Amiga Graphics Reference Card 2Nd Edition
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Indexed Color
Indexed Color A browser may support only a certain number of specific colors, creating a palette from which to choose Figure 3.11 The Netscape color palette 1 QUIZ How many bits are needed to represent this palette? Show your work. 2 How to digitize a picture • Sample it → Represent it as a collection of individual dots called pixels • Quantize it → Represent each pixel as one of 224 possible colors (TrueColor) Resolution = The # of pixels used to represent a picture 3 Digitized Images and Graphics Whole picture Figure 3.12 A digitized picture composed of many individual pixels 4 Digitized Images and Graphics Magnified portion of the picture See the pixels? Hands-on: paste the high-res image from the previous slide in Paint, then choose ZOOM = 800 Figure 3.12 A digitized picture composed of many individual pixels 5 QUIZ: Images A low-res image has 200 rows and 300 columns of pixels. • What is the resolution? • If the pixels are represented in True-Color, what is the size of the file? • Same question in High-Color 6 Two types of image formats • Raster Graphics = Storage on a pixel-by-pixel basis • Vector Graphics = Storage in vector (i.e. mathematical) form 7 Raster Graphics GIF format • Each image is made up of only 256 colors (indexed color – similar to palette!) • But they can be a different 256 for each image! • Supports animation! Example • Optimal for line art PNG format (“ping” = Portable Network Graphics) Like GIF but achieves greater compression with wider range of color depth No animations 8 Bitmap format Contains the pixel color -
A New Steganographic Method for Palette-Based Images
IS&T's 1999 PICS Conference A New Steganographic Method for Palette-Based Images Jiri Fridrich Center for Intelligent Systems, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, New York Abstract messages. The gaps in human visual and audio systems can be used for information hiding. In the case of images, the In this paper, we present a new steganographic technique human eye is relatively insensitive to high frequencies. This for embedding messages in palette-based images, such as fact has been utilized in many steganographic algorithms, GIF files. The new technique embeds one message bit into which modify the least significant bits of gray levels in one pixel (its pointer to the palette). The pixels for message digital images or digital sound tracks. Additional bits of embedding are chosen randomly using a pseudo-random information can also be inserted into coefficients of image number generator seeded with a secret key. For each pixel transforms, such as discrete cosine transform, Fourier at which one message bit is to be embedded, the palette is transform, etc. Transform techniques are typically more searched for closest colors. The closest color with the same robust with respect to common image processing operations parity as the message bit is then used instead of the original and lossy compression. color. This has the advantage that both the overall change The steganographer’s job is to make the secretly hidden due to message embedding and the maximal change in information difficult to detect given the complete colors of pixels is smaller than in methods that perturb the knowledge of the algorithm used to embed the information least significant bit of indices to a luminance-sorted palette, except the secret embedding key.* This so called such as EZ Stego.1 Indeed, numerical experiments indicate Kerckhoff’s principle is the golden rule of cryptography and that the new technique introduces approximately four times is often accepted for steganography as well. -
Understanding Image Formats and When to Use Them
Understanding Image Formats And When to Use Them Are you familiar with the extensions after your images? There are so many image formats that it’s so easy to get confused! File extensions like .jpeg, .bmp, .gif, and more can be seen after an image’s file name. Most of us disregard it, thinking there is no significance regarding these image formats. These are all different and not cross‐ compatible. These image formats have their own pros and cons. They were created for specific, yet different purposes. What’s the difference, and when is each format appropriate to use? Every graphic you see online is an image file. Most everything you see printed on paper, plastic or a t‐shirt came from an image file. These files come in a variety of formats, and each is optimized for a specific use. Using the right type for the right job means your design will come out picture perfect and just how you intended. The wrong format could mean a bad print or a poor web image, a giant download or a missing graphic in an email Most image files fit into one of two general categories—raster files and vector files—and each category has its own specific uses. This breakdown isn’t perfect. For example, certain formats can actually contain elements of both types. But this is a good place to start when thinking about which format to use for your projects. Raster Images Raster images are made up of a set grid of dots called pixels where each pixel is assigned a color. -
A Look at SÉCAM III
Viewer License Agreement You Must Read This License Agreement Before Proceeding. This Scroll Wrap License is the Equivalent of a Shrink Wrap ⇒ Click License, A Non-Disclosure Agreement that Creates a “Cone of Silence”. By viewing this Document you Permanently Release All Rights that would allow you to restrict the Royalty Free Use by anyone implementing in Hardware, Software and/or other Methods in whole or in part what is Defined and Originates here in this Document. This Agreement particularly Enjoins the viewer from: Filing any Patents (À La Submarine?) on said Technology & Claims and/or the use of any Restrictive Instrument that prevents anyone from using said Technology & Claims Royalty Free and without any Restrictions. This also applies to registering any Trademarks including but not limited to those being marked with “™” that Originate within this Document. Trademarks and Intellectual Property that Originate here belong to the Author of this Document unless otherwise noted. Transferring said Technology and/or Claims defined here without this Agreement to another Entity for the purpose of but not limited to allowing that Entity to circumvent this Agreement is Forbidden and will NOT release the Entity or the Transfer-er from Liability. Failure to Comply with this Agreement is NOT an Option if access to this content is desired. This Document contains Technology & Claims that are a Trade Secret: Proprietary & Confidential and cannot be transferred to another Entity without that Entity agreeing to this “Non-Disclosure Cone of Silence” V.L.A. Wrapper. Combining Other Technology with said Technology and/or Claims by the Viewer is an acknowledgment that [s]he is automatically placing Other Technology under the Licenses listed below making this License Self-Enforcing under an agreement of Confidentiality protected by this Wrapper. -
IARU-R1 VHF Handbook
IARU-R1 VHF Handbook Vet Vers Version 9.01 March 2021 ion 8.12 IARU-R1 The content of this Handbook is the property of the International Amateur Radio Union, Region 1. Copying and publication of the content, or parts thereof, is allowed for non-commercial purposes provided the source of information is quoted. Contact information Website: http://www.iaru-r1.org/index.php/vhfuhsshf Newsletters: http://www.iaru- r1.org/index.php/documents/Documents/Newsletters/VHF-Newsletters/ Wiki http://iaruwiki.oevsv.at Contest robot http://iaru.oevsv.at/v_upld/prg_list.php VHF Handbook 9.00 1/180 IARU-R1 Oostende, 17 March 2021 Dear YL and OM, The Handbook consists of 5 PARTS who are covering all aspects of the VHF community: • PART 1: IARU-R1 VHF& up Organisation • PART 2: Bandplanning • PART 3: Contesting • PART 4: Technical and operational references • PART 5: archive This handbook is updated with the new VHF contest dates and rules and some typo’s in the rest of the handbook. Those changes are highlighted in yellow. The recommendations made during this Virtual General conference are highlighted in turquoise 73 de Jacques, ON4AVJ Secretary VHF+ committee (C5) IARU-R1 VHF Handbook 9.00 2/180 IARU-R1 CONTENT PART 1: IARU-1 VHF & UP ORGANISATION ORGANISATION 17 Constitution of the IARU Region 1 VHF/UHF/Microwaves Committee 17 In the Constitution: 17 In the Bye-laws: 17 Terms of reference of the IARU Region 1 VHF/UHF/Microwaves Committee 18 Tasks of IARU R-1 and its VHF/UHF/µWave Committee 19 Microwave managers Sub-committee 20 Coordinators of the VHF/UHF/Microwaves Committee 21 VHF Contest Coordinator 21 Satellite coordinator 21 Beacon coordinator 21 Propagations coordinators 21 Records coordinator 21 Repeater coordinator 21 IARU R-1 Executive Committee 21 Actual IARU-R1 VHF/UHF/SHF Chairman, Co-ordinators and co-workers 22 National VHF managers 23 Microwave managers 25 Note. -
The Rendering Pipeline
The Rendering Pipeline Framebuffers • Framebuffer is the interface between the device and the computer’s notion of an image • A memory array in which the computer stores an image – On most computers, separate memory bank from main memory – Many different variations, motivated by cost of memory Framebuffers: True-Color • A true-color (aka 24-bit or 32-bit) framebuffer stores one byte each for red, green, and blue • Each pixel can thus be one of 224 colors • Pay attention to Endian-ness • How can 24-bit and 32-bit mean the same thing here? Framebuffers: Indexed-Color • An indexed-color (8-bit or PseudoColor) framebuffer stores one byte per pixel (also: GIF image format) • This byte indexes into a color map: • How many colors can a pixel be? • Common on low-end displays (cell phones, PDAs, GameBoys) Framebuffers: Indexed Color Illustration of how an indexed palette works A 2-bit indexed-color image. The color of each pixel is represented by a number; each number corresponds to a color in the palette. Image credits: Wikipedia Framebuffers: Hi-Color • Hi-Color is (was?) a popular PC SVGA standard • Packs pixels into 16 bits: – 5 Red, 6 Green, 5 Blue (why would green get more?) – Sometimes just 5,5,5 • Each pixel can be one of 216 colors • Hi-color images can exhibit worse quantization artifacts than a well-mapped 8-bit image Color Quantization A process that reduces the number of distinct colors used in an image Intention that the new image should be as visually similar as possible to the original image Image credits: Wikipedia The Rendering -
AN5072: Introduction to Embedded Graphics – Application Note
Freescale Semiconductor Document Number: AN5072 Application Note Rev 0, 02/2015 Introduction to Embedded Graphics with Freescale Devices by: Luis Olea and Ioseph Martinez Contents 1 Introduction 1 Introduction................................................................1 The purpose of this application note is to explain the basic 1.1 Graphics basic concepts.............. ...................1 concepts and requirements of embedded graphics applications, 2 Freescale graphics devices.............. ..........................7 helping software and hardware engineers easily understand the fundamental concepts behind color display technology, which 2.1 MPC5606S.....................................................7 is being expected by consumers more and more in varied 2.2 MPC5645S.....................................................8 applications from automotive to industrial markets. 2.3 Vybrid.............................................................8 This section helps the reader to familiarize with some of the most used concepts when working with graphics. Knowing 2.4 MAC57Dxx....................... ............................ 8 these definitions is basic for any developer that wants to get 2.5 Kinetis K70......................... ...........................8 started with embedded graphics systems, and these concepts apply to any system that handles graphics irrespective of the 2.6 QorIQ LS1021A................... ......................... 9 hardware used. 2.7 i.MX family........................ ........................... 9 2.8 Quick -
Fourier Theory & Practice, Part II: Practice
Fourier Theory & Practice, Part II: Practice Operating the HP 54600 Series Scope with Measurement/Storage Module By: Robert Witte Hewlett-Packard Co. Practice Adding the Measurement/ Storage module to the scope adds additional waveform math capability, including FFT. These functions appear in the softkey menu under the ± (math) key. There are two math functions available, F1 and F2. The FFT function is available on Function F2. Function F2 can use function F1 as an operand, allowing an FFT to be performed on the result of F1. By setting function F1 to Channel 1 - Channel 2, and setting F2 to the FFT of F1, the FFT of a differential measurement can be obtained. The Measure- ment/Storage Module operating manual provides a more detailed discussion of these math functions. The scope can display the time domain waveform and the frequency domain spectrum simultaneously or individually. Normally, the sample points are not connected. For best frequency domain display, the sample points should be connected with lines (vectors). This can be accomplished by turning off all (time domain) channels and turning on only the FFT function. Alternatively, the Vectors On/Off softkey (on the Display menu) can be turned On and the STOP key pressed. Either of these actions allow the frequency domain samples to be connected by vectors which causes the display to appear more like a spectrum analyzer. The vertical axis of the FFT display is logarithmic, displayed in dBV (decibels relative to 1 Volt RMS). dB V = 20 log (VRMS) Thus, a 1 Volt RMS sinewave (2.8 Volts peak-to-peak) will read 0 dBV on the FFT display. -
NTSC Specifications
NTSC Modulation Standard ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ The Impressionistic Era of TV. It©s Never The Same Color! The first analog Color TV system realized which is backward compatible with the existing B & W signal. To combine a Chroma signal with the existing Luma(Y)signal a quadrature sub-carrier Chroma signal is used. On the Cartesian grid the x & y axes are defined with B−Y & R−Y respectively. When transmitted along with the Luma(Y) G−Y signal can be recovered from the B−Y & R−Y signals. Matrixing ━━━━━━━━━ Let: R = Red \ G = Green Each range from 0 to 1. B = Blue / Y = Matrixed B & W Luma sub-channel. U = Matrixed Blue Chroma sub-channel. U #2900FC 249.76° −U #D3FC00 69.76° V = Matrixed Red Chroma sub-channel. V #FF0056 339.76° −V #00FFA9 159.76° W = Matrixed Green Chroma sub-channel. W #1BFA00 113.52° −W #DF00FA 293.52° HSV HSV Enhanced channels: Hue Hue I = Matrixed Skin Chroma sub-channel. I #FC6600 24.29° −I #0096FC 204.29° Q = Matrixed Purple Chroma sub-channel. Q #8900FE 272.36° −Q #75FE00 92.36° We have: Y = 0.299 × R + 0.587 × G + 0.114 × B B − Y = −0.299 × R − 0.587 × G + 0.886 × B R − Y = 0.701 × R − 0.587 × G − 0.114 × B G − Y = −0.299 × R + 0.413 × G − 0.114 × B = −0.194208 × (B − Y) −0.509370 × (R − Y) (−0.1942078377, −0.5093696834) Encode: If: U[x] = 0.492111 × ( B − Y ) × 0° ┐ Quadrature (0.4921110411) V[y] = 0.877283 × ( R − Y ) × 90° ┘ Sub-Carrier (0.8772832199) Then: W = 1.424415 × ( G − Y ) @ 235.796° Chroma Vector = √ U² + V² Chroma Hue θ = aTan2(V,U) [Radians] If θ < 0 then add 2π.[360°] Decode: SyncDet U: B − Y = -┼- @ 0.000° ÷ 0.492111 V: R − Y = -┼- @ 90.000° ÷ 0.877283 W: G − Y = -┼- @ 235.796° ÷ 1.424415 (1.4244145537, 235.79647610°) or G − Y = −0.394642 × (B − Y) − 0.580622 × (R − Y) (−0.3946423068, −0.5806217020) These scaling factors are for the quadrature Chroma signal before the 0.492111 & 0.877283 unscaling factors are applied to the B−Y & R−Y axes respectively. -
Lynx Express 2D Multimedia Mobile Display Controller Datasheet
L Y N X F A M I L Y SM750 Lynx Express 2D Multimedia Mobile Display Controller Datasheet Revision: 1.4 Updated: September 27, 2012 SM750 Datasheet Notice Silicon Motion, Inc. has made its best efforts to ensure that the information contained in this document is accurate and reliable. However, the information is subject to change without notice. No responsibility is assumed by Silicon Motion, Inc. for the use of this information, nor for infringements of patents or other rights of third parties. Copyright Copyright 2012, Silicon Motion, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may Notice be reproduced, photocopied, or transmitted in any form, without the prior written consent of Silicon Motion, Inc. Silicon Motion, Inc. reserves the right to make changes to the product specification without reservation and without notice to our users. Revision No. Date Note 0.1 June 2009 First release 0.2 Dec 2009 Second release 0.3 April 2010 Third release 0.4 June 2010 Forth release 0.5 Dec 2010 Design CD update 1.0 May 2011 Add marking and ordering information 1.1 Aug 2011 - Update Figure 12, the ending address of the 2D Engine Data Port change to “0x120000” from “0x150000” - Update CSR08 register descriptions and power-on default value - Add MVDD and MVDD2 DC characteristics in Table 18 and Table 19 1.2 Jan 2012 - Added Standard VGA Register in 2.3. 1.3 Jun 2012 - Updated Top Marking in 13.2 - Updated Product Ordering Information in 14 1.4 Sep 2012 - Fixed bit names in 2.2, 3.2, 4.1, 6.2, 7, and 9.3 All rights strictly reserved. -
AD725 Data Sheet
Low Cost RGB to NTSC/PAL Encoder a with Luma Trap Port AD725 FEATURES PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Composite Video Output: Both NTSC and PAL The AD725 is a very low cost general purpose RGB to NTSC/ Chrominance and Luminance (S-Video) Outputs PAL encoder that converts red, green and blue color compo- Luma Trap Port to Eliminate Cross Color Artifacts nent signals into their corresponding luminance (baseband TTL Logic Levels amplitude) and chrominance (subcarrier amplitude and phase) Integrated Delay Line and Auto-Tuned Filters signals in accordance with either NTSC or PAL standards. Drives 75 V Reverse-Terminated Loads These two outputs are also combined on-chip to provide a Low Power +5 V Operation composite video output. All three outputs are available sepa- Power-Down to <1 mA rately at voltages of twice the standard signal levels as re- Very Low Cost quired for driving 75 Ω, reverse-terminated cables. APPLICATIONS The AD725 features a luminance trap (YTRAP) pin that pro- RGB/VGA to NTSC/PAL Encoding vides a means of reducing cross color generated by subcarrier Personal Computers/Network Computers frequency components found in the luminance signal. For por- Video Games table or other power-sensitive applications, the device can be Video Conference Cameras powered down to less than 1 µA of current consumption. All Digital Still Cameras logic levels are TTL compatible thus supporting the logic re- quirements of 3 V CMOS systems. The AD725 is packaged in a low cost 16-lead SOIC and oper- ates from a +5 V supply. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM NTSC/PAL HSYNC SYNC CSYNC XNOR VSYNC CSYNC SEPARATOR BURST 4FSC NTSC/PAL 4FSC CLOCK FSC 90؇C ؎180؇C FSC 90؇C/270؇C 4FSC QUADRATURE (PAL ONLY) +4 FSC 0؇C DECODER CLOCK CSYNC AT 8FSC 3-POLE SAMPLED- 2-POLE DC Y LUMINANCE RED LP PRE- DATA LP POST- X2 CLAMP OUTPUT FILTER DELAY LINE FILTER LUMINANCE TRAP U NTSC/PAL X2 COMPOSITE RGB-TO-YUV 4-POLE U ⌺ OUTPUT GREEN DC ENCODING LPF CLAMP CLAMP MATRIX BALANCED 4-POLE CHROMINANCE X2 MODULATORS LPF OUTPUT DC V 4-POLE V BLUE CLAMP LPF CLAMP BURST REV. -
Getting Started
_______________________________ Getting Started Version 3.0 Getting Started with PMView Pro Installation & Setup If you are reading this file, you have likely already been through the installation process of PMView Pro. This section is intended to guide you through any subsequent installations and further setup procedures necessary to ensure PMView Pro is working properly on your system. Starting PMView Pro Starting PMView Pro can be as easy as double-clicking any image file. You were given the option during installation to install a shortcut to the desktop and/or the Start Menu as well. On the Start Menu, you will also notice that you can access this file, the Online Help file and PMView itself. PMView Pro also includes potentially unlimited startup options when started using the combination of command line options and script files. You can learn more about command line options and script files from the included help file. File Associations A common issue that may arise at some point after the installation of PMView Pro is the loss of file associations. You will recall that during installation you were presented with a list of file formats to associate with PMView. Even if you selected all formats, other programs may adjust those settings during their installation. The easiest way to have PMView reclaim those associations is to run the PMView Pro installation file again. If you only need to reclaim one or several of those associations, you can do this through the Windows operating system settings. By opening Windows Explorer from the start menu and selection Tools->Folder Options, you will be able to access the system File Type settings.