 1 • 7 5. Nyctaginaceae • 5 Bougainvilloideae • 1 • 17 6. Phytolaccaceae • 6 Boerhavioideae • 0 • 17 7. Sarcobataceae • 7 Physenaceae • 0 • 6 Physenales

• Subphases Physenales • Subphases Physenales • G • G • 1 Limeaceae • 1 Limeaceae • 1 • 7 • 2 Stegnospermataceae • 2 Molluginaceae • 1 • 17 • 3 Asteropeiaceae • 3 Petiveriaceae • 1 • 14 • 4 Physenaceae • 4 Phytolaccaceae • 1 • 7 • 5 Rhabdodendraceae • 5 Bougainvilloideae • 1 • 17 • 6 • 6 Boerhavioideae • 0 • 17 • 7 • 7 Physenaceae • 0 • 6 Limeaceae

• Subphase 1 Limeaceae • Single genus families • Limeaceae • Stegnospermataceae • Lophiocarpaceae • Barbeuiaceae • Sarbotaceae ? Phytolacaceae • Agdestiaceae ? Phytolacaceae

Limeum africanum Limeaceae

• Subphase 1 Limeaceae • No information • Phase 1: impulsive, single • Phase 3: careful, pleasing • Single and not seen or heard

Limeum africanum Molluginaceae

• Subphase 2 Molluginaceae • 1 Family: 11 species • No information • Phase 3: careful, pleasing • Phase 2: Adapting, giving in • Not seen or heard because of adapting

Mollugo verticillata Petiveriaceae

• Subphase 3 Petiveriaceae • Split off from Phytolacaceae • No information • 9 Genera: Gallesia, Hilleria, Ledenbergia, Monococcus, Petiveria, Rivina, Schindleria, Seguieria, Trichostigma.

Petiveria alliacea Petiveriaceae

• Subphase 3 Petiveriaceae • Phase 3: careful, pleasing • Phase 3: careful, pleasing • Not seen or heard, standing in between

Trichostigma peruvianum Phytolaccaceae

• Subphase 4 Phytolaccaceae • 4 genera: Agdestis, Anisomeria, Ercilla, Phytolacca • Phytolacca Phase 3 qualities

Phytolacca decantar Phytolaccaceae

• Subphase 4 Phytolaccaceae • Phase 3: careful, pleasing • Phase 4: stable, loyal • Standing in between, doubful, but still loyal.

Phytolacca decantar Bougainvilleoideae

• Subphase 5 Bougainvilleoideae • Nyctaginaceae is split in • Bougainvilleoideae • Boerhavioideae • Bougainvillea Phase 5 qualities

Bougainvillea glabra Bougainvilleoideae

• Subphase 5 Bougainvilleoideae • Nyctaginaceae is split in • Bougainvilleoideae • Boerhavioideae • Bougainvillea Phase 5 qualities

Bougainvillea glabra Boerhavioideae

• Subphase 6 Boerhavioideae • Nyctaginaceae is split in • Bougainvilleoideae • Boerhavioideae • Boerhavioideae Phase 6 qualities • Nyctagineaea: Abronia, Acleisanthes, Allionia, Anulocaulis, Boerhavia, Commicarpus, Cuscatlania, Cyphomeris, Mirabili, Nyctaginia, Okenia, Tripterocalyx

Boerhavia diffusa Boerhavioideae

• Subphase 5 Boerhavioideae • Phase 3: careful, pleasing • Phase 6: used, dirty, unloved • Boerhavia has Phase 6 qualities

Abronia umbellata Physenaceae

• Subphase 7 Physenaceae • Combi of single genus families • Rhabdodendraceae • Simmondsiaceae • Physenaceae • Asteropeiaceae • Microteaceae • Macarthuriaceae

Physena sessiflora Physenaceae

• Subphase 7 Physenaceae • No homeopathic information • Unsure combination • Phase 3: Pleasing, in between • Phase 7: rejected, outcast

Rhabdodendron amazonicum Polygonales 3-663.60.00

Taxonomy Introduction Polygonales has been an Order in old taxonomies, associated Tey feel used by their relatives, family, husband, wife or with Caryophyllales. It included the and Plum- friends. Tey have the impression that they have given too baginaceae, which in Stebbins classifcation was placed in its much, much more than they have gotten back. Ofen they did own Order. In the Apg2 classifcation Polygonales included so for fear of being lef alone, of being rejected. Tey felt only also Droseraceae and related carnivorous Families. In the Apg3 half loved, not really loved. Tey had the feeling that they were classifcation Polygonales is included in Caryophyllales. tolerated but not really accepted or loved. Tis is in contrast to their own feeling that everyone is equal and should be treated Plant theory equal. Teir philosophical and religious considerations help In the Plant theory Polygonales is split of from Caryophyllales. them to transcend their hardships and their feeling of being Droserales is split of from Polygonales, both being monophy- used by spouse or relatives. letic. In the update of the Plant theory Te Polygonales is split in its 4 Subfamilies: Rumexoideae, Persicarioideae, Polygonoideae and Eriogonoideae. Subphases 1. Tamaricaeae 2. Frankeniaceae 3. 4. Rumexoideae 5. Persicarioideae 6. Polygonoideae 7. Eriogonoideae Polygonales Clades: Plants, Angiospermae, Asteranae, Caryophyllidae

Polygonales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 1 3-663.61.00 Tamaricaceae 3-663.65.00 Persicarioideae 10 R Tamarix canariensis 5 Persicaria amphibia 13 R Myricaria germanica 6 Persicaria hydropiper 13 R Tamarix ramosissima 6 R Persicaria virginiana 7 Persicaria orientalis 3-663.62.00 Frankeniaceae 8 R ! Persicaria amplexicaulis 6 R S8! Frankenia laevis 11 R Persicaria bistorta R Frankenia pulverulenta 12 R Persicaria punctata R Frankenia salina 13 R S6? Persicaria maculosa 13 R ! Persicaria capitata 3-663.63.00 Plumbaginaceae 14 R Persicaria sagittata 1 Aegialitis annulata Bistorta bistortoides 2 Statice brasiliensis Bistorta afnis 4 R ! Armeria maritima Bistorta bistortoides 4 R Armeria pseudarmeria Koenigia islandica 5 R ! Ceratostigma willmottianum R Bistorta afnis 5 R Ceratostigma plumbaginoides R Antenoron fliforme 6 R Limonium brasiliense Aconogonon divaricatum 6 R S6! Limonium graecum 7 R !! Limonium sinuatum 3-663.66.00 Polygonoideae 8 R Limonium platyphyllum 1 Polygonella americana 9 R !! Limonium delicatulum 1 Oxygonum alatum 10 R Limoniastrum monopetalum 1 Pteroxygonum giraldii 12 R !! Psylliostachys suworowii 2 R axillaris 13 Acantholimon glumaceum 6 Reynoutria japonica 13 R ! Acantholimon ulicinum 8 R S8! aviculare 14 R Plumbago europaea 13 Homalocladium platycladum 14 R ! Plumbago zeylanica 16 Polygonum plebeium 14 R Plumbago indica 16 Atraphaxis pyrifolia 15 R tataricum 16 forulenta 17 R Limonium imbricatum 17 multifora 17 Polygonum sibiricum 3-663.64.00 Rumexoideae R Polygonum maritimum 2 R ! Fagopyrum esculentum Polygonum vulgare 8 Rumex obtusifolius R Polygonum amphibium 8 R ! Rumex acetosa R Fallopia aubertii 8 R Rumex alpinus Polygonum molle 8 Rumex britannica R Polygonum hydropiperoides 8 R Rumex crispus R Polygonum argyrocoleon 9 R Oxyria digyna R Polygonum scoparium 12 R Rheum palmatum R Polygonum persicaria 12 R Rheum rhaponticum R Polygonum pubescens 13 R Emex spinosa Centrostegia thurberi 16 Calligonum polygonoides Polygonum paleaceum 17 R Pteropyrum olivieri Polygonum sinomontanum Rumex conglomeratus Polygonum weyrichii Rumex acetosella Antenoron fliforme Rumex patientia Polygonum campanulatum Rumex lunaria Polygonum japonicum Rumex bucephalophorus Polygonum paniculatum 3-663.67.00 Eriogonoideae 1 Brunnichia ovata 2 R Antigonon leptopus 3 Pterostegia drymarioides 4 R Eriogonum umbellatum 7 R ! Eriogonum jamesii 7 Gilmania luteola 8 Gymnopodium foribundum 9 Centrostegia thurberi 9 Podopterus mexicanus 10 R Coccoloba pubescens 11 Ruprechtia apetala 11 Ruprechtia ramifora 12 R S12! Triplaris peruviana 17 Oxytheca perfoliata

Polygonales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 2 Portulacales 3-663.10.00 Taxonomy Introduction Portulacales is a clade in the Apg4 classifcation, a Suborder in Tey are loners; they feel like an outsider not belonging to the Order Caryophyllales. It is called the Potulacoid clade. It a group. Tere is a desire to belong to a group, a family. But contains the Families: Anacampserotaceae, Basellaceae Cacta- they are ofen too strange and weird, or consider themselves ceae, Didieraceae, Halophytaceae, , Portulacaceae too strange to be able to be accepted in a group. Tey are very and Talinaceae. Cactaceae is by far the biggest family in Portu- sensitive and have deep perceptions that they do not recognise lacales. In good right the Order could be called Cactales. in other people. Tey see themselves as deviating, not ftting in Recently there have been made big shif in some families. Te a group. Tey fear to lose their autonomy when being engaged quite big family Portulacaceae lost most of its memebers to to marry. Tey fear that they will give too much and get little in Montiaceae and has onlt as its member. return. So they prefer to stay single, especially afer disappoint- ments in relationships or friendships. Plant theory Tis personality doesn’t know how to make contact. It is as if it In the Plant theory Portulacales is an Order in the Subclass of is not possible to make connection. Tere is a fear that they will Caryophyllidae and is placed in Phase 1. Te placement in Sub- loose their independence when making a connection. phases is tentative. In the update of the Plant theory Te Portu- lalcales is reordered. Some small families have been fused. Mind In Subphase 1 is combined Didieraceae and Halophytaceae. Mania alternating depression in relationships. In Subphase 2 is combined Portulacaceae, Anacampserotaceae, Opening and closing their heart in relationships. Talinaceae and Basellaceae. Fear: losing their autonomy; being dependent. In Subphase 3 is Montiaceae. Ailments from being dominated, authoritarian parents or Te Cactaceae is split in its 4 Subfamilies: Echinocactoideae, teachers. Phyllocactoideae, Opuntioideae and Cereoioideae respectiveley Desire to stay single from fear of being overruled or dominated. in Suphase 4 to 7. Subphases 1. Didieracaeae 2. Portulacaceae 3. Montiaceae 4. Echinocactoideae Cactaceae 5. Phyllocactoideae Cactaceae 6. Opuntioideae Cactaceae 7. Cereoioideae Cactaceae Portulacales Names: Portulacaceous alliance; Portulacinae; Portulacaceous cohort. Clades: Caryophyllidae, Asteranae Angiospermae, Plants. Botany: succulent. Portulacales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 1 3-663.12.00 Didieraceae 3-663.15.00 Phyllocactideae Halophytaceae 1 Epiphyllum oxypetalum 6 Ceraria namaquensis 2 R Hylocereus undatus 8 R Portulacaria afra 2 R Weberocereus biolleyi 11 Didierea madagascariensis 3 Austrocactus coxii 12 procera 4 R Corryocactus erectus 14 Calyptrotheca somalensis 4 Acanthocereus tetragonus 17 Decarya madagascariensis 5 Echinocereus viridiforus 7 Weberbauerocereus johnsonii 3-663.12.00 Portulacaceae 8 Neobuxbaumia euphorbioides Talinaceae 9 Lophocereus schottii Basellaceae 9 Pachycereus pringlei 1 R Basella alba 9 Marginatocereus marginatus 2 R Anredera cordifolia 9 R Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum 3 R Tournonia hookeriana 10 R Carnegiea gigantea 4 Ullucus tuberosus 11 Stenocereus thurberi 7 R Portulaca oleracea 11 R Stenocereus aragonii 8 Portulaca pilosa 13 R Myrtillocactus geometrizans 10 R Portulaca grandifora 14 Cephalocereus senilis 13 R Talinum paniculatum 15 R ! Selenicereus grandiforus = Cactus grand. 14 Amphipetalum paraguayense 16 R Disocactus fagelliformis 15 Talinella boiviniana Leptocereus quadricostatus 17 Anacampseros rufescens 3-663.16.00 Opuntioideae 3-663.13.00 Montiaceae 2 Blossfeldia liliputana 2 Phemeranthus rugospermus 2 Maihuenia poeppigii 7 Cistanthe monandra 3 Quiabentia verticillata 8 R polyandra 4 R Pereskia grandifolia 8 Calandrinia ciliata 6 Austrocylindropuntia subulata 8 R Calandrinia compressa 6 Pterocactus tuberosus 8 R Calandrinia balonensis 7 Cumulopuntia boliviana 9 Cistanthe umbellata 7 Consolea corallicola 9 R Cistanthe grandifora 7 Tacinga funalis 12 R ! Claytonia sibirica 8 R Opuntia fcus-indica 12 Claytonia perfoliata 9 Opuntia tuna 13 disepala 9 Miqueliopuntia miquelii 13 Lewisia rediviva 10 Opuntia basilaris 13 Lewisia tweedyi 11 R Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis 13 R Lewisia cotyledon 11 Opuntia elatior 14 Lenzia chamaepitys 12 Nopalea cochenillifera 15 Hectorella caespitosa 13 Corynopuntia refexispina 16 Lyallia kerguelensis 14 Cylindropuntia tunicata 17 Schreiteria macrocarpa 15 Tunilla soehrensii R Opuntia aciculata 3-663.14.00 Echinocactoideae = Cacteae Cylindropuntia leptocaulis 2 Aztekium ritteri Opuntia karwinskiana 2 Geohintonia mexicana 3 Echinocactus williamsii 3-663.17.00 Cereoideae 4 Astrophytum ornatum 1 Rhipsalis micrantha 5 Echinomastus intertextus 1 R Rhipsalis baccifera 6 R Pelecyphora aselliformis 1 R Rhipsalis paradoxa 7 Leuchtenbergia principis 2 R Lepismium houlletianum 8 Ferocactus cylindraceus 3 R Hatiora salicornioides 9 Telocactus hexaedrophorus 5 Eriosyce villosa 10 Turbinicarpus valdezianus 6 Notocactus magnifcus 11 Mammillaria gigantea 6 Parodia leninghausii 12 R Echinocactus grusonii 7 Frailea pumila 13 R Ariocarpus retusus 8 R ! Cereus bonplandii 14 Escobaria vivipara 9 Pilosocereus pachycladus 15 R Coryphantha compacta 10 Stetsonia coryne 16 R Epithelantha micromeris 11 Coleocephalocereus aureus 16 Acharagma roseana 12 R Echinopsis pachanoi 17 R!! Lophophora williamsii 13 Cleistocactus straussii R Echinocereus triglochidiatus 14 Espostoa lanata Mammillaria bocasana 14 Gymnocalycium gibbosum Mammilloydia candida 15 R Rebutia minuscula Neomammillaria barbata 16 Uebelmannia pectinifera R Mammillaria melanocentra 17 Browningia candelaris R Mammillaria senilis Copiapoa humilis Echinomastus erectocentrus Pilocereus cereus Echinopsis oxygona Eulychnia castanea

Portulacales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 2 Portulacales

16-5-2019 Utrecht Jan Scholten Portulacales

Portulaca grandiflora Portulacales

• Subphases Portulacales • Genera • 1 Halophytaceae • 1 • 2 Basellaceae • 2 • 3 Talinaceae • 4 • 4 Cactaceae • 100 • 5 Montiacaceae • 14 • 6 Portulacaceae • 32, of 1 • 7 Didieraceae • 5 Portulacales

• Subphases Portulacales • Portulacales • Genera • 1 Halophytaceae • 1 Didieraceae • 7 • 2 Basellaceae • 2 Portulacaceae • 7 • 3 Talinaceae • 3 Montiaceae • 16 • 4 Cactaceae • 4 Echinocactoideae • 26 • 5 Montiaceae • 5 Phyllocactoideae • 31 • 6 Portulacaceae • 6 Opuntiodeae • 18 • 7 Didieraceae • 7 Ceroideae • 50 Portulacales

• Loners; outsider; single • Not belonging, fitting to a group. • Deep perceptions; spiritual • Fear to lose their autonomy • Fear marriage, parenthood • Difficult contact. • Opening and closing their heart • Fear: losing autonomy; in dependence. • Ailments from being dominated, authoritarian parents or teachers. Portulacales

• Body • General: emaciation; obesity. • Lungs: asthma, cramp in air passages. • Heart: pain, constriction, oppression; tamponade; myocarditis, pericarditis, stenocardy, pulse fast, slow, hard; cyanosis. • Stomach: gastritis; ulcer; cramp < food. • Rectum: cramp, constriction; dysentery. • Female: menses cramps, constriction uterus; vaginismus. • Limbs: rheumatism. 1 Didieriaceae Didieriaceae Didierea, Aluaudia Halophytaceae Halophytum

Alluaudia montagnacii 2 Portulacaceae

Portulacaceae: Portulaca Anacampserotaceae Talinaceae Basellaceae

Portulaca oleraceae 3 Montiaceae Claytonia sibirica No contact with her baby Angry at her weeping baby

Claytonia sibirica 4 Echinocactoideae Echinocactoideae = Cacteae Mammillaria

Mammillaria melanocentra 5 Phyllocactoideae Cactus grandifloras

• Heart: pain, constriction, • as if iron strings contracting • Clutched, released, by iron hand • Expands and contracts • tamponade; myocarditis, pericarditis, stenocardy • pulse fast, slow, hard • Red face • Phase 5 Selenicereus grandifloras 6 Opuntioideae Opuntia vulgaris

• Segmented cacti

• Dirt, ugly

Opuntia ficus-indica 7 Cereoideae Cereus bonplandii

Cereus bonplandii • Destructive in relationships • Curse, swear: P7 • Throw things at persons when resisted • Stage 8, working hard 3-633.50.00

Taxonomy Introduction Zingiberales is an oder reconised for a long time in botany. Te Phase 5 quality is confrmed by cases. Tey are enthusiastic In the Apg3 classifcation it is an oder placed in the superoder and ambitious. Tey like to achieve a lot and like to win. Tey Commelonoids. Zingiberales is an Order with about 110 genera are expansive, passionate and popular. Te passionate quality and 2800 species. Te Commelinoids was by far the biggest is enhanced by the theme of relationships of the Lilidae. Tey clade in LIliidae. can easily be too present and so limiting to others. At the other hand they easily feel limited. Plant theory Tey like to be part of a family, family is very important to In the frst version of the Plant theory the Order Zingiberales them. But at the same time they ofen feel limited by it. Family was in Phase 4, Commelinoids, and in Subphase 5. Tere was a life is too predictable, too boring. Sticking to doing things with strong imbalance in quantities. the family feels too restrictive, lacking in life. Tey are full of In Plant theory 2 Zingiberales is Split of from the Commeli- life, exuberant, extravagant. Tey have a desire to get as much noids and placed in Phase 5. Te Phase 5 quality has was clear out of life as possible. Tey are very enthusiastic. Tey want to from the past and as such it was placed is in Subphase 5. One enjoy life, have extremes of experience. can say that Zingiberales is raised from the level of Family, Subphase, to the level of Order, Phase. Te several families of Mind Zingiberales are placed in the Subphases. Te biggest family Puberty problems love and relation problems. is split in 2 and placed in Subphase 4 and 5. Te High libido. second biggest family is split in 2 and placed in Cheerful, good humoured, pleasing. Subphase 2 and 3. Te small families Musaceae, Lowiaceae, Forgetful, weak memory. Cannaceae and Strelitziaceae are placed together in Musaceae Dream: robber, stranger, journey. in Subphase 1. Sexual desire high, lascivious. Inhibited, sexually. Subphases Reserved. Personal inhibition. 1 Musaceae Averse to sympathy. 2 Marantoideae 3 Calatheoideae General 4 Alpinoideae Sensation: burning, crawling, aching, constricting. 5 Desire: thirst. 6 Sleep: sleepless. 7 Heliconiaceae Body Head: headache, forehead. Limbs: pain in hands and feet.

Zingiberales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 1 3-633.51.00 Musaceae 16 Riedelia alata Cannaceae Lowiaceae Strelitziaceae 16 Siamanthus siliquosus 2 R Musa paradisiaca 17 Burbidgea nitida 2 Musa basjoo 17 Burbidgea schizocheila 3 Ensete superbum 4 R Orchidantha borneensi 3-633.55.00 Zingiberoideae 4 12 Phenakospermum guyannense 1 Siphonochilus aethiopicus 4 Musella lasiocarpa 2 R Globba winitii 9 R Strelitzia reginae 2 Globba patens 11 R Ravenala madagascariensis 3 Hemiorchis burmanica 17 R Canna glauca 4 Stahlianthus campanulatus 17 R Canna indica 5 Camptandra latifolia 17 Canna paniculata 6 R longa 7 R Roscoea scillifolia 3-633.52.00 Marantoideae 8 R Cautleya spicata 1 Talia dealbata 9 R Hedychium coronarium 1 Talia geniculata 9 R Hedychium gardnerianum 2 Schumannianthus dichotomus 11 R ofcinale 3 Phrynium pubinerve 11 Zingiber zerumbet 4 Donax canniformis 11 Zingiber montanum 6 R Maranta arundinacea 12 R Curcuma alismatifolia 6 R Maranta lietzei 12 Distichochlamys citrea 6 Maranta leuconeura 13 Scaphochlamys malaceana 6 Koernickanthe orbiculata 14 R Kaempferia galanga 6 Maranta sobolifera 15 Hanifa cyanescens 7 Hylaeanthe hexantha 16 Boesenbergia rotunda 8 Myrosma cannifolia 16 Curcumorpha longifora 9 Ataenidia conferta 10 Saranthe ustulata 3-633.56.00 Costaceae 11 Ctenanthe setosa 1 Monocostus uniforus 12 Stromanthe porteana 2 Dimerocostus strobilaceus 13 Halopegia azurea 3 Chamaecostus cuspidatus 14 Indianthus virgatus 4 maculatus 15 R Marantochloa conferta 5 Costus dubius 16 Afrocalathea rhizantha 6 Costus pictus 17 spicatum 7 Costus villosissimus 8 Costus productus 3-633.53.00 Calatheoideae 8 Costus woodsonii 1 Monophyllanthe oligophylla 9 Costus curvibracteatus 2 Goeppertia efusa 9 Costus comosus 3 R Pleiostachya pruinosa 10 R Costus spiralis 4 R ! Ischnosiphon ovatus 11 R Costus arabicus 5 Monotagma densifora 12 R Costus spicatus 6 Calathea lanata 13 Cheilocostus speciosus 7 R Calathea varians 14 Cheilocostus globosus 8 R Calathea crotalifera 15 Paracostus englerianus 9 R Calathea warscewiczii 16 R ! Tapeinochilos ananassae 10 Calathea macrosepala 17 Costus lateriforus 10 Calathea lutea 10 Calathea altissima 3-633.57.00 Heliconiaceae 11 Sanblasia dressleri 1 Heliconia indica 12 Haumania liebrechtsiana 2 Heliconia velloziana 13 Megaphrynium macrostachyum 3 R Heliconia psittacorum 14 Hypselodelphys violacea 4 Heliconia imbricata 15 Sarcophrynium prionogonium 5 Heliconia tortuosa 16 Trachyphrynium braunianum 6 Heliconia latispatha 17 Taumatococcus favus 7 Heliconia subulata 7 Heliconia chartacea 3-633.54.00 Alpinioideae 8 Heliconia mariae 1 R Aframomum angustifolium 9 R ! Heliconia lingulata 1 Aframomum melegueta 10 R Heliconia rostrata 1 Aframomum corrorima 11 Heliconia bihai 2 Alpinia galanga 11 Heliconia aurea 3 R Alpinia conchigera 12 R Heliconia wagneriana 4 Renealmia brasiliensis 13 Heliconia pendula 4 R Renealmia cernua 14 Heliconia metallica 5 Elettariopsis curtisii 15 Heliconia obscura 6 R Elettaria cardamomum 16 Heliconia badoloi 7 R Alpinia ofcinarum 17 Heliconia impudica 8 Plagiostachys lateralis Heliconia spathocircinata 9 R Alpinia zerumbet 10 R Etlingera elatior 11 Alpinia elegans 12 Alpinia purpurata 13 Hornstedtia costata 14 Amomum villosum 15 Pleuranthodium tephrochlamys Zingiberales Spring seminar 2019 16-5-2019 © Copyright J.C. Scholten page 2

Marantaceae Phylogeny Poster genera with plesio-/apomorphic and (non)diagnostic traits

; spathes large, suborbicular, showy white, persistent bracteoles –, interphylls – fr indehiscent, tuberculate; aril – Haumania (3) Sarcophrynium rosulate; bracteoles 2 per cymule Clade branches of cucullate staminode appendage (sub)equal; outer staminodes petaloid fr indehiscent aril ++ Sarcophrynium (4) (W Africa, Congo Basin) rosulate bracteole 1, glandular; outer staminodes – fr indehiscent, large, winged, exocarp leathery, endocarp mucilaginous aril ++ (thaumatin) Thaumatococcus (2) rosulate; bracteole 1 per cymule branches of cucullate staminode appendage (sub)equal outer staminodes stiff; fr dehiscent also Sudan, Uganda Megaphrynium (4)

rosulate fr dehiscent bracteoles 2, glandular aril + Trachyphrynium (1) cucullate staminode appendage: lower branch much longer than upper caulescent fr indehiscent robust herbs (some lianas) aril – Hypselodelphys (7) rhizomatous rosulate; lvs never patterned pantropical (except AUS) bracteoles glandular, interphylls + cymules 2(3)-fowered “jungle weeds”>>> ovary with 3 fertile locules Calathea (37) mostly trop. rainforest habitats Calathea forest margins/ Clade bracteoles –, interphylls (–) disturbed patches/light gaps America cymules 1-fowered branch axes of repeating units of humid tropics (mostly) ovary with 1 fertile locule Monotagma (37) internodes (frst two very short) outer staminode 1 bearing prophyll, rosulate bracteoles glandular, interphylls + reduced (interphyll/mesophyll), cymules 2(3)-fowered ovary with 3 fertile locules and sheath or expanded leaf Goeppertia (250) leaf sheath closed rosulate lvs lamina asymmetric, often patterned bracteoles keeled bracteoles + spathes conduplicate also in bud lvs sec. veins uniquely sigmoid forescences laterally fattened Pleiostachya (1) pulvinate at upper end > lvs heliotropic/nyctinastic rosulate or caulescent bracteoles not keeled (tracking sun/fold upright at night) spathes tightly rolled, at least in bud forescences terete Ischnosiphon (35) rosulate or caulescent; marsh plants; bracteoles –, interphylls – inf with spathes (“bracts”) outer staminode 1, petaoid, showy forescence axes of units with cucullate staminode with double appendage fr caryopsis-like prophyll, interphyll, and bracteole America S America to southern N America Thalia (6)

fws in mirror-image pairs rosulate; spathes spiralled, inf congested, capitate C, A, and style all basally fused Donax bracteoles –, interphylls + Clade outer staminodes 2, cucullate staminode with appendage with near apex staminodium cucullatum and fr dehiscent, aril + staminodium callosum India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Is. Phrynium (40) style under tension, “explosive” staminal tube conspicuous sec. pollen presentation with “stamp” fr dehiscent, 3 Asia aril + fr or berry caulescent Myanmar to Borneo Schumannianthus (2) silica bodies (hat-shaped or druses) tall, canelike stem lvs clustering on top bracteoles 2, glandular staminal tube minute fr indehiscent, seeds 1–2 aril – SE Asia Donax (1)

tall (1–3 m) lvs and inf on same shoot Africa, Réunion, Comoro Islands Marantochloa (15)

Stachyphrynium Clade Africa, Asia small plants lvs and inf on separate shoots W Africa Afrocalathea (1) rosulate bracteoles –, interphylls + or – K short, C tube long, anther app. hood-like fr dehiscent, seeds 1–2 India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia Stachyphrynium (9)

rosulate; marsh plants one much smaller than other two fr indehiscent (caryopsis-like), 1 Congo Basin, Madagascar, Myanmar–Thailand–Cambodia, Java Halopegia (3)

Africa, Asia caulescent fertile A with large petaloid appendage fr dehiscent, seeds 3 S India, Sri Lanka Indianthus (1)

forescence of 1 or 2 slightly overlapping spathes lateral synforescences – cymule axis > 2 cm fr dehiscent, aril + Maranta (40) + Koernickanthe (1) Maranta Clade rosulate bracteoles – (most) "fenestrate sheaths" interphylls – (all) forescence units of 2–3 cymules Hylaeanthe (2)

forescences monosymmetrical forescence units of 1 cymule spathes white/pale green, later buff dry forests Myrosma (1) S America humid tropics (mostly) rosulate forescence units of 1 cymule southeastern S America Saranthe (8)

caulescent; lvs usu. clustered bracteoles if present scale-like C tube shorter than wide C and inner staminodes usu. not exceeding K callose staminode entirely frm/feshy Stromanthe (19)

rosulate or caulescent lvs antitropic bracteoles + (scale- to sheath-like) cymule axis < 1 cm callose staminode distally petaloid Ctenanthe (16)

Theodor C. H. Cole, Dipl. Biol. plants cormose; monoecious; laticifers +; lvs spiral, petiole short, buds not axillary [leaf-opposed] inf bracts deciduous, cincinni at right angles to the main axis, foral bracts and bracteoles 0 Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS) median inner T ± reduced, cucullate, free, (all 6 T connate, whorls strongly differentiated) septal nectary labyrinthine

2/41 Institute of Biology – Botany Africa, Himalayas to SE Asia, Philippines, N AUS Musaceae

Freie Universität Berlin large herbs; lvs two-ranked; inf with large, colored bracts fw with -like tepals Altensteinstr. 6 fr drupaceous borne on stout, elongated single hard stone per loculus trop. America (most), Sulawesi to Pacifc D-14195 Berlin, Germany 1/200 Heliconiaceae

roots not medullated, scattered wide vessels; vessels also in stem lvs two-ranked, petiole long; inf with tough, green bracts often giant herbs • phylogeny of Marantaceae (2016) fw with connate lateral abaxial no aerial stem except when fowering References fr capsules woody; seeds with conspicuous, fmbriate arils

leaf with petiole and blade 3/7 • hypothetical tree (largely in fux) trop. S Am, E S Africa, Madagascar Strelitziaceae monopodial anthers long • approx. 30 genera, about 550 species Andersson L (1998) In: Kubitzki K (ed) FGVP, Vol IV (characteristics of family and genera) T differentiated large aril of long hairs fw median sepal adaxial, Borchsenius F et al. (2012) Syst. Bot. 37(3): 620-635 (phylogenies) seeds arillate, with germination valves • median petal a large abaxial labellum species numbers largely in fux; numbers in parentheses are approximate 8 fam., 92 genera, 2185 spp. Kirchoff BK (1983) Am. J. Bot. 70(4): 508-523 lateral petals small

1/20 • branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale Ley AC, Claßen-Bockhoff R (2011) Syst. Bot. 36(2): 277-290 S China to Borneo Lowiaceae

• the characters listed do not necessarily apply to all members of the according clade Niissalo MA et al. (2016) Phytotaxa 289(3): 201-224 large herbs; mucilage canals in stem; petiole short Prince LA, Kress WJ (2006) 55(2): 281-296 secondary pollen presentation; stigma on one edge fr warty/spiny capsule Stevens PF (2017) APweb – www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb (general) aromatic resin + Ataenidia submerged in Marantochloa 1/10 Cannaceae Suksathan P et al. (2009) Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 159: 381-395 N World (sub)tropics Cominsia submerged in Phrynium vessels in stem pantropical rainforest “jungle weeds” (not AUS); robust herbs Goeppertia here including all members of the former Calathea I clade fw asymmetric petiole pulvinate at upper end > lvs heliotropic/nyctinastic fws in mirror image pairs; C, A, and style all basally fused Monophyllanthe affn. Marantochloa stigma not notably staminodium cucullatum and staminodium callosum style “explosive”; secondary pollen presentation with “stamp” Marantaceae

expanded 31/550 Monophrynium submerged in Phrynium Thanks to Finn Borchsenius for valuable advice and for an updated list of species per genus (in parentheses) petiole short inf branches spiral Phalecophrynium submerged in Phrynium P fully bicyclic, herbs, perennial; rhizomatous; non-aromatic inner whorl connate stems s.t. spirally contorted; lvs spiromonostichous, sheath closed Sanblasia synonymized with Calathea hairs multicellular, uniseriate, unbranched labellum of fve fused staminodes; petaloid A 1 pantropical

6/110 Costaceae

[median member of inner whorl] ingiberales 2 A of both whorls staminodial, Angiosperm Tracheophyte Bryophyte ± petal-like lvs plane of distichy perpendicular/transverse to lateral staminodes well developed and fused to labellum

Phylogeny Phylogeny Phylogeny Z (sub)tropical, esp. SE Asia-Malesia Zingiberaceae

Poster Poster Poster 56/ca.1200 © The Author, 2017 (CC-BY) Author, © The

View publication stats

Zingiberaceae Phylogeny Poster subfamilies, tribes, and genera with plesio-/apomorphic and (non)diagnostic traits

seasonal dormancy period; rhizome feshy Siphonochilus 12 bracteoles absent; ovary trilocular, placentation axial; capsule feshy Africa, Madagascar Aulotandra 6

plants evergreen; rhizome fbrous ovary unilocular, placentation parietal Borneo and Malaysia Tamijia 1

fw few to many per bract bulbils often on lower part of inf or leaf axils E India, S China, SE Asia (chiefy Indo-Chinese monsoon region) Globba 96

bracts caducous; fw single per bract fw yellow or red; flament short central to E Himalaya, Myanmar Hemiorchis 3 labellum often connate to long-exserted and curved flament in a slender tube ovary unilocular placentation parietal fw greenish, single on rachis Thailand, Cambodia, S Vietnam anther crest spurred or absent Gagnepainia 3 Globbeae

bracts distichous lvs distichy perpendicular seeds with short hairs, no aril (transverse) to rhizome S Himalaya, S China, S Thailand Monolophus 28

lateral staminodes bracts laterally connate at base, forming pouches

well developed and Tamijioideae anther versatile fused to labellum trop. Australasia (India to ) Curcuma 100

Siphonochiloideae bracts 1–3, large, with apical foliaceous appendage

China (Yunnan, Sichuan) Pyrgophyllum ? 1

anther basally spurred, versatile inf with single large bract S Thailand, W Malaysia, Sumatra Camptandra 4

labellum usually not connate to flament bracteole tubular with two keels ovary trilocular flament short placentation axial, basal, or free columnar Vietnam Distichochlamys 3 low herbs lvs asymmetric, often purple underside f bracts coriaceous, persistent, labellum with colored streaks bracts distichous S Thailand to Singapore Scaphochlamys c. 30 Zingibereae inf with few to many bracts fw single per bract Myxochlamys 2 fw with several thin, Borneo

Zingiberoideae translucent, marcescent bracts

absence of colored streaks on labellum capitate stigma with two dorsal knobs Borneocola 8 lvs plane of distichy parallel to rhizome acaulescent, lvs radical uppermost fws open frst hairs on seeds SE Asia, trop. S Himalaya, S China Boesenbergia 70

fw shoots appear before lvs bracteole open to base, bifd; fw from base to apex trop. Asia Kaempferia 29 petiole with pulvinus style exserted well beyond anther tip, elongated anther crest wrapped round the style trop. Asia (esp. Indo-China, Borneo) Zingiber 141

acaulescent, lvs distichous fw yellow-orange Thailand Cornukaempferia 3

fw yellow peninsular Malaysia Kedhalia 1

anther not versatile, crest short, not spurred Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, Borneo Haniffa 4

fw single per bract central Vietnam Newmania 3

leaf sheath tubular bract green, fw single per bract Himalaya, S China, N Vietnam Roscoea 22

bracteole absent; anther basally spurred bracts red; fw single per bract S Himalaya, S China, N Thailand Cautleya 4

K tubular; lateral staminodes absent flament long, exserted from C, distally grooved; style fliform China, Myanmar, Thailand Pommereschea 2

often epiphytic K tubular Yunnan, Myanmar, Assam Rhynchanthus 4

labellum narrow, elongate flament long, arched India to Myanmar Larsenianthus 4

cincinni several-fw, C tube long aril red, lacerate S and SE Asia Hedychium 87

herbs < 150 cm; C tube 5–6 cm, flament 8–20 cm fr siliqua-like, narrowly elongate S Thailand Siamanthus 1

some epiphytic; fw single or in pairs ovary 3-locular Borneo Burbidgea 5

some epiphytic; cincinni 1–3-fowered ovary 1- or 3-locular east of Wallace‘s Line Riedelia 75 Riedelieae

large plants; fw single on inf axis capsule fr splits to base into 3 equal valves elongated, Papua and opening Pleuranthodium 23 to the base

Alpinioideae bracts minute

fr cylindrical, torulose, resembling siliques Vietnam, S China Siliquamomum 3

inf branched evergreen fw small, bracteoles open, labellum clawed; fr thin-walled lateral staminodes continental Asia reduced or absent Alpinia II incl. A. galanga, A. nigra rhizome fbrous endotesta lignifed anther fan-shaped, ± 3-lobed or extended fr usually winged, angled, or grooved chiefy SE Asia, NE India, SE Asia China, Australia Amomum I incl. Elettariopsis

anther crest conspicuous, usually 3-lobed fr feshy trop. Africa, Madagascar Aframomum c. 50

trichomes stellate; anther crest absent fr ± feshy, dehiscent from base to apex; seeds with often orange aril Mexico, Caribbean, S America and Africa Renealmia c. 75 Alpinieae

capsule anther crest absent inf radical, capitate, erect indehiscent, on long leafess peduncle ( ) feshy Alpinia I A. fax, A. abundifora SW India, Sri Lanka (evergreen rainforest) plant 2-4 m inf procumbent, paniculate petals white/yellowish with lilac veins Elettaria I (E. cardamomum)

labellum broadly spread and/or inf drooping Java, peninsular Malaysia, S Thailand Alpinia VI labellum tip entire; lvs strongly aromatic anther crest forked fr smooth when dry S China, N Thailand, N Laos, N Vietnam Lanxangia (Amomum II)

anther crest horned fr semilunar, 3-lobed Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia, S Vietnam Geostachys c. 18

large plants; primary inf bract caducous labellum narrow feshy, adpressed to the stamen Sulawesi and east of Wallace’s Line Alpinia III Theodor C. H. Cole, Dipl. Biol. primary inf bract missing Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS) cincinni short, fw 1-3 Institute of Biology – Botany trop. Asia Alpinia IV + Plagiostachys Freie Universität Berlin Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany anther crest short, ± 3-lobed fr smooth when dry Sarawak (Borneo) Epiamomum (Amomum VI) 2

stilt roots • subfamilies, tribes, and genera (based on published data), incl. plesio-/apomorphic as well as (non)diagnostic traits corolla elongated as an overview in an educational context – regular updates forthcoming Indonesia, Malaysia • hypothetical tree (largely in fux) based on currently available molecular phylogenetic data Hornstedtia I • approx. 50 accepted genera, about 1200 species • species numbers largely in fux; numbers in parentheses are approximate • branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale Sumatra, Vietnam, SE China Amomum IX + Hornstedtia III • the characters listed do not necessarily apply to all members of the respective clade Alpinia, Amomum, and Etlingera largely polyphyletic (currently being revised) Caulokaempferia now included in Monolophus and Boesenbergia References (selected) Pacifc Ocean, incl. Philippines, Oceania, Australia Boesenbergia including Haplochorema (6) ?, Jirawongsea de Boer H et al. (2018) Alpinia V Borneocola recently considered part of Scaphochlamys Hin OI et al. (2017) Kress WJ et al. (2002, 2007, 2010) large involucre of sterile inf bracts Curcuma incl. Smithatris, Stahlianthus, Laosanthus, Paracautleya, Hitchenia Larsen K et al. (1998) corolla tube fused to labellum Elettariopsis nested in Amomum I in: Kubitzki K (ed) FGVP, IV Ngamriabsakul C et al. (2004) single stamen flament, staminal tube Globba including Mantisia Sam YY et al. (2016) Borneo, Malaya, S Yunnan Etlingera + Hornstedtia II Nanochilus, Stadiochilus, Parakaempferia: position uncertain! Stevens PF (2018) APweb Vanoverberghia, Leptosolena, Paramomum likely nested in Alpinia Záveská E et al. (2012) single fw per bract; bracteoles tubular flament always free from the labellum anther crest semilunar/lobed Thanks to the collaborators in the ZPP team: Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Lin Bai, Sof Mursidawati, Atsuko Takano, Pramote Triboun fr echinate/prickly or smooth when dry Meistera (Amomum VIII)

chiefy mainland SE Asia anther crest eared three small lobes (side lobes usually point upwards and mid lobe positioned behind stigma) fr echinate or fnely ribbed when dry Wurfbainia (Amomum VII) plants cormose; monoecious; laticifers +; lvs spiral, petiole short, buds not axillary [leaf-opposed] inf bracts deciduous, cincinni at right angles to the main axis, foral bracts and bracteoles 0 median inner T ± reduced, cucullate, free, (all 6 T connate, whorls strongly differentiated) anther crest extended, with lobules septal nectary labyrinthine fr ribbed or grooved when dry Africa, Himalayas to SE Asia, Philippines, N AUS 2/41 Musaceae Borneo, Sumatra, W Java Sundamomum 14 large herbs; lvs two-ranked; inf with large, colored bracts fw with petal-like tepals fr drupaceous borne on stout, elongated pedicel anther crest horned single hard stone per loculus trop. America (most), Sulawesi to Pacifc fr smooth when dry

1/200 Heliconiaceae Borneo, peninsular Malaysia Conamomum 10 often giant herbs roots not medullated, scattered wide vessels; vessels also in stem no aerial stem except lvs two-ranked, petiole long; inf with tough, green bracts when fowering fw with connate lateral abaxial petals leaf with petiole and blade fr capsules woody; seeds with conspicuous, fmbriate arils trop. S Am, E S Africa, Madagascar 3/7 Strelitziaceae anther crest ecristate, short or 4-lobed fr smooth when dry monopodial Amomum V + Elettaria II anthers long T differentiated stigma large aril of long hairs fw median sepal adaxial, seeds arillate, median petal a large abaxial labellum anther crest short/entire or extended with germination valves lateral petals small staminodes connate to flament 8 fam., 92 genera, 2185 spp. 1/20 Lowiaceae S China to Borneo fr grooved, rugose large herbs; mucilage canals in stem; petiole short Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines Geocharis 6 secondary pollen presentation; stigma on one edge fr warty/spiny capsule aromatic resin + N World (sub)tropics 1/10 Cannaceae

vessels in stem pantropical rainforest “jungle weeds” (not AUS); robust herbs fw asymmetric petiole pulvinate at upper end > lvs heliotropic/nyctinastic fws in mirror image pairs; C, A, and style all basally fused stigma not notably staminodium cucullatum and staminodium callosum style “explosive”; secondary pollen presentation with “stamp” Marantaceae petiole short expanded 31/550 inf branches spiral P fully bicyclic, herbs, perennial; rhizomatous; non-aromatic inner whorl connate stems s.t. spirally contorted; lvs spiromonostichous, sheath closed hairs multicellular, uniseriate, unbranched labellum of fve fused staminodes; stamen petaloid A 1 pantropical

6/110 Costaceae

[median member of ingiberales inner whorl] Angiosperm Tracheophyte Bryophyte 2 A of both whorls staminodial, lvs plane of distichy perpendicular/transverse to rhizome ± petal-like lateral staminodes well developed and fused to labellum Phylogeny Phylogeny Phylogeny (sub)tropical, esp. SE Asia-Malesia Zingiberaceae Z 56/ca.1200 Poster Poster Poster © The Author, 2018 (CC-BY) Author, © The Zingiberales

18-5-2019 Utrecht Jan Scholten Zingiberales 3-633.50.00

• • Zingiberales • Genera • 1 • 1 Musaceae • 1,1,3,5 • 2 • 2 Marantoideae • ± 14 • 3 • 3 Calatheoideae • ± 14 • 4 • 4 Alpinoideae • ± 29 • 5 Zingiberales • 5 Zingiberoideae • ± 29 • 6 • 6 Costaceae • 8 • 7 • 7 Heliconiaceae • 1/170 Zingiberales 3-633.50.00

• 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 Zingiberales • 6 • 7 Zingiberales 111111

• 1 Musaceae • 2 Marantoideae • 3 Calatheoideae • 4 Alpinoideae • 5 Zingiberoideae • 6 Costaceae • 7 Heliconiaceae Zingiberales 3-633.50.00

median inner T ± reduced, cucullate, free, (all 6 T connate, whorls strongly differentiated) septal nectary labyrinthine

2/41 Musaceae • 1 Africa, Himalayas to SE Asia, Philippines, N AUS fr drupaceous borne on stout, elongated pedicel single hard stone per loculus

1/200 Heliconiaceae

• 2 often giant herbs

leaf with petiole and blade 3/7 trop. S Am, E S Africa, Madagascar Strelitziaceae monopodial anthers long T differentiated stigma large aril of long hairs median petal a large abaxial labellum 8 fam., 92 genera, 2185 spp. lateral petals small

• 3 1/20 S China to Borneo Lowiaceae

large herbs; mucilage canals in stem; petiole short secondary pollen presentation; stigma on one edge fr warty/spiny capsule aromatic resin + 1/10 Cannaceae • 4 N World (sub)tropics pantropical rainforest “jungle weeds” (not AUS); robust herbs stigma not notably staminodium cucullatum and staminodium callosum Marantaceae

expanded 31/550 petiole short P fully bicyclic, herbs, perennial; rhizomatous; non-aromatic • 5 Zingiberales inner whorl connate hairs multicellular, uniseriate, unbranched A 1 pantropical

6/110 Costaceae

ingiberales 2 A of both whorls staminodial, ± petal-like • 6 to rhizome (sub)tropical, esp. SE Asia-Malesia Zingiberaceae Z 56/ca.1200 • 7 Zingiberales 3-633.50.00

• 1 Musaceae • 2 Marantoideae • 3 Calatheoideae • 4 Alpinoideae • 5 Zingiberoideae • 6 Costaceae • 7 Heliconiaceae • Strelizia regina Zingiberales 3-633.50.00

• 1 Musaceae • 2 Marantoideae • 3 Calatheoideae • 4 Alpinoideae • 5 Zingiberoideae • 6 Costaceae • 7 Heliconiaceae • Maranta leuconeura

Marantaceae Phylogeny Poster genera with plesio-/apomorphic and (non)diagnostic traits

lianas; spathes large, suborbicular, showy white, persistent bracteoles –, interphylls – fr indehiscent, tuberculate; aril – Haumania (3) Sarcophrynium rosulate; bracteoles 2 per cymule Clade fr indehiscent Africa aril ++ Sarcophrynium (4) Zingiberales (W Africa, Congo Basin) rosulate bracteole 1, glandular; outer staminodes – fr indehiscent, large, winged, exocarp leathery, endocarp mucilaginous aril ++ (thaumatin) Thaumatococcus (2) rosulate; bracteole 1 per cymule branches of cucullate staminode outer staminodes stiff; fr dehiscent also Sudan, Uganda Megaphrynium (4)

rosulate fr dehiscent bracteoles 2, glandular aril + Trachyphrynium (1) cucullate staminode 3-633.50.00 appendage: lower branch much longer than upper caulescent fr indehiscent robust herbs (some lianas) aril – Hypselodelphys (7) rhizomatous pantropical (except AUS) bracteoles glandular, interphylls + cymules 2(3) “jungle weeds”>>> Calathea (37) mostly trop. rainforest habitats Calathea forest margins/ Clade bracteoles –, interphylls (–) disturbed patches/light gaps America branch axes of repeating units of humid tropics (mostly) Monotagma (37) outer staminode 1 bearing prophyll, rosulate bracteoles glandular, interphylls + reduced leaf (interphyll/mesophyll), cymules 2(3) and sheath or expanded leaf Goeppertia (250) leaf sheath closed rosulate bracteoles keeled bracteoles + spathes conduplicate also in bud Pleiostachya (1) • 1 Musaceae rosulate or caulescent bracteoles not keeled (tracking sun/fold upright at night) spathes tightly rolled, at least in bud Ischnosiphon (35) rosulate or caulescent; marsh plants; bracteoles –, interphylls – outer staminode 1, petaoid, showy cucullate staminode with double appendage fr caryopsis-like prophyll, interphyll, and bracteole America S America to southern N America Thalia (6)

C, A, and style all basally fused Donax bracteoles –, interphylls + Clade outer staminodes 2, cucullate staminode with appendage with near apex staminodium cucullatum and fr dehiscent, aril + India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Is. Phrynium (40) • 2 Marantoideae staminodium callosum style under tension, staminal tube conspicuous sec. pollen presentation with “stamp” fr dehiscent, seeds 3 Asia aril + fr capsule or berry caulescent Myanmar to Borneo Schumannianthus (2) silica bodies (hat-shaped or druses) tall, canelike stem bracteoles 2, glandular staminal tube minute fr indehiscent, seeds 1–2 aril – SE Asia Donax (1)

tall (1–3 m) • 3 Calatheoideae Africa, Réunion, Comoro Islands Marantochloa (15) Stachyphrynium Clade Africa, Asia small plants W Africa Afrocalathea (1) rosulate bracteoles –, interphylls + or – K short, C tube long, anther app. hood-like fr dehiscent, seeds 1–2 India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia Stachyphrynium (9)

rosulate; marsh plants one sepal much smaller than other two fr indehiscent (caryopsis-like), seed 1 • 4 Alpinoideae Halopegia (3) Africa, Asia caulescent fertile A with large petaloid appendage fr dehiscent, seeds 3 S India, Sri Lanka Indianthus (1)

– cymule axis > 2 cm fr dehiscent, aril + Maranta (40) + Koernickanthe (1) Maranta Clade rosulate bracteoles – (most) "fenestrate sheaths" • 5 Zingiberoideae interphylls – (all) –3 cymules Hylaeanthe (2) spathes white/pale green, later buff dry forests Myrosma (1) S America humid tropics (mostly) rosulate southeastern S America Saranthe (8)

bracteoles if present scale-like C tube shorter than wide C and inner staminodes usu. not exceeding K Stromanthe (19) • 6 Costaceae

rosulate or caulescent bracteoles + (scale- to sheath-like) cymule axis < 1 cm callose staminode distally petaloid Ctenanthe (16)

Theodor C. H. Cole, Dipl. Biol. Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS) median inner T ± reduced, cucullate, free, (all 6 T connate, whorls strongly differentiated) septal nectary labyrinthine

2/41 Institute of Biology – Botany Africa, Himalayas to SE Asia, Philippines, N AUS Musaceae

• 7 Heliconiaceae Altensteinstr. 6 fr drupaceous borne on stout, elongated pedicel single hard stone per loculus D-14195 Berlin, Germany 1/200 Heliconiaceae

often giant herbs • phylogeny of Marantaceae (2016) References

leaf with petiole and blade 3/7 • trop. S Am, E S Africa, Madagascar Strelitziaceae monopodial anthers long • approx. 30 genera, about 550 species Andersson L (1998) In: Kubitzki K (ed) FGVP, Vol IV (characteristics of family and genera) T differentiated stigma large aril of long hairs Borchsenius F et al. (2012) Syst. Bot. 37(3): 620-635 (phylogenies) • median petal a large abaxial labellum 8 fam., 92 genera, 2185 spp. Kirchoff BK (1983) Am. J. Bot. 70(4): 508-523 lateral petals small

1/20 • branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale Ley AC, Claßen-Bockhoff R (2011) Syst. Bot. 36(2): 277-290 S China to Borneo Lowiaceae

• the characters listed do not necessarily apply to all members of the according clade Niissalo MA et al. (2016) Phytotaxa 289(3): 201-224 large herbs; mucilage canals in stem; petiole short Prince LA, Kress WJ (2006) Taxon 55(2): 281-296 secondary pollen presentation; stigma on one edge fr warty/spiny capsule aromatic resin + Ataenidia submerged in Marantochloa 1/10 Cannaceae Suksathan P et al. (2009) Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 159: 381-395 N World (sub)tropics Cominsia submerged in Phrynium pantropical rainforest “jungle weeds” (not AUS); robust herbs Goeppertia here including all members of the former Calathea I clade Monophyllanthe Marantochloa stigma not notably staminodium cucullatum and staminodium callosum Marantaceae

expanded 31/550 Monophrynium submerged in Phrynium petiole short Phalecophrynium submerged in Phrynium P fully bicyclic, herbs, perennial; rhizomatous; non-aromatic inner whorl connate Sanblasia synonymized with Calathea hairs multicellular, uniseriate, unbranched A 1 pantropical

6/110 Costaceae

ingiberales 2 A of both whorls staminodial, Angiosperm Tracheophyte Bryophyte ± petal-like to rhizome

Phylogeny Phylogeny Phylogeny Z (sub)tropical, esp. SE Asia-Malesia Zingiberaceae

Poster Poster Poster 56/ca.1200 © The Author, 2017 (CC-BY) Author, © The

View publication stats

Zingiberaceae Phylogeny Poster subfamilies, tribes, and genera with plesio-/apomorphic and (non)diagnostic traits

seasonal dormancy period; rhizome feshy Siphonochilus (12) bracteoles absent; ovary trilocular, placentation axial; capsule feshy Africa, Madagascar Aulotandra (6)

plants evergreen; rhizome fbrous ovary unilocular, placentation parietal Borneo and Malaysia Tamijia (1)

fw few to many per bract bulbils often on lower part of inf or leaf axils Indo-Chinese monsoon region Globba (96) + Mantisia labellum often connate to long-exserted and curved flament in a slender tube bracts caducous; fw single per bract ovary unilocular, placentation parietal Zingiberales fw yellow or red; flament short anther crest spurred or absent central to E Himalaya, Myanmar Hemiorchis (3)

fw greenish, single on rachis lvs distichy Thailand, Cambodia, S Vietnam

Globbeae Gagnepainia (3) perpendicular/ transverse bracts distichous to rhizome seeds with short hairs, no aril S Himalaya, S China, S Thailand Monolophus / Caulokaempferia (28)

lateral staminodes + Smithatris

Tamijioideae bracts laterally connate at base, forming pouches well developed and + Stahlianthus anther versatile fused to labellum Curcuma (100) + Laosanthus + Paracautleya + Hitchenia Siphonochiloideae bracts 1–3, large, with apical foliaceous appendage

China (Yunnan, Sichuan) Pyrgophyllum (1) ? anther basally spurred, versatile inf with single large bract 3-633.50.00 S Thailand, W Malaysia, Sumatra Camptandra (4) bracteole tubular with two keels flament short Vietnam Distichochlamys (3) low herbs lvs asymmetric, often purple underside f bracts coriaceous, persistent, labellum with colored streaks bracts distichous S Thailand to Singapore Scaphochlamys (ca. 30) Zingibereae inf with few to many bracts ovary trilocular fw single per bract Myxochlamys (2) axial, basal or free columnar placentation fw with several thin, translucent, Borneo Zingiberoideae labellum usually marcescent bracts absence of colored streaks on labellum not connate capitate stigma with two dorsal knobs Borneocola (8) to flament lvs plane of distichy acaulescent, lvs radical parallel to rhizome uppermost fws open frst + Haplochorema (6) ? SE Asia hairs on seeds Boesenbergia (70) + Jirawongsea

fw shoots appear before lvs bracteole open to base, bifd; fw from base to apex trop. Asia Kaempferia (29) petiole with pulvinus style exserted well beyond anther tip, elongated anther crest wrapped round the style Zingiber (141)

acaulescent, lvs distichous fw yellow-orange Thailand Cornukaempferia (3)

fw yellow • 1 Musaceae peninsular Malaysia Kedhalia (1) anther not versatile, crest short, not spurred Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, Borneo Haniffa (4)

fw single per bract central Vietnam Newmania (3)

leaf sheath tubular bract green, fw single per bract Himalaya, S China, N Vietnam Roscoea (22)

bracteole absent; anther basally spurred bracts red; fw single per bract S Himalaya, S China, N Thailand Cautleya (4)

K tubular; lateral staminodes absent flament long, exserted from C, distally grooved; style fliform China, Myanmar, Thailand Pommereschea (2) • 2 Marantoideae often epiphytic K tubular Yunnan, Myanmar, Assam Rhynchanthus (4)

labellum narrow, elongate flament long, arched India to Myanmar Larsenianthus (4)

cincinni several-fw, C tube long aril red, lacerate S and SE Asia Hedychium (87)

herbs < 150 cm; C tube 5–6 cm, flament 8–20 cm fr siliqua-like, narrowly elongate S Thailand Siamanthus (1)

some epiphytic; fw single or in pairs capsule elongated, opening to the base ovary 3-locular Borneo Burbidgea (5)

some epiphytic; cincinni 1–3-fowered • 3 Calatheoideae S. Asia ovary 1- or 3-locular

east of Wallace‘s Line Riedelia (75) Riedelieae large plants; fw single on inf axis fr split to base into 3 equal valves Papua and Australia Pleuranthodium (23)

bracts minute fr cylindrical, torulose, resembling siliques Vietnam, S. China Siliquamomum (3)

labellum broadly spread and/or inf drooping peninsular Malaysia and S Thailand Alpinia raffesiana clade

clump-forming to creeping; ligule always ovate or lanceolate fw single per bract; bracteoles tubular; flament always free from labellum anther crest entire to fnely lobed; fr smooth; China Amomum tsao-ko clade (9)

Alpinioideae radical, s.t. lax; bracteole large

inf and stem venation with white • 4 Alpinoideae hairs btw major veins; trop. E Asia Geostachys (23) evergreen primary inf bract missing lateral staminodes cincinni short, fw 1–3 reduced or absent trop. Asia Alpinia zerumbet clade + Plagiostachys (27)

rhizome fbrous large plants; primary inf bract caducous endotesta lignifed labellum narrow feshy, adpressed to the stamen Sulawesi and east of Wallace’s Line Alpinia carolinensis clade

stilt roots; inf lax nonimbricate bracts, fws two (+) per cincinnus SE Asia Geocharis (6)

loosely clump-forming or creeping herbs; ligule ovate or lanceolate, coriaceous; lvs blade narrowly oblong single fw per bract; bracteoles tubular; anther crest usu. lobed flament always free from the labellum; anther crest variable; fr prickly Amomum villosum clade (15)

Pacifc Ocean, + Leptosolena (1) incl. Philippines, Oceania, Australia • 5 Zingiberoideae Alpinia eubractea clade + Vanoverberghia (2) capsule indehiscent, feshy stilt roots corolla elongated SE Asia, Malesia, Himalaya, S China, NE AUS Hornstedtia (32)

large involucre of sterile inf bracts corolla tube fused to labellum

Alpinieae single stamen flament, staminal tube Etlingera (100)

inf branched, fw small, bracteoles open labellum clawed, fr thin-walled continental Asia Alpinia galanga clade (4)

mostly clump-forming herbs; ligule often partly or wholly bifd; fw 1–5 per bract bracteole absent or, if present, usu. open, lanceolate; flament s.t. adnate to labellum: short tube above insertion of corolla lobes anther crest usu. entire; fr usu. winged, never smooth Amomum maximum clade (11)

shoots 2–3 lvs; trilobed anther crest inf elongated underground + Paramomum (1) fr subterranean; notable essential oils Elettariopsis (30) + Elettaria (11) ? + Cyphostigma (1) ? • 6 Costaceae inf radical capitate often on long leafess peduncle with conspicuous sterile bracts Sri Lanka / S India Alpinia fax clade (3)

trichomes stellate S Am / Africa Renealmia (86) basal inf radical to leafy shoot fr fask-shaped Africa Aframomum (54)

Theodor C. H. Cole, Dipl. Biol. plants cormose; monoecious; laticifers +; lvs spiral, petiole short, buds not axillary [leaf-opposed] inf bracts deciduous, cincinni at right angles to the main axis, foral bracts and bracteoles 0 median inner T ± reduced, cucullate, free, (all 6 T connate, whorls strongly differentiated) Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS) septal nectary labyrinthine

2/41 Musaceae Institute of Biology – Botany Africa, Himalayas to SE Asia, Philippines, N AUS large herbs; lvs two-ranked; inf with large, colored bracts Freie Universität Berlin fw with petal-like tepals fr drupaceous borne on stout, elongated pedicel Altensteinstr. 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany single hard stone per loculus trop. America (most), Sulawesi to Pacifc • 7 Heliconiaceae 1/200 Heliconiaceae

roots not medullated, scattered wide vessels; vessels also in stem lvs two-ranked, petiole long; inf with tough, green bracts • this poster outlines the phylogeny of the family Zingiberaceae with currently accepted subfamilies, tribes, and genera (based on published data), often giant herbs fw with connate lateral abaxial petals no aerial stem except when fowering listing pertinent plesiomorphic and apomorphic traits as well as some diagnostic and nondiagnostic features and is intended to serve as a fr capsules woody; seeds with conspicuous, fmbriate arils leaf with petiole and blade 3/7 Strelitziaceae general overview for orientation in an educational context – regular updates forthcoming trop. S Am, E S Africa, Madagascar monopodial anthers long T differentiated stigma large • hypothetical tree (largely in fux) based on currently available molecular phylogenetic data aril of long hairs fw median sepal adaxial, seeds arillate, with germination valves median petal a large abaxial labellum 8 fam., 92 genera, 2185 spp. • approx. 50 accepted genera, about 1200 species lateral petals small 1/20 Lowiaceae • Alpinia, Amomum, and Etlingera are largely polyphyletic and currently being revised S China to Borneo large herbs; mucilage canals in stem; petiole short • Nanochilus, Stadiochilus, Parakaempferia: position uncertain! secondary pollen presentation; stigma on one edge fr warty/spiny capsule • species numbers largely in fux; numbers in parentheses are approximate (, Vers. 1.1, with modifcations) aromatic resin + N World (sub)tropics 1/10 Cannaceae • branch lengths deliberate, not expressing actual time scale vessels in stem “jungle weeds” in trop. rainforest habitats (not AUS); robust herbs • the characters listed do not necessarily apply to all members of the according clade fw asymmetric leaf sheath closed; petiole pulvinate at upper end > lvs fold upright at night fws in mirror image pairs; C, A, and style all basally fused • main references: Kress et al. 2002, 2007, 2010, Záveská et al. 2012, Sam et al. 2016 (phylogenies) stigma not notably staminodium cucullatum and staminodium callosum style under tension; secondary pollen presentation with “stamp” Marantaceae

expanded 31/550 Larsen K. et al., 1998, in Kubitzki K. (ed.) FGVP, Vol. IV, (characteristics of family and genera) petiole short inf branches spiral Stevens PF (2016) APweb – www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb (general) P fully bicyclic, herbs, perennial; rhizomatous; non-aromatic inner whorl connate stems s.t. spirally contorted; lvs spiromonostichous, sheath closed hairs multicellular, uniseriate, unbranched labellum of fve fused staminodes; stamen petaloid A 1 pantropical

6/110 Costaceae

[median member of inner whorl] ingiberales 2 A of both whorls staminodial, Angiosperm Tracheophyte Bryophyte ± petal-like lvs plane of distichy perpendicular/transverse to rhizome lateral staminodes well developed and fused to labellum

Phylogeny Phylogeny Phylogeny Z (sub)tropical, esp. SE Asia-Malesia Zingiberaceae

Poster Poster Poster 56/ca.1200 © The Author, 2017 (CC-BY) Author, © The

View publication stats Zingiberales 3-633.50.00

• 1 Musaceae • 2 Marantoideae • 3 Calatheoideae • 4 Alpinoideae • 5 Zingiberoideae • 6 Costaceae • 7 Heliconiaceae Costaceae 3-633.56.00 Costaceae Phylogeny Poster Infrafamiliar Relationships and Characteristics

low herbs fw solitary in the axils of leaves, C yellow E Peru Monocostus (1)

very tall herbs; no vegetative branching bracts green, herbaceous, not refexed, s.t. appendaged, never spiny labellum large, showy, delicate; C and labellum white or yellow ovary bilocular, ovules only below stylar canal bracteoles +, tubular Neotropical Dimerocostus (5) labellum large, spreading stigma cup-shaped low herbs bracts conspicuous, often with deltate appendage labellum white, yellow, orange, or red forming long narrow tube Neotropical Chamaecostus (7)

herbs vegetative branching perennial, bracteoles rare; bracts typically red/red-brown, coriaceous, refexed, often spiny at apex rhizomatous, labellum small, inconspicuous and rigid or feshy non-aromatic stigma bilamellate (18) stems s.t. spirally Papuasia, NE Australia Tapeinochilos contorted leaf-bearing shoots with axillary branching bracts woody, spiny at apex (C. lacerus: dilacerating into fbers), red or brown hairs multicellular, labellum open, showy; white, red, or yellow with no lateral markings uniseriate, unbranched stigma cup-shaped with small dorsal appendage labellum of fve fused SE Asia, Malesia Cheilocostus (4) staminodes stamen petaloid prostrate; lvs few or solitary bracts inconspicuous inf few-fowered labellum white, stigma cup-shaped without appendage West Africa/Borneo Paracostus (2)

leaf-bearing shoots without axillary branching bracts coriaceous, green, red, yellow, or orange, never spiny labellum tubular, purple, pink, red, orange, yellow, or white stigma cup-shaped or bilamellate C and S America, Africa Costus (c. 80) Zingiberales 3-633.50.00

• 1 Musaceae • 2 Marantoideae • 3 Calatheoideae • 4 Alpinoideae • 5 Zingiberoideae • 6 Costaceae • 7 Heliconiaceae • Heliconia bihai