Period Sino-Japanese Relations the Edo in
(•ba Osamu
University Kansai
Fogel by Joshua A. Translated
of Discovery Banned Books Three. The Part
day sixteenth of the the On Administrator. of the Office the from Summons
period, reign from order eighth the the
of Genroku
1695,
the
of
month third lunar
year an
•j:, -zl- Ilt• •-• • LLI/•- '•, )\ Buhee Yasoshima -0". Administrator Tateyama
of office the
:• • • •_ 1•. Hayashi read: It Kaneuemon Interpreter before Junior arrived
concerned proscribed the bearing books arrived in vessels port, the When in past
line of this become What has Administrator. from the parties directives received
now
Senior
Interpreter from in detail this
of command? We report
request matter
on a
•k:t• 5•tb,. Hayashi D6ei
in arrived Late books had with banned port. laden vessels if, by
It
means,
some
seems as
junior together with another Hayashi Kaneuemon, Hayashi and evening, D6ei the
in
7•" • •, office of the •j• • the • summoned • T6jiemon interpreter, Sakaki to were
following order: issued the then Administrator The Administrator. Tateyama
Dijing eaxrying work known Ship
Nanjing in
Sixteen port Number The
as
a was now
interrogate Capital). the Chinese Imperial •/4J •/• Go • •, •r (Views of the liie jingwu
they
it here. how got to as
J• JL yashiki
T6jin night the the proceeded middle of the in three
And, to thus, the
men
;J•, • ship's • Yuanliang together gathered the They • He Residence). (Chinese •
accounting •lJ daily of •.• charge of • caifu • •--]", clerk in the captain, Xianke Chen
or
private investigation that in
They began
the
of the and the ship's the rest so
crew. cargo,
of those
and
from each
it,
took of and would know else statements
every
one
one
no
(the then Japanese
into
quickly the translate term then They statements involved.
to
were
office of the • the •I• and ) submit
them
translating Japanese
into to for
in
wage
was
use
extremely busy. themselves they Suddenly, found
Administrator.
concerning
They works "proscribed
books?" so-called these What were
were
Shogunate banned Edo the Chinese. That in religious written Christian
tenets
these order in known, but thought control is well engaged Christianity to out in and carry
translator's.
the noted, all otherwise
*Unless
notes
are
•
i•/f• • pp.45-69. 1980), shoten, • [• (Tokyo: T6h6 y• •
Edofidai Nit-Ch• hiwa 69 no 56
policies
advocating books
Christian ideas had be prevented entering from by Japan to
sea.
They
thus had there establish Christianity that
mention of to
in the books
was no
imported
Japan imports only long and allow
they
to
unrelated
to it. To that
to so as were
2) • position q•Jj
• end the aratameyaku of ,• Shomotsu
(Inspectorate of Books
was
authority established Nagasaki under of the the Administrator.
Inspector The Proscribed of Books. 1630, the In
seventh
of the
Kan'ei
year
• reign • period,
Temple Shuntoku the opened Nagasaki in
the
orders
the of
was on
• shogtmate.
temple •_ founder The Taishitsu responsibility took
for the
over
inspection proscribed of books of the Christian and received compensation from sect,
as
magistrate thirty the office of the Amakusa of stipend
sacks of rice and for five
a persons.
generations priest Temple of the chief the Shintoku For duties, carded these
which
on are
• represented •f• • • documents •J in Shuntokuji" I•1 "Shomotsu mekiki .•
as
Temple,
(Shuntoku Inspectorate Books). lnspectorate of The of Books of
was one a
inspectorates
brought number of that evaluated the Nagasaki;
of into the it port cargo was
1664, established the latest in of the fourth
the Kanbun time that three At at
year era.
office, worked its priest merchants in addition the chief Shuntoku of two at
to
persons
preface Temple. presented pledge by the The inspectors these each book the to to year
following office of the Administrator contained the items:
concerning military addition containing works In
the to matters
passages or on
books, should Christian promptly locate shall them
Should sect, report
rare we
we
Osaka,
Edo, Kyoto, hear of
works in elsewhere, such Sakai,
shall
any we rare or we
promptly places inform Administrators of the said
under control. their persons or
discovery duty their
the of It thus books.
report to
any on was rare
inception Temple this the Shuntoku from its In
involved in the
manner, was
1639, books. banned though, reign, control From the sixteenth
of the Kan'ei
year
over
•-[-joined • •]: • inspectors. Originally book Mukai Gensh6 the from Hizen, Kanzaki in
Nagasaki. doctor, been Confucian moved take residence in had he He
well- to
up
a was
scholarly writings medicine, in and herbal and versed has his such astronomy
among
• • J• •i• • J•J biy6 (Herbs Preparation Food). works Hrcha honz6 for in the of Use
as
• • reign, Tateyama, 1647, built in the fourth of the Sh6h6 he Later, the Seid6 in
year
taught opened Academy, principal Tateyama the and Confucian Studies there. The
inspectors adding gathering objective of Gensh6 the book "the in books of to roster
was
brought Japan] [to aboard sixteenth and archives Chinese vessels." the
In of
year same
•,Y.
• lJ.I opened library Momijiyama shogunate Kan'ei, city the the within walled of at
a
administering possession shogunal Edo, of and about the books hitherto in the the set
Momijiyama Library, family. good Kangaku famous
in This the known also
now was
3 Kaedeyama/O•
I_[I Library. style Momijiyama G-ensh6 ordered the select for the
to
was as
ships Library from useful works that arrived from China. the those From the
most on
2 making Christianity primarily secondarily, and, reference Concerned with books with to
writings making Japan. reference
to
ka•de
3 Momijiyama, "maple." place The former
Both and of the momiji
part
name, mean was
place Kaedeyama. of of became alternative and because the the latter
part synonym, name, an 57
University,
]t•t T6hoku •i• ff.•, [• Bunko • held in the Kano mokuroku" at "Gobunko we
(nine small document
purchased. also look
A books of what at leam sorts
a were
Seid6 the
mokuroku," held long) "Gobunko known tall and 151 centimeters among
as
370-38), reveals how (document Municipal Nagasaki Museum the in documents
no.
Ky6h6 The 1723, by 8. delivered Edo Books, of
Mukais, Inspectors the volumes to
many
Kan'ei 16. volumes in reached 92 number
"proscribed?"
By
their works of What book?
banned What is sorts
were a
long publicly,
those pros•::ribed
books
need there
to nature,
as as
announce
was no
knowledge office of held in the Thus, documents situation. the the of full involved had
eighth
regard. the Yet,
in fully in Nagasaki this in Inspectorate of Books the accurate are
kami Genba Matsudaira Genroku of the eleventh 1698, the month of
lunar
no
era, year
(3saka,
]• •; banned the Regional •, of • a]• •-• •f• Administrator the Tadachika
proprietors city, the his he had of proscribed and bookstores in the works purchase of 38
reign, when Bunsei of the Again the twelfth 1828, in books. of their lists
year
prepare
conspirators • • (1774-1829) fellow Christian and his Mitsugi
Toyoda []
were
Osaka, tightened indicated and Regional controls administrator the to convicted in
books that banned
The titles of these 38 books. of banned bookshop list 38 the
owners
from the prohibition edict-boards and the the publicly
announced
twice
same, are
were
• •
• •
Sh6und6 [] Shikada
in the housed which had been Genroku
were era
• • city, Iga. in Bookstore Ueno Okimori transferred the
to
reign period, Kyoto Bookdealers the eighth Meiwa of the Again 1772, the in
year
stringbound item, proscribed this
last in books. have published of I
list Association
one a
with small
but list of possession,
the
38 and it carries
volume, in
voumes, some same
my
(3saka
although theory, listed according it furthermore, list; from the differences to
one
necessity by the published
of commercial titles and said be 36 what
out to
was
are
possession
of necessarily list in the On
is bookdealers, its
correct.
content not my
• • • • Seinenji" ]]• chop "Takachiho library that reads proscribed books, is the there
by @ the their Thus, Takachiho). that Temple
(Seinen
of nature,
very
more
we can see
by
it, list used people
and the wanted know about kept something the
to
secret
more was a
public's this trend
general Needless interest. just whetted the bookdealers the to say, was
such works intellectuals, in of
banned books for lists especially
strong
appear
as among
•
• • by ]• • Baien T(. •J• l_L] Miura Gogatsu sh6 ---
and the roku
Kaeriyama the
ame
• 1• •,• • •i• • "• (1657- Hakuseki [] • • of Arai zatsudan (1723-89),
the Kott6
•: ]• •fi They • i• (1771-1829). :• •-• j• Kond6 Seisai koji of K6sho 1725), the and
mistranscriptions. just Thus, which books
which led another borrowed from to
were
one
topic important of intellectual for scholars remains why they banned
and banned
an
were
by questions resolved
Christianity. been somewhat
have history These of
history and the
;•:'• • • 1/• •[(•;-•-.l•l•, (A Study kenkyfi" of "Kinsho
6r) Tasabur6
articles: It6
two no
• • •_•, • • shomondai" "Kinshorei ni kansuru Books); Arimiehi and Ebisawa Banned
"9'- Books). • Concerning •" 1• • • 1•-• • the Order Ban (Issues • •7_ to
actually examining
after with conclusions their reached scholars have These
two
thus
they clearly proscribed,
different designated and
books
hands the their
are as
own
hearsay. Their research their views based people who
Edo of the from the
on
era
they materials, do contradictions
in the but of
number interestingly resolves source a 58
indicate
• •-• is This
the title (Ch.
Keikan • •-• extreme Jixian) (Ch. Keikai
one case.
or
Jikai) which in Despite the of documents. widely
have through searched appears
many
Chinese-language concerning Christianity, works It6 and confirm Ei•isawa that such titles
found.
be is, speaking, properly
mistranscription Keikai
not to Kaikan,
for and are a
as
concluded,
It6 has meaning
it
"total"
and
book after title all.
term
It not
was
a a
was
frequently
writings used in the period; Chinese of of the they detailing when the
were
they began various of works, jikai. with the will content term, I issue later, this
return to
because but colloquialism
such
this
counted
title, book have
a as to was may as a
we
judgment suspend
figure
of the rather 38
unreliable for the number banned of
on as books.
Concerned
Materials
Proscribed with Scholars Books.
agreed date that to
are
the
reliable materials collections:
most "Gokinsho mokuroku, two
source are
gokinshochfi gomensho mokuroku, goseikin
shoseki wakesho"
gomen
• •-N 00 • •it• • •z• •
• •, •_• [•
• Nagasaki held Library in Nagasaki in
ej • •
• •
prefecture; koji references and (Stories in K6sho the Interesting of Books) by Kond6
Seisai examined who family. the records of the particular, Mukai In the materials found
N former the in by presented Masajir6 Mukai
were
•;• ?•g :• [•, • fl[• • and Muraoka T6kichir6 in the fourth lunar Tenp6 month of 12
(1841) Nagasaki the time, Administrator Togawa the of
Yasukiyo Harima to kami
no
J• • •-•.
• Jll •-•
Masajir6, •: • 4N:, N Mukai
known also Mukai Kentetsu
as
was a
of Gensh6, descendant Mukai seventh the head of inspector Seid6, the the and books. of
other The
instructors the
Seid6 and assistants two time the at the at men at were
Inspectorate of Books. the On
it reads: Togawa zaikin "san
Harima"
cover
• •
(third
[time] Harima); service, Togawa in this by later added Administrator
was
Yasukiyo. Tagawa
time, this there At charge in Nagasaki of
the two
were
men
Office, Administrator's serving Nagasaki
in
Edo, and in they and
one
one every year
positions.
Togawa switched this time in his third rotation of Nagasaki, service in at
was
thus he and (third added the [time] "san zaikin" [in in Nagasaki]). service Nagasaki The
Library Prefectural the
the older much office Tateyama of the to
was successor
Administrator;
rich in historical materials, houses it library best of the collections for
one
topics researching history Sino-Japanese the in of relations period. of the Edo Once
Nagasaki prefecture prefectural existence, into the office inherited duties the of the
came
Nagasaki eventually Administrator's
office and took preserved and discarded its
over
records. Tenp6 from Documents (1830-44) the
the trustworthy in
most
among era are
they that actively
be documents still in prefectural the time that the to office at
appear use
early them
Meiji in took the The "Gokinsho mokuroku"
these
over years.
among was
materials, Togawa and together did it personal of interest. put will
As discuss
I
out not
later, • Tianfang 9• the when zhisheng • • work • • • • shilu nianpu (Record
and
Chronological Biography Sage of Heaven) the brought
of Great by ship China and
to
was
suspicions
of cropped banned
book
it this document reported which new a up, was
publicly
dealing the of
banned with books in the been had the
in past, process on as
ease
(1695). Genroku 8 59
koji, Kond6 Seisai Thirty-two detailed his in Kott6 Banned Book. In entry
a
capacity proscription Administrator 1630, of when in his the of described first book the
as
Nagasaki inspect written. the basis of Books what Mukai had On himself he to went to
books, experience, of and then added: enumerated titles this he 32
reign European [1630], by Kan'ei of the works the Li Madou seventh the 32 From
year
•lJ • writings proselytizing • [other] However, Christian ordered banned. and it
were
containing Christianity concerned other works with and the
ordered that passages was
European of nations continue be sold. the and could to customs manners
thirty-two by Thus banned works Ricci and others Matteo well works with
as as were
following koji then lists the connections. 32 titles: Christian The Kott6
• y•)j _• •. •z• • Chrsfianity, (yibu) (First 1) chuhan Collection Part 1. Tianxue
on
-t- "i• •)• 4 • •f• • Jk • Shipian Essays), yidu Nonconformist), (Ten (A Bianxue Jiren
• -•5 Sins), (Against Qike Buddhism), Deadly (Seven Misajiyi Victories the Seven
over
(-• • • • • g•: • (Liturgy [Roman Catholic] Mass), (In Daiyipian of of the Place
]g • •
(Study Doubts), Sanshanlun from Three-Mountain Notes xueji the • ---
•
•{• • f•¢ • (Abridged Religions Principles), Discourse), jieli•e Explanation of Jiaoyao
l-• • (v$- • • • Shensi baiyan (The Tang Nestorian Stele of Jingjiao Tang), bei the
]• 2•. • N -• •: Sayings shiyi Lord), (The of (One Hundred the Tianzhu True
2•. ,• "fig (Further •(Z Principles God), Essays God), of Tianzhu Ershiwu
xupian
yah on
-• !f• '• N N • (Twenty-five Say'ings), (Treatise Soul), Lingyan :/:f- shuo the li •
on
• • :6• •J •, • zhenyuan Origins (The Fables), (Aesop's Kuangyi of All Wanwu True
•f• •j• •_ Washing • • Things), zhengfi Sin), (True Away Diping yiji Record of Dizui
8f) (• s•z • • '• •lJ _N_ •.• • Celiang fayi Gnomon), (The (On du shuo the Biao Laws
'•lJ • • .•_ N] • Trigonometry), Celiang f•i (Differences of of in the Laws yitong
•-• (• s•z :_• (Simplified Trigonometry), Explanation of Rules of pingyi shuo the Jian
-j:y •- •,• I• N} •. Zhifang • (External Maps), Balance), Record of waiji l•e Tian
wen
7• • • • N Right-angle Triangles), yuanben (On • Astronomy), (On Gougu Jibe yi
7• 7• • • Friendship), ([Euclid's] Geometry), Jiaoyou (On Elements of lun Taixi
•. •i• 7j• .•. 'fiZz • • •1• shuifa (Hydraulics • [] Hungai West), tushuo in the tongxian
.• !• •;• Sphere), [] Stereographic Yuanrongjiaoyi Projection of the Celestial (On the
•- 3( • •fj ,• • qianbian (Treatise Geometry), Arithmetic), (On xuanzhi Tongwen
on
• •g• tongbian
• • compilation by chuhan, collection, the edited This Tianxue Li Zhizao
was a
j•; •,, g• •-• Chongzhen Guangqi Ming dynasty. (1628-44) of the in the and Xu It
era
ideas) works, (or and is divided 1• 52juan, section contains into li nineteen and
to
a runs
practical) •t• contains li section nine (or section. works the The and qi section qi
a
5 study Tasabur6 done and raised contains about the It6 has actual eleven. arguments a
Oba
4
fact, by clear, make these first titles Professor will work Matteo In
two
as soon are one
dialogues shipian. They engaged Ricci, in which with Ricci number of Jiren contain the
an
Carrington ofMing Bhggraphy, Chaoying Dictionary eminent Chinese. ed. Goodrich See L. and
University 1976), (New York: Columbia Press, Fang 1141-42.
p.
5 yidu, Qike,
Tang Jin•iao Those in bei, Jiren, section the li Author's Bianxue note.
are:
Zhifang shiyi, Jiaoyou. shuo, waij'i, Lingyan However, Tang Ershiwu and Tianzhu the li yan, 60
The Japan. in fmd
difficult
extremely
to
work is this chuhan,
but
of the Tianxue
texts
copies
Library have
• • I-• Tenri • _• • and •
Bunko Seikad6 of the
collections
family
•r• of the •
Owari
the
of collection
the in
also is there Meiji
set
the
from a era;
• •
(1600- $•Jl[
Yoshinao
Tokugawa
by Ieyasu
given to been have said
Tokugawas, to
have I proscription
that of the thus and predates 1630 6 year. collection
This
50).
daimyos,
various
of
and those Library Momijiyama shogunate's
examine attempted the
to
Japan, coming
that to Chinese
the with on texts concerned were while I and
many
was
banning
book
the that chuhan. To extent happened Tianxue the
occasions I upon rare
effective. rather policy
was
itself
the with
the title of but
part
book Shipian is unto titles, the
not 32
Of these
a
considered separate though they
two
would shipian.
It it, Jiren
before were work
as seem
It6 Professor
Or,
appeared list.
this they
which in the of as because titles on
way
-1- ,•.'•, (Ten
title Shiwei
the with
book banned for
Shipian
perhaps suggests, a
error was an
Mukai,
Inspector by Book made already been had
this
of Mistakes Consolations). sort
appendix
the
place
separated its to
from
bei
Jingjiao Tang
as the an when such
was
as
that included
here
works nineteen the subtract
when Thus,
counted. fan and
Xixue we
Daiyipian,
Misajiyi, Shiwei, eleven: with
left chuhan,
Tianxue the
in
are we
appear
gganwu
Kuangyi, xupian, Tianzhu baiyan, Shengji jieli•e, Jiaoyao xueji, Sanshanlun
works
eleven these and chuhan 8 The Tianxue yiji. 7 Diping and zhengji, zhenyuan, Dizui
banned.
were
Dishui yiji the
such
there that text
however, Ebisawa, Professor as
was argues no
thus,
pingyiji;
and the Jian zhenggui
combining
the Dizui title
ficticious it
that and
was a
only with the really
31
books, there
banned of list
Kan'ei
the
titles despite were the 32
on
the might infer that
One point in time. indefinite
concocted
title additional at
some
one
making total the separately,
counted
suanzhi Tongwen of the tongpian and qianpian were
32.
just
task, but let
extremely difficult try
is more. works Counting once these me
an
the work. In considered
text
itself chuhan
the Tiar•rue conjecture that one would
was
I
then (yibu)" details
and chuhan
Tianxue "1. specifically
written is out it above, cited
as
under be
works passed, other
all of the to
time
Then, following it. came enumerated
as
characters originally,
the
that, would two I chuhan.
heading of Tianxue
guess the
what (yibu)" and chuhan Tianxue title "1. appeared the after
jikai,
earlier, mentioned
itself
thatjikai
thought
it
Later,
titles. book listing of thorough a was followed was
was a
Church Nestodan the of goings
the
records that stele
famous
bei-namely, the on Jingfiao
[of Learning)
fie •!• (On •
Western fan
appended
the Xixue
Tang
(Jin•iao) to the in
era--was
fayi,
Celiang
Jian fayi, Celiang shuo, du
include: Biao section
the qi in Aleni). Those Giulio
tushuo, shuifa, tongxian
Hungai yuanben, Taixi
Jihe yi,.
Gougu liie, shuo, Tian pingyi
wen
xuanzhi. Tongwen and
Yuanrong,
•)ba's
the Tianxue
Professor
information,
entry
little on For Translator's see
note.
more
a
Heibonsha,
(Tokyo: Japan)
•J• •t• Encyclopedia
9• of !•. :• Great • jiten dai shi Nihon in chuhan
1200. 4, vol. 1993),
p.
Tokugawa house. 0f
the branch Owari 6
of the Founder
lig.
correctly,
written be should,
•,
here written
as 7 The
more Author's as
yuan note.
•J•.
gui
correctly,
written be
should, ]g
here written
Theft as s Author's more note. as 61
itself
chuhan
the Tianxue
question whether of the
into or look would like title. I to
now
proscribed.
constituent of its each texts were
fervent and chuhan convert
of editor Tianxue the Zhizao, Li chuhan. Tianxue a
preparation
of this
the Ricci, in took part of Matteo faith Guangqi the with along Xu
to
putting
and Ricci of works Matteo translated transcribing the
transmitting and by work
principles,
religious largely with
concerned section li The together collection. this was
science.
natural with
dealt section
qi the while
)-• •
•
and the
Chunxi against Yu yidu Ricci
example, the Bianxue in
argues
For
by
leveled Christianity
critique of rebutted the professed, further and
he.
he
faith Buddhist
Zhuchuang sanbi • work •$ ] the in [Zhuhong • "• Lianchi
monk Buddhist
the
by Ricci that
work
shiyi
Tianzhu
3). The Window, Part
Bamboo was :-• a of the
(Notes
format catechism
using the Buddhism, denounced
Christianity and
of
overview
gave
an
ztzZ.
• The Jiren q•
Xishi z15 and
Zhongshi
between
and questions two of men,
answers
question-and-answer
format, to employing
also sections, into divided
shipian
a ten
was
works
both
Ershiwu Jiaoyulun and the
the while yan views, were religious
advocate
religious scholarship
and
describing Western
work fan is The Xixue Ricci. by authored
a
Fangji
by
Bi work
lishuo
Lingyan
Aleni; the
by Giulio
written
a institutions was
•,•, •:• -• discussed
the anima Guangqi, which by compiled Xu Sambiasi), (Francesco
detestable.
works
of these both
shogunate The
soul. as namely human
the
saw
geography
which
concerning world
by Aleni
work Zhifang waiji
The a was
and
and
continents, five geography customs of
the manners, detail the
in described
did history. It
world textbooks
high
school
in today title products. on The even appears
lifted.
later
it
ban the and
section, li really in the
fit was on
not
shuifa
section, the Taixi qi the in of the several was
a introducing
texts
of By
way
Sanba Xiong
by of hydraulics and the water concerning nature
work technical
that Zhizao by Li
work
tushuo
concerns tongxian
Hungai Ursis); the (Sabatino de a
was
translation
Chinese the yuanben is Jihe bodies; the celestial measuring
the of
methods
the
(Oujiulide
Euclid by
of Geometry Elements Guangqi of the
and Xu Ricci
by Matteo
with
deals
li•e
methods, the
Tianwen calendrical
shuo
du • the Biao and =•= );
concerns
mathematics, Yuanrong
tongbian qianbian, suanzhi
Tong•ven general,
the
in
astronomy
all
Gougu
yi the and
fayi yitong, Celiang
fayi, the Celiang
the
with geometry,
deals jiaoyi
of
with deals shuo pingyi trigonometric-calculation, Jian the ways and
concern
earth. and the bodies celestial calculating
by
Matteo
translations
Chinese following
the section,
the qi in works the
Of were
fayi Celiang
fayi, Celiang
jiaoyi, Yuanrong suanzhi,
Tongwen
yuanben,
Jihe Ricci:
Guangqi,
and
Zhizao, Xu by
Li work this assisted in
He yi. Gougu
and
yitong,
was
scholarship the late
of
Chinese
had
Ricci
influence
the great
on and
others,
see can
one
he
reign which in Kan'ei the proscription of edict
book
the of significance
The Ming
era.
readily
be
others"--can and
Madou Li European by the books name--"32 by mentioned
is
understood.
prbscription Edo throughout the
edict Kan'ei the From
Proscribed Treasures.
in describe this
shall
severity. I
waned
in
process and waxed books
period, ban the
on
pro-Christian
shutting
completing
in
out shogunate's course,
the for but success due as 62
slipped through there web and that the items writings, occasions there
were
were on rare
example, Jiaoyu period. lun Kan'ei the the For Japan before entered had materials that
• • Shuofu the which of works known Ricci] collecton included [of
in
Matteo
as
was a
transported of 1710, Japan in the the Ming;
seventh printed it late
in the
to year
was was
Tasabur6 such successfully It6 raises entered the period, reign and Hrei country. many
begin with that closer lead. take examples Let which
from
to
case a arose me can our we
brought Japan researching books the
work 1965 I
When about home. to
my on
was
intriguing liu happened title Yi shi xiong book with the vessels,
I aboard Chinese
upon a
chop library
bibliography of bore the -t- the of old books. It •, --/-• in
which
appears a
Senior Councillor than g• • Fukuyama This Abe other domain.
in Abe of
none was one
brought
• ,• •.•, • • {• purchased books [•J and he
Masahiro kami Abe Ise
many
no
by
then it sought volume, this but peaked, his hands curiosity he China; get his from to on
bought teacher
and it certain had who
else. The sold had been to person was a
someone
title odd Yi the work. for the thus able As and he however,
Abe's, colleague of to
see
was
combined, (six),
(one) liu be and characters, yi first fact the in shi xiong, to liu two
were
characters, and similarly, shi xiong, (qi); producing the latter when "seven" thus two
were
other than the this produced ke, thus work and they
the combined, character
was none
Pantoja Diego Qike by books, proscribed de work the of Qike. list
the 1630 On
was a
teaching arises • of all evil • that the 1• exhortative ). It (Pang Diwo
root text
was an
give sins pleasure; rise the these would wealth, that and desires for from to esteem,
seven
indignation; jealousy, and idleness, gluttony, licentiousness, of covetousness,
arrogance,
firmly establish when
deadly There is sins. these
how and to to way
no now overcome
encrypted in this title fact that the manuscript dov•aa,
the taken
but this very
was was
fascinating.
keep is it secret
to
manner
the bring the banned books
discussion of 32 good place this
be would Here to
on a
containing it,
works "other Seisai Kond6 close. list As put Kan'ei passages to
a
European nations could of the Christianity and and the with concemed customs manners
references, these
of but certain number been There have
be sold." continue to were may a
change direction
would this that incident Yet, banned
books.
entire to not was occur
a sharply.
Jfky6 reign,
of the second the Mukai Gensai. In and Huan The
year
you quart
:N .• •
coelo [a of Aristotle's translation De entitled
book 1685, Huan et
you quan
a
by Nanjing
This work vessel 15. brought Japan from China mundo]
to
no. was a on
was
f•j Tianqi period .• Hanji ) from the (Fu • Furtado Jesuit Francisco Portuguese the
preface by translation dated Zhizao the Li Ming, it bore (1621-28) and of the to
a
religious ideas, fifteen advocating divided in Christian (1628). Chongzhen is work It
1
a
•-
• •]•, • •j, "Buhuai" --and denounces [] and "Chunti" "Huanman" sections--such
as
Inspector of Mttkai Daoism. Books Buddhism, and Confucianism-, teachings of three the
of .the that the Huan pointed fact the discovered and contents Gensai out you quan
Genshr, aforementioned Mukai and his of the the third Gensei
ban. violated the
son was
• t• • N • ;•; ), (also known Motohiro Kanetoki
Mukai brother second elder
as
was
• • Kyorai (1651-1704). first of the the In Mukai namely well-known the poet
year
style), (East moved old Asian he
three (1658), Gensei period when reign Manji
years was
(1680) spring ofEnp6 Kyoto, in the 8 but brothers Gensh6 and his elder his father with to 63
Nagasaki Administrator,
the from Nagasaki,
in and
request
he returned
to
response to
a
day 2•E
•-• the 23rd of ,•, • the l•, Seid6 the of became head j•. Ushigome Chfizaemon
on
Nagasaki by
Gensei's established in earlier, the Seid6 noted As third month.
lunar
was
Ushigome (Kanbun 3); 1663 (Tenp6 4), it down in but burned
Gensh6, father, in 1647
•-• {- •
•)• •
by Sakaki Jinzaemon interpretor the of Chinese then it, and revived
name
a
day •---•.
•-• •[• • of the the 25th S6ju On by Nanbu head, followed •j its served
as
completely
following
inspector books,
of become month, Gensei seventh lunar to went
on
discovered the Huan following he these footsteps. fifth the In father's events, his in year
quan. you
time, the coveting this of the materials .scarcely detailed
There events
as
any
are
•fi ,•e • • • (Daily [] • Accounts nichiroku kaisho ts•ji appropriate of the volumes T6
only record that
longer The Interpretors)
of Chinese the Hall from the extant.
no are
the from month; eighth it is
day report of the fourteenth the remains dates
to
a
carrying •;• the concerning [•, I[ his Kawaguchi out Genzaemon Administrator, •
had councillors who senior month, of the day seventh of the the last instructions, dated
question
book in
of the According the this day report, before. the arrived
to
was
owner
ships'
including
others, • •'•', and three fourteenth Wu :•: the and two Zhanzhu Wu
on
(I
will making of
they thus Wu knew,
guest summoned tell sorts captains, what to
a
were
work).
Both of this section captains later ship in subject and of
discussing the be
a crews
"bringing the braggarts, for
captains Wu deemed insolent ship and the Wu
two
were
book "knowing that the captains full well ship for Japan and the work" banned was
to
thereafter three ship The carrying nonetheless."
aboard it strictly and banned men were
stringbound
volumes six in sailing Japan, and the Huan prohibited from
was to you quan
be ordered ship's
entire Their concerned. of all not to the before burned
cargo was eyes
point
taken be they that
sold until had intact, all that with it to but unloaded
to return was
entailed together. This action sail all ordered they further them, and with back set to
were
trip
the full
with goods
and order of prohibition sale
the to return
cargo; was a
a on a
entailed loss. and vessels Chinese complete great for the
waste
a
•" Miyagi
Kanbutsu result, Administrator Gensei. As feat for
This great
a
a
was
Kawaguchi
Settsu Nagasaki, conferred with Edo,
• in •- stationed •
who to
came was
month day ninth lunar of • •t ,•, sixteenth the Ill and then wrote to
kami
•
on
no
which scrupulous
with in the duties fulfilled
have Gensei: "You you manner your
extremely
inspection this It of books in in the tasks matter. attended
was to
your
thirty of being sacks awarded extraordinary of received the important." then treatment He
fudai. The promoted of the rank and
stipend
for
to and rice
two persons, was
a
the scrupulously, attached there
and handled
this of event announcement was
was
stipend: and of rice explanation award the following to
Althoughthis
fudai, promoted and for insignificant, have been seemingly to is you
recongnized This is in this be continue shall generations descendants status. to a
your
something of
of it such. Because
think should indeed, happy and
you are event as you
explaining [Nagasaki],
this I
from distant
rustic to
you. am area a a
attached
for Administrator and
Nakasaki
office of the the Mukais Thereafter, the to
were
of Books. Inspector hereditary of generations the held post 64
of books
number
the
however, 1685, in
of the Huan discovery
the
After quart you
said,
opportunity, it this
took shogunate
dramatically. The
was designated banned
rose
as
books of
inspector
what the though, that
problem The
vigilance. reinvigorate its was,
to
Gensei hidden
this is the
that
the
have I found.
be reason could check sense did not
not
his about enthusiastic job,
his in
industrious
becoming increasingly
so or so
was
sought
he what in to
and thus uncover. achievements, severe so
Dijingjingwu
the
Beijing. We to
return Guidebook
Banning of to now The
a
eighth of
Ship
the Nanjing in
Sixteen Number
Japan year brought
volume
the
to liie,
on
verified,
be ship entered port this cannot Although the date (1695). period Genroku
the
Guangnan Eleven Number
nichiroku, the
kaisho tsziji the T6 of four volume according
to
the
and
of the month
lunar ftrst of the 25th
the year; on
entered Ship
port
at
on
noon
which vessel
of
nineteen of of the
members
month, sixteen second a of the fifteenth crew
(Nanjing) had been
Chongming
county
Shandong from
in
Liaozhou
to
route
en
pigs, purchased and
month, had
first of the fourteenth was the
shipwrecked
in Satsuma
on
ship
is nichiroku this
kaisho tsaji Songjiang--in
the T6
back shipwrecked
its
to
way
on
ship's
turned
Satsuma"--were to from returning
home "pig
over boat referred
to
as
remaining
three
The of.
taken were,
be vessels men captains of
sixteen to
care
Sixteen--bound
and Five,
ships--Numbers One,
three the
respectively, turned be to
to
over
the
after
time Accordingly, Nagasaki. it
in remained they some Thus, Nanjing. was
for
Interpreter
Junior
Inasmuch the of fifteen the before next. and month
as first the of 25th
month
month, full
third day of the
sixteenth
the summoned
a Hayashi
Kaneuemon
on
was
proceeded. That
books inspection of
the work period the during this followed, and
on
Administrator
reached the
liie
Dijingjingwu
of the
the with problems contents there
were
•/h •-. I1• 7•
• •f•
ryakushi
Nagasaki
Zrho
the
books. In
of
inspector
the from
in report
a
• • •J • •; ryaku taiisho" "Teiky6 keibutsu
Expanded), Nagasaki, the
of
History (Brief
•
•
_J•
(Memoran- "Mrshiage oboe" liie) and the • Dijingjingwu (Outlines of the ,•
7•
"taiisho" The of books.
inspector
term of the the
reports
These cited. dum)
were
were
8,
Genroku
of
month third
dated the and is book
of
as
of the
outline contents
refers
a
to
an
•" •3• Katayama ;• :• and
Gent6 by signed
Iwanaga
both
and oboe," "Mrshiage
is the
are
Gensei books. of inspectors
assistant
Katayama and
.Ltd. • lJ_l Iwanaga • Genshi were
the
signature does his inasmuch not
this appear charge of on
in been
have
as
case not
may
fifteenth.
the though
month, it
day of the specific
carries was Neither near
report.
a
Why
wonderment: •, • • • in asks apparent Moritada
Takahashi Professor
that
only natural
It banned?
been
have
liie Dijingjingwu the such was work
would
as
a
of
guidebook the sites
appeared be to
book
this suspicious, and
to
be would a
they
Liu student
together his
•, with • •[•, Suian
from •" •
Fengnian
Fang Beijing.
man
a
,9
capital,
Chinese • visited t# the -•
Yisheng
friend Yu • saw •lJ t•: his and Shengdong
ponds,
parks, and
city
and the city walls outside-the
and scenery, inside sites
famous
the
of section each
after
collected
by
earlier
with travelogue
men poems then
and
wrote
up
a
Chongzhen
reign of the
of the eighth
1635, the
published in year work. It the was
slightly
968-69, for Biography,
of Ming
Dictionary T'ung" in a pp. "Liu under 9 the entry See
slightly different with and of this names. rendition story different 65
However,
in fourth the
and emperor. fifth respectively, juan,
they
Christian
church
note
a
and the of Matteo Ricci. Therein lay problem. the grave
The
Church and Grave the
of
Matteo Ricci. The church during built
the
was
reign
of
the
Wanli when
Ricci
China. emperor Its method to
of
construction
came and
images the
of Jesus described
in detail.
right
the To
of the church are
church
for
was a
Virgin the Mary.
"It the
form Virgin the
of recounts Mary,"
[reads "Taiisho"]. the
"She
had
child,
namely
Jesus." This is followed by one the
execution
Jesus, of the
resurrection, the ascension, and the Christian church.
The people
who believe
in this doctrine
called
Christians.
The
Jesus
the are
to
pray
on
day seventh
and
call this
days The of
incarnation Jesus'
his and mass.
ascension
are
called
great These all
recorded in
works
such masses. the shiyi Tianxue
are
At
as
the end
of this
work
four
All
presented Matteo by poems. Ricci are to of the
poets
Ming period, they praise his virtues.
This indeed,
describe the church
to seems, in
little
much detail.
too for As
the
a
Ricci's entry
it coming his
China, on gifts grave, recounts the brought, he to his personal
his
language, his countenance, appearance,
the and like. addition, In
"in
the
gengxu
year
of the reign Wanli [1610],
Matteo Ricci died, his
followers and buried according him
to
ritual.
His
unlike
the Chinese style." They
grave
noted was that right his
to the
was
Deng of • •, Yuhan •
(Johann grave Terrenz [1576-1630]), explained
the
of
content
teachings, their
and
elucidated
of their faith. Then, part even the
end,
they
one
at
concluded
the "Taiisho"
with: "Poets of Ming
the
visited
his and contributed
era
grave
him. general, In this to is the poems case."
For its
"Mrshiage the
part oboe"
described
simpler in the
of terms the
content
"Taiisho" and then offered the rather fair assessment:
Although
that
time
has principal
the
aim past, [Dijing] of the
jingwu liie
be
to
was
a
that described
the Beijing text
of history the and
of scenery the terrain, hence
and aside
from
juan, there is
two mention
of Jesus. Thus,
literary in the style no of
these
two
sections,
it
people calls
the
faith and to them follow
path. its
encourages There to
is
nothing
offensive
in the
is it written.
addition,
In
there
way appended
the to poems are
work, they
but
only praise [Ricci's] scholarship.
append We this
section the
to
"Taiisho" offer and the documents together. two
Investigation
by Chinese-language the Interpreters.
interpreters The three
interrogated who ship's the
captain
night the
of the sixteenth presented
on translation
a
Japanese into
of the affidavit
obtained the offices the to of
Nishi Administrator
and the
Tateyama
Administrator early in morning the of the seventeenth. Tateyama At they
inquiry carried
the of
Chinese before
breakfast out that morning.
Apparently
an they
once
again
inspected that time the
Christianity, Chinese at for
such making
them
as out
carry
thefumie.
point, that interpreters At the returned their ship's and the to quarters,
captain,
caifu,
and the
informed:
"On this
occasion Christian passengers book
has were been
a
brought
[to
Japan].
working
We determine by
the to which
brought it are
here
means
was
and other details
in this
They
matter."
ordered
confined all to quarters, were contacts 66
with those
fi'om
ships other
severed,
and
then interpreters were the
took their
affidavits.
Furthermore,
they
forbid
further investigation
until aider
summoning
the
charge in
of
man
their residence,
Nakamura
Rokuemon
qb
•
•5"
• 7•
[•
from Kon'yamachi
•[•
•
f•J', and
interrogation until
his
complete.
By
the
was
token, they
same
summoned the
priests
of
the
Fukusai
Krfuku and
temples
and
communicated
them that they to
"were
to not
dispense
and
use
abruptly"
with
items
donated
any
their
temples by to the
Number vessel Sixteen.
On eighteenth,
the
interpreters all
those
ill duty
save the Trjin
at yashiki or on
proceeded
the Interpreters'
to
Hall.
Affidavits
from
Yuanliang
He
(captain
of the ship),
Chen
Xianke
(caifu),
Fei Ji'an
(owner
book), of the
the
and the
seven
passengers,
oaths
of
Fei,
He,
and Chen
prepared
duplicate in
were clean
copies,
Japanese
translations
as
were
of
each,
and all
presented the
office was
to of the Administrator.
addition, In
the
two
members from the
of
the aforementioned
Nanjing crew
"Pig
boat"
reassigned,
were
one vessel
to eighteen
number
and
vessel
to number one twenty.
On day,
that
the allotments
for
permitted
for commerce
twenty were
vessels in
spring, the
but
vessel
number sixteen
ordered
"to refrain from was trade and
await notification."
On the
twentieth,
submitted report above
a the
was
of
Senior Interpreters
names
Sakaki
Hayashi.
and
It
their
reading report was
investigation
a and on
of
the Dijing
jingwu l•ie. In their view:
We
have been
ordered
to
attention
turn
scrutinizing
to our
the
volumes
two
of the
above
mentioned
work,
and
have
tried
look
it
in to we
at detail.
great While
the
two
sections
be praised
being for
may well
they constructed,
do
mention
the
Christ, of
name
the leader
Christianity of
and describe
his origins.
Were
these references
there,
not
there
would be
explanation
of the
Christian
no church.
This,
believe,
I is
the
reason
mention is
made of the
church.
There is,
of
slightest the course,
not
of
encouragement
Christianity
within
these references.
Descriptions
of
(fengtuji
]• ± • scenery
)
and
local
of sites (zhishu
• -•- accounts
)
published
places are in at
many province
of
every
China.
Such
works
describe
detail,
in irrespective
of
good bad,
sites, old
people,
or and
varieties
of mountains, forests,
and flora
for
the region
encompassed by
the
work.
Accordingly,
the
of the
Christian
faith
name
nowhere
appears outside
these
juan.
two
It
that
their
aims
have long
seems
been
describe
in to detail
famous certain
sites.
The
[Dijing]jingwu
liie is
work such
descriptions these
a of as scenery.
The
interpreters
senior
two
carried
investigation their
out
of
the
of
the contents
book
on
orders from
the Administrator
and
said
it simply
description
was of
a
scenery, not
a Christian proselytizing text.
Instructions
from the Senior
Councillors.
On
the 21st,
examination
of the an
Chinese
conducted
the
office of
the Tateyama
at was
Administrator
in
effort
if to
an
see
there
discrepancies
with were affidavits any the given
earlier. On
day that
36
servants
and
interrogated,
and seaman following the
were
day
on of
the previous day's
copy
a
documents
in
addition
clean copies to
two of affidavits
the
given
the by 21st
the
36
on
by presented
interpreters. the
men They
were
told
Tateyama
the
at office
were
write
to
up
postscript
for these
documents,
a nine
interpreters of the
were
sign it,
and to then
submit
it
they which
following did the day, the
23rd. investigative The
documents being all in 67
order, Miyagi Administrator -• "•" t)• • •-• • Echizen kami • Kazusumi
Kond6
and
no
• q• • -• • Bichfi •j kami j•
Y6sh6 communicated Administrator Niwa
T6t6mi
to
no
•-
•: • • :• • Nagamori kami •
duty who also the in of
the no
events
was on course
investigation, the results of original the plan handling the and together for it with the case,
affidavits Chinese, oaths, of the
Japanese the their translations, and outline
statement
an
concerning
book. the they 24th On the arrived in time Edo. this three At
men were
serving the in Nagasaki of Administrator. post made his Niwa the senior report
to
attendance, councillors in
original and solution decided plan; based the
a was
on on
a
reply
arrived from
T6t6mi kami day dated the 15th month, of the fourth and the senior no
councillors notified
them with dated memorandum the read: 16th. It a
MEMO.
Among brought the works [Nagasaki] * spring this aboard
Number
port Sixteen to
Nanjing
Ship bearing
is Dij'ingjingwu title the lfte. describes sites, the It
one scenery,
temples,
pavilions Beijing and region, of the and within
its there also
pages
are
Christianity. references
of The question, the volume Ji'an,
in Fei to
well
owner
as as
ship's captain
the interrogated. Chinese and
brought
into It
port passengers were
was
only after perused,
its nothing
title appearing ordinary. the of
This has led out was
now
investigation trouble, deal of and
ensued with great affidavits to and oaths from
a
an
Chinese, together the
Japanese translation, with and submitted outline in six report
an
copies.
The of what
has learned conveyed, been has the of content
content was your as
communications.
aforementioned The repeatedly Chinese have been summoned, questioned, * instructed
perform
fumie,
placed the investigation. under and discrepancies There to in
were
no
affidavits, their
and it would there is that doubt
the
that book entered to
seem no
reason
through
inattention. However,
inasmuch brought book that
does
port to as a was
things mention such the founder religion, of the
Christian the of his
structure
as
teachings,
and followers, achievements the writing his of destroyed this be the must at
Administrator's before residence the general of the populace. Chinese
book's The
eyes
Ji'an,
ship's
Fei captain longer
and the shall Japan.
the
owner,
to to no
cross come sea
They
be shall concerning involved in ship's merchandise. them not Let commerce any
possible.
be home returned have understood
We intentions.
soon as as your
brought aforementioned The through
here work inattention. * discretion At
was your
have Christian the before book burned ship's
the of the Chinese. The and
eyes
owner
captain prohibited coming henceforth
Japan from and shall ship's in to
not
are engage
immediately. They business informed shall be here. of this completely We understand
concerning
be done Christianity what here.
Matters that be must
matters
must are
scrutinized.
Hereafter, keep
informed
of
affairs such and to
you are ever more
renew
vigilance designs the in accordance with sh6gun. of the
your
[lunar] day. month, Fourth sixteenth
Sagami
no
• • •j: Yamashiro kami
no
•t Bungo •: •t kami
no
• ;• Kaga • kami no
Miyagi Lord Echizen Vami
no
q• ]•
• •/: ]• • Lord Bichfi kami Kond6 no 68
Judgment The of Administrator. the first The of this items
memorandum two
recognition handling
of the
the of by fit deemed Nagasaki the matter were
as
Administrator.
The final item
instructions shogun. of
the
This
report to
were
a
memo
from
the senior reply councillors Niwa's and apparently Nagasaki arrived in the
end of at
fourth the lunar day month.
last the On that month, of
unofficial from
announcement
an
the Administrator
the Chinese-language of Hall the Interpreters: sent to for "As was
Ship, Number Sixteen be advised that it been has ordered leave On the soon." to port
day first fifth of the month,
official order '•lumber Ship Sixteen shall be
out: went
an
leaving
with all haste." due
day
ship that On the prepared
its put
to out to mast
was
sea,
aloft, raised and
the charge in
their
of residence summoned and various the
man
was
for
their
cleared. day The
stay
Chinese 20 ahead expenses next loaded
sent
to
were sea,
ship's with their
(a bodhisattva, and Bosa deity Mazu) the which had
been
cargo a
installed the temple. Chinese They having had at taken the back
to offered return
present
temple the they
time the
Thus, entered to the at the third of month, port. Chinese 46
on
all
called office the Tateyama of the Administrator given judgment to and the the of were
administrators. read: It two
As the
of religion, Christian the
for
matter there has been
concerns many years
now
a
place, strict ban in
which has been known made all Chinese
vessels. That book to
a
laced with heretical
this doctrine
brought has been Japan height is the of
to
now
insolence. Furthermore,
book's the clearly checked it and into
content entered
not
were
Japan scrutiny. without careful light investigation, the of In fair forgiven fault the is
ship's and the merchandise be will removed. The book destroyed, has been not the and
instructed is
vessel sail. However, banned
words, shiyi, such set to Tianxue
as appear
documents, countless
and failure this through occurred inattention. The
on extreme
ship's Fei Ji'an captain Yuanliang
and He strictly hereafter
forbidden from
owner
are
sailing Japan. month, day. Fifth third to
And it would destroyed book the by
fire. Number Ship Sixteen
so, seem, put was to out
day,
that Dijingjingwu thereafter and
the
liie became resolved. this Of entire sea matter
a
the "Goseikin shoseki merely wakesho"
noted: Genroku "In 8, Number process,
gomen
Ship brought
Sixteen Dijingjingwu [to Japan], lfie and destroyed." it ordered There
was
body
documentation, fair is of
have introduced here, I concerning it Dijing the
a
as
liie. by jingwu
The which became it banned
work followed detail, be in and process a
can
although
bit tedious tried have I that here. to trace a process
J6ky6 Banned
Following Books designation after 2. the
the of Huan
you
quan
J6ky6 banned proscriptive [1685],
in 2 actions increasingly became
noted as
severe,
as
This earlier. continued situation (J6h6 by 5) until 1720
which time the Huan
you quan
and fifteen other had works added been the index. According the to "Gokinsho
to
Library, Nagasaki mokuroku" the held in titles the books, of banned ships the
and
years
they brought which Japan, given
their fate and list in form: to on were are
Ship TRle Year book/ship Fate of
J6ky6 [1685]
Huan 2 destroyed, No. 15 ship Book repri- quan you
owner
manded, ship's returned cargo 69
repri- ship destroyed, [1686] J6ky6 12, Fujian Book tongzhi Nos. 25 3 owner
ship's manded, returned
cargo
destroyed, ship's
J6ky6 Book No. 32 3 Diwei cargo
re-
turned, from Japan banned
owner
ink, [1687] blotted with huowen Tianjing J6ky6 Characters No. 21 4
out
•-t• •r• • • • houji •,• back sent
destroyed Dijing Book liie Gem'oku jingwu No. 16 8
[1695]
Xitang and back Genroku Book 9 62 quanji No. sent tom up
[1696]
ink, Xitang blotted with Genroku Characters quanji 11 No. 12 out
[1698] back sent
fami ink, blotted with Genroku 12 Characters Sancai No. 4 out
[1699] back sent
ink, blotted with Genroku Characters ji 12 No. 21 Yuanxue out
back sent
ink, blotted with Genroku Characters zhi 12 No. 56 Xihu out
back • sent
ink, yizhi blotted with Chan Genroku 6 Characters zhen 13 No. out
[1700] back sent
ink, heji blotted with 8 Characters Genroku 14 No. Tan Youxia out
[17011 back sent
ink, Fangcheng blotted with lun Genroku Characters 14 12 No. out
back sent
is, back future trade Min•ia Book
shi Genroku 15 No. 31 sent guan as
[1702] banned
is, Book back future trade Genroku 16 No. 9 ji Xuezhai Tan sent as
[1703] banned
ink, Zengding [1710] blotted with H6ei7 16 Characters No. out guangyu
•.g]• back ji sent
ink, with Characters blotted Sh6toku 1 Jianhu j 2 No. out
[1712] back sent
expression Banning "characters blotted with ink" The Books. Reasons for out
• portions •_ ink, offending (sumikeshi implies of blackened with ) that the
text
a were
•1 • destroyed. (hila'yaburi ) Dijing indicates books The up" the whereas "tom
were
referring ship being nothing today it in its back and has still l•e be jingwu
sent to
seen can
returning captain Japan. others from There is thus the and ban the the strong
to
to
on nor
subsequent ship's back that trade possibility
entire that the
not sent not cargo was or was
fully barred.
following given mokuroku," for the According "Gokinsho the
the to reasons are
banning of books: these
ofyin-yang and the five houri theories Heterodox Tianjing agents huowen are
instances in this work. mentioned
on numerous
t• zhuzhi/[• by Europeans cited
the Poems Xitang quanji
among are
foreigners by in this work.
poems
stereographic
projec- eitatious arithmetic and There fami Sancai to are
by tion work. Westerners in this 70
exchange
Guxue
ji Works
involved in the
of included in presents
are
this work.
Xihu zhi There
is Christianity mention of in
the section the
on
Wansui Pavilion in
this work.
Chan
yizhi zhen
The Chinese characters
for Jesus in
this work.
appear
heji Tan Youxia hearsay There is Christianity about in this work.
Fangcheng
lun
The
of Westerners inscriptions and their in banned names
books in this work.
appear
Min•ia
shi The exchanged between
guan the Chinese Tongchi •% Wu poems
• ,•
and Westerner in this work.
a appear
Xuezhai
Tan ji
Jesus is mentioned ruing the in zhong "Zi 1• ,• •,.• xu"
song
•]•)•fi which in this
work. appears
Zengding
ji
There
is reference Christian guangyu church in this work. to
a
j Jianhu i Mention =_.:•: is made ofsanzhu from the West and the
Catholic Matteo Ricci in this work.
here, As books
banned
phrase if"a
in word
them we can see referred were
or
to
a
Christianity"
only "even slight if
mention of Jesus
disciple his
Matteo or
Ricci or was
made."
Change
of Direction. This general direction changed
in
(J6h6 1720
5) with the
issuance
of policy relaxed
by
Shogun
Yoshimune
point :•= '-•-'. this "To a
time, more in if
•
m
work slightest had the
Christianity mention of it completely would be a banned.
Henceforth,
shall be
with concerned works
not that in elite
popular we circulation are
or
long
they
proselytizing concerned with
not
faith." the so result, As
as are
works
about
a
calendrical science, astronomy, mathematics,
and like--works the such those from the
as
qi of section
the Tianxue chuhan--were
thereafter banned importation from not Japan
to
and allowed
be
sold. This included to following: such works the
Yuanrong were
as
Yungai jiaoyi, tushuo, Celiang fayi, tongxian Celiang fayi yitong,
Jian
pingyi Gougu
ji,
yuanben, Jihe yi, Jiaoyou lun, Tongwen xuanzhi, shuifa, Taixi
Zhifang Tianwen liie,
Fujian tongzhi, wail'i, Xitang fami, Sancai quanji, zhi, Xihu heji, Tan Youxia Zengding
Jianhu ji, ji. guangyu
Zhifang The
though,
waO'i, allowed
into Japan only
further
occasion;
was
on
one
in 7), 1775 again it placed
the list
banned of
books. When Jianhuji the
was on
again brought
Japan
in (Bunka 2), 1805 it to blotted
with
ink was back, and
out
sent
was
though
when it arrived (Tenp6 in 1837
8),
it allowed
be sold. immediate The to
was
for
composition the of the "Gokinsho mokuroku" held in Nagasaki the
reason Library,
which
have repeatedly
had occasion the in fourth month to Tenp6 of we
now
12 use,
[1841]
the arrival
that Japan in aboard the Number One Tianfang vessel
the was
year
zhisheng shilu nianpu.
It by checked inspector
the books, of
deemed
proscribed
was
a
designated work, and destroyed by be
fire day the ninth to
of the fourth month. Thus,
on
it
Togawa that Harima
kami had
prepared
report the seems that point. no events a to
on
question The work
in in 1841
Christian
but
book not
about text, Islam written
was
a
a
Kangxi about 1721] [ by Qing-era 60 the 3q"/• scholar •lJ Jielian
Liu
published and by
:• Guoxiang •_ [] Yuan Qianlong
[1778] in 43 in
stringbound juan twenty and ten
volumes. unfortunately
We
have documentation determine whether inspector
the to no
found mention of foreign Jesus of
countries in the problematic book
whether he or or 71
found
the entire
heretical.
only We
text imagine inspector how the would
have
can
understood
the
Chinese characters used
Arabic words, amusing to thought pronounce
an
be to sure.
Relaxation
Judgments. of Following the relaxation of the
ban
in the
Jrh6
period, in instances
when banned
books brought
there
to
have port, been were to
seems
a
relaxation judgments
in
well,
and
judgments
in which
as
summary vessel
had
no
to
a
with its
entire intact return
issued.
For example,
carge the Number Nine
were vessel in
(Meiwa
1771
8)
bearing,
things, of port all to the came Tianxue chuhan. Copies
of the
"Taiisho"
from
that
time available
Kyfishfi in
University Library and
the are
Kano Bunko
University of
Trhoku
Library,
and the manuscript
Trhoku University
at
has
recent a more
transcription
date.
Ky0shfi The
University
has
23 traditional
text
in
pages
one
stringbound
volume with
binding
covered clearly
and contains a number
of omissions.
a
University The Trhoku
has
the omissions. text
original
The has
lines in same
two
cover
the
which
read: Brought "Books
center Aboard the Number Nine Chinese
Vessel
from
the
Year
of the
Rabbit" and "Outline of
the Tianxue chuhan." right the
On
side
were
three lines:
"Meiwa 8, the Year of the Rabbit,"
•: "Shinmi • Kaga
kami
Duty,"
no
on
and
"Volume
1." On the left side, it "Eighth reads: Month of the Year of
the
Rabbit."
Kaga Shinmi
kami
other than Shinmi Masayoshi
• •, • I--1:
no
was none who
served
as
Nagasaki
Administrator
from the first
month of Meiwa [1765] through 2
the eleventh
month ofAn'ei [1774]. 3
The
book
contains
titles, record the of numbers of
juan, and numbers a
leaves
of
eighteen of
beginning works,
with the fan, Xixue
juan,
leaves. There seventeen
one
are
comparable
of such
"Taiisho"
that
detailed no
down cases the number
leaves. of a to was
The banned
books clearly
designated,
it and
this done are that nothing
seems
was
so
slip
through. would Concerning the last works listed
here from ten Yuanrongjiaoyi the
Jiaoyou the
lun,
it describes to their
general in
contents "astronomical terms work,"
as
"work of calendrical science,"
"mathematical
text." Then it
or
"From
to
goes
say: on
Kyrh6
[1720],
5 the
of the
it proclaimed
rat, that year writings Western
was
were
unproblematic long
they
did discuss heretical religious not
as Thereafter, as
the matters.
above
cited have works gradually
imported, ten been
and
language contain
none
concerned with heretical religion.
They have been sold." This
would indicate
that
in
these
had permitted. been texts inspector The commerce
books,
of after the
two
generations
of Saikyfi • •: • Mukai •"
and
Gensei, Mukai
by
the
of was a man
name
• • Kaneyoshi • Mukai •.
Documents
from Office the of Administrator. the
Among
the documents
from
the
Seid6
held Nagasaki in the Museum, there
is document (no. 370-41) from the
office
a
Nagasaki of the
Administrator which informed
Mukai Saikyfi judgments of the handed
down concerning
shippers the these
of books. It reads follows: as
Cheng
•.• 1•, Jiannan •
of Number
Nanjing Nine Ship in the Year owner of the
Rabbit.
Among
the books transported Japan] [to
this eighteen past had the
works
summer, you
in the
Tianxue chuhan.
Since
these
works banned importation, from
carried are
you
out
investigation detailed
determine they how to a entered they When arrived port. in port
last it apparently had from sail China with year, all
set the of works
transported
precisely
in
the
by arranged shipper's
the book
and manner
received
cargo
were
according
the
book
list. Matters
to became confused they and appeared ordinary be
to
They
works. improperly
checked
[Japan].
and entered
is This were needless
to
say
regrettable
and the inattention disgraceful. The fault for mismanagement this
is
forgiven.
Have
the aforementioned
books ordered
completely another
way one
or
destroyed.
instructed As
in
the
be past, that goods all coming must into you aware port
extremely important
ship for the
and items are known
be banned owners,
to must
increasingly
become
number
inspection.
of task
Failure your
attend
these one
to to
is
epitome the
inattention. of matters
therefore, There
in
which
this are, many
ways
handled, be
failure
but
matter
complete exercise
to can
will lead
With to regrets. care
a
special pardon
reproved,
and
this
you
end.
are You matter to ordered
comes
an
to
are
black ink with portions the the aforementioned in out books
that advocate principles the
Christianity,
of have and ships
the
returned
with their
intact. Pay
attention
cargoes
henceforth ships bearing they when to
arrive in particularly investigate and cargo port,
they
that
bringing
to in banned items. not see are any
This
letter
communicated the
of vessel
to number nine. was See
that its main owner
points
understood places that and the in offending the are inappropriate where
texts
[Christian]
doctrines
mentioned
blotted and back.
out, are report
are
Intercalary second month.
Thus, judgment
the
reprimand,
the books blotted
and
returned. was The a out "Taiisho"
written eighth in the
month,
judgment and since
the was
be carried not until to
out was
the
following second
month
of
the
there
fair
time of
spend year, amount
to
was
a
at
ease
until then.
did He face the
having not of
treatment all future Japan in severe
commerce
offand
have
his with cut entire to return intact. On the eleventh
day
of
the eleventh cargo
lunar of month
Kansei (1799), judgment 11
concerning
Dijingjingwu
the
lfie that a
shipowner
• Jingdan
•
Shen •
brought
had
Japan that
to carried
in
out summer
was
a
T6jin the yashiki.
Again,
he reprimanded, at
the room and book
blotted
was and
out
was
back.
These altogether
sent different from what transpired had cases
with are Number
Sixteen vessel in Genroku The aforementioned 8. Cheng
Jiannan had defended himself
by saying
"altogether
shipowner's in the bookshop
China, in had he
checked
them
with
a
list, book
and sail. Mixed
in
the others, thought set he they
ordinary
books, among
were
brought
and he them here checking without
closely." them
finds One precisely
the
same
words written about Jingdan. Shen
By
this
time the number of ships Chinese coming Japan
decreased, had to
and the
Chinese who trip made the
had become fixed. Thus,
the character of
these
men
was
known
Japanese, the
probably
it and
to they that loaded
books
the true
hand was
the
at
on
bookstore
off.
Jingdan and
Shen trip made the Japan set least
times, to
and at there ten
documents
concerning time the shipwrecked
he
Chikura, are numerous
B6shfi
at
was
on
first day the
fourth the of lunar month ofAn'ei [1780]. 9 (Tenmei In 1782 2), when he
Ship entered aboard Number port in Ten the
Year Tiger, of the brought
he
numerous
books frequently with him. And,
he dealt leniently with
bringing for in banned
was
books mixed in brought those he with
his
among
cargo.
Thereafter,
inspector the inspected of books imported the books
and checked
their
thought he If
there something contents.
questionable, invariably he
reported it was the
to
Administrator
sought and judgment.
However, the direction by taken the Administrator a 73
and
the
Senior
Councillors
whom
he to
his changed
sent
report
with the
times.
Tucked
in amid
these changes
the international turn
to was
a
situation.
This
clearly
in judgment the
can
seen
passed
the
Haiguo
•
tuzhi []
[] on •
(Illustrated
Gazetteer
of
the
Maritime Kingdoms)
which
Japan
in to
the came
late
Edo
discussion
years, of
which
be deferred
must
later chapter. to a 74