Teoretičeskaâ I Prikladnaâ Nauka Theoretical & Applied Science

Teoretičeskaâ i prikladnaâ nauka

Theoretical & Applied Science

12 (56)

2017

International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science

Founder : International Academy of Theoretical & Applied Sciences Published since 2013 year. Issued Monthly. International scientific journal «Theoretical & Applied Science», registered in France, and indexed more than 45 international scientific bases. Editorial office: http://T-Science.org Phone: +777727-606-81 E-mail: [email protected]

Editor-in Chief: Hirsch index:

Alexandr Shevtsov h Index RISC = 1 (65) Editorial Board: Prof. Vladimir Kestelman USA h Index Scopus = 3 (38) Prof. Arne Jönsson Sweden h Index Scopus = 4 (21) Prof. Sagat Zhunisbekov KZ - Assistant Prof. Boselin Prabhu India - Lecturer Denis Chemezov Russia h Index RISC = 2 (61) Senior specialist Elnur Hasanov Azerbaijan h Index Scopus = 2 (6) Associate Prof. Christo Ananth India h Index Scopus = - (1)

ISSN 2308-4944 1 2

International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science

Materials of the International Scientific Practical Conference

Generalization of scientific results

December 30, 2017 Philadelphia, USA

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International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science

ISPC Generalization of scientific results, Philadelphia, USA ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 288.

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ISSN 2308-4944 1 2

9 772308 494171

SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Denis Chemezov M.Sc.Eng., Corresponding Member of International International Scientific Journal Academy of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Lecturer Theoretical & Applied Science of Vladimir Industrial College, Russian Federation p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online) [email protected]

Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 10.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 25. Technologies of materials for the light and textile industry.

REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUFACTURING OF A SPEEDOMETER SCALE OF A CAR

Abstract: Method of printing of a speedometer scale of a car on the automatic lines "SAKURAI" and "THIEME" is presented in the article. Printing on the automatic lines allows with high accuracy to manufacture scales using high-quality paints, solvents and a polycarbonate film of the company "BAYER". Key words: a scale, paint, printing. Language: English Citation: Chemezov D (2017) REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUFACTURING OF A SPEEDOMETER SCALE OF A CAR. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 1-4. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-1 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.1

Introduction solvent vapors in a steam tunnel, spraying time and A mass paint production is economically exposure time in vapors. When painting by advantageously in manufacturing of significant electrodeposition it is verified dry residue, number of parts. In the composition of a paint shop temperature and degree of acidity of the working (or a shop of paint coatings) are included production compositions, presence of organic solvents, voltage, areas, where there are performed processes of surface amperage and etc. In the department for preparation preparation, priming, primary and final painting, a of paints, materials diluted to necessary viscosity for technological group, production and dispatch bureau, applying them on a surface one way or another a shop laboratory, departments for preparation and method. The warehouses for storage of the paint distribution of paints, warehouses for storage of paint materials are located in separate heated rooms which materials and a repair shop, planning and economic must be equipped with ventilation devices and fire- bureau. extinguishing means. Air temperature in these The functions of the department and laboratory warehouses must be from 17 to 25 °C which allows of paint coatings are included verification of to preserve good quality of the materials. incoming on a plant varnishes, paints, enamels and Let us consider printing method and auxiliary materials, replacement if it is necessary requirements for manufacturing of a speedometer some materials by others, development and scale for cars "KamAZ" [1]. implementation of the paint materials and new technological processes, control after painting Materials and methods processes and participation in designing or The scale 87.3802.201 installs on the reconstruction of painting areas and etc. Directly, speedometer 87.3802. The speedometer is designed painting departments and areas serve the shop for inform of a driver about a vehicle speed, distance laboratories, in whose the function it is usually traveled (total and daily kilometrage), display and included systematic control and verification of adjustment of current time, an alarm about exceeding production. With any method of applying coating it of speed limit, display of a ratio of a showing device is verified purity of source working paint of the speedometer (number of pulses per kilometer) compositions (absence of any pollutions and after entering of the access code, measuring of impurities), their viscosity and the correctness number of pulses coming from a speed sensor and is configuration of products on suspensions of a contributed to increasing of road safety and conveyor. When painting by jet spraying, except for economical operation of the vehicle [2]. Speedometer viscosity, it is verified temperature and degree of is used in the cars "KamAZ", "MAZ", "UralAZ" and acidity of the working compositions, concentration of

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"KrAZ". Drawing of the scale 87.3802.201 is "BAYER", Germany) [3]. The film has high heat presented in Fig. 1. resistance, excellent dimensional stability, easy Mass of the scale is 2.8 g. Material is the exposed by machining: cutting, punching, stamping polycarbonate film, optical, based on biphenol A that identifies it for use in electronics and instrument "MAKROFOL DE 6-2 0.375 mm" (company engineering.

A) B)

C) D)

Figure 1 – Drawing of the scale 87.3802.201: A – operating mode "day", B – operating mode "night", C – rear view, D – reference designation of coating color.

The technical requirements for manufacturing 4. Unspecified limit deviations of dimensions at of the scale: a location of the marks, numerals and inscriptions 1. *The size for references. ±0.1 mm to provide by the tool. 2. **Unspecified limit deviations of dimensions 5. General tolerances according to GOST ±0.5 mm to provide by a tool. 30893.1-2002 [4]: H12, h12, ±IT12/2. 3. Limit deviations of dimensions of letters, 6. General tolerances of angular dimensions marks and numerals ±0.05 mm to provide by the according to GOST 30893.1-2002 – m. tool. 7. Trade mark N2.5 3802226 DT.

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8. Graphical construction of the symbol A to 18. Alternate material: the polycarbonate film, perform in accordance with OST 37.001.012-85, optical "LEXAN 8B 35E 0.375 mm" (Netherlands). coefficient is 0.087. Printing of the scale is performed from both 9. Numerals of the marks of the speedometer to sides (transparent polished/finely matted). perform by basic uppercase font 6 GOST 2930-62 The technological process of manufacturing of [5], the inscription "km/h" – letters – lowercase font the scale 87.3802.201: 4 GOST 2930-62, the mathematical sign 4 GOST 1. Stencil printing of the scale on the automatic 2930-62. line "SAKURAI" (Japan) or "THIEME" (Germany) 10. The front surface of the scale is matte. [6]. The size of the film is 0.375×320×470 mm or 11. Coating of surfaces of the speedometer 0.328×450×470 mm. Weight of the one sheet is 65 g. scale to see in Fig. 1. Coating class is IV. The group Time standard: 559 minutes on 1000 parts; of operating conditions is Т2. 2. Punching of basic holes on a punch press. 12. White transparent paint (retouch) applies: Time standard: 192 minutes on 1000 parts; a) in one layer under the numbers 40, 80, as 3. Glue application (for further fixation on a well as under the marks, appropriate 25, 30, 35, 40, lightguide). 80, 85, 90, 95, 125 km/h; Time standard: 480 minutes on 1000 parts; b) in three layers under the numbers 0, 20, 100, 4. Cutting of sheets to the necessary size for 120, as well as under the marks, appropriate 0, 5, 10, subsequent die-cutting of the scale. 15, 20, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120 km/h. Time standard: 94 minutes on 1000 parts; 13. Work of the scale of dual mode: "day" and 5. Die-cutting of the scale on the hydraulic "night". press of the company "SCHOEN" (Germany). 14. Medium brightness of irradiance according Output is 4 pieces in one stroke of the press. For die- to OST 37.003.061-84 (allowed according to a cutting it is used a cutting die, a control template and control sample). guide retainers. 15. Glue is applied to the reverse surface of the Time standard: 313 minutes on 1000 parts; scale except in areas Б and also places under the 6. Control of appearance and on "gap". inscriptions, marks at a distance of 1...2 mm from a Time standard: 155 minutes on 1000 parts; corresponding contour. Glue is colorless with 7. Counting and packaging of the product. absorption coefficient not more than 10% and Time standard: 107 minutes on 1000 parts. temperature range of operation from -60 to +100 °C. Information about composition of paints 16. For manufacturing of masks of the scale to applied to the scale and printing modes is presented use a file of this drawing. in the tables 1 and 2. 17. Appearance by the control sample.

Table 1 Colors and composition of paints.

№ Color Composition 1 Light green "illumination", No. 5529 SR064 (green, 1 g) 2 Black "retouch", No. 5533 SR073 (black) 3 White "retouch", No. 5542, one layer SR070 (white) 4 White "retouch", No. 5543, two layers SR070 (white) 5 Dark varnish, No. 5530 SR2408873 6 White "substrate", No. 5528 SR070 (white) 7 Black "finish", No. 5540, two layers SR073 (black) 8 Matte varnish, No. 5534, sieve 120 SR35998910 9 Matte varnish, No. 5534 SR35998910 (70%) + SR46698910 (30%)

Table 2 Printing modes of the scale.

№ Flow rate, mm/s Squeegee rate, mm/s Capture rate, mm/s Productivity, imprint/h 1 250-300 250 652-684 2 300 3 250-300 250-300 624-684 4 200-300 5

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6 250-300 7 300 8 300-400 300-400 200-300 9

Note to the tables. printing temperature in the curing module must be No. 1...4 – printing with the matte reverse side, 90±5 °C, temperature in the cooling module must be wiping of the stencil through 100-120 sheets. 15±5 °C. The parameters within specified limits are No. 5...9 – printing with the front (glossy) side, maintained automatically. wiping of the stencil through 50-80 sheets. To avoid of sticking not to accumulate large For stencil printing there are used paints from number of the sheet on a palletizer (to remove and the company "MARABU" (Germany) [7] and glue put small stacks by 40-50 sheets). No. 5544. For the module of stencil printing "MF-80" of Conclusion the automatic line "SAKURAI" to set the squeegee The technological process of manufacturing of pressure from 3 to 4 atm. On the remote control to the speedometer scale of the car in production set: rate of the filler squeegee is 5 units, rate of the conditions includes the mechanical, paint and control printing squeegee is 3 units [8]. operations. According to the printing modes for the During operation it is necessary continuously to same operation it was determined processing control quality of printing and on "gap" before and productivity of the speedometer scale. A sequence of after drying of printed on the sheet of images. Drying applying of different colors paints on surfaces of the temperature must be 100 °C. On the line of stencil speedometer scale was given.

References:

1. (2017) KAMAZ PTC. Available: 6. Chemezov D, Kiseleva E (2016) A stencil https://kamaz.ru/en/ (Accessed: 04.12.2017). manufacture in the conditions of JSC Zavod 2. (2017) Speedometer. Available: «Avtopribor». ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedometer (44): 79-83. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-44-16 (Accessed: 04.12.2017). Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2016.12.44.16 3. (2017) Covestro Makrofol® DE 6-2 7. (2017) MARABU. Available: Polycarbonate. Available: http://www.marabu.com/creative/produkt/kategorien/ http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheettext.aspx? (Accessed: 04.12.2017). matguid=1e200096ac724879bbed323e1f65be1a 8. Chemezov D (2017) The technological (Accessed: 04.12.2017). process of the manufacturing a film scale of the 4. GOST 30893.1-2002. Basic norms of instrument panel of vehicle on the automated line interchangeability. General tolerances. Limit SAKURAI. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 03 deviations for linear and angular dimensions without (47): 46-50. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-03-47-10 tolerance indications. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.03.47.10 5. GOST 2930-62. Measuring instruments. Characters and signs.

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Julia Igorevna Zelenova Graduate student International Scientific Journal Russian State University named after A.N. Kosygin Theoretical & Applied Science (Technology. Design. Art), Russia [email protected] p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online) Valeriy Savelievich Belgorodskiy Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56 Doctor of Sociology, Professor

Russian State University named after A.N. Kosygin Published: 19.12.2017 http://T-Science.org (Technology. Design. Art), Russia

SECTION 15. Decorative and fine arts.

TRADITIONAL PROTOTYPES TECHNOLOGY LACE

Abstract: Innovative developments in the textile industry always have an underlying cause in the form of authentic prototypes, which represent the conventional technology. This base element defines the development of innovative solutions in the field of technological and engineering developments. As a result, and the necessity of saving the national craft technologies that are at the same time and the factor of self-identification of peoples, and the inexhaustible source of innovation. Key words: authentic technology, tradition, lace, nubby weave, openwork embroidery, macrame, transformation, innovation. Language: Russian Citation: Zelenova JI, Belgorodskiy VS (2017) TRADITIONAL PROTOTYPES TECHNOLOGY LACE. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 5-9. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-2 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.2

УДК 745:687.1

ТРАДИЦИОННЫЕ ПРОТОТИПЫ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КРУЖЕВОПЛЕТЕНИЯ

Аннотация: Инновационные разработки в текстильной промышленности всегда имеют подоснову в виде аутентичных прототипов, которые представляют собой традиционные технологии. Этот базисный первоэлемент определяет направление развития новаторских решений в сфере технолого- конструкторских разработок. Вследствие чего, и определяется необходимость сбережения национальных ремесленно-промысловых технологий, являющихся в то же время и фактором самоидентификации народов, и неиссякаемым источником для инноваций. Ключевые слова: аутентичные технологии, традиции, кружево, узелковое плетение, ажурное шитье, макраме, трансформация, инновации.

Introduction развивать сегмент от кутюр, в котором В современном мире текстильная используют и традиционные ручные технологии, промышленность ориентирована на способствующие обогащению образного использование технологических инноваций в восприятия костюмов, повышению их моральной системе производства, что позволяет улучшить ценности для потребителя. динамику экономического роста и конкурентоспособность. Сам термин Materials and Methods «инновация», введеный в 1930-х гг. австрийским Визуальное сходство в коллекциях ученым Шумпетером, в данном контексте различных по исполнению ручных техник с подразумевает внедренное нововведение, кружевом указывает на их единое включающее новые технологические продукты и происхождение. Еще с первобытных времен новые процессы их производства [1]. Новые развивалось два основных вида технологий: промышленные разработки широко применяются узелковое плетение и вышивка, предваряющих в коллекциях сегмента прет-а-порте. появление утонченного искусства Параллельно с интенсификацией кружевоплетения в Италии в XV веке [2, c. 96]. производства прет-а-порте, такие ведущие На протяжении нескольких столетий эти виды модные бренды, как Шанель, Диор, Александр ремесленных технологий, совместно с Маккуин, Оскар де ла Рента и др. продолжают кружевоплетением, продолжают развиваться, не

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теряя актуальности применения как в костюме, году обучалась искусству макраме в Голландии, а так и в интерьере. Шарлотта Мекленбург-Стрелицкая, жена Техника узелкового плетения «макраме» (от британского короля Георга III, своими руками арабск. «миграмах» - тесьма, кружево, от турецк. выплела кайму для декорирования изгороди во «макрама» - шарф с бахромой) известна более 4-х внутреннем королевском дворике. тысяч лет. В культурах Китая, Японии и Французский термин «макраме» (macramé) индейцев Северной Америки эта техника был закреплен в истории рукоделий, благодаря появилась в виде системы узелковой созданию энциклопедии «Полный курс женских письменности, как способ накопления и передачи рукоделий» (1884 г.) Терезой Дильмон. Вся информации из поколения в поколение. вторая половина ХIХ века ознаменована В IX в. до н.э. простейшее узелковое повсеместным увлечением техникой плетения плетение в виде ромбовидной решетки филе (фр. макраме наравне с кружевоплетением, которая filet — cеточка) использовалось для плетения является синтезом «филе» и «морских узлов». Ее рыболовных и охотничьих сетей. С развитием особенностью является использование грубых мореплавания вязание сложных морских узлов плотно скрученных нитей без дополнительных было абсолютной необходимостью для инструментов. надежного крепления тросов корабля. Некоторые В настоящее время известные модные виды морских узлов и стали прообразами для бренды, используя технику макраме, плетения макраме. демонстрируют на подиумах множество моделей В XVII-XVIII веках макраме обрело костюмов и в стиле «фолк» (фольклорный) — большую популярность в Англии и Северной Марк Фаст (рис. 1 а), Гуччи, и в стиле Европе в качестве декора интерьера. Этот досуг «футуризм» — Элеанор Аморосо (рис. 1 б), считался увлечением знатных дам и королевских Мартин Марджела, Кирилл Минцев. особ. Мария Медичи, королева Франции, в 1600

а б в Рисунок 1 - Использование техники макраме в коллекциях знаковых дизайнеров: а — Марк Фаст; б - Элеанор Аморосо; в — Мартин Марджела

Одним из первых утонченных видов декора Парадные одежды русских князей, бояр и костюма является вышивка. В качестве отделки духовенства богато расшивались золото- одежды высших сословий вышивка серебряной канителью по византийской моде. использовалась еще в Древнем Египте, Древней Вышивка льняных крестьянских рубах, Греции и Риме, что подтверждают преимущественно красной нитью, по вороту и археологические находки: вышитые куски краям рукавов приобретала магическую функцию древнеегипетской материи (С.- Пб. Эрмитаж) и защиты от порчи и «дурного глаза». Иглы для статуя Дианы из города Портичи (Италия), вышивания в этот временной период, до цветная роспись одежд которой напоминает усовершенствования ковки в XV веке, и вышивку [3].

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натуральные нити были достаточно грубые, «прошва» или «мережка» (рис. 2). Оно имело поэтому вышивка имела плотную структуру. большую популярность у крестьян в отделке Ажурное шитье по полотну, напрямую льняных рубах, постельного и столового белья. предшествующее кружеву, является Вышивка «мережка» развивалась во всем разновидностью вышивки [4, c. 45]. Традиционно мире наравне с другими видами рукоделия, как это шитье белыми нитями с продергиванием замена дорогостоящему кружеву. Но в первой нитей основы или утка ткани (остаются ажурные половине ХХ века из-за затяжных войн были ровные линии) [5, с. 490]. Такой вид шитья утрачены многие рукотворные ремесла. используется для декорирования льняных Начиная со второй половины ХХ века и до полотен, сотканных из толстых нитей еще со настоящего времени изысканность ажурного времен европейского Средневековья. шитья способствует привлечению художников к У славянских народов шитье с этому виду искусства и его совершенствованию. продергиванием нитей полотна называется

Рисунок 2 – Мережка.

Рассмотренные в статье виды различных европейских странах (Италия, декорирования костюма и предметов быта Франция, Испания, Англия, Бельгия, Австрия, предопределяют и способствуют появлению еще Германия, Голландия) и России, кружево на одного нового более сложного вида декоративно- данный момент насчитывает более 10 прикладного искусства — кружевоплетения. На разновидностей по технике исполнения рис. 3 представлена трансформация (ирландское, вязанное крючком, фриволите и традиционных технологий во времени, от пр.), многие из которых получили свое название которых берут начало две основных технологии от кружевных городов-мануфактур, привнесших кружевоплетения. В конечном итоге от вышивки в его ажурный орнамент свою культурную зародилось игольное кружево «punto in aria» (с самобытность: алансонские кружева (Франция, итал. стежок в воздух) [6, c. 22], а от техники Алансон), брюггские кружева (Бельгия, Брюгге), узелкового плетения — коклюшечное плетеное вологодские кружева (Россия, Вологда), елецкие кружево. Благодаря развитию данного ремесла в кружева (Россия, Елец) и др [7, с.96].

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Аутентичные технологии

Узелковое плетение Вышивка

Плетение «филе»

Ажурное шитье по полотну («мережка»)

Плетение «морских узлов»

Узорное обшивание края изделия Макраме

Коклюшечное кружево Игольное кружево

Рисунок 3 - Трансформация традиционных технологий декорирования.

Имея эстетическую особенность, кружево «соль» (солнечное кружево или способствующую обогащению образно-стилевого Тенерифе, рис. 4) и мексиканское кружево решения костюма, кружево и его подлинные (макраме), которое укоренилось в этих странах прототипы приобрели необыкновенную вследствие проникновения кружева и плетения популярность не только в Евразии, но и во всем макраме из Европы во время морских мире. К примеру, существует бразильское экспедиций.

Рисуно 4 - Кружево Тенерифе (страна происхождения — Испания)

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Кружево является самой тонкой разработки инноваций. К примеру, кружево синтетической технологией плетения и шитья. послужило прототипом для первых печатных Распространившись по всему миру в качестве структур при помощи 3D-принтера. Таким отделки одежды и жилого пространства, оно образом, без учета традиционных технологий и обрело статус всемирного достояния, благодаря их сохранения развитие инноваций станет бережному сохранению традиционных нецелесообразно, так как инновации и создаются технологий и их совершенствованию, а также как способ улучшения эстетических совершенствованию художественного уровня характеристик изделий, создаваемых с помощью изделий, выполненных с помощью данных аутентичных технологий, и как способ технологий. Классическое кружево — это интенсификации данного производства. Ежи плоскостной вариант существования ниточного Шацкий в своей книге «Утопия и традиция» переплетения, зародившееся от объемного отмечал такую особенность диалектизма плетения и вышивки — из многомерного традиций и инноваций: «Традиция живет только наложения нитей и объемных узлов и грубых обновляясь, а у новации нет другого способа плетений в самый тонкий слой ажурного полотна выжить, как доказать свою органичность, [8, с.123]. От простого декора — к символизму и укорененность в культуре и добиться статуса знаковости в костюме [9, c. 94], где кружево традиции, выработать механизм взаимной является первым определяющим элементом адаптации традиции в конкретном месте и хорошего вкуса и аристократического статуса. времени» [10] .

Conclusion Традиции являются основополагающим фундаментом для развития технологий и

References:

1. Zaytsev AV (2014) Osobennosty 6. Zolotye veka italyanskogo krujeva: muzeyniy funkcionirovaniya visokotechnologichnogo katalog (24 noyabr. 2011 – 10 janv. 2012, predpriyatiya v innovatsionnoy economike // Moskva) / redkol. Valter Kapeccali, Italia: Voprosy innovatsionnoy economiki T. 4 (1), p. Leticia Pinyani, 2011, p. 196. 21-35. 7. Belgorodskiy VS (2010) Innovatsii v 2. Lorentsa NF (1898) Ornament vseh vremen I materialach industrii mody: ushebnoe posobie / stiley. 100 tablic s obyasnitelnym tekstom. Spb. Belgorodskiy VS, Kirsanova EA, Gicharev AP, Izdanie AF. Moskva: IITS MGUDT, p. 113. 3. Davydova SA. Russkoe krujevo I krujevnitsy 8. Kirsanova EA, Zvyagintsev SV (2008) Dizayn [Elektronny resurs] Available: otdelki shveynich izdeliy, monografiya, http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/davyi/dova/ Moskva: IITS MGUDT, p. 192. (Accessed: 10.12.2017). 9. . Belgorodskiy VS, Zelenova JI (2017) 4. 4.Popova OS, Koroleva NS, Chirkov DA, Obrazno-assotsiativniy metod v proektirovanii Kaplan NI, Rabotnova IP, Fedotova LV (1984) krujevnych motivov. Sovremennye Narodnye chudojestvennye promysly. Pod gumanitarnye issledovaniya. N.3 (76), p. 94-98. obsh.red. Popovoy OS. Moskva “Legkaya I 10. Russkiy narodniy kostyum v sovremennom pichevaya promyshlennost’”, p. 192. mire mody [Elektronny resurs] Available: 5. Dilmon T (2003) Polnaya enciklopediya http://bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=813228 jenskich rukodeliy / Per. Avdoninoy M, (Accessed: 10.12.2017). Botvinko U, Moskva: Eksmo, p. 736. http://bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=813228

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Z.N. Gahramanova Teacher International Scientific Journal Azerbaijan State Agrarian University Theoretical & Applied Science Ganja, Azerbaijan [email protected] p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online)

Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 19.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 12. Geology. Anthropology. Archaeology.

ABOUT RESEARCH OF SOME MAIN EARLY MIDDLE AGES CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF AZERBAIJAN (BASED ON MATERİALS OF GARABAKH TERRİTORY)

Abstract: Based on the materials of different monuments in Azerbaijan for the early middle ages have been investigated some basic Christian architectural samples. In the territory of Garabakh are archaeological monuments of different types of the early middle ages and many Albanian Christian monuments on the surfaces, is one of the centers of ancient civilization of Azerbaijan. On all the historical evidence, the Albanian Christian monuments, belongs to the national cultural heritage of our people. Key words: Azerbaijan, medieval settlements, Christian monuments of architecture, archaeology. Language: English Citation: Gahramanova ZN (2017) ABOUT RESEARCH OF SOME MAIN EARLY MIDDLE AGES CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF AZERBAIJAN (BASED ON MATERİALS OF GARABAKH TERRİTORY). ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 10-12. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-3 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.3

Introduction stone wall of the monastery, it becomes clear that Orthodox monuments in Garabakh have been this monument, "the ruler of the land of Artsakh up investigated in the ground. This type of construction high and wide, ruler of the region, the grandson of of the monument started in the early Middle Ages, Hassan, son of Vakhtang, Hasan Celal and her the Middle Ages continued. mother by the state was built in 1216-1238. Orthodox began to Albania, Syria and Palestine. "Catholicos of Albania in the early eighth Therefore, from the outset, as in other countries of century, the terrain - mountainous part of Karabakh the South Caucasus, Albania religious language, the principality, ruled sense "Artshakh" or "Artsakh" was language of orthodox worship were Syrian and Greek called. It is not accidental that came to power in languages. Religious literature has been translated Albania in the middle of the first century descendants into Albanian language, for the first time in Syria. It of Tsar Vachagan Arshakids dynasty of kings is clear from the information given by Moses "Artshakh" state Mehranids dynasty was in power at Kalankatly, yet very ancient times, Albania, Syria the beginning of the sixth century to the eighth and Palestine, with individual states keeping in century Artshakh "aransakh" called. touch. [1, 138] Mongol-Tatar invaders in 1261 in Iran, who was Stone church built of hewn stone head on the killed by his son, Prince Hasan Celal Dovlani roof of the four-columned grow Raton. XIII-XIV Gandsazar to Atabay was buried in the monastery. centuries, the Albanian church in the worship hall Since 1511 the monastery until 1836, Albanian and a large square-shaped rooms in cylindrical church until terminated by the decision of the columns, arches completed. Monastery complex Russian Sinod diophisite official residence of renovation and construction work was carried out Albanian Church have been. repeatedly. [8, 191]. Hassan Jalal, a descendant of the Albanian Cross the river on the left bank of the mountain religious figures, many of which were buried in the village of Agdam region Vangli Gandzasar monastery complex. Gandzasar complex surrounded monastery erected in the famous monuments of by high walls Albanian church was built in the style Caucasian Albania is one of the most prominent of architecture, the building adjacent to the Church architecture. Epigraphic inscriptions on the

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 monastery rising rotunda four sloping roof and walls characteristics of these monuments and architectural built into the side of the building included. planning styles differ according to the Armenian Khachshakilli head of the church dome religious monuments. All the historical evidence of composition, drum and dome rising above the 16- the monuments of the cultural heritage of national cornered pyramid-shaped stone dome cover of an concern. umbrella in the last residence of the grandeur and Among those monuments Agoglan monastery in beauty of Albanian believers. Unlike the north and the town of Lachin, Kelbajar, Khudavang monastery, south facades of the east and west facades of temple complex in Agdam region, the Elysee, architectural solution, is almost the same. Each of Agdam region is Ganjaser. them is decorated with five arches, the middle arch Agoglan ninth century monastery built and of the highest-profile cross has been completed. The operated for a long time Agoglan river is located in church was consecrated in the upper parts of arches the territory of Lachin region. This magnificent decorated with bas-reliefs of heads of cattle and monastery built a solid basalt stone architecture sheep. Albanian Orthodox monuments, according to a Monastery complex architectural planning and constructive solution to the sophisticated special solution composition, sculpture and elements of place. [7, 181]. Monastery consists of three parts of diophisite nature of the architecture of the the interior volume. Keeping open the roof of a tall monuments of Caucasian Albania confirms that the stone columns built of stone arches are centuries-old traditions. Alban temple, which was the complemented by a cylindrical shape. To illuminate residence of orthodox for a long time in terms of the area within the sanctuary walls are narrow and religion Ganjasar called Treasure. elongated windows.

Materials and Methods Conclusion The main ideology of the fourth century feudal The territory of the Kelbajar region, located on Garabakh as orthodox became the state religion. the left bank Tartar, or Khudavang Khotaveng across During this period, the unit adopted orthodox as a the nation, the "temple of God", a century after the religion, the religion of ancient ruins on the one collapse of the so-called state of Caucasian Albania hand, on the other hand struggled against zoroastrizm monastery in the mountainous part of Garabakh in propelled by the Persians. But the split within the the ninth century religious cross has been the center orthodox religion and its various sects formed of the Albanian principality. Albanian bishop's (Monophysite, diophisite, Nestorian) was created. residence and religious and educational center 1. Under such circumstances, the Albanian operated. It is clear from the results of archaeological ruler Vachagan III (487-510) Aluen (now Agdam) research; the monastery was founded in VI-VII and 20 close to the matter, a special council makes a centuries. decision. [2, 27]. Prince Hassan Jalal, the son of the dynasty 2. After the adoption of orthodox in Albania in Mehranies Cross Vakhtang construction work carried the early mid-century historical lands of Azerbaijan out in the territory of the complex, Arzu Khatun and in the Karabakh region of IV-VII centuries of her two sons in 1214 in memory of her husband orthodox culture, characterizing the type of Vakhtang church was built in the complex. architecture, architectural constructions - Albanian On the stone facade of the church of Prince orthodox monuments were created. Vakhtang east, south facade of the two sons of the 3. After the adoption of orthodox in Albania desired khatun engraved images. Alban church was orthodox burial customs are observed. Orthodox built by the Prince of neighboring nations, according graves dug in the ground, but also in the form of to the architectural characteristics of the different boxes were made of stone. Both types of Caucasian churches. [7, 196]. Albania is typical for the type of grave [3, 106]. This monument is located in the Khojavand 4. Unlike the Armenians to come to the main region of the Albanian church. IV century monastery population of the region, origin, language and culture complex Amaras are many sources. Amaras restored for thousands of years by the Aras River in the by princes of the Church of the Cross in the ninth Caucasus Mountains and the Caucasian language century, has been reconstructed in the XIII century, group of Turkish origin, who lived among the ethnic has become a monastic complex. The church is groups, which consisted of. When orthodox was rectangular in plan structure built of neatly cut white replaced by Islam and orthodox in the territory of stones. Nagorno-Karabakh, which continue to practice Stones on the roof of a six-column rises Raton. indigenous religious ideology using the fact that the And four circular towers in a rectangular courtyard Orthodox Albanians, there are many Armenian that surrounds the monastery walls were built of families moved from the nineteenth century. rough-hewn stones. 5. Scientists who have studied architectural The walls of the fortress was built in the monuments of Caucasian Albania, many courtyard adjacent to the residential and commercial

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 premises. The narrow window above the entrance of monastery complex. 2000 meters above sea level, the church facade, made of a cross on it and a large surrounded by high walls built on top of a mountain, bas-relief. the monastery complex was founded in the fifth Yelisey who made great contributions to the century. Cross the extensive construction work was memory of the apostolic spreading of church over the carried out in the principality, the head of the church, centuries, many temples have been built in the six small church, built several houses and farm country. One of the adults in these days to come, the buildings. Nagorno-Karabakh region of Agdam Elysee

References:

1. Kalankatuklu M (2006) Albaniya tarixi. Bakı. 7. Məmmədov T (2006) Qafqaz Albaniyası ilk 425 p. erkən orta əsrlərdə. Bakı. 400 p. 2. Bünyadov Z (1994) Azərbaycan tarixi. Bakı. 8. Hasanov EL (2016) Innovative basis of research 867 p. of technologic features of some craftsmanship 3. Göyüsov R (1993) Qarabağın keçmişinə traditions of Ganja (On the sample of carpets of səyahət Bakı. p. 27. XIX century). International Journal of 4. Avşarova İ, Pirquliyeva Q (2010) Qafqaz Environmental and Science Education, 11(14), arxeologiyası. Bakı. p. 106. 6704-6714. 5. Hasanov EL (2017) About research of features 9. (2017) Available: of legal culture on the basis of historical-literary www.azerbaijanarcheology.com. (Accessed: heritage. Information (Japan), 20(4), 2289- 10.12.2017). 2296. 10. Geyushev RB (1984) Khristianstvo v 6. Bünyadov Z (1989) VII-IX əsrlərdə Kavkazskoy Albanii (Po dannym arkheologii i Azərbaycan. Bakı, 1989. pis'mennykh istochnikov). Baku: «Elm», 191 p.

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Yao Kanga Botanical Laboratory, Unit of Formation and International Scientific Journal Biosciences Research, Theoretical & Applied Science Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY University. PO Box, 582, Abidjan 22 - Côte d’Ivoire. p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online) [email protected]

Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56 Nathalie Guessennd

Bactériology-Virology Laboratory, Unit of Published: 19.12.2017 http://T-Science.org Antibiotics, the Natural Substances and the Monitoring of Resistances of the Micro-organisms to Anti-Infectious SECTION 11. Biology. Ecology. Veterinary. (ASSURMI), Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, PO Box, 490, Abidjan 01 - Côte d’Ivoire.

Kouadio Bene Botanical Laboratory, Unit of Formation and Biosciences Research, Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY University.

Adon Basile Yapi Botanical Laboratory, Unit of Formation and Biosciences Research, Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY University.

Guédé Noel Zirihi Botanical Laboratory, Unit of Formation and Biosciences Research, Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY University.

Dosso Mireille Bactériology-Virology Laboratory, Unit of Antibiotics, the Natural Substances and the Monitoring of Resistances of the Micro-organisms to Anti-Infectious (ASSURMI), Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire

BOTANICAL STUDY AND EVALUATION OF THE IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF 70% ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PIPTADENIASTRUM AFRICANUM HOOK (FABACEAE) ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM URINE

Abstract: Objective: To know the antimicrobial medicinal plants of the Haut-Sassandra region (in the west center of Côte d'Ivoire) and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the most requested species. Methods and results: An ethnobotanical survey conducted in the Haut-Sassandra Region using questionnaires allowed to gather information on the therapeutic uses of antimicrobial plants in the Region. It allowed to make a list of 58 species of plants. The taxon Piptadeniastrum africanum Hook (Fabaceae) is most in demand. The method of double dilution in the liquid and solid medium was used for the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the extracts of the stem bark of this plant. The MBC / MIC ratio ranges from 1 to 2.25 mg / mL. The ethanolic extract (EE70 %) of the stem bark possesses bactericidal activity on all the tested strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: These results reveal that the Haut-Sassandra Region contains interesting antibacterial plants. Key words: ethnobotany, antibacterial, MIC, MBC Language: English Citation: Kanga Y, Guessennd N, Bene K, Yapi AB, Zirihi GN, Mireille D (2017) BOTANICAL STUDY AND EVALUATION OF THE IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF 70% ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PIPTADENIASTRUM AFRICANUM HOOK (FABACEAE) ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM URINE.. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 13-18. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-4 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.4

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INTRODUCTION The stem bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum The resistance of microorganisms against harvested was rinsed with water and dried in the classical antibiotics poses a real public health shelter of the sun. These dried plant organs were then problem. Faced with this situation there is a pressing reduced to a fine powder using an IKA-MAG RTC need for constant renewal of active principles [1]. electric grinder. A gray powder is obtained. The The molecules sought must have various other extracts (total aqueous and ethanolic 70 %) were chemical properties and mechanisms of action prepared according to the method described by [6]. against these pathogenic microbes [2]. Medicinal Total aqueous extract : One hundred grams (100 plants represent a significant source of new g) of bark powder are homogenized in 1 liter of medicines; especially since they have indesirable distilled water in a Blender (Mixer) of Life's Superb effect [3]. It therefore becomes logical to continue or brand (LS-317) for three times three minutes at room even to intensify research in this direction knowing temperature. The homogenate obtained is filtered that plants remain an almost inexhaustible source of successively on hydrophilic cotton and then on biomolecules. In addition, special attention is being Wattman paper (3 mm). With an oven set at 50 °C, paid to drugs and products of natural origin [4]. It is the extraction solvent is eliminated. The dry estimated that 80 % of the world's population evaporate is recovered in powder form which depends mainly on traditional medicine for the constitutes the total aqueous extract (TAE). treatment of diseases [5]. The dependence on Ethanol / water partition: Ten grams (10 g) of remedies derived from indigenous plants is the TAE are dissolved in 100 mL of a 70 % ethanol particularly marked in developing countries where solution and then homogenized in a Blender [7]. Western medicine is often absent or simply too After decantation in a separatory phial, the expensive. An ethnobotanical survey carried out in supernatant is collected, filtered on cotton to remove the Haut-Sassandra region of Cote d'Ivoire allowed any residue and dried in an oven (50 °C.). The us to select Piptadeniastrum africanum (Fabaceae), a powder obtained constitutes the 70 % ethanolic plant used in the treatment of bacterial diseases in the extract (70 % EE). traditional environment. The aim of this study is 2.3. Calculation of the yield therefore to contribute to the valorisation of Côte The yield is the amount of extract obtained from d'Ivoire medicinal plants. It aims at evaluating the the vegetable powder. It is expressed as a percentage. antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of the In practice, it is determined by the ratio of the weight stem bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum on of the dry extract after evaporation to the weight of Staphylococcus aureus, germs that are often involved the powder of dry plant material used for extraction in urinary disorders. multiplied by 100. This results in the following formula: Rd = (mx 100) / M. (Rd: extraction yield in 1. MATERIAL percentage, m: mass in gram of the dry extract, M: 1.1. Vegetal material mass in gram of the powder of the drug). The vegetal material used consists of the stem bark 2.4. Sterility test of 70 % ethanolic extract of Piptadeniastrum africanum harvested in the Haut- The purpose of this test was to verify that the Sassandra region of Côte d'Ivoire in August 2015, extract contained no bacteria or fungus. To do it, 0.1 the identification of which was made by the National g of this extract to be tested was placed in 10 ml of Floristic Center of Côte d'Ivoire. thioglycholate broth and incubated at 37 °C for 24 1.2. Bacterial material hours. After this time, the broth was seeded on a The bacterial material consists of a reference and five Petri dish containing the ordinary agar and another multi-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and containing the Sabouraud agar and then incubated it is provided by the Laboratory of Bacteriology and under the same conditions. The extract is declared Virology of the Institut Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire. sterile, if no colony is visible on the agar box [8]. 2.5. Preparation of the bacterial inoculum 2. METHODS Two isolated colonies of 18 hours bacterial 2.1. Monographic study of Piptadeniastrum culture were homogenized in 10 mL of Muller- africanum Hinton broth and incubated for 3 hours at 37 °C for To allow easy identification of this plant in a pre-culture. A 0.1 mL sample of the pre-culture broth natural environment, a full monographic study was was diluted in a tube containing 10 mL of Muller- carried out; it took into account: Hinton broth. This bacterial suspension produced - the botanical family of the plant ; was the bacterial inoculum of dilution 100. Two - general information on this botanical family ; isolated colonies of an 18 hours bacterial culture - detailed description of the plant ; were homogenized in 10 mL of Muller-Hinton broth - some traditional therapeutic uses in the West and incubated for 3 hours at 37 °C for pre-culture. A African Pharmacopoeia. 0.1 mL sample of the pre-culture broth was diluted in 2.2. Preparation of extracts a tube containing 10 mL of Muller-Hinton broth.

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This produced bacterial suspension was the bacterial 19400 species distributed in both temperate and inoculum of dilution 100. tropical environments [11]. They are herbaceous 2.6. Numeration of bacterial inoculum plants, shrubs, trees or lianas. The family is The bacterial inoculum was diluted 10 to 10- cosmopolitan of cold and tropical areas. The leaves fold untill 10-4 dilution. Four successive dilutions of are generally alternate, pinnate or trifoliolate and 10-1 to 10-4 are obtained. The initial bacterial stipulated. However, there are some evolutions. inoculum and the four successive dilutions were According to [12] the Fabaceae can be divided inoculated with a 2 μL calibrated loop on Muller- into 3 subfamilies: Hinton agar plates with 5 cm long stripes constituting - the subfamily of Mimosoideae ; the A box. - the subfamily Caesalpinoideae ; 2.7. Preparation of the concentration range of - the subfamily Papilionoideae or Faboideae. the substance  Some therapeutic uses of Fabaceae The concentration range was prepared in 16 test Currently, several molecules are used in tubes numbered from T1 to T16 by the double-dilution therapeutics and are extracted from various species method in liquid medium. This concentration range of Faboideae: spartéine, a ganglioplégique alkaloid varies from 200 mg / mL to 0.006 mg / mL. For this used in cardiology and obstetrics, isolated from purpose, 10 mL of sterile distilled water were put in Cytisus scoparius L. Link, rutin, a flavonoid used in the T1 tube and 5 mL in all the other tubes. In the T1 phlebology, isolated from Sophora japonica L. or tube, 2 g of plant extract were dissolved at a physostigmine from Physostigma venenosum Balf. concentration of 200 mg / mL. A 5 mL volume of the The latter is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterases, T1 tube was transferred into the T2 tube and then used as an antidote by parasympatholytic homogenized. This operation was repeated until tube intoxication and tested in the treatment of T16, 5 mL of tube T16 was rejected. The contents of Alzheimer's disease [13]. the tubes were filtered on a membrane (MILLEX  Description of the plant GV®) of diameter 0.45 μm and stored in a Piptadenia africana or Piptadeniastrum refrigerator at 4 °C. africanum is a large tree. It is a leguminous plant of 2.8. Antibacterial testing the subfamily of mimosoideae whose crown is more The antibacterial tests were carried out using the or less tabular. I can reach a height from 50 to 65 dilution method into liquid medium [9,10] in a series meters. Dense foliage and dark green dominate the of 16 experimental tubes, a growth control tube and a forest (Figure 1). It is supported on buttresses control tube for the test of sterility. 1 mL of the provided but sometimes very big. Its bipinnate leaves extract of the highest concentration is transferred to are composed of tiny leaflets suggestive of a fern the T1 tube, the next concentration in the T2 tube, and [14]. so on untill the lowest concentration in the T16 tube.  Therapeutic use of Piptadeniastrum This procedure ultimately resulted in the africanum concentration of T1 to T16 being reduced from double It is used in the treatment of infections during to single, ie from 100 mg / mL to 0.003 mg / mL. circumcision. It is also used against childhood The sterility control tube receives 2 mL of Muller- diseases; toothache and superinfections of the skin Hinton broth. All of these tubes were incubated for [14]. 24 hours at 37 °C. This operation has been repeated 3 3.2. Extraction yield times in succession. Thereafter, the contents of the We extracted 6.40 g of 70 % ethanol extract tubes in which no disturbance was observed was from 10 g of total aqueous extract, ie an extraction used to inoculate the Muller-Hinton agar on 5 cm yield of the stem bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum striations starting with the first tube without turbidity of 64 %. and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Thus, the MIC 3.3. Sterility test was therefore the concentration of the first tube from The sterility tests of the 70 % ethanol extract which no disturbance to the naked eye was observed. allowed to check the sterility of the extract to be After 24 hours of incubation at 37 °C, the minimum tested. The 70 % ethanolic extract of bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by Piptadeniastrum africanum showed no signs of comparing the density of the streaks with that of the contamination after three readings separated with 24 previously prepared A box. hours of incubation. 3.4. Antibacterial testing 3. RESULTS After 24 hours of incubation at 37 °C., the 3.1. Monographic study of the plant increasing concentrations of the 70 % ethanol extract Piptadeniastrum africanum belongs to the caused a gradual decrease in bacterial growth and a family Fabaceae dose dependent on the turbidity of the culture  Family of Fabaceae medium and that for each bacterial strain studied Fabaceae are one of the largest families of (Figure 2). The values of the antibacterial parameters flowering plants, with more than 730 genera and

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Figure 1 - Leafy twigs of Piptadeniastrum africanum

Figure 2 - MBC of the ethanolic extract of Piptadeniastrum africanum on S. aureus 1541C/14

Table 1 Values of the antibacterial parameters of the 70 % ethanolic extract of Piptadeniastrum africanum on the bacterial strains isolated from the urine

Bacterial MIC CMB Activity Code MBC/MIC strains (mg/mL) (mg/mL) S.aureus ATCC 0,09 0,19 2,11 Bactericidal S.aureus 408 C/14 0,04 0,09 2,25 Bactericidal S.aureus 438 UB /15 0,09 0,09 1 Bactericidal S.aureus 310 CA/15 0,09 0,19 2,11 Bactericidal S.aureus 1541 C/14 0,39 0,78 2 Bactericidal S.aureus 446 C/14 0,09 0,19 2,11 Bactericidal

MIC : Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ; MBC : Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

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4. DISCUSSION activity ratios (MBC / MIC) are less than 4. The 70 % ethanolic extract gave a good According to [15], this fraction has a bactericidal extraction yield, ie 64 %. It could be a good activity with regard to the tested germs. Indeed, there extraction solvent for the active principle of the stem are differences in the solubilizing capacity and the bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum. Tests of the 70 extraction of the solvents, with regard to the % ethanolic extract of the stem bark of phytomolecules. According to [16], during the Piptadeniastrum africanum in agar medium showed, liquid-liquid extraction, the phytomolecules are as compared to the growth controls, a decreasing distributed between the solvents according to their variation in the turbidity of the tubes as the polarity and their solubility. We could say that the concentration of the extract increases. This shows antibacterial substances contained in the stem bark of that this extract exhibits antibacterial activity by Piptadeniastrum africanum are more soluble in inhibiting the in vitro growth of strains of ethanol than in water. Ethanol would better then Staphylococcus aureus according to a dose-response concentrate the active principle. The work of [17] relationship. All the tested bacterial strains showed have shown that the stem bark of Piptadeniastrum different sensitivities to the 70 % ethanolic extract of africanum contains, among others things, tannins, the stem bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum. Thus, saponins which possess antibacterial properties. The S. aureus 408 C / 14 is the most sensitive with a MIC presence of these chemical compounds could explain of 0.04 mg / mL. Comparison of the activity of the its activity on the strains of studied Staphylococcus 70 % ethanolic extract of the stem bark of aureus. All these results provide a scientific basis for Piptadeniastrum africanum on the basis of the MBC the traditional use of this plant, especially in the relative to the strains of infections and reference treatment of wounds, suppurative collectors and shows that the 70 % ethanolic extract is twice as urinary tract infections. active on S aureus 408C / 14 and S. aureus 412YO / 15 resistant to methicillin. We deduce that the 70 % CONCLUSION ethanol extract exerts different inhibitory actions on Our study showed that the 70 % ethanolic the tested bacterial strains at different concentrations. extract of the stem bark of Piptadeniastrum Our results are in agreement with that of [14] which africanum has antibacterial activity on strains showed that Piptadeniastrum africanum had a isolated from the urine. The extract of the stem bark bactericidal effect on S. aureus. The table of values of Piptadeniastrum africanum could therefore be a of the antibacterial parameters also shows the less costly alternative for the treatment of urinary different activities of the 70 % ethanolic extract of tract infections. the stem bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum on the different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The

References:

1. Mwambete K. D (2009) The in vitro Leaf Extracts of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) on antimicrobial activity of fruit and leaf crude Two Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive extracts of Momordica charantia: a tanzania Bacteria. International Journal of Microbiology, medicinal plant, Afr. Health Sci. 9 (1), 34-39. 2013 :1-7. 2. Mada S. B., Garba A., Mohammed H. A., 5. Cunningham A.B (1993) African medicinal Muhammad A., Olagunju A., Muhammad A. B plants. Setting priorities at the interface (2013) Antimicrobial activity and between conservation and primary healthcare. phytochemical screening of aqueous and Paris, UNESCO (People and Plant Working), ethanol extracts of Momordica charantia L. 1p. leaves. J. Med. Plants Res. 7(10), 579-586. 6. Zirihi G.N., Kra A.M., Guédé-Guina F (2003) 3. Maghrani M., Zeggwagh N., Michel J., Evaluation de l’activité antifongique de Eddoules M (2005) Antihypertensive effect of Microglossa pyrifolia (Larmarck) O. kuntze Lepidium sativum L. in spontaeneously (Asteraceae) “ pymi ” sur la croissance in vitro hypertension rats, Journal of de Candida albicans. Revue de Médecine et de Ethnopharmacology, 100 (102) :193 - 197. Pharmacopées Africaines, 17 : 11-19. 4. Biswas B., Rogers K., McLaughlin F., Daniels 7. Zirihi G.N., Kra A., Dadié E.T (2007) Etude D., Yadav A (2013) Antimicrobial Activities of botanique et évaluation des activités

ISPC Generalization of scientific results, Philadelphia, USA 17

antifongiques de Mitracarpus villosus (MV) Phylogeny Group classification for the orders (Rubiaceae) et Spermacoce verticillota (SV) and families of flowering plants : APG III », (Rubiaceae) sur la croissance in vitro de A. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, fumigatus. Revue de Médecine et de 161(2) : 105-121. Pharmacopées Africaines, 20 : 9-17. 13. Bruneton, J (1999) Pharmacognosie, 8. Guessennd K.N (2005) Détermination de phytochimie, plantes médicinales. In: l’activité antibactérienne des substances Technique et Documentation Lavoisier, Paris, naturelles issues des plantes de la pharmacopée pp. 418-419. de Côte d’Ivoire. Fiche technique N°2, Institut 14. Obame E.L.C (2009) Etude phytochimique, Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan (Côte activités antimicrobiennes et antioxydantes de d’Ivoire), 18 p. quelques plantes aromatiques et médicinales 9. Dosso M., Faye-Kette H (2001) Savoir lire et africaines. Thèse de doctorat unique en interpréter un antibiogramme. INFAS/CHU de Biochimie-Microbiologie, Université de Treichville. Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), 35 p. Ouagadougou, 277 p. 10. Koné W.M., Kamanzi A.K., Terreaux C., 15. Marmonier A. A (1990) Introduction aux Hostettmann K., Traore D., Dosso M (2004) techniques d’étude des antibiotiques. In Traditional medicine in North Côte-d’Ivoire : Bactériologie Médicale, Techniques Usuelles. screening of 50 medicinal plants for Paris, France, p 227–236. antibacterial activity. Journal of 16. Cowan M.M (1999) Plant products as Ethnopharmacology, 93: 43-49. antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbial 11. Wojciechowski M.F., Lavin M., Sanderson M.J Review, 12: 564-582. (2004) A phylogeny of Legumes 17. Onanga M., Ekouya E., Ouabonzi A. & Itoua (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid C.B (1997) Etudes ethnobotanique, MATK gene resolves many well-supported pharmacologique et chimique des plantes subclades within the family. American Journal utilisées dans le traitement des dermatoses of Botany; 11: 1846-2004. MWANDZA. Pharmacopée et médecine 12. APG III (2009) The Angiosperm Phylogeny traditionnelle africaine, 9 : 85-93. Group, «An update of the Angiosperm

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Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 19.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 2. Applied mathematics. Mathematical modeling.

CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSSES OF LIQUID AT A CYLINDRICAL STRAIGHT PIPELINE SECTION

Abstract: Results of a computer simulation of liquid flow and a calculation of resulting pressure loss at a cylindrical straight pipeline section are presented in the article. It is determined that pressure drop at an inlet and an outlet of the cylindrical straight pipeline section by a length of 1000 mm is 26%. Key words: liquid, velocity, pressure, length, flow. Language: English Citation: Chemezov D (2017) CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSSES OF LIQUID AT A CYLINDRICAL STRAIGHT PIPELINE SECTION. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 19-22. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-5 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.5

Introduction detailed change of velocity of liquid flow at the Hydraulic resistances in pipelines lead to length of the straight pipeline advisable to consider significant hydraulic losses. These losses are caused by the results of the computer simulation. by a change of a direction and velocity of liquid flow at a certain length of the pipeline [1 – 3]. The Materials and methods constant direction of liquid flow is observed across The calculation of pressure losses of liquid at entire a transverse section of the straight pipeline. the cylindrical straight pipeline section was However, variable velocity of liquid in different performed in the Flow Simulation software layers of flow (laminar and partially transitional environment. flow) leads to the change of hydraulic pressure of A solid model of the straight pipeline section fluid, and thus to an increase of energy costs on was built in the SolidWorks software environment. pumping liquid [4 – 8]. The change of hydraulic An inner diameter of the model was adopted by 30 pressure and velocity of liquid flow at an inlet and an mm, a wall thickness is 5 mm and the total length of outlet of the pipeline can be determined by analytical the pipeline section is 1000 mm. Steel was selected formulae, measuring of pressure drop by special by material of the pipeline section. The solid model measuring instruments and a computer simulation of the cylindrical straight pipeline section is (calculation) in special engineering programs subject presented in the Fig. 1. to initial conditions of the researched process. The

Figure 1 – The solid model of the straight pipeline section.

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For implement of the simulation of liquid flow is 997.56 kg/m3. Laminar and turbulent flow types of it was adopted by the task type "Internal", since a liquid at the straight pipeline section with an calculated area was a volume of a channel of the adiabatic wall were considered. Roughness of the pipeline section. Cavity of the pipeline section inner wall of the straight pipeline section is 0 without flow conditions was excluded from the micrometer. Development of turbulent liquid flow in calculation. Orientation of the solid model of the the pipeline was occurred at the length of 8 × 10-4 m pipeline section was carried out in the global when turbulence intensity of 2%. Mass flow rate at coordinate system. the inlet of the straight pipeline section was adopted The model of the straight pipeline section was by 0.45 kg/s. At the outlet of the straight pipeline split into the following finite elements: partial cells – section was acted normal atmospheric pressure 3760, solid cells – 528, fluid cells – 3264. The total (static pressure is 101325 Pa). number of the finite elements was amounted to 7552. The set calculation control options: maximum The calculated number of the finite elements along travels – 4, analysis interval – 0.5, refinement – the axes X and Y was amounted to 4, along the axis disabled. Z was amounted to 66. At set parameters of splitting of the solid model, accuracy of the obtained results Results and discussion was amounted to 3. The values of minimum gap and The velocity change of liquid flow at the length minimum wall thickness were adopted by default. of the straight pipeline section (transverse section) is As fluid was adopted by water at a temperature presented in the Fig. 2. of 293.20 K. For a set temperature, density of water

At inlet

→ (1) → (2) → (3) → (4)

← (8) ← (7) ← (6) ← (5)

→ (9) → (10) → (11) At outlet Figure 2 – The velocity fields of liquid flow across entire the length of the straight pipeline section. The unit of measurement of flow velocity is m/s.

In the figure – (1) corresponds by the velocities 100 mm from the inlet, (3) is the velocities field at field of liquid flow at the inlet of the straight pipeline the distance of 200 mm from the inlet, (4) is the section, (2) is the velocities field at the distance of velocities field at the distance of 300 mm from the

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 inlet, (5) is the velocities field at the distance of 400 section. In considering the plots (5) – (10) it can be mm from the inlet, (6) is the velocities field at the concluded that the layers of liquid, located closer to distance of 500 mm from the inlet, (7) is the the axis of the straight pipeline section, are moved velocities field at the distance of 400 mm from the with higher velocity than the upper layers. At the outlet, (8) is the velocities field at the distance of 300 outlet of the straight pipeline section, velocity of mm from the outlet, (9) is the velocities field at the liquid flow was amounted to 0.213 m/s (contours of distance of 200 mm from the outlet, (10) is the red color on the corresponding plot). Significant drop velocities field at the distance of 100 mm from the of static liquid pressure was determined at 1/3 of the outlet and (11) is the velocities field at the outlet of length of the straight section to the outlet opening of the straight pipeline section. the pipeline. At the distance of 300 mm from the inlet of the Vorticity intensity of liquid flow at entire the straight pipeline section, velocity of liquid flow length of the straight pipeline section can be uniformly increases throughout the transverse presented in the Fig. 3.

4 Vorticity (1/s) Vorticity 2

0 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 Trajectory Length (m)

A B Figure 3 – Vorticity intensity of liquid flow: A – the model of the straight pipeline section with the calculated trajectories of vorticity, B – the dependencies of vorticity from the length of the straight pipeline section.

The length of the calculated trajectory of liquid flow is observed at 1/2 of the length of the turbulent liquid flow on the model of the straight straight pipeline section from the side of the inlet pipeline section corresponds to the length of the opening. particular dependence in the graph. In accordance The change of average static liquid pressure at with the graph of dependence it is determined that the inlet and at the outlet of the straight pipeline the highest vorticity intensity is observed in the section is presented in the Fig. 4. layers of liquid located close to the inner wall. This

125000

120000

115000

110000

Static Pressure Static [Pa] 105000

100000 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 Iterations

Figure 4 – The dependence of average static liquid pressure at the length of the straight pipeline section from the number of iterations.

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Hydraulic liquid pressure at the inlet of the and at the outlet of the straight pipeline section was straight pipeline section was amounted to 127503.98 amounted to 26%. The results of calculation of the Pa, at the output hydraulic liquid pressure was average value of static liquid pressure at the straight amounted to 101325 Pa. Pressure drop at the inlet pipeline section are presented in the table 1 [9].

Table 1 The results of calculation of the average value of static liquid pressure at the straight pipeline section.

Name Unit Value Progress Delta Criteria Static Pressure Pa 121720.95 5 7780.55083 382.606315

Conclusion liquid flow at the straight pipeline section doesn't Thus, it is determined that at the straight guarantee maintaining of initial static pressure at the pipelines sections of the short length (no more than outlet. Pressure drop at the inlet and at the outlet of 300 mm) the change of static liquid pressure is the straight pipeline section by the length of 1000 practically not observed. Herewith, vorticity intensity mm was amounted to 26%. of liquid flow at this length of the straight pipeline section is maximum. Constancy of the trajectory of

References:

1. Chemezov DA, Tyurina SI, Bayakina AV, stress of a pipe wall operating in a test mode. Goremykin VV (2014) Fluid transients flow in Future of science – 2014 [Text]: Collection of piping elbow. ISJ Theoretical & Applied scientific articles of the International scientific Science 12 (20): 4-8. Doi: conference, Volume 3, South-West State http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2014.12.20.2 University, Kursk. – pp. 176–180. ISBN 978-5- 2. Chemezov D (2016) The character of the fluid 9905633-1-5. flow in the pipelines with the local hydraulic 7. Chemezov DA (2014) Hydrodynamic resistances. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, characteristics of water flow in straight and 12 (44): 62-68. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12- curved sections of a pipeline. Modern materials, 44-13 Doi: equipment and technology [Text]: Materials of http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2016.12.44.13 the 4th International scientific and practical 3. Chemezov D (2017) The finite element conference, South-West State University, CJSC modeling of the fluid flow in the pipelines with «University book», Kursk. – pp. 468 – 471. the complex local hydraulic resistances. ISJ ISBN 978-5-9906195-4-8. Theoretical & Applied Science, 01 (45): 14-38. 8. Chemezov DA, Kukhar' NA, Kovalenko NO Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-01-45-4 Doi: (2015) Fluid flow in a steel tubular coil https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.01.45.4 (distribution of pressure gradient). Modern tool 4. Chemezov D, Palev N (2016) Analytical systems, information technologies and models of the turbulent fluid flow in a circular innovations [Text]: Collection of scientific pipe. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 09 works of the XIIth International scientific and (41): 77-84. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-09- practical conference, Volume 4, South-West 41-12 Doi: State University, Kursk. – pp. 243 – 247. ISBN http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2016.09.41.12 978-5-9906417-4-7. 5. Chemezov D, Bayakina A (2016) The 9. Chemezov DA, Pesenko AV (2016) Accuracy simulation of the fluid flow on the inner wall of of calculation of a turbulent fluid flow in the the circular pipe. ISJ Theoretical & Applied CFD module of the program COMSOL Science, 10 (42): 1-3. Soi: http://s-o- Multiphysics 5.1. Journal scientific and applied i.org/1.1/TAS-10-42-1 Doi: researches: scientific and practical journal, http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2016.10.42.1 №10, Ufa. – pp. 29 – 31. ISSN 2306-9147. 6. Chemezov DA, Frolov VS, Fekhretdinov RR (2014) Simulation of deformation process and

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Tatiana Nickolaevna Pasechkina Postgraduate International Scientific Journal Senior Lecturer at the department of foreign Theoretical & Applied Science languages and culture of speech Siberian Fire Rescue Academy of the Ministry for p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online) Emergency Situations of Russia Zheleznogorsk Krasnoyarsk territory Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56 [email protected]

Published: 20.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 21. Pedagogy. Psychology. Innovations in the field of education.

THE PROBLEM OF FORMATION OF STUDENTS COMMUNICATIVE SELF-EFFICACY AT THE STAGE OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AT THE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT

Abstract: The article deals with the problem of the communicative self-efficacy of the person. The attention is paid to the development of this personal meta-quality among students and cadets at the stage of their professional training at the university. A brief analysis of theoretical approaches to understanding the phenomenon "communicative self-efficacy" is given. The relevance of the research is indicated in the context of looking for methods aimed to the formation of this meta-quality. The results of using techniques of critical thinking development are presented. Key words: communicative self-efficacy, development of personal potential, peculiarities of modern students, professional training, methods of development of critical thinking. Language: English Citation: Pasechkina TN (2017) THE PROBLEM OF FORMATION OF STUDENTS COMMUNICATIVE SELF-EFFICACY AT THE STAGE OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AT THE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 23-27. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-6 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.6

Introduction. "communicative self-efficacy" is still not sufficiently Nowadays, high demands are made to future developed in domestic scientific works. So M.I. specialists. Some personal qualities are more Gaidar, according to his own understanding of self- important than professional ones. These qualities are: efficacy, singles out activity, communicative and the ability to use self-internal resources, the personal self-efficacy [3, p. 6]. He notes that development of personal potential, that is, the desire communicative self-efficacy is a person's idea that he for constant self-development, the ability to has such a communicative potential and experience overcome difficulties, to cope effectively with which allows him to use different means of situations of uncertainty, to choose necessary communication in combination with confidence that strategies of behavior and communication. the person will be able to effectively implement In this connection, the notion "self-efficacy" is them. heard in pedagogy and psychology very often. This The work of T.V. Belykh is of great interest for concept determines the possibility of becoming a our research. The scientist indicates that person as an active subject of his life, who is capable communicative self-efficacy refers to an unrealized to estimate his own abilities and resources adequately personal potential, determining the way in which on the hand and to reach the maximum acceptable professional or educational activities will be realized, results in various fields of activity on the other hand what strategies of implementation, style, individual [6, p .60]. Within the framework of our research, the characteristics of activity will be chosen for this [2, most actual issue is the studying and formation of p. 5]. communicative self-efficacy of students, cadets at the We, in our turn, consider the notion stage of their professional training at the higher "communicative self-efficacy" of students as the educational establishment. ideas about their own forces and possibilities, the ideas about their ability to act effectively in The main text. situations of uncertainty, to choose effective Despite the available researches of the strategies of behavior and communication, and also phenomenon "self-efficacy", the concept as a successful demonstration of their own

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 communication potential in different situations as way, and not otherwise. They willingly enter into a well as development of this potential. language game on any subject, but they are not able The results of our research [4] indicate the need to differ when they think for themselves and defend for formation of students’ communicative self- their own position, and when they only reproduce the efficacy at the stage of their professional training at information that was downloaded the day before. the higher educational establishment. The Internet hinders the formation of thinking It should be also taken into account that in our of students. A computer creates the illusion that a high-speed multilevel society, controlled by person can penetrate into any space and act there. In computers and technologies, effective verbal fact, students find themselves in great difficulty communication is extremely necessary. It is when they have to set goals, interact with others, important for modern employers that young transmit their plan, implement it, re-formulate goals specialists have developed communicative skills, the and design an action, based on already gained ability to correctly and logically construct their experience etc. speeches. Public speaking is a necessary skill in the Organization of the educational process using modern world. Specialists in different fields have to the methods of development of critical thinking prepare and conduct lectures, presentations, makes it possible to activate the cognitive activity of participate in discussions, negotiations. the students, to teach them to be critical about Unfortunately, quite often interesting content is information, to prove their point of view reasonably, lost under an inexpressive performance. Fears of the to correctly disagree with the opinions of others, to audience, stiffness, nervousness don’t allow to listen and to hear, to improve the ability of asking achieve a good effect during a presentation or a questions in order to obtain more accurate business conversation. The ability to properly information or its verification. Orientation of represent oneself, to structure information, to answer students to develop critical thinking (through questions is a necessary condition for success in conversations, examples, focus on problem points) situations where an oral presentation of information helps to realize that it is necessary to be well- is required. For successful public speech the informed, to understand the views of others; to aim following things are necessary: a positive emotional to expand own horizons; to show flexibility, attitude to communication, public speaking skills, as persistence, readiness to correct own mistakes, to well as thorough preparation which requires a deep seek compromise. understanding of the topic of the speech, and the The idea of using methods for developing elaboration of possible questions from the audience critical thinking takes its roots from western and the arguments. pedagogics (Halpern D., Hell L., Ziegler D.J. Steele, All this requires from a student the ability to K. Meredith, C. Temple [9;7]). It should be noted analyze, to choose the most optimal decisions, to that the organization of the educational process, reasonably refute the false, to question decisions and focused on the development of critical thinking, information, to understand the illogicality of requires the teacher serious preparation, in-depth statements and to react to them; to solve problem analysis of the material content, and a great situations, to work in a group, to speak competently. erudition. However, it's no secret that the development of This article presents only a few methods of digital technologies has made modern students a developing critical thinking that are most often used generation that has grown up in the digital by us during the work with students and cadets at environment. Unrestricted access to information English classes. gives them confidence in their views, which are not A method "Tables" (graphical organization of always correct. the information, may be used at any stage of the The main distinguishing feature of the modern lesson). The table "Know - Want to learn - Learn" is generation of students is clip thinking. They operate being drawn up. In the first column all the ideas on only with fixed-length meanings, which means they the issue are fixed; the controversial thoughts and cannot focus on any information for a long time, they questions that arose during the discussion on the have a reduced ability to analyze. Today's students topic are written in the in the second column, and the quickly get tired and lose attention, especially if the answers to the questions (after reading the text) are information is not very interesting; they prefer visual fixed in the third column. After filling in the table, it symbols to logic and deepening into the text. is necessary to compare what you knew before with It should also be noted that modern young the information obtained from the text. In this case it people organize problem communication with great is desirable to present information, concepts or facts difficulty and generally cease to appreciate real only in your own words, without quoting a textbook communication. Being under the influence of various or other text that you worked with. sources of information students, as a rule, are After independent or group work, the completely unaware where and how they got the correctness of the completed material is discussed, information, why they suddenly start to speak this clarification, addition, correction.

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A method "Composing a cluster" (pic.1) means technique develops the ability to build predictions the systematization of material in the form of a and substantiate them, helps to draw analogies, to branching scheme, when semantic units of text are make connections, to develop a skill of simultaneous allocated, may be a method of motivation for consideration of several options which is necessary reflection before studying a topic or a form of in solving life problems. It promotes development of systematizing information when summarizing. This system thinking.

Picture 1 - Cluster “Arsons”.

A method "Correct and incorrect statements" A method "Insert". When reading the text, presupposes the choice of correct variants by the students note the following signs on the edge of the students and justification of this choice. After getting pages: v (information corresponds to what I know); - the basic information (from a textbook, a lecture, a (information contradicts my beliefs); + (information video) it is necessary to return to the statements and is new for me); ? ( information is contentious, evaluate their authenticity. incomprehensible). After reading the text with the A method "Thick and thin questions" marking, students fill in the “insert table” according accentuates the attention of students that there are to the signs. This method makes visible the process questions that can be answered unequivocally (thin of accumulating information, the path from "old" to questions), and those to which it is not possible to "new" knowledge becomes clear and precise, it answer definitely (thick questions). Thick questions provides thoughtful and careful reading. are problematic questions, involving ambiguous A method "Reading / viewing / listening with answers. Examples of "thin questions": who ...; what stops" allows to work through the text in detail, and ...; when ...; may it be ...; will it ...; could he ...; also to train the ability to predict, to discourse what's the name ... .; was it (there) ...; do you agree logically, to argue and convince, to examine the ....etc. Examples of "thick" questions: explain, why situation creatively. ...; why do you think ...; what is the difference ...; A method "Two-part diary." (eg. Table 1). This what will happen if etc. technique is used when students themselves work This work helps to develop thinking and with the text and then train each other on the attention of students, as well as to develop their question studied. During the explanation of the ability to ask '' smart '' questions. Classification of material such diaries are kept, consisting of two questions helps in finding answers, makes students parts. The first part contains a summary of the think about the text and helps them to understand its material presented, and questions arise or not clear content better. This method stimulates the dialogical moments are fixed in the second part. Two-part speech of students. diaries enable students to closely link the content of the text with their personal experience.

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Table 1 “Great Britain”.

Topic I know I found out The Monarch and the Students The Queen is only a formal ruler. But she looks through all important Cabinet. offer their information and no Bill becomes a Law without the Royal Assent. The Houses of options There are 2 houses in the English Parliament: the House of Lords and the Parliament. House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of nearly 1200 peers, created by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The House of Etc. Commons is elected. They are 630 members.

A method "Table of arguments". One of the Maddux, M. Scheer, etc.), a personal experience of students gives arguments, and the rest should refute achievements has the greatest influence on self- them or confirm them with facts from the text. efficacy. The feeling of self-efficacy grows more if A method "Argumented evaluation" involves success is achieved independently, through efforts the use of pre-specified criteria for monologic or and through overcoming difficulties. It helps a dialogical speech for self and mutual evaluation. This person to believe in their ability to achieve the technique allows students to learn to evaluate each necessary results. After the successes has achieved, other's speech objectively, to argue their point of the expectation of efficiency is strengthened, while view, to be more attentive while listening to each the negative impact of casual failures is weakened. other. In our practice we use such criteria as: content, Self-efficacy is also affected by indirect experience. communicative interaction, vocabulary, grammar, It also grows when a person watches others pronunciation. successfully cope with difficult tasks. Conditions for It is important to note that all our lessons are solving complex communicative problems, problem held according to the scheme: challenge - situations are provided at our classes, including the comprehension - reflection. The students formulate using the techniques of critical thinking the tasks of the forthcoming work by themselves and development. at the final stage of a lesson return to them in order to analyze the results of their own or group work. Summary and Conclusions. The use of methods of critical thinking Today, the task of forming communicative self- development in the educational process involves efficacy of students in higher education becomes interaction in groups in order to exchange very important. This work assumes several stages: experiences (both linguistic and social), to create reflection of the learners of their communicative conditions for discussions and debates on the topic goals, abilities, attitudes, awareness of the under study, and to organize competent work with ineffectiveness of some communicative actions and information resources. Such work help to develop the attitudes; definition of the most optimal ability to solve the problems collectively, the ability communicative strategies, techniques, types of to convey information clearly, the ability to defend conflict resolution through observation of one's point of view using arguments and evidence communicative actions of others, familiarization, based on a critical analysis of the received information, joint search, awareness of the information and their own experience. It serves to importance and need to develop their own develop thinking, imagination, maintain cognitive communication potential; development of effective activity and develop skills for building effective communication skills through mastering of communication. communicative techniques, modeling situations that All this, in turn, leads to the formation of require flexible use of communicative techniques, communicative self-efficacy. As it was noted by changing their own communicative attitudes. many researchers (A. Bandura, S. N. Gonchar, J.

References:

1. Bandura A. (1998) Self-efficacy // 2. Belykh T.V. (2015) Struktura integral'noy Encyclopedia of human behavior. – New York: individual'nosti studentov s raznoy stepen'yu Academic press, 1998. – Vol. 4. – Р. 71-81. kommunikativnoy samoeffektivnosti. Monografiya - M.: Mir nauki, 2015. - 70 p.

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3. Gaydar M.I. (2008) Razvitiye lichnostnoy ramkakh proyekta «Chteniye i pis'mo dlya samoeffektivnosti studentov-psikhologov na kriticheskogo myshleniya». – M.: Izd-vo praktike vuzovskogo obucheniya: Avtoref. dis. «IOO» .- 1997.- 55 p. kand. Psikh. nauk. - Kursk, 2008. - 27 p. 8. Pasekkina T.N. (2017) Razvitiye kriticheskogo 4. Ignatova V.V., Pasekkina T.N. (2017) myshleniya v kontekste oriyentatsii Kommunikativnaya samoeffektivnost' kak budushchikh spetsialistov na samoeffektivnost'. vazhneysheye kachestvo budushchego Nauchno-analiticheskiy zhurnal «Sibirskiy spetsialista. // International Scientific Journal pozharno-spasatel'nyy vestnik», 2017, №5.- Theoretical & Applied Science. – 2017. - №5. - P.58-63.- Accessed: http://vestnik.sibpsa.ru/wp- 2017. Р.161-164. content/uploads/2017/v5/N5_58-63 (Accessed: 5. Kouts Dzh. (2011) Pokoleniya i stili 13.12.2017). obucheniya. M: MAPDO; Novocherkassk: 9. Khal'pern D. (2000) Psikhologiya kriticheskogo NOK, 2011. myshleniya. St. Petersburg.: Izd-vo «Petr», 6. Lebedinskaya S.V. (2017) K voprosu 2000. 512p. izucheniya samoeffektivnosti cheloveka kak 10. Yulik O.A. (2014) Tekhnologiya razvitiya resursnogo kachestva u studentov kriticheskogo myshleniya v formirovanii gumanitarnogo profilya // Uchenyye zapiski kommunikativnoy kompetentnosti v ZabGU. Pedagogicheskiye nauki. 2017. T. 12, prepodavanii inostrannogo yazyka // Molodoy № 2. P. 60-65. Uchenyy, 2014. - №2. - P. 890-892. Accessed: 7. Meredit K.S., Stil L.L., Khram S. (1997) https://moluch.ru/archive/61/9072 (Accessed: Kriticheskoye myshleniye: uglublennaya 13.12.2017). metodika. Pozitsiya IV // Podgotovleno v

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Avaz Jamolovich Kakhkharov PhD student of marketing department, International Scientific Journal Tashkent State University of economics, Theoretical & Applied Science Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online) + 99890-966-50-31

Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 20.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 31. Economic research, finance, innovation, risk management.

“UZBEK MODEL” OF DEVELOPMENT FAMOUS FOR THE NAME OF ISLAM ABDUGANIYEVICH KARIMOV CURRENTLY APPRECIATED BY THE WORLD COMMUNITY

Abstract: This article is devoted to the research of the famous “Uzbek model” of the development which widely recognized and appreciated throughout the world associated with the name of Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov. The main aim of researching recognition and appreciation of the “Uzbek model” by the world community is, first of all, a comprehensive study of the activity of Islam Karimov as a founder of the democratic state and civil society which he could achieve after gaining the independence by a hard work. Moreover, the article pursues the aim to publicize the contribution of Islam Karimov as the creator of “Uzbek model” to the development of the world relations. The results of the research can facilitate perpetuation of the outstanding performance and valuable inheritance of our First President, Islam Karimov. In addition, achievements gained by Uzbekistan during such a short period of time can serve as an appropriate experience for the developing countries of the world. Key words: Islam Karimov as a founder of the independent uzbek state, “Uzbek model”, world development, recognition of the international community, economic independence, “shock therapy”, “Made in Uzbekistan” label, peace and cooperation, religious tolerance, professional diplomacy, single transport data sett system. Language: English Citation: Kakhkharov AJ (2017) “UZBEK MODEL” OF DEVELOPMENT FAMOUS FOR THE NAME OF ISLAM ABDUGANIYEVICH KARIMOV CURRENTLY APPRECIATED BY THE WORLD COMMUNITY. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 28-39. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-7 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.7

1. INTRODUCTION Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov gained a high reputation in the country and the international Currently it is impossible to imagine that cooperation as a great statesman who had developed Uzbekistan, which is actively integrating into the and implemented a comprehensive strategy of international community, 27 years ago used to be constructing a legal democratic state based on the under the influence of a former totalitarian dictatorial civil society and market economy. It should be noted regime, but at present time is one of the leaders that international experts have thoroughly studied among the countries of Central Asia. The ideas and and highly appreciated so-called “Uzbek model” of programs that Islam Karimov put forward with a the development that could withstand any crises or clear vision of the future of Uzbekistan during that obstacles and currently this model is associated with difficult period of time, clearly demonstrate the great the name of Islam Karimov. confidence that he had expressed to our country’s Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov supported the bright future. Therefore, the questions “why” and idea that political independence can not be achieved “how was it possible” referred to the achievements of without the achievement of economic independence Uzbekistan made within 25 years, are recognized and and with the account of this concept he worked out highly appreciated by the world community. the “Uzbek model” of the development based on five 2. UREGENCY OF THE RESEARCH principles which later became wide-known and All the great achievements and outcomes of the highly appreciated throughout the world leaders. This people of Uzbekistan during the years of model represents the program for implementing independence are associated with the name and reforms in the economy and structural changes in performance of the first President of Uzbekistan. The Uzbekistan. Therefore, in our opinion, it is necessary founder of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan to conduct a comprehensive study of the activity of

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Islam Karimov as a founder of the democratic liberal Uzbekistan accounted for 40 per cent of the ex- state and civil societies as well as his contribution as Soviet Union level [2]. the creator of “Uzbek model” to the development of Due to the cotton exported from Uzbekistan, the world economy and these facts prove topicality other raw materials were imported in our country and of our research. the difference between the products exported and the products imported accounted for 898 million rubles 3. STEPS TO ACHIEVE INDEPENDENCE OF lower. Meat, dairy products and eggs consumed by UZBEKISTAN the population of the Republic amounted to 50 per cent in relation to the average population. The By the 90s of the 20th century, the political majority of the population earned only about 70 influence of the leading countries in the world rubles a month. Ultimately, the infant mortality rate resulted in the collapse of the former Soviet Union. was one of the highest in the world, and the worst This led to the formation and occurrence of new thing was that in the early 1990s, the country independent states in the world map. In Uzbekistan approached the state of famine and the reserves of the founder of independence I.A. Karimov carefully the grain were enough only for 12-15 days. prepared those processes in advance and developed a As a result, there was an imbalance in the set of measures to overcome possible problems. I. A. economy of Uzbekistan and social sphere. In Karimov was the first among leaders of the CIS particular, the problem of unemployment increased countries to set up the presidency and on August 31, and reached its peak in 90-years period of time. 1991, Uzbekistan proudly proclaimed its There were 9 million unemployed in the former independence. Since the first days of the Soviet Union and one million of them lived in independence, under heavy and complicated issues, Uzbekistan. our First President devoted all his life to ensure At that time reputable organizations and experts peace, happiness and prosperous future not only for in foreign countries were aware of this complicated Uzbekistan but also in the whole Central Asia region. situation in Uzbekistan. Therefore, at the beginning 4. NECESSITY FOR THE NEW of the 90s of the 20th century, the most influential DEVELOPMENT MODEL TO SOLVE SOCIO- newspapers of the nearest foreign countries ECONOMIC PROBLEMS published articles about our country on such topics as “Uzbekistan is a boiling samovar”, “Uzbekistan is By the end of the 80s of the 20th century, the the country of starving”, and “Before sunset”. Many economic constraint became extremely sharp and observers predicted that the country was about to risky. This was primarily due to the complete decline experience a terrible crisis and it was impossible in manufacturing, non-provision of the production even to imagine its consequences. capacity with work, the growth of the unemployment In the book entitled “Islam Karimov-the New rate, non-compliance of the monetary and fiscal President of Uzbekistan” written by the great lawyer political systems. The main economic indicators such Leonid Levitin and Donald S. Carlyle from the USA as GDP, national income, and labor productivity had on political issues in Central Asia the authors wrote been steadily declined. Foreign trade turnover that “in the early 1990s none of the Soviet Union declined, negative balance of foreign trade and republics experienced such difficult and terrible public debt increased and continuous inflation was conditions as Uzbekistan did. The people of the irritating everybody. As a result, incomes and living republic were forced to work hard under conditions standards of the people in such poor conditions had of cotton monopoly, lack of resources needed for been steadily declined. A constant reduction in the living and generally suffering from unfair social scale and volume of production made a more several order”. impact on the living standards of the population, Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov at that time particularly in terms of Uzbekistan with a sharp was the only government leader who was thinking demographic environment. Uzbekistan turned to be about the people and how to deal with those difficult one of the last among the former Soviet republics socio-economic issues and overcome obstacles. with its national income per capita, real income, However, all of these unresolved issues were a salary, and labor productivity. political game coordinated by the central government Uzbekistan used to be ranked the 12th by GDP of the former Soviet Union and Karimov on his own per capita, while national income per capita was initiative put an end to that political game. Thus it twice lower than the average national income in the became possible to overcome the issues of territory of the former Soviet Union. In terms of administration and commanding over the economy of industrial labor productivity during this period, our country. Uzbekistan was 40 per cent below the average ratio and labor productivity in the agricultural sector was almost twice lower. The share of the production of 5. HISTORY OF DEVELOPING “UZBEK consumer goods per capita in the Republic of MODEL”

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Whenever a society turns from one regime to The complete breakdown of the previous another, it undoubtedly tries to choose a specific and system, existing economic relations and old appropriate way of the development process to study economic relations were gradually transformed into errors and accomplishments of developed nations. new market and it became possible to transit to the After achieved the independence, our young country efficient market economy system. Taking into faced a very interesting issues on national state account the structure of the economy and population building. Even at that time, some media resources of our country, the level of development of the spread information about relevancy and favour of country at the time and the way of gradual transition Turkish, Chinese or Korean models as a development to the market economy were more acceptable as it way for our country. could avoid political shocks. Undoubtedly, during the first years of the The liberalization of foreign economic activity independence our so-called “big brothers” tried to and the integration into the world economy also give their own proposals from outside. Some represented a complicated and difficult process for a proposed the way of “Curing by paralyzing”, the country that had gained independence. The head of others proposed the “Turkish model” of the our country clearly identified the most important development, the thirds, relying on our cooperation directions and destinations regarding valuable with South Korea, promoted the Korean model for “Uzbek Model”. As an equal member of the world the development of Uzbekistan. They made community, Uzbekistan intensified opportunities for conclusions based on their upbringing knowledge bilateral and multilateral trade and expanded and didn’t consider the necessity to create economic, economic relations with all the countries of the legal and political base without taking into account world. customs, traditions and mentality of the people after One of the main priority of the renewal was a gaining the independence [3]. particular attention to the changes in the agrarian Then it was suggested that other models from sector. The solution of the problem of land Malaysian, American, and Southeast Asian countries ownership, the elimination of state-owned should be copied and although they were applied in enterprises, especially low-efficient and loss-causing other industrialized countries. They did not match the collective and cooperative farming, the transfer of values and mentality of our nation. In some cases their land to farms or dehkan household on the long- several “ready” recipes were steadily repeated. One term basis and the involvement of unskilled labor in of them was so-called “shock therapy”. However, industrial enterprises constituted the main issues in this model could boost the economy of the country the agrarian policy of Uzbekistan as well as the and overcome crisis but at the expense of making 40 priority of the strategy of transition to the market per cent of the working population unemployed, economy. Ensuring macroeconomic stability, worsening living standards and strengthening the implementing a thoroughly elaborated financial social constraint. policy, achieving radical changes and President Islam Karimov strongly believed that transformations in the economy were also considered such kinds of approachs for market relations were to be the most important advantages for the inaccurate and unacceptable and our main task was elimination of the image of our republic as a raw move to a new stage of socio-economic development material base. without any losses. In general, Islam Karimov determined the Under difficult conditions the idea of choosing essence and peculiarities of the model for the our own way and standards of the socio-economic national development which has been widely development were very important so it was natural to recognized as the “Uzbek model of the development” put the question on which global or regional model in the world at present times since the early years of could Uzbek model easily and rapidly comply with. independence. Islam Karimov strongly insisted on the point that In the aftermath our own way of the Uzbekistan had to follow its own way of development gained a worthy place among German, development and possess its own development model Swedish, Chinese and Japanese models. Uzbekistan with the account of country’s unique conditions and efficiently applied all the advantages and positive opportunities, economic and cultural tiers arisen as a experience accumulated by the countries in the result of short period and long-term cooperation. process of their development. The point was not to The model for the economic development of simply copy any model even though it could provide Uzbekistan is based on the historical background, positive results. Certain technique and methods experience of our people, national customs and designed for a particular country can bring a positive traditions [10]. This idea was developed and effect only in the specific conditions of that country promoted by the President of Uzbekistan and later on [4]. it became famous almost all over the world with its The five main principles of the transition to the principle “Don’t destroy the old house without market relations in Uzbekistan which were building a new one”. determined by the head of our state justified results

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 of consistent, sound and long-term pursuit of of Islam Karimov and it constituted the legal basis of efficient and wise policy. In this regard, Uzbekistan the independent state building. selected its own way of the development. This The First President paid a particular attention to approach was developed with the account of the social issues, primarily to the development of experience of advanced countries and aimed at the healthcare system to ensure the health of our people, creation of the national model of economic reforms. and the government programs aimed at improving So far, as results of the comprehensive analysis of the welfare of the population and their future. In the existing situation created Uzbek model” by the particular, he was the creator of the program for First President were widely recognized and further deepening of economic reforms and appreciated. developing of a civil society, the National Program on Personnel Training, the qualitative changes in the 6. BRIGHT FUTURE OF UZBEKISTAN field of education and healthcare, the gradual Evidence-based response worked out by us 26 development of children’s sports, the construction of years ago to the questions “What should be done? housing and infrastructure based on model projects in How should we start? How can we achieve these rural areas. accomplishments?” is recognized throughout the Rich customs and traditions of the Uzbek world and its efficiency is being studied. However, at people have been restored. The names of famous that time, the situation was more complicated and scholars and poets, great statesmen, and the generals uncertain, the first stage of privatization in the who sacrificed their lives for the country were republic was not over yet, independence of fuel and honored. The national and spiritual heritage of Imam energy resources and grain hadn’t been achieved yet, al-Bukhari, Imam at-Termizi, Bahouddin Nakshband, industry as well as the whole economy hadn’t gained Khoja Ahmad Yassaviy, Al-Khorezmiy, Al- macroeconomic stability, and the country couldn’t Ferghani, Ibn Sino, Mirzo Ulughbek, Alisher Navoi, leave a ruble zone yet. The national currency hadn’t Zahiriddin Bobur and many other great ancestors been introduced, there were scarcity and inflation, who had contributed greatly to the development of the chaotic, uncontrolled system of prices and taxes, our national culture and world civilization were the unbalanced exchange rate, and the bank interest returned to our people, their birthdays were rates became really unbearable. celebrated throughout the country, their souls were At that time the President Islam Karimov remembered, their works were published and fearlessly began to gradually implement newly historical monuments, mosques, museums registered created Uzbek model. It should be noted that the under UNESCO heritage. Their cultural inheritance President of Uzbekistan created the model which contributes to the efforts of our people in building a wasn’t expected by world famous policy-makers and new society and facilitates the spiritual renewal of economists. Moreover, he promoted the following our community. idea: “Speaking about economic freedom and Since early days of independence Karimov economic independence we should never forget established diplomatic relations and cooperation with about one important point: economic independence is many foreign countries. Total world saw the Uzbek the main independence, and it is impossible to people as the reflection of Islam Karimov. achieve political independence without economic While Uzbekistan was following the choosen independence”. And that economic independence way of development, Islam Karimov was the first will never be political independence unless it is a among the CIS countries to promote the idea of fundamental independence, economic setting up modern farms, supporting small business independence”. and private entrepreneurship, developing From the first day when Karimov was elected privatization and competition, and modernizing the as a president, he started working to ensure the peace manufacturing and service sectors, industries through and tranquility of his population. Moreover, the national entrepreneurship. Thanks to the wise maintaining of peace and stable safety as the glorious policy of Islam Karimov during the years of treasure of the world were one of the most important independency our economy has grown almost six and priority ideology of Islam Karimov’s leadership. times, the real income per capita has risen by more He could realize great accomplishments which than twelve times, and our gold and foreign exchange were not implemented by any state leader or reserves have grown steadily. The share of industry commanders before. That is, Islam Karimov curbed increased from 14 per cent to 34 per cent. Growth the interethnic constraint, extinguished the civil war, rates of gross domestic product for the last decade saved lives of hundreds of thousands or millions of have been keeping stable. Gratifyingly, the economy people, and provided peace and tranquility in our of Uzbekistan has become among the five fastest republic and in the multinational region of Central growing countries of the world. Asia region. Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov was an unique On December 8, 1992 the Constitution of the world-class leader which built world standard state Republic of Uzbekistan was adopted on the initiative building policy like Ustyurt and Shurtan gas-

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 chemical complexes, Bukhara oil refinery, Kungrad products and total sales in the world markets is over soda plant, Dehkanabad potash fertilizer plant could 64 million USD. be mentioned. The construction of large automobile plants such as GM Uzbekistan, SamAuto and MAN 7. CHALLENGES OF UZBEK MODEL OF Auto-Uzbekistan has enabled to produce vehicles DEVELOPMENT TO THE WORLD which can comply with new international standards. COMMUNITY Under the leadership of the First President Islam Karimov, modern roads and transport logistics Over the past 26 years, the concept of infrastructure were built in Uzbekistan. In particular, “Uzbek model” has come into our reality. Though the Angren-Pop railway system with a unique tunnel it is not a long term for the history within a short through the Kamchik pass was built. High-speed period of time, the Uzbek model has successfully railway train launched, international airports were passed through three major challenges as a modernized. At the same time, Uzbekistan created protection pillar of the economy. comprehensive opportunities for the development of 1. First challenge. It was a transitional period private property, entrepreneurship and small of the young independent country covering the 90s of business. A new social layer - entrepreneurial class the last century. At the same time Uzbekistan was the appeared in Uzbekistan. The consistent growth of the first among the countries of the former Soviet Union number of joint ventures established entirely at the to achieve macroeconomic stability and growth in the expense of foreign capital is connected with the production of industry and Gross Domestic Product creation of a favorable investment climate for (GDP). In other words, the development turned out investors. This was evidenced by the fact that during to be the only acceptable way to overcome negative the years of independence the investments in the consequences of the crisis. amount of 190 billion USD, including foreign 2. Second challenge. Global financial crisis investments in the amount of 65 billion USD were 2008. The development model has not only attracted in the economy of Uzbekistan. contributed to mitigation of the global financial and Uzbekistan is an attractive country for economic crisis, but also enabled to maintain the investments. This can be justified by the fact that highest rate of economic growth (up to 8 percent per famous joint-ventures – “General Motors”, “MAN”, year) among 10 countries of the world. “Klaas”, “Isuzu”, “Lotte chemical”, “Kogas”, In this regard Islam Karimov also published “Daewoo Textile”, “Yang Von”, “Huawei”, “Peng the book by name of “The global financial and Sheng”, “Maxam”, “Indorama”, “Nestle”, “Nobel”, economic crisis, ways and measures to overcome it “Rither” were established with the participation of in conditions of Uzbekistan”. This book represented foreign investors from over 90 countries such as the anti-crisis measures for 2009-2012 aimed at United States, Germany, Japan, South Korea, China, eliminating the negative effects of the global Spain, Switzerland, Singapore. Currently more than economic crisis and contains the program proposing 4,000 joint ventures are successfully operating in our the concept of a stronger, more stable and balanced country. Cooperation with them enables to development of the Uzbek economy after the crisis. implement radical modernization of the national Thus it’s not an exaggeration to say that the concepts economy, introduction of modern technologies, developed by the First President in this book, made a improvement of production management, active valuable contribution to the economic theory. access into the world markets with new products. 3. Third challenge. Current changes occurring The creation of Navoi Free Industrial Economic in the international markets and the unreserved Zone, Angren and Jizzakh Special Industrial Zones disagreements for fuel and energy resources, as well which provided investors wide tax concessions and as the political and economic scandals in Arab preferences contributed to the development of high- countries are the major factor for the instability of tech enterprises. In addition, Gijduvan, Urgut and many leading and emerging economies in the world Khazarasp free economic zones and small industrial accompanied with a sharp decline in their exports. zones were established in 2017. On the contrary, the stability of Uzbek economy and Nowadays cars and telecommunication enhancing the volume of exports once again justify equipment, computers and mobile phones, a wide the fact that Uzbek model of the development range of consumer electronics, and many other successfully passed the test and responded to the products with the label of “Made in Uzbekistan” challenge of the world community. can be found not only in local but also in many foreign trade malls. Due to the ongoing global crisis 8. MAIN RESULTS OF UZBEK MODEL AND when in many countries the demand for consumer ITS PROSPECTS goods is decreasing, in the middle of the current year Consequently, the main results of the “Uzbek 493 new enterprises were involved in export model” of our republic are the fact that even though activities with resulted in production of 168 types of Uzbekistan hasn’t achieved the accomplishments of the leading countries of the world, it could achieve

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 significant results in the social sphere. All All the independence have been ensured in our country. programs of the “human factor” developed by the Over the past years grain production has grown by 7 UN have been proven in Uzbekistan during the years times, while grain yields have increased by more of independence. In particular, appropriate activities than 3 times. aimed at the development of healthcare, science, A particular attention is being paid to the culture and arts, sports – the spheres which are of development of small businesses and private vital importance to our society, the attention and care entrepreneurship with the account of the experience to older generation, women and youth, ensuring their of the developed countries and the entrepreneurial rights and interests, protection of family, motherhood skills and craftsmanship of our people. and childhood have been undertaken. At the same Currently the share of non-government sector in time, annual expenditures of the state budget on the economy has exceeded 83 per cent. The share of social spheres have gradually increased and over the small business and private entrepreneurship in the past 10 years this indicator has exceeded 60 per cent. Gross Domestic Product increased by 54 per cent. The issue of upbringing the young generation as Almost 98 per cent of agricultural products belong to healthy and harmoniously developed people has the production of farmers and private entrepreneurs. become the most important aspect of the government The most notable point is that small businesses policy. For this purpose, the Fund for the and private entrepreneurship have become the most Development of Children’s Sports as well as a three- important factor which has enabled people to work tier sports competitions system have been freely basing on their own knowledge and skills, established. At the expense of the Fund, about 300 entrepreneurial abilities, to use the products music and art schools and over 1900 sport facilities manufactured, to own property, and to create have been built in all provinces, cities and districts. sustainable income sources. At present, the share of During the last decade, regular sports involvement income from entrepreneurial activity in the structure among children and teenagers has risen from 30 to 57 of the total population income accounts for over 50 per cent, and among girls - from 24 per cent to 47 per per cent. cent. In this regard, the reputation of our country in During the first years of independence, the the world ratings is increasing year by year. share of food products in the total amount of On the initiative of the United Nations, scholars imported products accounted for 73 per cent. Now from the Columbia University in the United States this share does not exceed 10 per cent. On the have traveled to 158 countries to conduct social contrary, from year to year the share of foodstuffs in studies. According to the indicator “Worldwide exports is growing. At the same time, fundamental Happiness Index” announced on the basis of the reforms in the agriculture have become the basis for results of this survey, Uzbekistan was ranked 44th changing the labor relations and the farmer became a out of 158 countries involved in that study and true owner of the land. So farmers turned to be a recognized first among the Commonwealth of decisive force of our society. Independent States. It should be noted that as a result One of the most important and top priorities of of significant improvement of the living standards of the “Uzbek model” is a strong social policy. Market the population the maternal mortality rate has reforms have been based on this principle and it decreased by more than 2 times, infant mortality - by should be noted that they facilitated maintenance of 3 times. Moreover, average life expectancy has social justice and stability in our society during the prolonged from 67 to 73 years, and an average life most difficult transition period. expectancy of women has reached 75 years. Demographic situation was very complicated Winning 4 gold, 2 silver and 7 bronze medals at when our country gained its independence. There the XXI Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were no new work places created at all [12]. on 5-21 August, 2016 became a great victory for our One of the most important factors of the policy aimed at developing the youth sports. development is undoubtedly peace and tranquility. Our national economy has rapidly changed not The business community of the world also only in terms of the size but also in terms of the cooperates with stable, peace-loving countries where quality. The share of industrial and service sectors security is guaranteed. have been steadily rising in the Gross Domestic Peace and religious tolerance in our country, Product. atmosphere of love and interethnic harmony play an Since the first years of independence, Islam important role in the successful implementation of Karimov set up a crucial task to solve food problems reforms in all spheres. That’s why “The foundation due to our own reserves, in particular, grain for all great achievements and accomplishments of independence. Structure of cultivated lands, Uzbekistan in the way of independent development is placement of agricultural crops was reconsidered and peace and tranquility, interethnic and inter-civilian redistributed with the account of internal demand and harmony, mutual respect and harmony” - said the conditions. Cotton didn’t remain as the only First President of our country. agriculture. As a result, food security and grain

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The efficiency of the “Uzbek model” during 26 2011) has published an analytical study “The World years is proven by the fact that Uzbekistan has in 2015” that includes forecasting indicators. Its occupied a worthy place in the world and achieved forecasts are based on the level of development of high goals. At present time the world leading the modern world economy and include opportunities organizations study the experience of Uzbekistan as a and essential factors, such as current income per case study of the “Uzbek model” and forecast bright capita, law priority, democracy, education, and future of our country. demographic changes in developing and market In particular, as of July 1, 2015, gross national transition countries included. incomes of the world countries per capita (calculated Analysts determined 100 countries with by World Bank Atlas method, in USD) are classified probable achievements of the highest ratings by the as follows [5]. economic growth according to three categories: Today, according to the World Bank, there are Rapid growth (average annual growth of more than 5 31 countries with low income in the world, the per cent); Growth (average annual growth rate number of lower middle income countries amounts to between 3 and 5 per cent); Countries that are 51, high middle income - 53 and high income - 80. expected to be stable (less than 3 per cent per year). According to World Bank statistics, in 2014, Thus, the current state of development used to Uzbekistan GDP per capita accounted for $ 2,090 be low, but in the shortest period of time it achieved and thus our country refers to the lower middle significant renewal and modernization and in the income countries. nearest future the number of countries of the first Thus, with the aim of improving the situation category accounted for 26. They have the and being among the countries with high middle opportunity to “inherit” the world’s advanced income by 2030, with the account of current technology for many years. population it is necessary to double GDP per capita. HSBC bank estimates that by 2050 GDP of The average annual GDP growth per capita in Uzbekistan (in USD unchanged since 2010) will Uzbekistan for 2004 - 2014 is 7 per cent. If such reach 314 billion, GDP per capita will be $ 8,859 and growth rates are maintained within 10 years, GDP the economic development level will rise by 22 per per capita can double by 2025. It is well known that cent to the 51st place in the world. the high goals set by the government for the 2030 are In order to achieve these results, average annual the targets which can be accomplished in terms of GDP growth in Uzbekistan will reach 8,2 per cent our potential. 2010-2020, 6,9 per cent 2020-2030, 6,1per cent in On January 4, 2011, one of the world largest 2030-2040, and 5 per cent in 2040-2050. The growth financial institutions, HSBC Holdings plc, the of income per capita for the same period is projected «Eych-es-bi-si» bank (the largest bank in Europe and to rise from 6,7 per cent in 2010-2020 to 5,1 per cent the second in the world according to the in 2040-2050 (Table 1). capitalization level by Forbes magazine’s rating in

Table 1 Forecast indicators developed by HSBC [6]

Forecast of growth of income per capita Forecast of GDP growth 2010- 2020- 2030- 2040- 2010- 2020- 2030- 2040- 2020 2030. 2040 2050 2020 2030 2040 2050 Azerbayjan 6.1% 5.4% 4.8% 4.4% 7.0% 5.7% 5.0% 4.1% Bangladesh 3.6% 4.4% 5.0% 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% 5.6% 5.5% China 6.5% 5.7% 5.1% 4.6% 6.7% 5.5% 4.4% 4.1% India 4.0% 4.5% 4.8% 5.1% 5.7% 5.6% 5.5% 5.2% Indonesia 3.0% 3.7% 4.2% 4.7% 4.3% 4.3% 4.3% 4.5% Kazakhstan 5.9% 5.2% 4.7% 4.3% 6.1% 5.8% 4.9% 4.0% South Korea 3.7% 3.4% 3.1% 3.0% 3.7% 2.3% 1.8% 1.7% Malaysia 5.4% 4.6% 4.1% 3.6% 7.1% 5.7% 4.7% 3.8% Pakistan 1.5% 2.5% 3.5% 4.4% 4.0% 4.5% 4.9% 5.0% Philippines 6.1% 5.6% 5.2% 4.8% 8.4% 7.3% 6.6% 5.8% Singapore 3.6% 3.2% 2.7% 2.3% 3.7% 2.1% 2.0% 2.1% Sri Lanka 5.2% 5.2% 5.0% 4.9% 5.4% 5.3% 4.9% 4.3%

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Thailand 3.7% 4.0% 4.1% 4.2% 4.0% 3.8% 3.8% 4.0% Turkmenistan 6.1% 5.5% 4.9% 4.5% 7.7% 6.4% 5.6% 4.5% Uzbekistan 6.7% 6.0% 5.5% 5.1% 8.2% 6.9% 6.1% 5.0% Vietnam 4.7% 4.9% 5.2% 5.5% 5.7% 5.3% 5.1% 4.8% Average in Asia 4.8% 4.6% 4.5% 4.4% 5.8% 5.1% 4.7% 4.3%

From the data stated in Table 1 it is obvious that regard, the world-wide recognized “Uzbek model” of by 2015 the highest and the most reliable indicator of the development maintained stable high rates of average annual growth of the GDP belong to economic growth and macroeconomic balance in Philippines and Uzbekistan among Asian countries. 2012 despite the global financial crisis. In particular, last year the country’s GDP grew by 8,2 per cent, industrial production - by 7,7 per cent, agricultural 9. RECOGNITION OF THE “UZBEK MODEL” production - by 7,0 per cent. The state budget was OF DEVELOPMENT BY THE WORLD executed with a surplus of 0,4 per cent in relation to COMMUNITY AT PRESENT TIMES the GDP. The inflation rate did not exceed the The ideas, concepts and proposals developed by determined forecast. the First President Islam Karimov in his book “The According to the World Bank Group, if 10 world financial and economic crisis, ways and years ago an entrepreneur needed 276 days to launch measures to overcome it in conditions of Uzbekistan” its business, currently this process requires less than were appreciated by Lee Fenlin, the member of State a week in Uzbekistan and complies with the Council of China at the International scientific- indicators of high income countries. Such measures practical conference held in Tashkent on May 22, aimed at improving the business environment are 2009. He mentioned that “It is important to study the reflected in the rating of international economic experience of Uzbekistan and to take an example organizations. For example, in the short run, our from it. It should be noted that Uzbekistan is country improved its indicators for almost 70 points. occupying a leading position in its region”. The At present, more than three-quarters of all consistent implementation of the Uzbek model employed people in Uzbekistan are engaged in the radically changed the economic and social image of private sector. They also were set up an objective to our country. Currently Uzbekistan has obtained a increase the volume of processing raw materials on position among the few countries in the world which the basis of modern technologies application, to are developing steadily, actively and dynamically. enhance the export of ready-made goods and to Great achievements in social and cultural spheres are develop the service sector. The proprietors and widely recognized and appreciated by prominent entrepreneurs, who even didn’t exist 25 years ago, international organizations and experts. currently have become the dominant power of the Hans Joachim KNAUPE, CEO of the economy. International Academy of Economics in Berlin, “The Uzbek government does not make high- commented on this point: “The most perfect, profile political statements and is not engaged in accurate and well-developed Anti-Crisis Program of political aggression”, - says Viktor Matyashov, the Uzbekistan, as well as the economic reforms under editor-in-chief of the “The World says” newspaper. – complicated conditions of the crisis, reflects the It is undertaking concrete practical steps to regulate important priorities and measures leading to progress the economy and construct the state. Since the in the post-crisis period. It will undoubtedly serve as earliest days of independence, every effort made by a promising program for many countries”. Uzbekistan has been closely monitored by far and Indeed, the growth rate of GDP in the country near neighbors. The enthusiasm for establishing remained stable at the point of over 8 per cent even contacts with the younger countries with favorable during the world financial-economic crisis and this geographical conditions, natural resources and fact was very surprising for the world community, human resources has been intensifying year by year. including international experts and famous Implementing a reasonable and comprehensive economists. policy on raising the living standards of low and In particular, the Mission of the International middle income population based on the “Uzbek Monetary Fund (IMF) noted Uzbekistan had model” relevant measures to prevent the sharp consistently progressed and was successfully decline in society have been taken. In 2015, the gap - undertaking steps to overcome consequences of the so called “decel factor” - between 10 per cent of global financial crisis, and thus it became possible to wealthy population and 10 per cent of insufficiently give a positive forecast about maintaining high socially-secured population accounted for 7,7 per growth rates in the middle-run perspective. In this cent. The internationally recognized Jini Index, i.e.

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 the polarization indicator of the population, was philosophers, but also about the modern development 0,280, which was much lower than in many of Uzbekistan [7]. developed and developing countries. Japanese experts also published the article on In this regard, the following figures are the life and activities of the First President of noticeable: real incomes of the population increased Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, in “The Japan Times”. by 11 per cent in 2016, salaries of budget The article notes that Karimov has developed a organizations increased by 15 per cent, pensions and program of reforms based on five principles that are social benefits grew by 12,1 per cent. These figures recognized as the Uzbek model of development all indicate that our government cares about its citizens over the world. In addition, the article touches upon in conditions of declining social payments due to the creation of completely new high-tech industries in ongoing global financial crisis. the country, construction of world-class industrial Sustainability, the aforementioned factors, as facilities, building of modern road-transport and well as the ever-improving transport industry, engineering-communication infrastructure. It should attractive investment climate, and high position in be noted, that thanks to the reforms made on the the international rankings - all attract new investors basis of the “Uzbek model” of development, ready to cooperate with Uzbekistan. Investments into Uzbekistan economy joined the list of five the most our economy, mainly for the implementation of rapidly growing economies in the world. projects for modernization, technical and The First President developed and implemented technological renovation just in 2016 itself increased the Concept of foreign policy, based on Uzbekistan’s by 10 per cent and amounted to $ 16,6 billion. At commitment to peace, non-interference in the present time in the territory of Uzbekistan which is internal affairs of other states and only peaceful, integrating into the world economy, over five political resolution of disputes. It is well-known that thousand enterprises with the participation of foreign the head of the state made a great contribution to the capital operate on the basis of mutually beneficial maintenance of peace and stability in the region and cooperation. Reforms based on the “Uzbek model” around the world. Islam Karimov has set up the have always been highly appreciated by experts. In foundation for a completely new system of education particular, the World Economic Forum included and upbringing of the younger generation, who is Uzbekistan among the five rapidly growing considered to be a decisive and powerful force of countries. today and tomorrow. In fact, the First President of According to the opinion of Iveta Grigule, the Uzbekistan has dedicated his boundless love to the chairperson of the European Parliament’s delegation people and his whole life to the devotion to the on cooperation with the Central Asian countries motherland [8]. (worldnews.uz), “Uzbekistan has made The world-famous “FORBES” magazine on unprecedented achievements during the years of September 14, 2017 published the article on independence in comparison with the situation which economic reforms of Uzbekistan and on the internal used to be 25 years ago. At present time Uzbekistan and foreign policy implemented by the President is demonstrating its dynamic development in all Shavkat Mirziyoyev. It should be noted that the spheres. It has become the country that pays a President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Shavkat particular attention to ensuring the safety of his Mirziyoyev, who was elected after Islam Karimov, is citizens, improving their material welfare and social being recognized as a new Uzbek leader in the world. protection, and providing them with access to diverse Shavkat Mirziyoyev has proven to the Eurasia services”, - said a member of the parliament. observers and international experts that the largest As a result of large-scale comprehensive military base in the region has finally been reforms, the economy of Uzbekistan has grown modernizing its economy and establishing friendly several times, and if its population has increased by relations with other countries in this process. one and a half times, the income per capita has risen Uzbekistan is preparing for full currency significantly. The look of our cities, towns and convertibility by 2019 and is developing its free trade villages has radically changed, and modern zones through the major regions of the country.Their production and social infrastructure has been created. external debt is less than 20 per cent of GDP. When All this is a practical expression of the successful Kazakhstan started its rapid growth, Uzbekistan was implementation of the “Uzbek model” of still behind in GDP. However, unlike Kazakhstan, development, the policy of reforms being pursued for Uzbekistan has never experienced a huge debt and at the prosperity of the country and every citizen. the time when a sharp decline for raw materials was A major conference on the study of the rich observed, our country has successfully overcome this heritage of the great scholars living in the land of difficulty. It has been recognized that in 2016, the Uzbekistan, in particular, the scientific heritage of economy of Uzbekistan, like the Chinese economy, Temurids, was held recently at the Leiden University has grown by 7 per cent. in the Netherlands. There is a great deal of positive “World Giving Index 2017” has announced a feedback not only about our ancestors, our new rating paying a particular attention to the people

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 of Uzbekistan. According to this rating, among other This time this tradition was followed by Shavkat Central Asian countries, the most generous people Mirziyoyev at the UN summit. On September 19, live in Uzbekistan. According to the organizers of 2017, at the 72nd session of the UN General this rating, 40 per cent of populationin Uzbekistan Assembly the President of the Republic of deal with charity activities and in Kazakhstan this Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev has stated that it is indicator accounts for 30 per cent. Uzbekistan ranks necessary to implement the principle “human 38th in the world rankings and neighboring interests are superior to all”. In addition, he has made Tajikistan are on the 50th place and Turkmenistan is proposals aimed at ensuring security of Central Asian on the 69th place, Kirgizstan is on the 85th place and countries and strengthening regional cooperation, Kazakhstan occupies 87th place. The rating analysis solving the problems with the Aral Sea and regional shows that in Central Asia Uzbekistan is recognized water areas, peace issues in Afghanistan. Moreover, by the world community because of its way of he has tackled such crucial issues as the formation of development and a generous contribution of the youth policy and the development of the UN population to the charity. Convention on the Rights of the youth, the role of It is a well-known fact that the concepts and mass media as well as Islam as a holy religion and opinions expressed by Uzbekistan on the tried to promote his ideas to the people all over the international platforms aimed at solution of urgent world. problems are justified. One of the most prestigious organizations in the world is the United Nations 10. UZBEKISTAN IS A WORTHY FOLLOWER Organization in which session each speech of the OF DEVELOPMENT President of the Republic of Uzbekistan has always Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov left his dear been warmly welcomed by the people of the world. people and his beloved motherland as well as respect Although the Republic of Uzbekistan became gained within many years to his follower who had the UNO member on March 2, 1992, Islam been proven on different positions under various Karimov made the first speech at the 48th session complicated circumstances, Shavkat Miromanovich of the UN General Assembly in New York in 1993 Mirziyoyev with the words “Good luck!”. On on the transformation of the Central Asian region September 2, 2016 people of Uzbekistan saw off the into a nuclear-weapon-free zone. As a result, the head of the state with the greatest sorrow and grief in Treaty “On the establishment of a nuclear-weapon- his last way. The whole Uzbek nation expressed the free zone in Central Asia” came into power on March wish to continue their life and development with 20, 2009. This very initiative was later appreciated as Shavkat Miromanovich Mirziyoyev. Wherein a timely and reasonable initiative by Tijey Bouz, an Shavkat Mirziyoyev started his activity on the expert at the Center for the Study of Nuclear position of the President of our country with the Weapons Prevention at the Monterey Institute for words: “Our dear and respected person, Islam International Studies. Abduganiyevich Karimov, is not with us today. The second participation of Islam Karimov However, in our activity we will always rely on the in the UN General Assembly devoted to the UNO implementation of “Uzbek model” of the 50th anniversary celebration was in 1995. In his development worked out by our First President as speech he promoted the idea of preventing the well as on strategic principles of creating a modern problem of terrorism and the conflicts in neighbore state”. Afghanistan. Shavkat Miziyoyev, a devoted follower of The third participation of Islam Karimov in President Karimov, began his policy with the “Millennium Summit” of the UN General communication with the whole society. A particular Assembly happened in 2000. In his speech he attention was paid to the welfare of the people of offered solutions to the challenges of international Uzbekistan, national economy, relations of the rest terrorism and drug trafficking; ensuring regional countries of the world for maintenance regional security, including stability and security in the peace and prosperity. Central Asian region; improving the global security In order to achieve the goals set up by Islam system, reforming the structure and functioning of Karimov it is necessary to constantly and tirelessly the United Nations Organization. work on February 7, 2017 Shavkat Mirziyoyev At his fourth participation in the plenary signed the Decree No-4947 “On Action Strategy for session of the UN General Assembly on the Further Development of the Republic of Millennium Development Goals in 2010, Islam Uzbekistan”. Karimov emphasized that security, stability and Shavkat Mirziyoyev knew his preceptor Islam sustainable development in the region and Karimov and his position to sacrifice his life to the environmental protection are among the priorities. beloved people and motherland from the first steps of Proposals and recommendations aimed at independence. Therefore, President Mirziyoyev solving urgent problems in the international arena commented: “Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov was a have always been reflected in the international arena. great and wise policy-maker, long-sighted and

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 strategic thinker who had the ability to perceive the Experts in business circles and analysts say that complicated events and situation ongoing in the the rational and far-sighted policy is currently being world and different regions from the all point of pursued by the President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, and views of the nationhood. Moreover, he was the reforms being implemented are not only effective, leader with a strong feeling of responsibility for the but also serve as a case-study for other countries on country and people, as well as for each citizen. Islam the achievements of Uzbekistan in the development Abduganiyevich was elected as the leader of the of the market economy. country in the most complicated and difficult period of our national history with severe interethnic clashes 11. CONCLUSION and other contradictions, while the risk of the civil Grateful to the efficiency of the “Uzbek model” war in our country was high, our economy proven during past 26 year’s period of time experienced the deepening crisis, when past days had Uzbekistan has gained a worthy place in the come to the and a new prospective era started. His international cooperation and achieved significant mercy and blessings to the beloved people of the accomplishments. Currently reputable organizations country was invaluable. The noblest qualities of of the world confidently believe in the great future of Islam Abduganiyevich, such as strong will, the Republic of Uzbekistan created based on the dedication, courage and patriotism, humanity and “Uzbek model” and highly appreciated that present justice, sincerity and kindness, are a vivid example time independent Uzbekistan able to cooperate and for all of us”[9]. negotiate with majority countries in East and West. In accordance with on January 25, 2017 the Islam Karimov could not had been achieved these President of the Republic of Uzbekistan issued the glorious accomplishments by himself for his Decree № 2744 “On perpetuation of the memory of presidency. Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov, the First President The reason for this is his contribution to the of the Republic of Uzbekistan” [13]. According to prevention of the interethnic bloody conflict in the this Decree, with the aim of perpetuation of the the 1990s and improvement and smoothening of the First President, the Hero of Uzbekistan, bright situation, bringing the country in the global memory of Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov the partnership as an independent, liberal, democratic, following measures have been undertaken: the secular, constitutional, sovereign state, avoiding Republican charity fund named after Islam Karimov complicated circumstances and ensuring a has been established, the mosque located in Tashkent prosperous life for the Uzbek nation. He lead the has been given the name “Mosque of Islom ota”, the youth as his “own children” on the way of progress scientific-cultural monumental complex named after and stability, implementation of all reforms for the Islam Karimov has been established in Oksaroy development of the country, society, mahalla and residence in Tashkent, museum of Islam Karimov family by only continuous hard work and prospective has been founded in Samarkand, works on research. constructing the memorial devoted to the memory of In general, the dedication of Islam Karimov to Islam Karimov are being implemented in his the Uzbek nation and the Motherland was reflected motherland – Samarkand. Tashkent State Technical in his great deeds. Therefore, a great contribution of University, Automobile construction plant in Asaka, our First President to the international relations Museum of arts in Fergana, Tashkent International development will be recorded as the history of our airport, avenues of cities and regions have been famous ancestor Amir Temur and will remain as an named after Islam Karimov. State scholarship has invaluable and precious inheritance to the Uzbek been introduced for the students of higher people. educational establishments. The 30th of January, the The main development principles of the “Uzbek birthday of the First President, and the end of model” have turned into the nationwide slogans: September, memory day are expected to be “Uzbekistan is a state with a great future”, memorized. “Independence – is, the law, first of all”, “Don’t In a short period of time, Shavkat Mirziyoyev destroy the old house without constructing an old justified the trust of the nation and his preceptor. one”, “Reforms are not for reforms themselves but First of all, Mirziyoyev went into the public and for the person”, “The Uzbek people will never expressed his interest in issues of the nation and depend on anyone”, “Let us have a free and activity of entrepreneurs with sufficient government prosperous homeland” which constitute the modern support. theory of the socio-economic development and serve In addition, he has also numerous deal and as a basis for the thousand years development of the projects on innovation development of the national Uzbek nation. state building. During in this short period of time the In addition, our people refer all the results and President paid a particular attention to the foreign accomplishments achieved during a short period of relations and cooperation which he could already time particularly to the name of the First President made 25 state visits to 8 countries.

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Islam Karimov, and consider them to be unique as the founder of the independent state, the great merits of the great state leader. statesman and policy-maker, patriot and devoted The First President Islam Abduganiyevich child for the Uzbek people. Karimov will live forever in our memory and hearts

References:

1. (2014) Constitution of the Republic of 8. (2017) Available: Uzbekistan. –Т.: “Uzbekistan”, 2014. http://namnews.uz/content/The_Japan_Times_i 2. Islam Karimov (2011) “Uzbekistan is on the slom_karimov__uzbek_halining_buyuk_farzan threshold of independence”, “Uzbekistan”, di.html (Accessed: 10.12.2017). Т:.2011. 300 p. 9. Sh.M. Mirziyoyev (2016) Speech at the joint 3. Kodirov А. (2011) “The principles and basic session of the Legislative Chamber and Senate priorities of the “Uzbek model” of building a made on September 9, 2016. democratic society”, “economy and innovation 10. Karimov I.A. (1998) There is no future without technologies” – scientific electronic journal. № historical memory. – Т.: Uzbekistan, 1998. 1, September, 2011. 11. Karimov I.A. (2004) Our main task is to 4. Karimov I.A. (1992) “Uzbekistan – its own way strengthen our prosperity and consistently of renewal and progress”–Т.: “Uzbekistan”, follow the path of reforms. – Т.: Uzbekistan, 1992. 2004. 5. (2017) Available: 12. Karimov I.A. (2004) On the way of moral http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldb growth connected with peace in our ank/document/Uzbekistan/ (Accessed: motherland, power of our security, solidarity of 10.12.2017). our people and their strong will. – Т.: 6. (2017) Developed by the author on the basis of Uzbekistan, 2004. the HSBC data. 13. (2017) The Decree of the President of the 7. Islam Karimov (2016) “In life’s trials a worthy Republic of Uzbekistan № 2744 “On people of Kashkadarya can achieve any perpetuation of the memory of Islam accomplishments”/ I. karimov. -Т.: Abduganiyevich Karimov, the First President of «Uzbekistan», 2016. - 28 p. the Republic of Uzbekistan”.

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Mahabat Kenjebek kyzy candidate of juridical science International Scientific Journal professor of department of criminal law Theoretical & Applied Science of Academy of Ministry of Interrior Affairs of Kyrgyz Republic p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online)

Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 21.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 32. Jurisprudence.

PREVENTION OF MANIFESTATIONS OF EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM IN THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

Abstract: The article focuses on the activities of state bodies and public institutions in the search for effective ways to reform the system of criminal penalties in countering the manifestations of extremism and terrorism. Key words: extremism, terrorism, crime prevention in the penitentiary system, penitentiary system. Language: Russian English Citation: Kenjebek kyzy M (2017) PREVENTION OF MANIFESTATIONS OF EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM IN THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 40-44. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-8 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.8

ПРОФИЛАКТИКА ПРОЯВЛЕНИЙ ЭКСТРЕМИЗМА И ТЕРРОРИЗМА В ПЕНИТЕНЦИАРНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ КЫРГЫЗСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

Аннотация: В статье уделяется внимание деятельности государственных органов и общественных институтов в поиске эффективных путей реформирования системы уголовных наказаний в противодействии проявлениями экстремизма и терроризма. Ключевые слова: экстремизм, терроризм, профилактика преступлений в уголовно-исполнительной системе, пенитенциарная система.

Introduction утверждают свою идеологическую систему В XXI веке терроризм и религиозный взглядов. Попав в тюрьму, не считают осуждение экстремизм стали наиболее острыми проблемами наказанием. К внешним тяготам и лишениям человечества. Вопрос как никогда актуален и в относятся, как к «испытаниям Аллаха». Человеку Кыргызстане. Уже не первый десяток лет мир же, не имеющему устойчивых взглядов, будоражат теракты. Они уносят жизни сотнями, психологически трудно адаптироваться к калечат тысячами, держат в страхе миллионы изоляции. людей. Актуализировались проблемы укрепления иммунитета общества от религиозного Materials and Methods экстремизма и терроризма. В этом деле важнее Внимание государственных структур и предотвратить, чем бороться с последствиями. общественных институтов в последние два Поэтому архиважное значение имеют десятилетия обращено на поиск наиболее профилактика и предупреждение радикализации эффективных путей реформирования системы во всех сферах жизни общества. Места лишения исполнения уголовных наказаний, свободы не исключение. Жизнь в приспособления ее к реалиям современного исправительных учреждениях и колониях не государства [5, с. 14]. дремлет в серых буднях. Появление религиозных В настоящее время реализуется комплекс экстремистов и террористов среди тюремного правовых реформ, направленных на населения в корне изменило привычный уклад совершенствование и развитие национальной жизни за решеткой. Убежденным экстремистам и пенитенциарной системы [1, с. 34]. террористам присуще отрицать систему Профилактика проявлений экстремизма и традиционных ценностей. Они жестко терроризма в местах лишения свободы

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представляет собой целый комплекс мер. Она дает свои плоды, имеют место случаи, Функции пенитенциарной системы постепенно когда осужденные экстремисты отрекаются от разворачиваются от карательной направленности идей радикализма. в сторону ресоциализации. Приоритеты отдаются О преступлениях экстремистской трудозанятости, психическому и физическому направленности позволяет сделать вывод о том, здоровью, как ключевым факторам адаптации в что они представляют реальную угрозу для местах заключения и на воле. В тюрьме безопасности страны. незанятый человек - легкая добыча для Кыргызские тюрьмы переполнены, плохие экстремистов. Занятые - напротив условия содержания недостаточное дисциплинированы, не совершают новых финансирование. Заключенные, а также их преступлений, легче адаптируются в обществе, встречи с родственниками и друзьями и их имея навыки труда. Успех ресоциализации входящие письма и пакеты, находятся под зависит от убежденности заключенных в том, что постоянным наблюдением, изучается литература за стенами колонии они не будут изгоями. среди заключенных, так как имеются факты Предпосылками к радикализации заключенных передачи запрещенной экстремистской являются религиозная безграмотность и низкий литературы другим осужденным. В 2015 году уровень образования. Поэтому на регулярной был принят закон о внесение поправок в основе ведутся идеологические и Уголовный Кодекс, в соответствии с которым пропагандистские мероприятия с привлечением осужденные экстремисты содержатся отдельно от психологов, теологов, религиоведов, остальных. Теперь экстремистов содержат в представителей духовенства. Немаловажна отдельных камерах. Не только Кыргызстан, но и постоянная связь осужденных с близкими пенитенциарные системы многих стран еще не родственниками. Важно менять отношение разработали действенных мер по общества к лицам, освободившимся из мест предупреждению распространения лишения свободы. По-прежнему, недостаточно экстремистских идей в местах лишения свободы. изучены сферы радикализации женщин и Устаревшая инфраструктура, недостаточное несовершеннолетних в исправительных финансирование, условия работы, дефицит учреждениях. В этом ключе заслуживает квалифицированных кадров являются факторами, внимание мнение экспертов о том, что препятствующими эффективной реализации последователей религиозного экстремизма и государственной политики по предупреждению терроризма надо принимать, как пострадавших от экстремизма в пенитенциарных учреждениях. внешнего воздействия. Ключевую роль в их Обстановка на Ближнем Востоке, вербовка ресоциализации должна быть отведена граждан КР в зоны боевых действий, сложная психологам и психиатрам. Немаловажную роль обстановка в Афганистане, рост религиозного играет отношение к осужденным администраций экстремизма. По мнению экспертов, все эти мест заключения и условия, в которых они факторы влияют на проявление терроризма в содержатся. Исследование статистических республике. материалов в местах лишения свободы Как показало исследование, в Кыргызстане Кыргызстана содержатся 185 человек, 85 процентов членов и сторонников МТО попали осужденных за преступления террористической под их влияние через идеологическую обработку. или экстремистской направленности [12]. Основная причина религиозного В 2009 году только 51 заключенный отбывал экстремизма в стране – дефицит информации. срок за экстремизм и терроризм. Сейчас, по Граждане не могут получить полноценные данным ГСИН при Правительстве Кыргызской данные в конфессиональной сфере, поэтому Республики, это число превысило 185, включая 7 начинают искать сами. Ищут в Интернете, где женщин. Среди этих осужденных: «84 человека, натыкаются на экстремистские материалы, не впервые совершивших преступление; 38 человек осознавая этого [11]. находятся в тюрьмах строгого режима». Среди Основные направления политики в сфере задержанных экстремистов 22 человека обвинены исполнения уголовных наказаний определяются в боевых действиях в Сирии. А также 97 членов комплексом факторов, среди которых наиболее «Хизб-ут-Тахрир» [13]. значимыми можно назвать социально- С этой категорией теологи и сотрудники политическое, экономическое, нравственное тюрем постоянно проводят разъяснительную состояние общества в целом, так и отдельных работу об опасности экстремистских идей. После гражданских институтов и граждан. бесед с теологами и психологами они начинают Так, результатом разработки ученых явилась сомневаться в правильности экстремистских идей научно-теоретическая модель законодательства и отказываются от них. На разубеждение уголовно-исполнительной систему, религиозного экстремиста уходит от нескольких предлагающая в качестве основных принципов месяцев до полутора лет. следующими пунктами:

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– принцип учета достижений научной преступности и преступности экстремистского и мысли, отраженных в концептуальных террористического характера[4, с. 47-50]. документах и нормах конституционного, По имеющимся данным, действуют уголовного, уголовно-исполнительного, «тюремные джамааты» (официально уголовно-процессуального, административного и существование «джамаатов» ГСИН отрицает) [4, иного законодательства; с. 48]. Радикальные исламисты осуществляют – принцип отражения реально применяемых вербовку не только «этнических мусульман», но наказаний и иных мер уголовно-правового и других осужденных. При этом, как отмечает характера; И.М. Усманов, особую активность при вербовке – принцип учета результатов научных новых сторонников проявляют так называемые исследований отечественных и зарубежных новообращенные мусульмане [10, с. 52–53]. ученых; Наибольшие опасения вызывает тот факт, – принцип учета современного и что места принудительного содержания входят в исторического опыта исполнения уголовных число прочих основных источников и каналов наказаний и иных мер уголовно-исполнительного вербовки молодежи в запрещенные на характера в зарубежных странах; территории страны экстремистские и – принцип всестороннего и полного террористические движения и организации [6]. регулирования общественных отношений, На наш взгляд, противодействие входящих в предмет регулирования уголовно- преступлениям экстремистской направленности в исполнительного законодательства; этой области требует дальнейшего – принцип приоритета учета интересов совершенствования методов подготовки гражданского общества; работников уголовно-исполнительной системы – принцип учета решений Европейского по овладению новейшими психологическими и Суда по правам человека, Верховного Суда и педагогическими методиками и технологиями Конституционного Суда Кыргызской воздействия на поведение осужденных за Республики; совершение преступлений экстремистской – принцип учета рекомендаций (деклараций) направленности (и/или входящих в группу международных организаций по вопросам «риска»), с учетом их уголовно-правовой, исполнения уголовных наказаний и обращения с индивидуально-психологической осужденными [5, с. 17–24]. характеристики; межличностных связей с Основными проблемами, требующими другими заключенными – криминальными разрешения в рамках научно-теоретической лидерами, активными участниками группировок модели законодательства УИС названы осужденных отрицательной направленности, а проработка предмета уголовно-исполнительного также лицами, замеченными в распространении права; закрепление целей уголовно- радикальных идей, литературы и предметов исполнительного законодательства; отражение экстремистского характера. реально применяемых наказаний и иных мер Следует отметить, что указанная ситуация уголовно-правового характера; отражение усугубляется ростом протестной активности в принципа всестороннего и полного местах принудительного содержания, что регулирования общественных отношений, обуславливается спецификой самого процесса входящих в предмет уголовно-исполнительного исполнения уголовного наказания в виде права [5, с. 24-27]. лишения свободы, формирующего у осужденных Одной из современных негативных чувство протеста и, как следствие, различные устойчивых тенденций в уголовно- конфликты и связанные с ними криминальные исполнительной системе является проникновение деяния [2, с. 13]. Роль криминальных лидеров и в пенитенциарные учреждения экстремизма на активных участников группировок осужденных фоне радикализации и роста протестной отрицательной направленности в создании активности осужденных. (провокации) конфликтов эксперты при этом Проявления экстремизма в пенитенциарных оценивают в 3,2 балла, и 2,7 балла отводят учреждениях выражаются в широком осужденным, придерживающимся радикальных распространении радикальных форм ислама; в религиозных взглядов [2, с. 18]. вербовке осужденных в исправительных Наибольшую актуальность исследование учреждениях и СИЗО с целью последующего их пенитенциарных конфликтов, по мнению Н.С. участия в террористической деятельности; Емельянова, приобретает в период активного распространении религиозных (а в сущности – реформирования уголовно-исполнительной псевдорелигиозных) материалов экстремистского системы [2, с. 4]. содержания в СИЗО, колониях, тюрьмах; К основным криминогенным факторам интеграции общеуголовной организованной протестной активности в местах принудительного содержания можно отнести:

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– социально-психологическую предусмотренных законом или приговором суда, напряженность, вызванную неодобрением отражено и в научно-теоретической модели деятельности руководства и противоправных законодательства УИС [5, с. 44]. действий сотрудников ГСИН (поборы, побои, пытки, унижение, сексуальное насилие, Conclusion нарушение права на отправление религиозных Таким образом, к приоритетным обрядов); направлениям дальнейшего совершенствования и – социально-экономические индикаторы, развития уголовно-исполнительной политики в отражающие общий уровень недовольства сфере противодействия преступлениям условиями содержания (нарушение порядка экстремистской направленности в условиях освобождения, материально-бытового и медико- радикализации и роста протестной активности санитарного обеспечения осужденных); следует отнести: – отсутствие должной организации контроля 1. Совершенствование методов подготовки со стороны администрации исправительных работников уголовно-исполнительной системы, учреждений; владеющих новейшими психологическими и – недостатки внутренней регуляции педагогическими методиками и технологиями поведения осужденных (агрессивность, воздействия на поведение с учетом уголовно- несдержанность, вспыльчивость, жестокость, правовой и индивидуально-психологической низкий нравственный уровень личности, характеристики осужденных. пониженная сопротивляемость негативным 2. Дальнейшую разработку для лиц, влияниям среды) и др. [14, с. 78; 8, с. 588]. осужденных за преступления экстремистской и С учетом сложившейся криминогенной террористической направленности, базовых ситуации в органах и учреждениях УИС считаем (обязательных) программ психологической актуальным и своевременным предложение коррекции личности для формирования А.М. Калужиной о разработке концепции социальной направленности осужденных, информационно-аналитического обеспечения профилактики деструктивных проявлений, оперативно-розыскной деятельности (ОРД) в повышения религиозной и правовой грамотности, УИС, направленной на совершенствование ОРД и исключающей «спекуляцию» и манипулирование системы информационного обеспечения религиозными канонами, формирование оперативных подразделений УИС [3, т. 6, с. 22- толерантного религиозного сознания среди 23]. осужденных; с разработкой механизма Как отмечает В.Г. Лещенко, процесс проведения подобных обязательных преобразования уголовно-исполнительной мероприятий, проводимых на основании системы совпал с активной фазой процесса приговора суда, с последующим внесением десекуляризации – постепенного возвращения соответствующих изменений в действующее религии в социально-культурную жизнь народа, законодательство Кыргызской Республики. существенного повышения значимости роли 3. Создание системы противодействия религиозной веры, что также требует внесения в распространению различных форм действующее законодательство соответствующих экстремистских проявлений среди осужденных изменений и дополнений в части проведения на основе разработки концепции психологической работы с осужденными [7,с. 3]. информационно-аналитического обеспечения Закрепление обязательного участия ОРД в УИС. осужденных в различных формах 4. Совершенствование уголовно- психологической работы в случаях, исполнительного законодательства.

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1. Voronenkov D.N. (2014) Razvitie natsionalnoy osuzhdennyih : avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. penitentsiarnoy sistemyi i ee pravovoe nauk. Ryazan, 2015. -25 p. reformirovanie // Pravo i bezopasnost. 2014. # 2 3. Kaluzhina M.A. (2015) Nekotoryie problemyi (47). p. 34–40. informatsionno-analiticheskogo obespecheniya 2. Emelyanov N.S. (2015) Kriminologicheskoe operativno-rozyisknoy deyatelnosti v ugolovno- issledovanie konfliktov s uchastiem ispolnitelnoy sisteme // II Mezhdunarodnyiy

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penitentsiarnyiy forum «Prestuplenie, svobodyi v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: avtoref. dis. nakazanie, ispravlenie» (k 60-letiyu prinyatiya …kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2012. - 29 p. Minimalnyih standartnyih pravil obrascheniya s 8. Smyislova V.N. (2016) Penitentsiarnyiy zaklyuchennyimi i 30-letiyu prinyatiya ekstremizm v usloviyah radikalizatsii i rosta Minimalnyih standartnyih pravil, protestnoy aktivnosti: nekotoryie mehanizmyi kasayuschihsya otpravleniya pravosudiya v protivodeystviya // Ugolovno-ispolnitelnaya otnoshenii nesovershennoletnih): sb. tez. sistema na sovremennom etape: vzaimodeystvie vyistupleniy i dokladov uchastnikov (Ryazan, nauki i praktiki: materialyi Mezhdunar. nauch.- 25–27 noyabrya 2015 g.) : v 8 t. Ryazan, 2015. prakt. mezhvedomstvennoy konferentsii (16–17 T. 6: Materialyi Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno- iyunya 2016 g.) / pod obsch. red. A.A. prakticheskoy konferentsii «Operativno- Votinova. Samara, 2016. p. 587–590. rozyisknaya deyatelnost v penitentsiarnyih 9. (2016) Teoreticheskie osnovyi uchrezhdeniyah: voprosyi teorii i praktiki» preduprezhdeniya prestupnosti: monografiya / kruglogo stola «Organizatsionno-pravovyie P. V. Agapov [i dr.]; pod obsch. red. R.V. voprosyi obespecheniya rezhima i ohranyi v Zhubrina; Akademiya Generalnoy prokuraturyi. sledstvennyih izolyatorah i ispravitelnyih Moscow, 2016. - 656 p. uchrezhdeniyah na sovremennom etape». 2015. 10. Usmanov I.M. (2014) Islamskaya p. 22–24. radikalizatsiya osuzhdennyih k lisheniyu 4. Merkurev V.V., Agapov P.V. (2014) Problemyi svobodyi – mif ili realnost? // Pravo i presecheniya i preduprezhdeniya bezopasnost. 2014. # 2 (47). p. 52–55. ekstremistskoy deyatelnosti v ispravitelnyih 11. Denisov Yu.D. (2009) Protivodeystvie uchrezhdeniyah FSIN Rossii // Pravo i ekstremizmu v seti Internet // Zakonnost. 2009. bezopasnost. 2014. # 2 (47). p. 47–51. # 6. 5. (2016) Obschaya chast novogo Ugolovno- 12. Zheenbekov E.T. (2014) Protivodeystvie ispolnitelnogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii: prestupleniyam ekstremistskoy napravlennosti: rezultatyi teoreticheskogo modelirovaniya / pod kriminologicheskiy i ugolovno-pravovoy red. V.I. Seliverstova. M., 2016. -80 p. aspektyi. B., 2014. 6. Rahmonov A.S. (2015) Vneshnie i vnutrennie 13. (2017) Dannyie Glavnogo informatsionnogo faktoryi vovlecheniya molodezhi v ryadyi tsentra MVD Kyirgyizskoy Respubliki. terroristicheskih organizatsiy // Kazanskiy 14. Panin A.S. (2012) O merah preduprezhdeniya pedagogicheskiy zhurnal. 2015. # 6. p. 144– religioznogo ekstremizma v penitentsiarnoy 150. sisteme//Vedomosti ugolovno-ispolnitelnoy 7. Leschenko V.G. (2012) Religioznoe sistemyi. 2012. # 5 (156). p. 78. vozdeystvie na osuzhdennyih k lisheniyu

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Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 21.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 32. Jurisprudence.

TOPICAL ISSUES OF COUNTERING RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM IN PRISONS

Abstract: In this article the author made an attempt to disclose the role of agitational activity of preachers of Islamists, directed not only to Muslim convicts or convicts of other religions, but also to search for, recruit and use for illegal purposes employees and employees of the penal system. Key words: religious extremism, counteraction to religious extremism, propaganda of extremism and terrorism in places of imprisonment. Language: Russian Citation: Kenjebek kyzy M (2017) TOPICAL ISSUES OF COUNTERING RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM IN PRISONS. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 45-49. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-9 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.9

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЯ РЕЛИГИОЗНОМУ ЭКСТРЕМИЗМУ В МЕСТАХ ЛИШЕНИЯ СВОБОДЫ

Аннотация: В данной статье автором сделана попытка раскрыть роль агитационной деятельности проповедников исламистов, направленной не только на осужденных-мусульман или осужденных других вероисповеданий, также и на поиск, вербовку и использование в противоправных целях сотрудников и работников уголовно-исполнительной системы. Ключевые слова: религиозный экстремизм, противодействие религиозному экстремизму, пропаганда экстремизма и терроризма в местах лишения свободы.

Introduction распространение и тиражирование В последнее время возникают негативные соответствующей литературы иностранными ситуации, связанные с проявлением религиозной центрами и фондами. вражды, межконфессиональных конфликтов и Позже опираясь на наиболее идеологически проявлением религиозного экстремизма, подготовленных и непримиримо настроенных несмотря на наличие правовых гарантий, местных радикалов, продолжили работу по призванных содействовать цивилизованному привлечению в свои ряды адептов, главным развитию отношений между религиозными образом из среды молодежи [5, с. 11]. организациями и государственными институтами Участники подпольных исламистских ячеек, [2, с. 3]. Религия, которая, вроде бы считалась находятся как на нелегальном так и на легальном архаической формой культуры, теперь оказалась положении активно работают над политизацией и в центре самых драматических событий социализацией своих учений. Данные лица, тесно современной истории, и ее идеи и сегодня взаимодействуют в решении своих политических органически вписываются в мироощущение задач, оказывая друг другу поддержку. Причем человечества [1, с. 371]. категория латентных исламистов представляет пожалуй даже большую проблему потому что Materials and Methods таких сложнее выявить, классифицировать и Бурная миссионерская деятельность привлечь к ответственности. проповедников привела к популяризации Ряд исследователей в том числе и идеологической доктрины исламистов в начале зарубежных полагают, что существенную роль в 90-х этому способствовала также радикализации ислама сыграли внешние

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факторы, а именно вмешательство США в учитывать историческую эпоху и социальную политику стран Ближнего Востока. На фоне обстановку периода зарождения данных религий, агрессивной масскультуры США и их реалии того мира. сторонников в страны с традиционным В противодействии религиозному многовековыми национально-культурными и экстремизму в пенитенциарной системе религиозными ценностями совершенно очевиден современных государств можно наметить был силовой ответ этим поползновениям. несколько основных направлений. В числе Совершенно очевидно, то в традиционном важнейших направлений, наряду с правовой, понимании этого слова воевать с США никто не психолого-педагогической и богословско- будет. Поэтому вольно или невольно в последнее философской подготовкой сотрудников УИС к время широкое развитие получил религиозный ресоциализации лиц, осужденных за религиозный терроризм [1, с. 374]. экстремизм и терроризм, а также профилактики Еще в середине XX века Р. Шарль отмечал религиозного экстремизма и терроризма в местах негативную роль США в данном регионе: лишения свободы, можно назвать и условия «беззастенчивость американских лавочников, содержания религиозных экстремистов и поощряющих туземцев сбросить иго, – все это террористов [9, с. 17-19]. способствовало развитию националистических По данным не только европейских, но и настроений, приводящих в некоторых исследователей США, а также нашей страны, мусульманских странах к взрывам» [4, с. 125]. именно тюрьмы являются одним из самых Применительно к реалиям современности благоприятных мест для вербовки неофитов. можно отметить, что Америка уже не Отнюдь не случайно, по образному выражению ограничивает себя в «поощрении туземцев сотрудников УИС, в местах лишения свободы сбросить иго» только лишь мусульманскими наряду с так называемыми «красными» и странами, а значительно расширили географию «черными» зонами появились и «зеленые» (по своей деятельности, включив в свой перечень и аналогии с зеленым цветом знамен «ислама») страны Европы. Не пренебрегая при этом [12]. попытками силового вмешательства в различные Как условия содержания, так и сама внутренние конфликты, ставшими для США социальная среда в местах лишения свободы обычным делом; «в сознании миллионов людей весьма благоприятны для вербовочной на планете Америка все чаще воспринимается не деятельности, прежде всего, благодаря как образец демократии, а как игрок, который контингенту, содержащемуся в нем. Ибо в местах делает ставку исключительно на грубую силу, лишения свободы немало людей, считающих себя сколачивая под конкретную ситуацию коалиции с незаслуженно осужденными и обиженными, лозунгом «кто не с нами –тот против нас» [8]. униженными и оскорбленными обществом, Религиозному экстремизму противостоит властью и социальным устройством страны. При просвещенный традиционный ислам, для этом осужденных привлекает не только идейно- которого характерны умеренность, трезвость и идеологическая и духовная составляющая толерантность. Ислам, являясь аврамической адептов того или иного экстремистского религией имеет множество схожих черт с вероучения, но и то, что им предлагается сразу христианством или иудаизмом среди которых же стать членами, по их представлениям, единого поддержание и развитие общечеловеческих мощного «духовного братства», где существуют ценностей, пропаганда доброты толерантности и взаимовыручка и взаимная поддержка, четкий терпимости. Мусульманская община вносит порядок и справедливость [10, с. 15-18]. Причем, весомый вклад в развитие межнационального и справедливость не по человеческому разумению, межрелигиозного диалога, активно а по Божественному закону, данному в взаимодействует с государственными и Священных Писаниях. общественными организациями в делах Новообращенных (неофитов) не может не благотворительности и просвещения, в привлекать также то, что их не оставят в беде, что воспитании подрастающего поколения. Такая им всегда и везде будет оказано покровительство плодотворная, многогранная деятельность со стороны сподвижников по вере, что им будет получает поддержку всего общества, обеспечена моральная и материальная поддержка способствует сохранению гражданского мира и и защита организации. Причем, не только в согласия в стране [7]. местах лишения свободы, что важно само по Казалось бы, что религиозная догматика не себе, но и за ее пределами, где царит, как им может пропагандировать насилие, но показывают их «духовные учителя и «объективная реальность говорит о том, что наставники», бесперспективность и гуманизм реально не является непременным безысходность существования. Ибо люди атрибутом любой религии» [1, с. 377]. Это не (прежде всего, представители власти) отошли от означает что эти учения жестоки, необходимо исполнения Божьих заповедей, погрязли в

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беззаконии, коррупции, лжи, предательстве, служить характеристикой всего религиозного безнравственности, наркомании и во многих направления. других грехах, о которых предрекали Священные Тем более что в Коране, наряду с Писания и с которыми призывали бороться, не изречениями, которые могут интерпретироваться щадя свои жизни. как призывы к насилию, содержаться в обилии В силу того, что именно в местах лишения призывы к миру, терпению [1, с. 400–401]. свободы сосредоточиваются лица, осужденные за Плюрализм взглядов есть реальный религиозный экстремизм и терроризм, при том, показатель характеризующий черты что в нашей стране все еще отсутствует научно- мусульманской догматики и неоднозначный обоснованная идеологическая, подход ислама к этим проблемам. мировоззренческая и психолого-педагогическая Основные предписания, призванные их система противодействия религиозному урегулировать, были сформулированы на основе экстремизму, то сегодня именно пенитенциарная и джихада, под которым исламская мысль система оказалась на переднем крае борьбы с понимает рациональный поиск решений по религиозным экстремизмом и терроризмом [11]. вопросам, точно неурегулированным в Коране и Более того, поскольку агитационная и Сунне. вербовочная деятельность религиозных К этому надо добавить, что имеющиеся в экстремистов не прекращается и в местах этих основополагающих источниках правила лишения свободы, то именно пенитенциарная ведения войны или отношения к иноверцам система сегодня вынуждена впервые в стране сложились еще в начальный период становления активно разрабатывать методы и способы ислама, его острого соперничества с противодействия деятельности религиозных политическими и идейными противниками. экстремистов. Некоторые из этих положений, вырванные из Для пенитенциарной системы эта проблема основного исторического контекста, в наше приобретает тем большую актуальность, что время нередко используются для оправдания мнение о лицах, осужденных за экстремистскую проявлений политического экстремизма [1, с. деятельность в религиозной сфере, как об 395]. «обычных уголовных преступниках» с Факт благоприятствующий использованию соответствующим отношением к ним со стороны религии в качестве прикрытия для осуществления сотрудников УИС, как показывает практика, себя экстремистской, в том числе и террористической не оправдывает. Поскольку пенитенциарная деятельности, существование различных система имеет дело, во-первых, с противоречий в рамках канонического идеологическими преступниками, готовыми за содержания самих религий (внутренние свои убеждения встать на путь вооруженной противоречия). Кроме того, существует борьбы и отдать за них свои жизни; во-вторых, с множество неточностей и неясностей в людьми, имеющими четкие формулировании тех или иных религиозных антиконституционные цели и продуманную требований, обязанностей, а также и наличие систему идеологической работы с массами с определенных противоречий между различными помощью самых современных методов и средств; религиозными вероучениями и даже враждебных в-третьих, имеет дело не с одиночками суждений в адрес других религий (внешние экстремистами и террористами, а с лицами, противоречия) [13]. входящими в хорошо структурированные и Особую проблему в этом аспекте законспирированные организации со своими представляет процесс распространения лидерами и идейными (духовными) исламского экстремизма в местах лишения наставниками, с солидным финансовым свободы. Причем как отмечает ряд обеспечением и широкими международными исследователей с одной стороны религия связями. становится одним из факторов создания у Отсюда совершенно определенно следует, человека, отбывающего наказание, состояния что лица, осужденные за религиозный душевного равновесия, спокойствия экстремизм и терроризм, должны быть доброжелательности, пробуждения изолированы от остального контингента, положительных качеств характера и пребывающего в местах заключения. переориентации нравственных ценностей [2, с. 3]. Исламские экстремисты, стремятся С другой стороны, в силу режима содержания, подчинить своим идеям весь мусульманский мир подчинения определенному распорядку, находясь и сделать всех мусульман покорными своей воле, в изоляции от общества и семьи преступник ссылаясь на Коран, вернее, к догматическому, испытывает психологическую подавленность одностороннему толкованию этой главной для эмоционально-напряженное состояние, эти мусульман священной книги. Отдельные фразы, условия благоприятствуют деятельности выхваченные из Корана, однако, вряд ли могут проповедников радикального ислама

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использующих их как фактор лиц уже преступивших закон необходимо только благоприятствующий распространению своих предоставить им идеологическую подоплеку учений и набора новых адептов. совершения преступлений тем самым дав Показателен также еще один возможность преступнику оправдать свои идеологический прием, с успехом используемый противоправные действия, фактически в местах лишения свободы, а именно принятие радикальный ислам заочно «отпускает грехи» ислама радикального толка для получения всем. защиты и покровительства. Схожая ситуация Агитационная деятельность проповедников изначально сложилась в Индии когда ислам стали исламистов направлена не только на принимать: «большое число индусов из касты осужденных-мусульман или осужденных других «неприкасаемых». Тем самым они уходят от вероисповеданий их цель также поиск, вербовка ограничений, реально существующих для самой и использование в противоправных целях низшей индуистской касты» [1, с. 388]. В сотрудников и работников УИС. Данные лица исправительных учреждениях тюремная дестабилизируют деятельность всей субкультура также создала особую правоохранительной системы, и направлена на иерархическую лестницу, многие лица стремятся подрыв сущности и устоев государства. Именно любой ценой не попасть в систему преступной поэтому приоритетным направлением градации в положении бесправных париев. деятельности сотрудников УИС и Существующая мусульманская община в священнослужителей работающих в местах исправительных учреждениях достаточно лишения свободы, должна стать профилактика влиятельна и способна обеспечить защиту своих экстремизма и терроризма в исправительных членов в том числе и для новообращенных, учреждениях. причем ислам признает всех мусульман Религиозная догматика обладает весьма равноправными вне зависимости от положения эффективными методами воздействия, что которое он занимал ранее. успешно используют проповедники исламисты, Данный фактор вкупе с эмоциональной соответственно имеет смысл позитивному праву подавленностью, упомянутой выше, с успехом взять на вооружение представленные религией используют проповедники радикального ислама возможности воздействия в т.ч. и вопросах то есть факторы которые успешно можно исправления, воспитания и ресоциализации использовать для ресоциализации осужденного, осужденных. Предотвращение дальнейшего его перевоспитании посредством позитивного распространения радикального ислама может религиозного воздействия, с тем же успехом быть достигнуто только путем грамотной можно использовать и для его радикализации. организации духовно-нравственного воспитания Преступник неофит ища защиты в религиозной лиц отбывающих наказание [5, с. 12]. Но эта общине возможно изначально и не разделяет работа должна реализовываться органами религиозных ценностей и планирует после государственной власти и проводится под освобождения (как это неоднократно и строгим контролем норм позитивного светского случалось) отойти от веры в религиозные идеалы, законодательства. он просто ищет некоторые бытовые выгоды. Передача функций контроля религиозным Данное обстоятельство обосновывает организациям недопустима, т.к. может привести к необходимость контроля со стороны трудно прогнозируемым последствиям. религиозных организаций за действиями лица Авторитетный исследователь отбывшего наказание. мусульманского права профессор Научный интерес представляет в свете Л.Р. Сюкияйнен применительно к догмам ислама сказанного доклад Центра радикализации при полагает, «чтобы владеть всеми возможными Королевском колледже в Лондоне в котором способами реализации шариата в российской подчеркивается, что преступления и правовой жизни, в том числе и в области религиозность сегодня тесно взаимосвязаны. действия диспозитивных норм, требуются знание Профессор П. Нойманн (P. Neumann), автор права и умение использовать предписания доклада высказался следующим образом по законодательства. Для этого в правовом этому поводу: «тюрьмы становятся зонами риска отношении значительно продуктивнее работать радикализации, и это происходит потому, что над повышением уровня правовой культуры насилие для гангстерских джихадистов – это мусульман и их организаций, нежели добиваться больше несредство достижения цели, а сама цель, законодательного признания норм шариата. Без в которой они ищут смысл» [6]. Другими грамотного в юридическом отношении словами, в гражданском обществе радикализация обращения с позитивным правом закрепление в идеологический процесс, направленный на законе в прямой или косвенной форме указанных индивида с целью подготовки его к принятию норм останется пустой буквой» [3, с. 25]. Эта насилия, в исправительных учреждениях в среде концепция применима ко всей религиозной

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догматике – без грамотного взаимоотношения с – в штатно-должностной список необходимо позитивном правом, канонические нормы введение аттестованной должности помощника останутся пустой буквой. по религии. Данный сотрудник должен обладать умением сильнейшего идеологического Conclusion убеждения и феноменальной подготовки, чтобы По результатам исследования можно сделать противостоять проповедникам радикального следующие выводы: ислама. Более того в нем должно сочетаться: – необходимо посредством проведения «знание вероучения, светских дисциплин и оперативно-розыскных мероприятий выявлять российский патриотизм» [1, с. 387]. лиц проповедующих радикальный ислам и – особую остроту приобретает наличие изолировать их от основной среды осужденных, иерархии устоявшейся в преступной среде, причем сотрудники должны обладать однако вопрос о ее роли в данном аспекте это необходимым уровнем профессиональной тема отдельного исследования. подготовки для выявления именно радикального ислама.

References:

1. Dzliev M.I., Izzatdust E.S., Kireev M.P. (2007) 8. (2016) Ofitsialnyiy sayt Prezidenta Rossii. Sovremennyiy terrorizm: sotsialno- «Siriyskaya alternativa»: st. V. Putina. Rezhim politicheskiy oblik protivnika / pod obsch. red. dostupa: V. V. Gordienko. M., 2007. - 672 p. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/art 2. Zhezlov N.V., Zaits V.G., Yunusov E.A. (2016) icles/19205 (Accessed: 19.07.2016). Institut penitentsiarnyih svyaschenno- 9. Bagishaev Z.A., Oganesyan S.S. (2006) sluzhiteley. Istoriya i sovremennost. 2016. p. Glavnoe oruzhie borbyi s terrorizmom – 53. ideologiya // Predstavitelnaya vlast – XXI vek: 3. Syukiyaynen L.R. (2014) Sovmestim li shariat s zakonodatelstvo, kommentarii, problemyi. sovremennyim rossiyskim pravom? // Pravo. 2006. # 4. p. 17–19 Zhurnal vyisshey shkolyi ekonomiki. 2014. # 3. 10. Oganesyan S.S. (2015) O merah p. 4–30. protivodeystviya religioznomu ekstremizmu v 4. Sharl R. (1959) Musulmanskoe pravo : per. s fr. ugolovno-ispolnitelnoy sisteme Rossii // S. I. Volka / pod red. i s predisl. E. A. Belyaeva. Vedomosti ugolovno-ispolnitelnoy sistemyi. M. : Izdatelstvo inostrannoy literaturyi, 1959. 2015. # 5 (156). p. 15–18. 141 p. 11. Panenkov A.A. (2012) Ostaetsya li borbyi s 5. Yusupova G.I., Alieva D.A. (2011) Politizatsiya terrorizmom i ego finansirovaniem aktualnoy islama v Dagestane // Islamovedenie. 2011. # 4. problemoy v mire? // Voenno-yuridicheskiy p. 9–13. zhurnal. 2012. # 6. 6. Yakob Sh. (2016) Proletarizatsiya dzhihada 12. Safronov R.O. (2011) Osobennosti stala problemoy. Available: proyavleniya ekstremizma v SShA // http://inosmi.ru/social/20161014/238019299.ht Etnoreligioznaya konfliktologiya. 2011. # 1. ml (Accessed: 16.10.2016). 13. (2004) Zakonodatelnoe regulirovanie 7. (2016) Ofitsialnyiy sayt Prezidenta Rossii. protivodeystviya religioznomu ekstremizmu: Pozdravlenie Prezidenta RF s prazdnikom rossiyskiy i zarubezhnyiy opyit // Uraza-Bayram. Available: Analiticheskiy vestnik. Vyip. 15. M., 2004. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/letters/52405 (Accessed: 22.07.2016).

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Sh.Sh.Choriev Senior Lecturer the History Faculty of International Scientific Journal the National University of Uzbekistan, Theoretical & Applied Science Tashkent, Uzbekistan [email protected] p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online)

Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 21.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 13. Geography. History. Oceanology. Meteorology.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE TURKESTAN ASSR DOCUMENTATION IN THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Abstract: This article highlights the theoretical issues of the source study classification of archival documents of the Turkestan ASSR, kept in the Central State Archives of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Key words: National Archival Fund, Classification, Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (TASSR), the Economic Council of Turkistan, Counsel of People’s Commissars (CPC), Forest Management Fund, Water management, Management horse breeding, Turkestan Committee of cotton, Peoples Komissar of Finance. Language: English Citation: Choriev SS (2017) CLASSIFICATION OF THE TURKESTAN ASSR DOCUMENTATION IN THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 50-54. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-10 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.10

Introduction ordered only one-third of all the archival material in The National Archival Fund of the Republic for public stored. more than 8 million documents, 1.5 million of which are stored in the Central State Archive of the Materials and methods Republic of Uzbekistan (СSA RUz) [1]. In studying the history of Turkistan (1917 – СSA RUz is considered the largest and richest 1924) – the most difficult period of transition and the archives in Central Asia, it stores the archives of the struggle of the Soviet era in Uzbekistan – are Kokand and Khiva Khanate, archive of Bukhara important sources of documents stored in CSA RUz. Emirate’s kushbegi, archives the Turkistan governor- The archive has accumulated 90 funds on the history generalship, his departmental structures, as well as of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist archives of Turkistan and Uzbekistan, Soviet and Republic (TASSR), as part of which more than independence period and archival materials of the 37,000 cases. Republic of Uzbekistan. In these collections gathered important Current documentation on the activities of the information about political, economic, and cultural official government and administrative bodies of the processes that took place in Turkestan in 1917 – Turkestan governor-general before the October 1917 1924, respectively, which are the frequency can be coup year was kept in the agencies and organizations. divided into two groups: In 1918, by decree of the Russian Soviet 1) The documents of the Board of the Turkestan Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) “On the institutions of the Provisional Government, acting in revision and centralized archival work”) [2, P. 21.] the period February – October 1917. October 30, 1919 the Government of Turkistan take a 2) The documents of the Board from October decision on the establishment of the Central State 1917 to 1924. Archive republic [3, P. 29]. management (in 1920 The first group – it documents the Turkestan renamed the “Central Office for Archival Affairs”), Committee of the Provisional Government (1044 in 1921 It adopted a resolution on the establishment collection) and the Council of the workers, soldiers of the regional archives. However, political and members of the Turkestan region (1613). The instability, military and ideological struggle in 1918 second group of documents of the Central Executive – 1924 years, the most documents have been lost or Committee (CEC) of the TASSR (collection 17), removed for an abroad [4, P. 52. ]. By 1924, it had People's Commissars Council (collection 25),

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 3.860 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 representative from the Turkestan Autonomous The fund Counsel of People’s Commissars Soviet Socialist Republic at the All-Union Central (CPC) three lists in total 2154 cases. In cases Committee in Moscow (collection 13), the Economic collected reports of People’s Commissars, mutual Turkistan Council (collection 18), officials of the correspondence, minutes of meetings, commission Gosplan (State Planning) Turkistan correspondence with the CPC of the RSFSR on (collection 20), all of the TASSR commissioners and military policy, the economic situation in the their managements. Turkestan region (1918), reports, orders for the On the content of document collections can be development of various spheres of the national divided into series: economy. In the same fund are stored telegrams of 1) Collections of state controls and protests against Soviet rule in Turkestan in 1917 and enforcement. the domestic and international situation in the 2) Collections, covering the state of the RSFSR, as well as important documents on national economy. territorial borders of Central Asia [8, P. 9]. 3) Compilations depicting cultural, spiritual, Another fund CSA RUz – a fund number 13, social life. containing 184 cases [9, fund 13] on the activities of 4) Collection of human rights protection bodies. Turkistan representative offices established under the 5) Collections with information on various Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR on issues. national affairs. The collection of materials stored In turn, the collections, covering the economy, representation of a decree on the appointment of the divided into three groups: Plenipotentiary Representative of Turkistan in a) Collections, covering agriculture. Moscow (March 1923), valuable documents about b) Collections, covering the national economy. the state of the labor market and economic activity of c) Collections, covering finance, trade and Turkistan. industry. After the abolition of the CPC of Turkistan As noted in the study of political processes in ASSR in 1918, in order to monitor the economic Turkestan are of particular importance Documents policies of the country and control the activities of CEC Turkistan in MGA (collection 17), People's the national construction agencies October 8, 1919 it Commissars Council (collection 25), representative was established the Economic Council. The from the TASSR at the All-Union CEC in Moscow foundation of the organization, which in 1921 (Fund 13), the Economic Council of Turkistan (fund became known as the “Economic Council Turkistan 18), the State Planning Commission officials 267 cases stored at 2 archive lists [10, fund-18]. It Turkistan (collection 20). orders and instructions CPC RSFSR on defense and Structural analysis of these sources shows the work, protocols, orders the Economic Turkistan fund in 1044 the Turkestan Committee, acting in the Council meetings, materials on economic unification April – November 1917, collected 46 cases in 1613 of Turkistan, the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic to fund the workers and soldiers deputies of the and Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic, foreign trade Turkestan region – 6 cases [5, P. 3.]. in Central Asia, information on the conditions of Among the funds, materials containing the mining enterprises Turkistan, participation of period from October 1917 to 1924 years are Turkistan in the Nizhny Novgorod fair (1922). important CEC the TASSR documents. Another point, which is important in fund CSA It is known, formed April 20, 1918 the Central RUz – a fund 20 State Planning Commission Executive Committee of the Turkistan was a Turkistan formed with the Economic Council of permanent supreme legislative body, performs a task Turkistan in 1921, it contained 577 archive case[11, the supreme authority of the region in the period 6-15.]. It reports on the division of Central Asia to between congresses [6, P.79.]. the districts, reports on the activities of the State First, this institution fund totaled 1886 cases on Planning Commission of Turkistan, the materials on 50 spiskam2 (surrendered to state custody in 1925). the general state of the national economy, the This document's 1918 – 1924 funds, now it is stored upcoming plans. at 2 archivelists 2958 cases [7]. However, in CSA RUz there are other funds Another significant public body acted in the covering the agricultural sphere Turkestan Republic: Turkestan region between the Soviets – a Council of 1) The Agrarian Fund (dekhkan, peasant, People's Commissars of the Turkestan Region (Fund farmers) the People's Commissariat (Fund 29) 25), which was entrusted with executive functions 2) Forest Management Fund and area management tasks. Board of Commissioners 3) The fund water management has dealt with the constitutional laws of a general 4) The Fund Management horse breeding nature and related to the administrative and In particular, the fund of archival documents organizational issues and the state budget, the Agrarian Commissioner (Fund 29) are well establishment of relations and agreements between represented documents on nationalization in the different commissariats. TASSR after the October Revolution, that is,

ISPC Generalization of scientific results, Philadelphia, USA 51

ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 3.860 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 measures on the transfer of private property to the orders, decisions of private meetings, the materials of state, the activities, the personnel of this the meetings ofchief accountants of trusts [12, fund Commissariat, the original applications of citizens 27]. for land and water relations, government documents The fund 167 of the State Construction TASSR as agriculture, finance and economics. Committee collected the CEC orders CCNE, The collection of 182 documents stored CSA Turkistan, travel relations agencies the Turkestan RUz Forest management – work plans of farms, district on industry, railways, construction of housing reports the creation of new forestry, harvesting wood for the population, reports the regional departments fuel. of the State Committee on Construction on the Water management Documents stored in the construction of postal roads, schools, irrigation fund of Turkistan 215, they are considered an facilities and bridges . important source of water in the coverage of issues of In the fund of 130 of Turkestan Manufacture reform in Turkestan. This fund has the following collected orders and directives of the Economic documents: laws and regulations relating to the Council of Turkistan and the CPC on the irrigation areas of the material expansion of irrigation construction of a textile factory outside the territory systems, water rights, reports on the activities of the of Tashkent, Fergana mechanical-textile factory, regional and district offices of the water management reports on the organization of the textile industry in Turkistan. Turkestan. In horse-breeding fund 184 State Management State unified management for metal processing of the Agrarian People’s Commissariat Turkistan to control the activities of all factories and keep the following documents - a management enterprises of the region involved in the processing activity reports, reports, work plans, information of metals. The fund collected 125 orders CCNE about the system and the situation in the sphere of Union of the RSFSR on the processing of metals, horse breeding edge. information on the implementation of production In total, the funds Commissioner for plans plants Turkistan. Agriculture and its field offices by 9 lists stored There are 128 fund of main textile industry about five thousand cases, which can be used for controls, which collect the information of the cotton lighting carried out in the period in Turkestan in the industry of the Office of the textile industry offices in field of agriculture, horse breeding, forestry and Andijan and Samarkand regions with raw materials undertaken reforms in these areas. (wool, silk) in the CSA RUz. In 1918 it was created the Regional Economic By order of the Presidium of CCNE on April Council and in the same year was adopted a decree 22, 1922 the General Directorate of control over on establishment of the Central Council of National trade and supply, and on August 1 of the same year - Economy under the Council of People’s Commissars of all the industrial and commercial enterprises has (CCNECPC) of the TASSR. been entrusted to the State management of industrial The CSA RUz documents the Food and commercial enterprises. In the fund industry and Commissariat of the TASSR collected in the fund 31 43 state trading enterprises the following documents are: reports of regional, district food committees collected: the situation on the construction of textile Turkistan, the order of distribution of ration cards, mills the Turkestan branch of industry and supply, bulletins, market prices for food products in 1921 – providing enterprises CCNE rent, registration of 1922, documentary sources on the implementation of private enterprises, trade and industry unity, the food tax [11, P.3-15]. correspondence CCNE offices. The fund 149 fishing industry and fisheries In 1921, the Industrial Trust hang flour, and management orders kept the fishing industry of the since 1923 – Flour and Weighing units Turkistan main management of the Aral Sea region, have been introduced in the food department was information about the visit of the expedition established and CCNE National Trust Central management of food commissariat in Bukhara Council of the National Economy flour. Trust People's Republic (1918), correspondence documents documents are stored in the archive fund 142, it on the exploitation of fishery enterprises. reports on the nationalization of mills, repair Fund 27 CSA RUz contains lists of 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, cooperative mills, orders to factories and rice mills, which collected documentation on the activities of the documents on market prices for flour and cereal the Central Council of the National Economy of products. Turkistan. This fund CCNE kept records on the The collection contains 663 documents trust the nationalization of private enterprises in various Turkestan mountain fuel – annual reports, industrial sectors, reports, reviews of National correspondence, reports of oil companies and mines Economy, projects and drawings of chemical, cotton, coal mining, meeting decisions, orders CCNE paper mills, drawing documentation enterprises. RSFSR and Central Council of the National However, there are 2 list under the “classified”. They Economy of Turkistan for the mining industry and a collected 21 documents – secret correspondence, reserve of fuel, as well as other archival documents.

ISPC Generalization of scientific results, Philadelphia, USA 52

The fund 101 public trusts coal and oil reports this policy direction, the economic reforms reflected on coal mining are stored, oil, nitrate, salt, in the archival documents of the State Administration documents, correspondence on the work on exploring of construction, the Turkestan Manufactory, the and mining. tobacco industry, metal processing, textile industry, In 1918, ordering to the decree of CPC of the the Main Administration of Industry and trade Turkestan edge of the cotton industry was largely organizations, flour trust, trust fuel, coal and oil on nationalized in the same year was established cotton cotton Committee. of the economy department of the Council of the Archival sources on finance and banks of the Turkestan region and its members all the plants were republic are stored in the funds of 37 337 and CSA. introduced. Subsequently, the scope of the national The collection contains 37 budget estimates of the economy was transferred to the Central Council. TASSR Peoples Komissar of Finance for the In 1922, when CPC Turkistan was formed the Turkestan Republic, the People’s Commissariat and Turkestan Committee of cotton. The Committee's other central agencies, financial and economic tasks include: improving the quality of cotton, the reports and reports on the various agricultural expansion of sown areas, to ensure the country’s sectors, documents on taxes and tax collection, cotton raw materials. In 1922, when CPC Turkistan market prices (1922 – 1924), and others. was formed the Turkestan Committee of cotton. The Committee’s tasks include: improving the quality of Conclusion cotton, the expansion of sown areas, to ensure the In conclusion, there are more than 37000 cases country's raw cotton. Documents the Turkestan in the Central State Archive of Uzbekistan which cotton Committee previously stored in the fund of belong to Turkestan ASSR period. 111 to 5 lists, then the lists were revised, it now lists The funds Turkestan ASSR Central Executive 1, 4, 5 incorporates 1687 cases [13, fund 111]. Committee, Council of the People's Committee, This surround fund absorbed the Turkestan Turkestan Economic Council are given general Committee reports on the status of cotton and silk historical data about history of Turkestan ASSR. cotton industry (1919 – 1920 years), acts of The funds of administrations under the inspections ginning and creameries. Minutes of Commissariats did not have more cases, however meetings and reports ginneries. they play role as taken additional information Historical information about the state of concerning to economical history of Turkestan industry and the national economy Turkistan pursued ASSR.

References:

1. (2015) The report of Archive Agency of the 6. Inoyatov Kh.Sh. (1957) Oktyabrskaya Republic of Uzbekistan for 2015. revolyutsiya v Uzbekistane. Moskva: Gosizdat, 2. Maksakova V.V. (1951) Arhivnoe delo v pervie 1957. p. 306. godi Sovetskoy vlasti. Moscow, 1951. p. 21. 7. Abdurakhimova N.A., Isakova M.S., 3. Tileukulov G.S. (1995) Arkhivnoye delo v Suleymanova Z.M. (2007) Istoriya Uzbekistane: opyt i problemy ( 1918 – 1980 gosudarstvennykh uchrezhdeniy . Tashkent: years) // Dissertatsiya na soiskanie kandidata Shark, 2007. p.79. istoricheskih nauk. Tashkent, 1995. p. 29. 8. (2017) CSA RUz., Fund R-17, the information 4. Tileukulov G.S. (1995) Arkhivnoye delo v at the end of 1, 2 archival list. Uzbekistane: opyt i problemy ( 1918 – 1980 9. Landa L.M. (1960 ) Tsentralniy years) // Dissertatsiya na soiskanie kandidata Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Uzbekskoy SSR. istoricheskih nauk. Tashkent, 1995. p. 52. Putevoditel po otdelu fondov oktyabrskoy 5. (1960) Funds 1044, 1613 are now included in revolyutsii i sotsialisticheskogo stroitelstva. the documents of the pre-revolutionary period. Tashkent, 1960. p. 8. See: Landa L.M. Tsentralniy Gosudarstvennyy 10. (2017) CSA RUz, Revolution period fund- 13, arkhiv Uzbekskoy SSR. Putevoditel po otdelu the archive information at the end of archivelist fondov oktyabrskoy revolyutsii i 11. (2017) CSA RUz Revolution period fund-18 sotsialisticheskogo stroitelstva. Tashkent, 1960. Turkestan Economic Council, the information p. 3. at the end of 1, 2 archive lists.

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12. (2017) CSA RUz, Revolution period Fund -13, 13. (2017) CSA RUz, Revolution period Fund -27 the archive information at the end of archivelist archivist reports of 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 archive lists p.3-15. reports 14. (2017) CSA RUz, Revolution period Fund -111 archivist reports of 1, 4, 5 archive l

ISPC Generalization of scientific results, Philadelphia, USA 54

SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Khudoyberdi Dilmurodovich Khaknazarov a teacher of Tashkent State International Scientific Journal Pedagogical University Theoretical & Applied Science named after Nizami, Uzbekistan [email protected] p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online)

Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 21.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

Section 13. Geography. History. Oceanology. Meteorology.

DAILY ACTIVITIES OF THE YOUTH OF UZBEKISTAN: THEIR TRADITIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONAL PROCESSES

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the daily lifestyle of the youth. There are also some information about lifestyle of the youth and factors which influence to them. Besides that, the author presents several issues on researching traditions and transformational prosesses belong to the daily lifestyle of the youth, for instance the youth and education, the youth and sport, how to spend free time and etc. In addition significant importance of self governed organizations in the life of the youth in the last recent years are shown in detail. Key words: the youth, modern youth, lifestyle, daily life, leisure, makhalla, religious customs, traditions, fashion, social friends, transformation. Language: English Citation: Khaknazarov KD (2017) DAILY ACTIVITIES OF THE YOUTH OF UZBEKISTAN: THEIR TRADITIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONAL PROCESSES. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 55-59. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-11 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.11

Introduction Furthermore youth are main social demographic To the issue of youth is paid respective layer of the state population and they include attention in Uzbekistan and it is highly considered as themselves a group of people mainly from 16 to 30. a state policy. The laws, proclamations and decrees This period is considered as a shift of human life being established in the government require getting which is characterized with the ending of education concentrated on this case. As the President of the and the beginning of career, having a family and Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev states being independent both materially and spiritually “It is necessary to develop multilateral cooperation [7,7]. on encouraging the youth socially, defend their rights Together with the increase of the attention to and interests” [4]. the youth policy there are being investigated Recently attempts being done on the scientifically and practically the essential features accomplishment of the state policy concerning to the connected with the life of youth such as their youth has risen to its new shift. Nowadays 32% of upbringing and educations, lifelong ambitions of the the total populations of the country, in other words, youth, their dreams and objectives, the samples of 10 million people are youth under 30 [3, 145]. the attention in the degree of state policy and their Socio-economic, political and judicial guarantees results, problems of youth and their avoidance and presented to youth are stated in the new edition of others. Learning daily activities of the youth is also “The law of the republic of Uzbekistan about the vital in this matter. The issue of daily activities and state policy on the youth” accepted on September 14, daily life has started to be studied as a crucial factor 2016 [2, 80]. This document indicates not only the of historical investigations almost recently. Whereas main branches of the policy relating to the youth but day-to-day activities, work, leisure activities, to also it clearly defines the responsibilities of organs participate in different customs and traditions and which execute them. Today this law functions as a efficient free time use used to be examined primary source which deals with daily problems and separately before, now it is required to research them difficulties of youth. together with daily life system. Thus the histories of daily life, culture and other related issues have become a critical exploration objective. The Materials and Methods information and studies on daily life are not considered crucially important for the history but

ISPC Generalization of scientific results, Philadelphia, USA 55

ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 they serve as an additional material for the science. educational institutions, in these socializing Moreover daily or real life activities are accounted as circumstances they not only get some knowledge a way of attracting a person to the life of a society there but also they get spiritual and moral and it is required by objective circumstances and instructions. subjective factors which include themselves the rules As it is stated in the Strategy of actions in 2017- of human life activities, their results and meaning [6, 2021 to develop the Republic of Uzbekistan the 72]. following are currently the most vital tasks to put The inheritance and the acquisition of the forward: to enforce the role of “mahalla” in features of daily life activities by the youth, their educating and upbringing of young generation, to capability to multiply them and readiness for it, is create them new employment options, to help the socially and historically important phenomenon as employment of women, to support new established past is crucial for us as an active, dialectic and initial families, to raise patriotic youth, to increase their stimuli which teaches us to avoid and turn a matter to social activeness in deepening the democratic an incredible way [8, 252-261]. reforms and developing the civil society, to promote Daily culture is mainly focuses on people’s healthy lifestyle in the life of youth, to attract their daily activities, social status, their thoughts and attention to sport and physical training, to organize ambitions. Daily culture includes itself the studies of effective cooperation of state authority and other behavior, daily and casual customs and traditions, government organizations, educational institutions their beliefs, communicative culture, outlook and and youth union and other establishments in fulfilling together with them distinctive features of formation the state policy on the youth [1,112]. as one group, clan, people and nation throughout As the education system of the country is history. Three main branches: labour or preparation progressing youth are being encouraged to be active to labour activity (study or working time), in all the stages of the education including higher and household-the time spend on doing housework, post-graduate study. To analyze the social activity of looking after oneself, shopping and other related youth in education gives the opportunity of things (off time), the proportion of definite duties and identification of self-evaluation of the youth to their free of responsibilities is the vital basis of youth life own level of education, the most attractive [13, 1-2]. specialties, their attempts to choose the suitable There are the imperative issues which should be professions and their readiness to the language and taken into deeper consideration in exploring youth information. Uzbekistan supports the young life: generation to continue their study after compulsory Youth and education education. In response to this youth also feel Youth are active social layer of the society who confident about the guarantee of higher education to generate in the secondary, secondary-special and qualified specialty. In the experiment first of all the higher educational institutions. In Uzbekistan, as it tendency of rise of aspiration of youth to enlarge was in all fields, there have been accomplished their knowledge was studied. In the end Uzbekistan significant innovations in the field of education people showed their need to raise their knowledge in lately. As youth spend most of their time in the future. (table 1)

Table 1 The distribution of the answers to the question “Do you want to raise your education in the future?” in %.

2014 2015 2016 2017 Yes, I want 56.5 57.3 57.8 62.7 Now, I don’t want 28.9 29.6 30.8 26.6 It is difficult for me to answer 14.6 14.1 11.7 10.6

In this matter the indications of the desire of having higher education. The questionnaire of 2017 higher education among urban youth has risen coincide to the results of precious research-76.5% (66.9%, 54.5% in 2016) whereas the clue indicated (56.3% bachelor’s degree, 20.2% master’s degree are fall in rural area (59.1% in 2016; 58.8% in 2017). desired to acquire) [14]. To be a higher educated specialist is considered To the question “What is the attraction of to be daily life and future ambition of youth. The higher education for you?” 69.2% of Uzbekistan results of the survey held on identifying the social youth stated that it gives them opportunity to possess importance of higher education among the youth of the necessary specialty for life (69.1% in 2016, the country affirm the tendency of rise. For instance, 71.9% in 2015, 67.3% 2014). Every five of the in the toll 2010 and 2011only a third of the youth, in respondents (19.8%) assess the social status of the 2013 every other young citizen- 57.2%, in 2015 73%, higher education as a motivation to study it (20% in in 2016 74.7% of respondents expressed the desire of 2016, 22.6% in 2015, 21.5% in 2014). 5.6% of the

ISPC Generalization of scientific results, Philadelphia, USA 56

ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 youth questioned wants a well-paid job (8.7% in following ways to support young generation and to 2016, 4.7% in 2015, 8.8% in 2014), 1.5% of them raise their role in society: are attracted by the chance of employment (1.5% in To promote the idea of up-bringing of an ideal 2016, 0.8% in 2015, 2.4% in 2014) [14]. person among parents, educational institutions, family and wider society; Youth and labour To find the talented youth and to work with One of the most important daily activities of their spirituality separately; youth is considered to be their career and business. In To direct the youth to a profession according to this occasion youth should be directed to the proper their interests; labour activity and they also should be supported to To organize various clubs and cycles (science, deal with the job connected to their own specialty. professional, amateur, sport and etc) to have the According to the results of the survey carried by the youth spend their leisure time fruitfully; centre of studying common sense of the society To prepare the young generation to future “Ijtimoiy fikr” the number of the youth working on parenthood; their own specialty is rising( it was estimated 59.8% To fulfill the systematic events to rise legal and in 2013 and 62% in 2014) [14]. social activeness of the youth; Today a third (34.2%) of the youth of To support young families, to incentive active Uzbekistan work, another 14 % are studying in youth in front of mahalla and bigger society and Higher education, the rest 34.4% are the students of other important functions. schools, lyceum and colleges. According to the toll All in all mahallas are nowadays doing the 30 results the employment degree is directly connected or more activities which used to be under control of to the level of education. For example, 71.7% of the local authorities previously. questioned youth were employed higher educated people whereas 20.8% and 40% of the respondents The rules of using leisure time graduated secondary school or vocational colleges One more important daily activity of the youth [14]. is spending leisure time. According to the survey 46.1 per cent of the younger generation spend their Youth and daily affairs time reading books, 33.3 per cent doing some sports, One of the primary objectives of social policy 17.2 per cent doing household, 15.3 percent going in of the country is to support the youth, care about for various clubs, 9.6 % go to libraries, 8.6% going their health, to provide education, to raise their talent to the cinemas and theatres, 6.9 % reading newspaper and to create opportunities for housing. As it is and watching television, 5.5 % have a rest with reported in the research, after the independence of friends, 4 percent prefer to spend their free time the country there have been large opportunities to be going to cafes, disco bars and restaurants [10, 351]. active in social and political life (28.9%), to choose a Some of the above given numbers are changing profession (22.5%), to learn foreign languages somehow these days. There have been appearing new (18.8%) and to study abroad (7.5%). The study activities while some of the existing getting out of shows that nowadays the youth are not inattentive to use slowly. Half of the youth (50.1%) stated their the negative situations in society. The youth are more satisfaction from their leisure time activities, a third worried about religious extremism (52.1%), of them (31.7%) expressed slight satisfaction, every criminality (47.5%) and drug addiction (36.7%) [14]. third of them (10.7%) claimed absolute dissatisfaction. Visiting libraries also have become Youth and mahalla (county) inseparable activities of some of young people. For Major part of the social life of the youth is instance, according to the report of the modernized connected with mahalla- an important social National Library of Uzbekistan named after Alisher institution. From the past mahalla is considered to be Navoiy in the first half of 2017 checked in 170060 the centre of up-bringing, customs and traditions and users most of whom were youth [15]. nowadays its power is broadening. In solving the problems about all the aspects of the life of youth- Youth and spirituality education, sport, leisure activities, participating in The study of spiritual and moral outlook of the different cycles and other issues mahalla is youth is considered as necessary task to realize the accounted to be close cooperator of a family as a program of additional activities to accomplish the self-operating branch of the government. Currently state policy on youth of Uzbekistan as well as it is an mahallas are fulfilling 30 socio-economic tasks indicator of the system of socio-cultural branch which were previously the prerogative of local among values of society (table 2). authoritative organs of the government [11. 170- 171]. In this term mahallas should function in the Table 2 The youth opinion about the qualities identifying a person’s spirituality.

ISPC Generalization of scientific results, Philadelphia, USA 57

Variants 2017 2016 2015 2014 Knowing the country’s history 68.2 63.2 66.5 62.3 Respecting the national traditions 65.1 62.3 65.5 56.3 Honesty and hardworking 66.0 52.4 49.6 43.5 Forming the feeling of national pride 49.9 46.5 47.9 40.2 Purity of soul (Innocence) 41.6 34.9 31.7 28.9 National and religious tolerance 32.3 33.3 35.2 27.8 Modesty 37.0 30.5 26.7 27.0

Youth and the internet computer literacy and their use of World Wide Web The development of information technologies is taking into account the vital role of the computer, the one of the important indicators of the modern world. culture of the use of information in their life and the Information technologies creates the bases of role of the IT for them in their professional information for education and science, eases the development. spread of knowledge and news to every member of According to the survey their own evaluation of the community, in general meets the economic and their computer literacy is constantly rising (42.3% in social requirements of society. 2014, 45.7% in 2015, 49.8% in 2019 and 52.5% in The target of the social survey was to identify 2017) (table 3). the young respondents’ evaluation of their own

Table 3 “How is your computer literacy?”

2017 2016 2015 2014 I can freely use from computer 52.5 49.8 45.4 42.3 I can use some of the programs of computer as a user 32.0 30.0 26.6 25.7 I can use computer for typing some text 7.5 10.4 16.4 20.3 I cant use computer 8.0 9.8 11.6 11.7

According to the questionnaire 8.5% (12.5% in The following indicators were used to study for 2016) of the youth use the Internet all the time, the ideology of the youth on healthy lifestyle: 20.5% sometimes (30.7% in 2016), 33.1% don’t use To evaluate self health condition; the Internet (56.8% in 2016) [14]. In the regional The attempts to save or destroy health in division the young people of Tashkent city 17.7%, lifestyle; Bukhara 14.5% and 11.8% Tashkent regions are the To evaluate the facilities to go in for sports. most active users. Th youth of urban area are The research gave the opportunity to learn that significantly active in comparison to rural area (11% youth behave subjectively in the issue of their own and 6%). health. In other words, the acquired information was The respondents claim that their parents control not a real condition of health but personal opinion. their time in front of the Internet to some extent. So The tendencies absolutely healthy 66.4% and overall the participants responded to the time management healthy 26.2% were dominant in young Uzbeks. If by their parents as 35.4 % are permanently compare with the survey of 2016 there was a controlled, 28.8% from time to time, 34.5% youth decrease in number of young people considering are never disciplined by their parents in the Internet themselves absolutely healthy (74.5% in 2016, 66.4 use. 74.3% of 16-17-year olds, 68.2% 14-15-year % in 2017). olds claim that they are always controlled by their parents in terms of their Internet usage (in Conclusion comparison with 27.9% of 20-24-year olds, 13.5% of Apparently, living conditions of youth: family, 25-29-year olds). The percentage 63.8 was verified mahalla, colleagues, social life, leisure time and by the replies of the students of school, lyceum and others indicate their interests, outlook and, there are vocational college [14]. more of these kinds of bases of daily life of young generation. There can be more information presented Youth and healthy lifestyle about them. But if the talk is about the main activities Healthcare of the population is one of the most of daily life the above mentioned criteria are the most essential sectors of the social policy of Uzbekistan. It appropriate ones. expresses itself a social custom too. All in all modern youth of the country should always study in order to achieve high goals in life by

ISPC Generalization of scientific results, Philadelphia, USA 58

ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 using the facilities created by the government and profession as it is practically identifies the future should work hard to be real owner of their future wellbeing of the state.

References:

1. (2017) The decree of the president of the 8. Tulenov J.T. (2001) “Theory of dialectics”. T.: Republic of Uzbekistan. Strategies of the “Uzbekistan”, 2001. –p. 252-261. activities on further development of Uzbekistan 9. Ubaydullayeva R., Ata-Mirzayev O, Khayumov Republic. Tashkent: Publishing house “Adolat” U, Koranov M. (2014) “Social appearance of on the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of the youth of Uzbekistan (Sociological Uzbekistan. 2017. –p.112. experiment)”. Tashkent. “Adabiyot yulduzlari”. 2. (2016) The law of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 2014. – p.81. On the state policy related to the youth. (the set 10. Ubaydullayeva R., Ata-Mirzayev O.B. (2017) of laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2016, 37 “Uzbekistan in the mirror of common sense”. – edition, article-426). - Tashkent: Publishing T.: “Ikhtisod -Moliya”. –p. 351. house “Adolat” on the Ministry of Justice of the 11. Kholmatova M. (2000) “The culture of family Republic of Uzbekistan. 2016. – p.80. relationships and upbringing healthy 3. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. (2017) “ We shall rise our generation”- T.: “Uzbekistan”, 2000. – p. 170- national development way to a new stage by 184. continuing it with perseverance” 1st volume. – 12. Kayumov U. (2011) “The socializing process of T.: “Uzbekistan”, -p.145. Uzbekistan youth in the condition of formation 4. (2017) The speech of the president of the of civil society”. T.: “Ijtimoiy fikr”. 2011. – p. republic of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev in 57-58. 72nd session of the UN General Assembly// 13. (2012) “Mahalla is place of democratic values”, Khalk Suzi. – 2017. – 20 September. Khalk suzi, 2012, March 10. N-49. - p.1-2. 5. Abdullayev M.A., Norkhulov D.T. (1995) 14. (2017) Informative Analytic lecture on the “Spirituality and succession in the time results of sociological experiment called “The system”. – T.: TashSU, 1995, - p. 5-7. youth of Uzbekistan: lifelong values, 6. Bobomurodov E, Bobomurodova Sh. (2010) spirituality, social directions” held by the centre “Social psychology of the youth of of exploration of common sense “Ijtimoiy Fikr” Uzbekistan”. T.: “Uzbekistan”, 2010. – p.72. in 2017. 7. Vishnyak A.I., Tarasenko V.I. (1988) “Culture 15. (2017) Analytic report on the first half of the of youth leisure” Kiev. “High school” 1988, - year of the National library named after Alisher p.7. Navoiy in 2017. Available: http://natlib.uz (Accessed: 10.12.2017).

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Munisa Muxamedova National Institute of Arts and Design named after International Scientific Journal Kamoliddin Behzod, associate professor of the Theoretical & Applied Science Department of Museology [email protected] p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online)

Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 21.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 13. Geography. History. Oceanology. Meteorology.

PROCESSES OF USING HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS IN TOURIST ROUTES IN UZBEKISTAN (HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY)

Abstract: This article explores the stages of development of touristic routes in Uzbekistan on the principles of research and propagation of historical and cultural heritage sites in Uzbekistan. The process of museums and adaptation of historical monuments to tourist routes is provided. Half of the 20th Century Uzbekistan has outlined the route plans based on historical and artistic values of cultural heritage sites in Uzbekistan. Key words: Historical and cultural heritage sites, museums, architectural sites, monuments, tourist routes, restoration, conservation, excursion, open-air museums, propagation, research, tourism. Language: English Citation: Muxamedova M (2017) PROCESSES OF USING HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS IN TOURIST ROUTES IN UZBEKISTAN (HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY). ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 60-63. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-12 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.12

Introduction In fact, arcs, bush, rastas, chorsu, makhalla and Establishing routing guidelines as a working guzar have formed the integrity of the historical city program for tourism is one of the most important structure. This is why the damage to the integrity of tools for their effective implementation, as one of the these elements is so great that the city's artistry is most important tourist destinations in history. For lost. As such, in order to preserve the art of historic sure, in the course of these works, the study of the cities, it was necessary to abandon the existing urban cities' location and the development of historical planning methods existing in urban planning and to governance were examined. In the tourist centers of find ways of contemporary development of Uzbekistan in the 60-90s of the twentieth century, it traditionalism. For this purpose, it was necessary to was noted that the creation of routes included identify the architectural elements that form the constructing of buildings, building relationships with chorsu, guzar and other ensembles in the structure of visible buildings, adaptation of buildings to local, tourist centers, to repair them as a monument and to natural conditions and appearance, placement of ensure the harmonization of the new city. Due to the points and directions the harmony of urban buildings, climatic conditions, location of underground waters, the observation of the ensembles, the role of the presence of railway and motorway trunk lines, historical shape and general appearance of evolution location of engineering networks, naturally occurring in the evolution, street and The analysis of the landscape and functional orientation as the basis of characteristics of the buildings' harmony ensembles urban planning in the development and change of is analyzed. master plans of historical monuments was important [2]. The collapse of the traditional architectural Materials and Methods plastics of the Chorsu part of Samarkand, Shahrisabz, In the historical cities such as Samarkand, Andijan, and Tashkent with the annoying Bukhara, Khiva, the creation of tourist routes did not architectural constructions of the 20th century can be cover all the monuments of this region. Particularly, considered as the result of the fact that the issue was the development of religious tourism was considered not sufficiently raised in the 20th century. Only the from the point of view of the Soviet ideology and ancient cities would be able to preserve their unique tourist routes were not developed in this direction. environment, only by identifying the traditional

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 structure, learning, and developing the factors of its Uzbek Culture in Samarkand was one of the oldest development. museums in Central Asia. It was officially opened on Establishment of technical and economic June 21, 1896 [7]. In 1977, the International Museum projects on tourist complexes and households in Council (IKOM), a member of the International Uzbekistan has developed well in the 80s of the XX Museum Council, began active international century. Because of these projects in the republic, activities. The Museum staff members participated in foreign tourists have been trained, monitored and the International Council of Museums Program developed in various service formats. Tourists can be conferences held in France, Germany, the acquainted with historical and cultural heritage of Netherlands, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, Latvia and ancient Uzbekistan and modern processes through Kazakhstan. In its turn, in 1981, Samarkand hosted special tour routes [3]. In the course of the work, the the regional conference of the International Council Research and Research Institute of Art and of Museums [7]. In 1978, the museum moved to a Archeology have studied the main plans of the city, special building dedicated to the historical part of region, and district. Interesting routes for historical Samarkand - the Registan Square. In 1982, the cities such as Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and Samarkand United Historical-Architectural and Art Khiva have begun. Each of these cities had special Museum-Reserve was established on the basis of the features as a unique tourist destination. Another State Museum of History of Uzbekistan, the Museum aspect of the tourists, in addition to the European of History of Samarkand, the Museum of Mirzo "cold" color system, was the combination of the Ulughbek and Sadriddin Ayniy, the Kattakurgan City "hot" invoice system in the form of monumental Historical-Land Study, Ishtikhan and Pakhtachi monuments in Central Asia. districts, Mirzo Ulughbek and Sadriddin Ayniy The main resource of tourism was the objects of memorial museums, Amir Temur mausoleum and exhibition - material culture, history, architecture, Bibixonim complex, Hazrati Khizr mosque, The monuments of applied art, objects of landscape Nadir Devonbegi madrassa and mausoleums of Hogi architecture, nature reserves. When designing the Daniel were included [5]. In Samarkand, the focus of route, these indicators were shown: the topic of the the touristic center on the development and location excursion, its targeted appearance, a brief of routes was focused on the problem of combining explanation. With the combination of these factors, it touristic complex function with the function of the was possible to conduct excursion on routes. city in modern life. In addition, the Registan, Gur The three existing museums in Uzbekistan, Emir and Bibi Khanim complexes were the task of located in the ancient cities of Central Asia, could creating optimal conditions for the perception of the provide for the closure of key tourist destinations. main exhibit objects. The historical-territorial These are the Samarkand and Bukhara Khiva significance of the purposeful tourist routes in the museums, and the main routes were formed on these organization of tourist objects was based. The reserves. The tour guides provided the author and his protection of historical monuments of architecture approved date for the development of guidelines for allowed the city to collect and spend the necessary each route. Methodological manuals were approved funds for Samarkand and Bukhara in solving the by the Council of Museums and considered as problems of conservation. The perspective official documents. The exposition reflecting the development of the city was based on current urban architectural history of these cities is based on a brief planning and project development. At the same time, overview of the history of the building, the state it should be noted that the historic part of protection and museumization. Visitors could Samarkand, where the medieval architectural familiarize themselves with the monumental data - monuments were united, had almost no integral the author, the date of construction, and the appearance. The architecture of the four or six-store significant aspects of the building [3]. houses, public buildings, and even industrial In the 1970s Tashkent city plan included new buildings, along with the rare architectural projects in the development of tourist complexes, in monuments along the highway, distorted the city's addition to hotels, Chorsu and Uzbekistan hotels architectural image. were built with the increased interest of tourists to In this connection, special attention was paid to Uzbekistan [3]. After Tashkent, the route passed to the work of collecting tourist routes in Samarkand to Samarkand. The most important of Samarkand's minimize the influence of the state and public world-famous monuments is the Registan Square, buildings that violated the architectural-historical Gur Amir Mausoleum, Bibixonim Mosque, image of the buildings surrounding Registan Square. Shohizinda Mausoleum, Ulugbek Observatory and In addition, attention was given to the change of the architectural monuments of Timurid era, giving Registan square, which unites the ancient detailed information about the medieval capital of architectural monuments with modern architecture, Central Asia (XIV-XVII centuries). Afrosiyob and the surrounding architectural-artistic excavations introduced the city's historical culture to composition site [5]. the Arab invaders. The State Museum of History of

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Analysis of urbanism, social and economic there was no trace of trafficking, and the ability to factors has shown that it is desirable to place the restore this lost function in recent years was crucial main tourist complex in the square of Registan to the development of touristic routes. Square (150 m from it). Here are some ancient ornamental buildings, several two-three-store Conclusion buildings, a post office and four or five-store houses. In summary, the true view of historical cities The total area of the complex is approximately 59 within the routes attracted not only the local hectares [5]. There are 600 rooms with conference population, but also foreign tourists. In the late 80's, rooms, symposiums, conference halls, exhibition architectural monuments were reconstructed in galleries, cinema and administrative information Uzbekistan to revive the historic cities and expand centers, restaurants, cafes, bars, swimming pools, public access to the public. Many urban planning and souvenir shops, households and more. Moreover, it social surveys have been undertaken. Since 1990, a could provide a complete backbone route. new scientific structure has been established in the All the facilities in Samarkand are equipped city of Uzbekistan. At the same time, new projects with closed galleries and corridors, and the main were implemented to harmonize the "historic" and façade of the tourist center for the separation of "modern" historical cities and develop tourist passengers and traffic in the Registan Square is the industry. Historic neighborhoods, traditional style city gardens located opposite the street and Registan houses, national craft workshops were the breath of Memorial Complex. Pedestrian routes on the the past. As a result, tourist attraction to tourists has passenger platform linking the tourist center system. become more popular in historic cities. Hundreds of To see the ruins of the ancient monuments in the sites of historical and cultural heritage have been routes, the way to the central part of the avenue was under state protection through expeditions to create shown, and the staircase leading to Registan was a new routes in historical cities such as Bukhara, unique amphitheater. This amphitheater created Samarkand, Tashkent, Khiva, Shakhrisabz and theatrical and musical performances on the Termez. This expedition was established in 1959 by background of monuments in the Registan square, the Research Institute of Art, and by 1980, allowing visitors to enjoy the excursion and location cooperation with the excursion bureaus was of the monuments. developing in the creation of tourist routes. True, The Registan Complex in Samarkand and its although there are historical monuments, unique central location were characterized by a favorable architectural monuments, favorable climatic advantage. The immediate proximity of the complex conditions, but only through these resources, tourists provides pedestrian excursions to all main there was limited capacity to attract. In addition, the monuments of Bibi Khanim, Gori Amir and level of hotel service should also be increased. It is Rukhobod, and in accordance with the traffic also important that tourists notice that they have movement in that area. In addition, access to come to Uzbekistan when visiting a hotel, restaurant, pedestrians for all the monuments provided a great or other service point. This approach could provide opportunity for tourists to visit excursions [5]. At the the uniqueness and uniqueness of national tourism. It same time, the excursion touristic flow was was crucial for tourists to be acquainted with independently collected in two main directions: from historical monuments and museums in the course of Registan to Bibi Khanim along the Alley passage routes and learn something of Uzbek culture. along the Tashkent Street and from Registan to the mausoleum of Gur Amir, Ruhabad and Oksaroy. In the past, Allied Street was a shopping street, but

References:

1. Askarov Sh. (2000) The issues of protection 3. Sutyagin S.M. (2000) Beginning of a big city // and reconstruction of historic cities.// the architecture and construction of Uzbekistan. Architecture and construction of Uzbekistan. - - Tashkent, 2000. - № 4. - p. 25-26. Tashkent, 2000. - № 4. - p.35-37. 4. (2010) Report of Samarkand State Museum- 2. Maksumova T.S. (2010) Achievements and Reserve for 2010 Ministry of Culture and problems in historical cities of Uzbekistan // Sports of the Republic of Uzbekistan. - p.16-18. Architecture and construction of Uzbekistan. - 5. (1979) Archives of the General Directorate of Tashkent, 2010. - № 4. – p. 9. Scientific Production Development and Use of

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Objects of Cultural Heritage at the Ministry of 6. (2017) Culture of the Ministry of Culture and Culture and Sports of the Republic of Sports of the Republic of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan. (Gosstroy Uzbek Research and 7. Kayumov R. (2005) International relations of Design Institute for Urban Development.) the Samarkand State Museum-Reserve. Project No. 4791. Tashkent 1979. – p.2-8. Remedy from Mazi. 4 (28) 2005. - p.11-13.

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Vladimir S. Osipov Doctor in Economics International Scientific Journal Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Theoretical & Applied Science Market Economy Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online) All-Russian Research Institute of Potato farming by A.G. Lorh, Moscow, Russia Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 25.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 31. Economic research, finance, innovation, risk management.

BASIC SOCIAL-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF FAR EASTERN DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT

Abstract: In the implementation of the projects of the territories of priority development (TPD), the factors of social-economic development have great importance. The article is based on a set of statistical data analysis of the social-economic factors in the regions of Far Eastern Federal District, the subjects of the federation, included in it, and in Russia as a whole. We analyzed the statistical data (pensions, benefits, levels of wages,) and the number of employees as one of the basic factor of production. On the basis of analyzed data were drawn conclusions on the insufficient provision of TPDs with a potential labor force, a negative migration balances, the need and at the same time, the undesirability of attracting foreign labor, as well as the factors of the rootedness of the workforce in the Far Eastern Federal District of Russian Federation Key words: territory of priority development, social-economic factors, employment, wages, pensions, Far Eastern Federal District. Language: English Citation: Osipov VS (2017) BASIC SOCIAL-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF FAR EASTERN DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 64-71. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-13 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.13

The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project № 16-02-00141 ______

Introduction Materials and Methods When the Federal Law of December 29, 2014 It should be noted that one of the main goals of No. 473-FZ "On the Territories of Priority Social and creating TPDs is to provide for accelerated socio- Economic Development in the Russian Federation" economic development and create comfortable was adopted, it was already known that, although its conditions for ensuring the vital activity of the effect was extended to the entire territory of the population. To determine the directions for ensuring Russian Federation, all its focus was shifted to the accelerated socio-economic development, it is subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) necessary to consider the starting conditions of the [5,6,7]. In accordance with the law, the Territory of social-economic situation in the Far Eastern Federal Priority Development (TPD) is a part of the territory District [2,3]. As noted Charkina [10], the location of of a subject of the Russian Federation, including a the region, its resource and industrial potential, closed administrative territorial entity, in which, in highly skilled labor offer opportunities for the accordance with the decision of the Government of implementation of several TPD models reflecting the the Russian Federation, a special legal regime for the best world experience and current and prospective implementation of entrepreneurial and other competitive advantages of the region. She and Skryl activities is established with a view to creating agree [9], while noting that in the implementation of favorable conditions for attracting investments, the mechanism of territories of priority development, ensuring accelerated socio-economic development the labor factor plays the most important role. and creating comfortable conditions for ensuring the The analysis of trends in the average monthly livelihoods of people. nominal payroll of employees for a full range of organizations in the economy as a whole in the Far Eastern Federal District and in the Russian

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Federation for the period 2000-2016 (Figure 1) year to year, the rate of growth in the Far Eastern allows us to conclude that for the whole analyzed Federal District is also higher than in Russia. period, wages in the Far Eastern Federal District grew faster than the average for Russia, and from

The analysis of trends in the average monthly nominal payroll of employees for a full range of organizations in the economy as a whole in the Far Eastern Federal District and in the Russian Federation for the period 2000-2016

50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 Far Eastern Federal District 20000 15000 Russian Federation 10000 5000

2006 2014 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 2000

Figure 1 - The analysis of trends in the average monthly nominal payroll of employees for a full range of organizations in the economy as a whole in the Far Eastern Federal District and in the Russian Federation for the period 2000-2016

This situation can be explained by several economy), it is obvious that such levels of wages are reasons, among which there is a significant to some extent justified. Nonetheless, a multiple differentiation by types of economic activity (Figure excess significantly affects the average level of 2). Thus, almost a twofold excess over the average wages; without taking into account the sectors of value (36745.7 rubles.) Is observed by types of mining and financial activities, the average value of economic activity “Mining” (69688 rubles) and wages would be significantly lower, especially taking “Financial activities” (78311 rubles). Given the high into account the number of workers in the low-paid importance of financial services and mining for the social sphere. economy of the country (service and raw materials

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The average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees for a full range of organizations by types of economic activity in the Russian Federation for 2016 80000

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0 2016

Mining

Education

Financial activities Financial

Fishery, fish farming fish Fishery,

Building construction Building

Public administration Public

Total for economy Total the

Hotelsand restaurants

Manufacturing Processes Manufacturing

Health and social services social and Health

Provision of other of Provision services

Wholesale and retailWholesaletrade and

Operations with real estate real Operationswith

Transport and communication and Transport Agriculture, forestry and Agriculture, hunting

Productionand distribution gas electricity, of and water

Figure 2 - The average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees for a full range of organizations by types of economic activity in the Russian Federation for 2016

An important factor in assessing the quality of federation that are members of the Far Eastern the social sphere in the Far Eastern Federal District is Federal District (Figure 3). the differentiation of salaries for the subjects of the

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The average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees for a full range of organizations in the economy as a whole in the subjects of the Russian Federation of the Far Eastern Federal District for 2000-2016

90000 80000 Reuplic of Sakha (Yakutiya) 70000 Kamchatskiy Kray 60000 Primorskiy Kray 50000 Khabarovskiy Kray 40000 Amurskaya oblast 30000 Magadanskaya oblast 20000 Sakhalinskaya oblast 10000 Evreyskaya autonomous oblast

0 Chukotskiy autonomous okrug

2008 2009 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2000

Figure 3 - The average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees for a full range of organizations in the economy as a whole in the subjects of the Russian Federation of the Far Eastern Federal District for 2000- 2016.

As we can estimate, the Chukotskiy the Evreyskaya autonomous oblast, the Amurskaya autonomous okrug, Magadanskaya and oblast and the Primorskiy Kray. Sakhalinskaya oblast have a significant excess over Let us now turn to the number of people other subjects of the Federation of the Far Eastern working in the subjects of the Federation of the Far Federal District, where salaries were multiples higher Eastern Federal District (Figure 4). than those of neighbors. The worst in this respect are

Number of employees in the subjects of the federation in the Far Eastern Federal District, people. 1200 Far Eastern Federal District 1000 Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya) 800 Kamchatskiy Kray

600 Primorskiy Kray Khabarovskiy Kray 400 Amurskaya oblast 200 Magadanskaya oblast 0 Sakhalinskaya oblast 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 4 - Number of employees in the subjects of the federation in the Far Eastern Federal District, people

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The minimal volume of population was in the monthly salary there. In the Primorsky Kray, the Chukotskiy autonomous okrug and the opposite situation is the highest supply of labor and Magadanskaya oblast, with the highest average one of the lowest average monthly accrued salaries.

Number of employees in the Far Eastern Federal District and Russian Federation, people 72500 3220

3210 Russian 72000 Federati 3200 on

71500 3190 3180

71000 3170 Far Eastern 3160 Federal 70500 District 3150

70000 3140 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 5 - Number of employees in the Far Eastern Federal District and Russian Federation, people

It is important to note that the number of FEFD. If our assumption is correct, then the negative employees in the Russian Federation and the Far trend will continue, and the smoothing function Eastern Federal District have different trends. In the (Figure 6) with a high level of the value of the Far Eastern Federal District, the number of employed reliability of the approximation (푅2 = 0,8909) is declining, while in the Russian Federation it is shows a further decrease in the number of employees increasing. One can explain this situation by the fact for the next three years. that the working population is trying to leave the

The number of employees in the Far Eastern Federal District, the smoothing function and the value of the reliability of the approximation 3250 Far Eastern 3200 Federal District 3150

3100

3050 Polynominal trend 3000

2950 y = -5,2766x2 + 23,161x + 3183,1 2900 R² = 0,8909 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Figure 6 - The number of employees in the Far Eastern Federal District, the smoothing function and the value of the reliability of the approximation

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The pension provision is of great importance but the size of pensions was in the Far Eastern for the entrenchment of working citizens in the Far Federal District as well as wages higher than the Eastern Federal District. Quite expected (Figure 7), average for Russia.

The average size of designated pensions, rub 16000 14000 Russian 12000 Federation 10000 8000 6000 Far Eastern 4000 Federal District 2000 0 2001 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Figure 7 - The average size of designated pensions in the Russian Federation and in the Far Eastern Federal District

Inside the FEFD, the average size of designated pensions differs from subject to subject somewhat differently from average wages (Figure 8).

The average size of designated pensions in subjects of the federation in the Far Eastern Federal District, rub 25000 Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya) 20000 Kamchatskiy Kray Primorskiy Kray 15000 Khabarovskiy Kray Amurskaya oblast 10000 Magadanskaya oblast Sakhalinskaya oblast 5000 Evreyskaya autonomous oblast

0 Chukotskiy autonomous okrug 2001 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Figure 8 - The average size of designated pensions in the subjects of the Russian Federation of the Far Eastern Federal District

The highest amount of pensions assigned was in lowest in the Evreyskaya autonomous oblast and the Chukotskiy autonomous okrug, Magadanskaya Amurskaya oblast and Primorskiy Krai. Low levels oblast, Kamchatskiy Krai, the Republic of Sakha of pensions in the Evreyskaya autonomous oblast are (Yakutia) and the Sakhalinskaya oblast, and the explained by the lowest number of employees; and

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 3.860 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 high levels of pensions in the Chukotskiy conditions for maintenance of ability to live of the autonomous okrug, Kamchatskiy Krai and population. Sakhalinskaya oblast - a high average monthly nominal wage. Comparison of data on average monthly wages, the number of employees and the level of pensions provide a conclusion that the lowest rootedness of the population is observed in the Evreyskaya autonomous oblast, and potentially high in the Primorskiy Krai. As noted by Motrich [4] "... in the subjects of the Far East Federal District, the social welfare index is significantly inferior to the maximum value fixed for Moscow. In all regions of the region, the index of social welfare is decreasing"1 Another, this time encouraging phenomenon is that the FEFD is one of four districts where there is a natural increase in the population. The program "Far Eastern hectare" could also help to rectify the situation, however, since allocation of land is carried out in hard-to-reach areas, in the absence of communications, we do not believe that this project will seriously change the demographic situation in the region [1]. As Ryazantseva notes [8] At the same time, among the nine constituent entities of the Russian Federation that form the Far Eastern Federal District, only four values of per capita GRP exceed the average for this district, while in the remaining five subjects (the Evreyskaya autonomous oblast, the Amurskaya oblast, the Primorskiy Krai, the Khabarovskiy Kray, Chukotskiy autonomous okrug) - GRP per capita below the average on the Far Eastern Federal District.

Conclusion The deterioration of the social and transport infrastructure does not contribute to the growth of the region's attractiveness for living and employment. Considering the fact that the urban population exceeds the rural population by three times the average for Russia, the concentration of the population in the large cities of the Far Eastern Federal District and the outflow from the rural areas will continue. The provision of labor resources can be the most serious test for the organization of the territories of advanced development, since their absence will force the owners of enterprises - residents of the TPD to attract migrants, which calls into question the fulfillment of one of the main goals of creating TPD - ensuring accelerated socio- economic development and creating comfortable

1 It is calculated by dividing the relative per capita income in the region by the Gini coefficient; it is higher the higher the real incomes of the population and the lower the degree of stratification of society in comparison with the situation in the whole country.

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References:

1. Buhval'd E.M., Valentik O.N. (2015) Territorii razvitija rossijskoj promyshlennosti // operezhajushhego razvitija: padenie ili illjuzija? Jekonomika i predprinimatel'stvo. 2016. № 9 // JeTAP: jekonomicheskaja teorija, analiz, (74). - p. 852-857. praktika. 2015. № 2. - p. 72-84. 7. Osipov V.S., Zel'dner A.G. (2016) Territorii 2. Zel'dner A.G., Osipov V.S. (2016) Disfunkcii operezhajushhego razvitija: institucionalizacija sistemy gosudarstvennogo upravlenija v regional'nogo jekonomicheskogo razvitija. M., social'noj sfere // CITISJe. 2016. № 4 (8). - p. 3. 2016. 3. Zel'dner A.G., Osipov V.S. (2016) Prioritety v 8. Rjazanceva M.V. (2015) Stimulirovanie pritoka jekonomicheskoj politike gosudarstva (teorija i trudovyh resursov na territorii praktika) // Jekonomicheskie strategii. 2016. T. operezhajushhego social'no-jekonomicheskogo 18. № 7 (141). - p. 38-49. razvitija Dal'nego Vostoka // Rossijskoe 4. Motrich E.M. (2015) Sovremennye osobennosti predprinimatel'stvo. 2015. T. 16. № 18. - p. vosproizvodstva naselenija v Dal'nevostochnom 3091-3102. federal'nom okruge // Izvestija DVFU. 9. Skryl' T.V. (2016) Mehanizm territorij Jekonomika i upravlenie. 2015. №3. – p. 59. operezhajushhego razvitija kak jelement 5. Osipov V.S. (2016) Strategicheskoe znachenie ustojchivogo jekonomicheskogo razvitija // territorij operezhajushhego razvitija dlja Jekonomika obrazovanija. 2016. № 2 (93). - p. jekonomiki strany // Vestnik Moskovskogo 135-147. universiteta im. S.Ju. Vitte. Serija 1: 10. Charkina E.S. (2015) K voprosu ob Jekonomika i upravlenie. 2016. № 4 (19). -p. 5- operezhajushhem social'no-jekonomicheskom 12. razvitii otdel'nyh territorij regionov Rossii // 6. Osipov V.S. (2016) Territorii operezhajushhego Upravlencheskoe konsul'tirovanie. 2015. № 9 razvitija - novyj vektor institucional'nyh uslovij (81). -p. 105-111.

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Bekhzod Imomali ugli Isabekov Senior Scientist – researcher of International Scientific Journal Tashkent State Pedagogical University Theoretical & Applied Science named after Nizami [email protected] p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online)

Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 30.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 13. Geography. History. Oceanology. Meteorology.

SUYURLITEPA-THE CAPITAL CITY OF ILOQ

Abstract: In this article we can see the scientific proof to the fact that Suyurlitepa city really was the captal of the Iloq government which was situated in Axangaran velley in the early middle centuries. Key words: topography, capital city, memory, palace, temple, workshop, ore, artisan, peasant, ceramic, metallurgy. Language: Russian Citation: Isabekov BI (2017) SUYURLITEPA-THE CAPITAL CITY OF ILOQ. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 72-79. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-14 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.14

СТОЛЬНЫЙ ГОРОД ИЛАКА – СУЙИРЛИТЕПА

Аннотация: В данной статье даётся научное обоснование вопросу о том, что в период раннего средневековья город Суюрлитепа являлся столицей государства Илак Ахангаранского оазиса. Ключевые слова: топография, cтольный город, памятник, дворец, храм, мастерская, руда, ремесленник, земледель, глиняный, металлургия.

Introduction века в Илаке начинается ускоренное развитие Ахангаранская долина Ташкентского оазиса добычи меди и производства цветных металлов, начиная с V века в исторических источниках на разработке которых специализируются 17 упоминается в качестве независимого городов: Харашкат (Канка), Тункат (Имлак), государства Илак. Правители этого государства, Туккат (Кулота), Кухисим (Қургантепа), Абрлиг имевшие большое экономическое и политическое (Аблик), Дехкат (Дукентепа), Намудлиг, Банокат, влияние, именовались “дехканами Илака”. С VI Худайкат (Аккурган) и другие [11]. В жизни века Илак находился под влиянием княжества населения Илака значительные позиции занимало (маликата) Чач (Шаш) и играл значительную также земледелие и скотоводство, способное роль в экономической и культурной жизни этого полностью обеспечить сельскохозяйственной государства[2]. С конца Х века Илак входит в продукцией городское население. состав Караханидского государства. После В исторических источниках встречаются нашествия монголов на территории Илака сведения об образовании в VIII веке монетного расселяются представители племени джалайир, в двора “Маъдан аш-Шаш” в крупном результате чего в составе населения начинают металлургическом городе Илака – Тункате. преобладать этнические группы монголоидной Динары и дирхемы из чистого золота и серебра, наружности и название Илак с этого времени которые чеканились в этом городе, в качестве перестает встречаться в источниках[1]. товара в IX-X веках были завезены в страны Среднего и Ближнего Востока, а также в страны Materials and Methods Запада. В этих странах были найдены сокровища Илак располагался между горами южного серебрянных монет Илака. В Х веке в Чаткала и Курамы, богатых месторождениями Маверауннахре государственные монетные золота, серебра, бирюзы, меди, свинца, олова, дворы функционировали только в Самарканде и различных драгоценных камней и каолина, городе Тункат Илака. Согласно историческим и разработка которых, согласно археологическим археологическим источникам, Илак являлся источникам, началась с эпохи бронзы. В VIII-X историко-культурным краем, располагавшимся

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на Великом Шелковом пути. В античный период производственные кварталы, жилищные головная трасса Великого Шелкового пути кварталы ремесленных общин, главный пролегала из древней Ферганы в Чач через городской храм и внутренний рынок, перевал Кендир, а торговые караваны квартальные перекрестки и площади, улицы и останавливались в вышеназванных городах и шли торговые лавкивдоль них, система каналов и дальше через Хавас, Заамин, Джизак к арыков, а также другие постройки располагались Самарканду [10]. в определенном порядке. Шахристан мог быть С целью ознакомления с археологическими один, или несколько в зависимости от роста памятниками, связанными с историей города. Такая структура, присущая не только государства Илак, в 2010-2012 годах под столичному городу, но и всем древним городам, руководством академика А.Аскарова была не нашла отражения в топографии Тунката. организована научная экспедиция в Приведенное выше описание развалин Тунката Ахангаранскую долину. В период работы не является основанием для утверждения, что экспедиции особое внимание было уделено этот город является столицей государства Илак. ознакомлению с историчекой топографией Топографическая картина Тунката на древнего города, расположенного на возвы- возвышенности Обиза свидетельствует о том, что шенности кишлака Обиз. В работе М.Е.Массона он является формировавшимся на протяжении об Ахангаране развалины этого древнего города веков владением сотен металлургов-дехкан, то были локализованы со столицей Илака городом есть феодальными курганами, Тункатом [9]. Такое мнение в научных кругах сконцентрированными в пределах одного города. сформировали М.Е.Массон и его последователи. Действительно, развалины этого города в Обизе Древний Тункат расположен между являются останками города металлургов в горными речками: с восточной стороны – государстве Илак, производивших продукцию из Отчопарсаем и с западной – Совукбулаксаем, цветного металла и железа. Ознакомившись с надтеррасой высокого оврага у реки Ахангаран. развалинами древнего города Тунката, По сведениям Ю.Ф.Бурякова этот кишлак возник расположенного над современным кишлаком в IV-V веках, а к середине тысячелетия Обиз, мы не встретили достаточных сведений, становится городом металлургов. Также подтверждающих выводы Массона М.Е. и встречаются сведения о том, что “в VI-VII веках Бурякова Ю.Ф. об этом городе, как о столичном. на 17,5 гектарах укрепленной площади города, на Напротив, в этом огромном городе можно видеть платформе в 100 м2. были возведены кухандиз печи для выплавки металла, кучи шлака, (цитадель, арк) и монументальные архитектурные имущества сотен металлургов-дехкан, комплексы” [6,35]. В начале 1970-годов специализировавшихся на производстве Ю.Ф.Буряков вновь посещает Тункат и приводит металлургического сырья, которые относятся к взаимоисключающие друг друга сведения о том , V-XII векам. что его площадь равна примерно 50 га., на Внимательно приглядевшись к топографии северо-западном углу памятника, в форме Тунката можно увидеть следующую явную треугольника на 5-гектарах расположен кухандиз. картину: владения каждого металлурга- К востоку от кухандиза на площади 12,5 га дехканина представляют собой курган, располагался шахристан, который с трех сторон окруженный оборонительными стенами, который (за исключением северной стороны) был окружен одновременно напоминал торговый караван- рабадом [5, 93]. сарай. Вдоль линии оборонительных стен Однако, в процессе ознакомления с расположены холмики-возвышенности разных памятником представление об исторической размеров. Предположительно они могут быть топографии древнего Тунката стало меняться, мастерскими по производству и вторичной потому что в топографии Тунката не наблюдается обработке металла, останки жилищ, склады явное наличие присущих столице государства сырья, а самая большая возвышенность может кухандиза и шахристана. Также нет присущих ей быть дворцом металлурга-дехканина. Входные оборонительных стен, второй оборонительной ворота в караван-сарай пересекают восточные линии за пределами стен – хандака, дороги, или южные ворота оборонительной линии. Часть ведущей к кухандизу через пандус. Внутри ровной площадки внутри караван-сарая кухандиза не наблюдаются дворец правителя, предназначалась для складывания кусков горных храм, жилища и хозяйственные объекты, здания пород, которые добывались в горах и для административно-управленческой системы и размещения гужевого транспорта, о чем другие постройки. свидетельствуют обнаруженные материалы. На Как правило, в археологических памятниках остальной части площадки образованы Средней Азии шахристан бывает в несколько раз небольшие холмики – остатки каких-то построек. больше и шире кухандиза, а различного рода Такая топографическая картина характерна для ремесленные структуры и специализированные всех металлургических курганов, которые мы

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обследовали. Об этом говорят и итоги раскопок монеты, железные гвозди, хум (большой кухандиза Тунката, которые проводил Ю.Ф. глиняный сосуд) и кувшин, кувшинчик для Буряков в 1959-1961 годах [4, 76-123]. хранения ртути и остатки керамической скатерти. По предположению М.Е.Массона в Средняя часть пола комнаты покрыта восточной части площади, называемого обожженным кирпичем (28х14х4 см). Под кухандизом Тунката (раскоп 3), располагался дорожкой, пролегающей от первой комнаты к дворец правителя. По описанию Ю.Ф.Бурякова коридору, обнаружено углубление конусовидной на площади размером 9,8х9,9 м. Была платформа, формы. Стенки углубления бурого цвета, сложенная из сырцового кирпича, толщиной 1,5 обожжены, на дно которого уложена под углом м., на южной части площади открыта площадка, керамическая труба. Видимо, на этом месте сложенная из каменных плит. На восточной части находилась разрушенная печь для выплавки руды платформы обнаружена стена шириной в 1 м. из [7]. тонкого обожженного кирпича. Эта стена была У входа в коридор, под 1-комнатой расчищена в длину на 4,8 м. Такая же стена, (размером 4,6х5,7 см), на глубине 0,80 см. располагавшаяся от северо-восточного угла обнаружены несколько каменных плит, к платформы к северу, была открыта на 7,7 м. в которым примыкала труба. На северной части длину. В стене находится дверной проем комнаты № 1 открыта еще одна комната шириной 1,5 м. Стена из обожженного кирпича, (размером 5х6 м.). Центр этой комнаты уложен построенная по направлению к востоку, исчезает обожженным кирпичем, площадью 1х1 м. На нем через 2 м. [4, 88-89]. На площадке платформы найдены осколки керамических плит и плита, встречаются осколки обожженного кирпича, изготовленная из песчаника. На поверхности обугленные остатки, куски железного листа, плиты есть желобок, глубиной 1 – 1,5 см. вбитые в них железные гвозди, а также осколки Осколки такой плиты с желобками встречаются стекла и керамики периода саманидов. Среди до пола комнаты [4, 92-93]. Найденные рядом с находок имеется медная монета, отчеканенная в этим местом и в комнатахкаменный молот и 1006 году от имени дехканина шейха Джалала. каменные топоры, плиты с желобками, Значит на этом месте располагалось какое-то, нагромождения шлака недалеко от объекта, сгоревшее на пожаре, монументальное здание [4, обнаруженные на куче пепла керамические 90]. цедилки с шахматообразными отверстиями, Тщательный анализ приведенных выше осколки хумов (больших сосудов) и кувшинов сведений указывает на то, что на этом месте нет свидетельствуют о том, что город Тункат был никаких признаков кухандиза или дворца крупным центром ремесленничества по правителя Илака. Напротив, более близка к производству металла. В этом городе не только истине мысль о том, что этот объект, под плавили металл из руды, но и хорошо освоили названием кухандиз, являлся имуществом одного изготовление различного оружия, хозяйственных из богатых металлургов аристократического рода предметов из чистого металла. Тунката, а остатки монументального сооружения На нижнем уровне среза стратиграфического – место, где находился его дворец. шурфа (2х0,8 м.), проложенного на восточном Итоги подробного изучения исторической склоне каменной насыпи, обнаружены груды топографии Тунката показывают, что печи для шлакатолщиной 30 см. над материком, богатых плавки руды встечаются по всей площади крупинками меди зеленоватого цвета. На южной памятника. В основном они сконцентрированы на стороне шурфа была обнаружена бурая от огня восточной и южной частях памятника, которых земля. Именно на этом месте располагалась печь Ю.Ф.Буряков называет “рабадом”. На северо- для плавки руды. Стенки печи покрыты шлаком восточном участке Тунката имеются особенно толщиной до 2 см. Углубление печи имеет большие кучи шлака. На этом массиве в 1960 расширение конусообразной формы до 23 см. [4, году Ю.Ф. Буряков проводит раскопки на 94]. Верхняя часть печи не сохранилась. На дне площади 160 м2. Раскопки проводились на печи обнаружен металлический шлак и западном берегу канала, который протекал по неэмалированные, но изготовленные на направлению с юга на север. Именно на этом гончарном круге осколки керамики, а также участке были сконцентрированы ряд небольших толстый слой золы. Среди обломков керамики холмиков. Эти холмики напоминают цельный встречаются осколки с узорами черно-пепельного строительный массив. На этом массиве найден цвета, нанесенные на эмалированный белый фон. каменный молот для дробления руды. Именно на На другом стратиграфическом шурфе (№6) этом месте расположены жилища ремесленников, была открыта еще одна печь для выплавки руды. дробивших руду и плавивших металл. Они Печь имела форму углубления круглой формы с составляют единый хозяйственный комплекс, оштукатуренными стенками. В трещинах состоящих из двух комнат и коридора. В штукатурки встречаются крупинки меди. Однако, комнатах найдены осколки керамики, медные сохранилось только дно печи. На этом месте

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найдены непригодные осколки стекла и зола. правителей (дехкан), расположенных в Толщина шлака, разбросанная вокруг печи, “кухандизе” и “шахристане” города Тунката. составляет 2, 20 м. Под ним был открыт чистый Обнаруженные в Тункате археологические культурный слой (толщиной 30-33 см.). В этом комплексы, в особенности, керамика античного и культурном слое находились остатки сгоревшего раннего средневековья, характерна для этапов угля, костей животных и керамических Ковунчи-II и Ковунчи-II культуры Ковунчи материалов, среди которых выделялись осколки Ташкентского оазиса. Материалы верхнего слоя керамики, покрытых белой эмалью. Когда шурф относятся к периоду саманидов и караханидов. достиг 2,5 м., стала выходить добротная желтая В 2012 году мы открыли и изучили одну из земля [4, 94-95]. печей для плавки металла в Тункате. В процессе изучения исторической Обследованный нами объект представлял собой топографии Тунката стало известно, что в северо- возвышенность высотой не менее 2 м., полностью западной его части в пределах владений покрытый шлаком (рис.1). При срезе холма под металлургов-дехкан (правителей) кроме твердым 20 сантиметровым покрытием мастерских для плавки руды располагались вперемежку с щебнем стали выходить мастерские по производству различного рода строительные отходы. Его толщина составляла 70 орудий труда и оружия, предметов повседневного см. Отходы содержали обломки обожженного быта из металла. В этой части Тунката не кирпича, керамических труб, сломанных встречаются огромные кучи шлака. каменных плиток и рудного шлака (рис.2). Как известно, плавка руды, развитие Кирпичи были в форме квадрата (17х17х3см). металлургической промышленности в целом Среди обломков кирпича встречались осколки связано с водой. Руду, привезенную из рудников эмалированной и неэмалированной керамики. Курамы, перед плавкой требуется размельчить Осколки эмалированной керамики имели белый вручную или на водяной мельнице. Поэтому эта фон, а узоры – зеленоватого цвета. сторона металлургического ремесла в Тункете На нижнем горизонте развалин печи (на была организована весьма продуманно – из глубине 90 см.) были найдены обломки Совукбулаксая для поставки воды в город Тункат полуошлакованной, полуоплавленной рудной были прорыты несколько каналов. С учетом плиты (рис.3). Диаметр этой плиты около 1 рельефа территория города была разделена на метра. Под плитой был сделан подкоп на глубину сектора, и вода, поступающая по каналу в 1,5 м. Вокруг полуошлакованной плиты лежала каждый сектор из горной речки (Совукбулаксая), земля, наполовину разбавленная мелким песком, по арыкам, прорытым с юга на север, но никаких признаков наличия обожженной поставлялась во владения каждого аристократа- огнем стен печи не обнаружено. Однако, в этом металлурга. Вдоль каналов и арыков были углублении была найдена расположенная под вырыты бассейны, объем которых зависел от углом труба для кузнечного молота длиной 80 см. производственных возможностей владений (рис.4). Диаметр отверстия трубы – 9 см. В аристократа-металлурга. Поэтому, если возле верхней части керамической трубы находилось одного из владений был вырыт большой бассейн, приспособление для привязывания кожаного у другого владения – бассейн поменьше. Возле мешка. Примерно в 20 см. к северу от трубыдля бассейнов, вдоль арыков и каналов были кузнечного молота была обнаружена еще одна построены печи для плавки руды. Отработанный керамическая труба, установленная в печную шлак был разбросан вокруг каждой печи. Такая “стенку” почти вертикально. Если первая труба картина отчетливо наблюдается во всех частях была трубой для кузнечного молота, то вторая Тунката [8]. исполняла задачу дымохода. Найденные Северо-восточная часть Тунката до недвижимыми эти две трубы дали возможность Отчопарсая была богата рудными шлаками. На примерно определить южную и западную южной части этого пункта, по обеим сторонам границы дна печи. Печь была построена в форме магистрального канала, проложенного с запада на круга, стены которого были возведены в виде восток (от Совукбулаксая до Отчопарсая), конуса. занимают усадьбы аристократов-металлургов. Таким образом, на этом объекте Такая картина наблюдается вдоль сохранились некоторые элементы разрушенной магистрального канала на западе до печи для выплавки руды. Судя по обнаруженным Совукбулаксая [4, 95]. Усадьбы этих местных на этом месте осколкам эмалированной правителей – дехкан-феодалов были окружены керамики, печь относилась эпохе саманидов. оборонительными стенами. Каждая усадьба Согласно приведенным выше материалам и феодала имела отдельные входные ворота. По нашим наблюдениям, развалины древнего города своему внутреннему и оборонительному плану Тунката, расположенного на возвышенности они не отличаются от усадеб металлургов- кишлака Обиз, не являются останками столицы Илака. Этот город – город металлургов, на

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протяжении нескольких веков сложившийся из стенами и квадратной формой (125х125м.) владений сотен металлургов-дехкан в пределах отличается от Тунката. На западной и северной территории одного города и состоявший из стороне оборонительных стен цитадели усадеб владельцев производства продукции расположены по три башни округлой формы. На цветной и черной металлургии. восточной и южной стороне оборонительной Итак, где же находится стольный город линии цитадели имеются только угловые башни, государства Илак? В процессе непосредственного на этой стороне нет срединных башен. ознакомления за последние 2-3 года с Входные ворота арка расположены археологическими объектами на территории посередине южной оборонительной линии. На Ахангаранской долины мы пришли к выводу, что месте разреза ворот было обнаружено, что столицей государства Илак, возможно, является ширина стены составляет не более 5 м. расположенная приблизительно в 17 км. к Основание стены выложено из огромных блоков востоку от Тунката, на левом берегу реки сырцового кирпича. На разрезе хорошо видно Ахангаран – Суйирлитепа [3]. дополнительное покрытие стены и следы В качестве столицы Илака, Суйирлитепа ремонтных работ. отличается наличием своей оригинальной Юго-восточная и северо-западная стороны исторической топографии, оборонительных кухандиза состоят из высоких и широких сооружений и Арком монументального возвышенностей. Возможно, они являются характера, окружавшим его шахристаном и основаниями монументальных сооружений. центральным религиозно-идеологичеким Северо-восточная площадь кухандиза объектом. В первую очередь Суйирлитепа относительно ровная. В центральной части является первым городом на пути Великого кухандиза находится широкий (диаметр 24 м.) и Шелкового пути из древней Ферганы к Чачу глубокий (глубина 2,5 м.) бассейн. Как правило, через перевал Кендирсай. Он образовался на за оборонительными стенами кухандиза в месте древнего родника у кишлака Карабулак, качестве второй оборонительной линии постепенно превратившись в крупный город. Об существует ров, заполненный водой. Однако, в этом свидетельствуют археологические топографии города Суйирлитепа такое материалы периода Ковунчи II, обнаруженные на положение не наблюдается. По всей видимости, южной части Суйирлитепа. судя по состоянию естественного городского Суйирлитепа расположен на правой стороне рельефа в этом не было необходимости. дороги Алмалык-Ангрен, в нескольких метрах от По нашим наблюдениям, кухандиз со всех дороги над высоким оврагом. Самой высокой сторон был окружен шахристаном (внешним частью этого древнего города является его городом). По своему географическому северо-западный угол, который примерно на 20 расположению они называются южным м. выше площади города. Поднявшись на эту шахристаном, северным шахристаном, западным высоту и взглянув на восточную и южную шахристаном и восточным шахристаном. На всех стороны археологического комплекса, откуда этих шахристанах не наблюдаются видны все части Суйирлитепа, можно четко оборонительные стены. Возможно, что такое представить топографический план древнего положение связано с расположением города. города. Присущее городской топографии такое Было обнаружено, что в центре города положение не наблюдается в расположенном располагался Арк (кухандиз), вокруг него – отдельно религиозно-духовном центре. шахристан, а за южной стороной шахристана – Религиозно-духовный центр в Суйирлитепа рабат и курганы-могильники. По западной возник в период раннего средневековья в стороне площади города протекает правый качестве собственности вагнзе на северо- приток Обджазсая – Узунсай. По его южной и западной части города. Он имеет квадратную восточной стороне протекает глубокий и форму (100х100 м.), его входные ворота широкий канал, который был прорыт от Узунсая. расположены на западной части южной Северная сторона города ограничена берегами оборонительной линии. Территория вагнзе со реки Ахангаран. Общая площадь города не менее всех сторон окружена оборонительными стенами, 70-80 гектаров. В связи с тем, что город укрепленными башнями. Вдоль западной расположен на верхних террасах северной оборонительной стены по пандусу можно стороны Кураминского хребта, он имеет двое подняться на самую высокую точку города, входных ворот, которые находятся на северо- расположенную на его северо-западном углу. восточной и северо-западной углах города. Именно на этом месте расположен главный Входные городские ворота широкие, дорога на общегородской храм огнепоклонничества. На ширине 20 м. выложена брусчаткой. сегодняшний день полностью открыт верхний Кухандиз расположен в центре города. горизонт храма на глубине 1,5-2 м. Было Своим внушительным видом, оборонительными выявлено, что на его площади располагались 2

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священных зала с широкими помостами, 2 арыков и плановые площади для посева. За алтаря, развалины главного очага, 1 склад для ложбиной, на площади окружностью 900 метров пожертвованного зерна, на восточной части (более 2 гекторов) расположено селение храма – священная площадка для встречи восхода городского типа, окруженное слабо солнца и на его юго-западной части – входные укрепленными стенами. На его площади ворота. раскинулись сотни обломков каменных Общая площадь открытого храма составляет зернотерок. Среди них встречаются керамические 200 кв.м. Стены комнат имеют монументальный осколки периода Ковунчи II. Картина, которая характер, которые построены из толстых и наблюдается на этом месте, свидетельствует о больших сырцовых кирпичей вперемежку с том, что возможно здесь были мастерские, блоками из битой глины. В период нашествия связанные с горной промышленностью, печи для арабов храм был сожжен, его деревянный каркас выплавки металла. Найденные здесь осколки обуглен, наружная штукатурка из каолиновой керамики и каменные зернотерки указывают на глины и артефакты сгорели, комнаты заполнены то, что это место относится к раннему периоду золой. металлургического ремесла в Илаке. С южной Судя по недоведенному до материка стороны этого места до Кураминского хребта стратиграфическому раскопу входной дорожки, в расположены разной величины могильники- разрезе шурфа было обнаружено, что до пожара курганы. Эти могильники-курганы являются было около 20 слоев пола. Значит, нижние слои некрополем города Суйирлитепа. храма ждут своих исследователей. Проведенные в Суйирлитепа Conclusion топографические наблюдения позволяют Судя по историко-топографической картине определить направления дорог, которые берут Суйирлитепа, можно с уверенностью начало от двух городских ворот, по уложенным предположить, что именно этот город являлся на некоторых местах камням. На обочине дороги столицей государства Илак, который раскинулся у входа в город расположены сторожевые башни. по всей Ахангаранской долине. В свое время На месте башни сейчас находится высокий холм. Суйирлитепа назывался Тункат (Имлак), а В некоторых местах городской площади хорошо согласно восточным историческим традициям сохранились следы каналов и арыков. Объект, название страны называлось по имени города. укрепленный оборонительными стенами с Вопросы локализации, связанные с названиями башнями является Шахристан-3, под южными Тункат (Имлак), требуют проведения дополни- стенами которого вырыт глубокий и широкий тельных археологических исследований ров. Вода в этот ров поступала из Узунсая. За памятников Тункат и Суйирлитепа, а также рвом, на южной стороне раскинулось широкое изыскания соответствующих материалов в поле. На его территории наблюдаются система письменных источниках.

Рисунок 1 - Обследованный объект, возвышенность высотой не менее 2 м., полностью покрытый шлаком.

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Рисунок 2 - Обломки обожженного кирпича, керамических труб, сломанных каменных плиток и рудного шлака.

Рисунок 3 - Обломки полуошлакованной, полуоплавленной рудной плиты.

Рисунок 4 - Труба для кузнечного молота длиной 80 см.

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References:

1. Askarov A.A., Isabekov B.I. (2013) K voprosu 6. Buryakov Yu.F. (1982) Genezis i etapy o lokalizatsii stolitsy srednevekovogo vladeniya razvitiya gorodskoy kul'tury Tashkentskogo Ilak. «Problemy drevney i srednevekovoy istorii oazisa. – T.: Izd. «Fan», 1982, p. 35. Chacha». Otv. red. Sh.S.Kamoliddin. Berlin: 7. Isabekov B.I. (2012) Raskopki khrama na Lambert Academic Publishing, 2013. p. 345 – Suyirlitepa (Materialy polevykh issledovaniy 353. 2012) «Problemy drevney i srednevekovoy 2. Askarov A.A. (2001) Drevneyshiy gorod na istorii Chacha». Otv. red. Sh.S.Kamoliddin. territorii Uzbekistana. «Ekho Istorii». Tashkent, Berlin: Lambert Academic Publishing, Vypusk 2001. 2. p. 35-51. 3. Ashirov S. (2007) “Poteryannaya stolitsa 8. Isabekov B.I. (2017) Okhangaron vodiysining gosudarstva Ilak”// “Pravda Vostoka”. 20.VII. tabiiy-geografik sharoiti va uning antropogen 2007, №140. landshaftining shakllanishi // Imom al Bukhoriy 4. Buryakov Yu.F. (1966) Arkheologicheskie saboқlari. 2017. № 2. p.35-37. materialy po istorii Tunketa i Abrlyga. // V kn. 9. Masson M.E. (1953) Akhangaran. Arkheologo- «Materialy po istorii Uzbekistana. – T.: Izd. topograficheskiy ocherk. – T., 1953. «Fan» Uz. SSR, 1966, p. 76-123. 10. Terenozhkin A.I. (1950) Sogda i Chach. 5. Buryakov Yu.F., Kasymov M.R., Rostovtsev KSIIMK, №33, Moscow. 1950. O.M. (1973) Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki 11. Filanovich M.I. (1983) Tashkent: zarozhdenie i Tashkentskoy oblasti.Tashkent, «Fan», 1973, p. razvitie goroda i gorodskoy kul'tury. Tashkent, 93. 1983, p.131-134.

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Feruza Rashidova reseacher, International Scientific Journal Samarkand State University, Uzbekistan Theoretical & Applied Science

p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online)

Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56

Published: 30.12.2017 http://T-Science.org

SECTION 31. Economic research, finance, innovation, risk management.

UZBEKISTAN-CHINA IS ON THE WAY OF STRENGTHENING BILATERAL RELATIONS

Abstract: The history of the formation and development of small and medium-sized business in China, since the 70s of the XX century, which contributed to the development of the country are examined in this article. Also, the history of formation and development of Uzbek-Chinese relations in the economic sphere, and especially, in the direction of small business and private entrepreneurship in the years of independence is being investigated. Key words: small business, private enterprise, state support of small and medium business, strategic partnership, legal regulation of interstate relations, small enterprises, investment policy. Language: English Citation: Rashidova F (2017) UZBEKISTAN-CHINA IS ON THE WAY OF STRENGTHENING BILATERAL RELATIONS. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 80-86. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-15 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.15

Introduction policy, in which the Republic of Uzbekistan also The relevance of the study is due to the fact that actively participates. small and medium-sized enterprises are very The friendly ties between the Uzbek and important for the normal functioning of the economy. Chinese people have historically been rooted in the Small business and private entrepreneurship have a centuries. It should be noted that China is today an significant impact on the development of the national important strategic partner for the Republic of economy, solving social problems, increasing the Uzbekistan, especially, in the economic sphere. number of employed workers. High rates of Although each of these countries has its own innovations, inventions, rapid growth in the sphere of development path, but they still have much to learn services and employment, healthy competition, from each other. which are leading, from one side, to lower prices, and from other side - to the fact that the consumer History of the development of small business receives products and services in high quality. They and private entrepreneurship in China: Of all the provide an opportunity for the state to receive large countries of the former socialist camp that have funds in the form of tax revenues - all this is the launched political and economic reforms, China is contribution of small enterprises to the economy of the country that has made particularly tangible the country. progress as a result of the transition from the Among the numerous countries, the PRC was previous centrally planned economy to a market able to show it as an economically fast developing system (Dodoboev,2016). entity in which small and medium-sized business Reformation actions began in the late seventies plays a significant role. Small and medium-sized of the last century and went down in history under enterprises are the backbone of China's economy and the name of "Politics of Reform and Openness", the driving force behind its economic development. which focused on the world economy, on the external In many industries, they occupy leading positions. environment, which was fundamentally different Small and medium-sized enterprises have become an from the situation that had developed during this important source of China's economic growth and period of the country's development. their number is growing regularly. Introducing A feature of China's small and medium-sized foreign investments into domestic markets, China in business is the emergence and development of this its turn tries to strengthen its influence in foreign sector of the economy, not in the city but in the markets. This is connected with the investment village, where a family contract was encouraged.

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Later small business began to spread and in the city, has served to further remove obstacles to the which contributed to the reduction of unemployment development of this sector (Rogatov,2005). (Shun Chjan, 2008). Although, according to experts, For these purposes, the Chinese Government in the initial period of reforms there was no coherent creates a "Department of Small and Medium strategic concept of development, and all economic Enterprises", which was led by the National work was aimed at eliminating the disastrous Commission for Development and Reform and the consequences of the economic reform of the past Chinese Center for Business Coordination and period. The effectiveness of this process was reduced Cooperation. Studying the state and needs of small by the reduction of the influence of the central and medium-sized business, they helped government on business and the increase of the value businessmen in various activities, such as training of private capital (Motovits, 2005). personnel, informing about holding negotiation A great role in the development of private processes, monitoring activities, providing assistance entrepreneurship was played by the fact that a large in organizing trade issues, etc. number of wealthy Chinese entrepreneurs who had The central government assisted the business previously emigrated abroad (rich huaqiao) wanted sector in the issues of developing foreign world to invest their money in the development of their space. Thus, with the assistance of the "Chinese homeland. Center for the Coordination and Cooperation of For its part, the Chinese government has Business", from 1990 to 2001, more than 950 undertaken many activities aimed at supporting small international projects for the development of small and medium-sized business. As it was pointed out, and medium-sized business were formed and are already in the nineties a transition was made from a functioning, the implementation of which brought the centralized system of a planned economy to a country more than 7.1 billion dollars in profits market, therefore, it was necessary to reform the (Motovits,2005). In addition, the National financial system. After Deng Xiaoping's trip to the Commission for Development and Reform (NDRC) south of the country in early 1992, many political serves small business and facilitates cooperation with leaders and ordinary people began to accept the domestic and foreign partners. concept of a "socialist market economy". The speech In turn, the Government of China supports the of the country's leader seriously changed public business through the "Credit Guarantee Fund", which opinion and dipped China in the golden time for the works on the developed system. The Foundation development of the private sector, especially, private supports the idea of creating techno parks and enterprises. The number of such enterprises is rapidly innovations. The PRC implemented the policy of a increasing. So, by the end of 1992 the number of developed techno park, SEZ, and this contributed to registered private enterprises reached 139600 - attracting foreign investment, creating opportunities 29.5% more than in the previous year, and the for innovation, development of education. Also, number of employees reached more than 2 million another important body contributing to the people, or 26.1% more than in 1991. Moreover, over development of the country's economy is the state 220,000 former civil servants left their posts, plunged information service CSMEO, which was established into the world of business (Rogatov,2005). in 2001. This service is engaged in the provision of information counseling services for the population State support and legal regulation of small and entrepreneurs in the activities of small and and private entrepreneurship in China: It should medium-sized business through its Internet site. The be noted that in September 1997, the 15th Congress CSMEO network covers all regions of China, which of the CPC recognized that the non-public sector is makes it possible to timely inform the population an important component of the Chinese socialist about the state of the labor market, changes in the market economy, and the existence of various forms current legislation, recent advances in science and of ownership is a key factor in the country's technological inventions, development and status of economic growth. The CCP and the Chinese small and medium-sized business. government began to take measures to protect the In order to further expand the information legally obtained incomes of various enterprises, to network and coordinate the activities of CSMEO encourage the development of all factors of with regard to the creation of a high-quality three- production, to protect the property rights of all types level nationwide system of information services for of enterprises and to provide conditions for free small business, the main information agency "Beijing competition between enterprises. In addition, SME online company" was established in 2003. At amendments to the Constitution in 1999 argue that the first level is the main website in Beijing, which individual business and private enterprises are an has second-level support sites in each region, and the important component of the Socialist market third level includes information networks in all cities, economy. This vivid confirmation of the active role economic zones and municipalities (Pogarskaya, of the private sector in the Chinese national economy 2005). It can be said with certainty that to date there are no problems in the area of finding premises for

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 work, because it is being intensively built, and rental England, France, Italy and Canada. In the same year, payments are insignificant (Kozlov A, China's GDP reached 2.7 billion dollars, or more www.kommersant.ru.). than 2 thousand dollars per inhabitant. This means "The State Fund for the Development of Small that the third doubling of the key indicator of and Medium-sized Enterprises" is financially economic power occurred not in ten, but in just six supported by state structures, protects the level of years (Batova, http://jurnal.org/articles/2010). profitability of the small business sector from the According to 2011, over 6 million small enterprises actions of any structures. Back in 2002, the Chinese operated in the country during this period, which authorities adopted the law "On stimulating the became the driving force of China's economic development of small and medium-sized development. enterprises." The law gave these enterprises equal In August 2013, the Chinese leadership rights with large companies, including access to announced innovations in the tax system of small modern technology, market information and enterprises in the country. According to the proposed financing. The state declared the protection of the amendments, representatives of small business legitimate income of small enterprises and their whose monthly income does not exceed 20,000 yuan, investors against the encroachments of any persons or 3226 dollars, are completely exempt from value and organizations. Serious tax benefits were granted added tax and profit tax (Batova, to enterprises willing to employ a significant number http://jurnal.org/articles/2010). of unemployed and disabled people. As stated in the According to Chinese leaders, the radical law, such enterprises "... receive a tax discount from modernization of the country's economy should be the state or are exempt from taxes, and enjoy tax completed in 2050, which should lead it to the benefits"("On the stimulation of small and medium- number of leaders in terms of economic sized enterprises", 29.06.2009). Small and medium- development. But the result of the work of small sized business were allowed in industries previously business can already be observed at the present time - completely controlled by the state, it retained its the shelves of many shops are packed with cheap influence only in some key sectors of the economy. goods that are produced in small enterprises of the The Chinese government began to place state orders country. at small and medium-sized enterprises. Since 1 To date, the development of this sector of the January 2003, the "Law on the Promotion of SMEs" economy in the country is taking place in several came into force. In February 2005, the State Council directions: the government of the country stimulates, issued a decree on the promotion and support of first of all, the development of private enterprises organized personal farms and small enterprises of all that work in the field of electronics production and sectors of the economy. This was stated in the software development. decisions of the Communist Party of the PRC in the "outline of the 12th Five-Year Plan" (Kulik,2004). Types of small and medium-sized enterprises All these measures led to the rapid development of in China: History tells: in the 80s of the last century this sector, the growth of its profitability. By 2005, the State Council of China adopted the "Provisional China had 4.3 million small and medium-sized Regulations on Private Enterprises of the People's enterprises, as well as more than 28 million Republic of China" (Rogatov,2005). This document individual entrepreneurs. Small and medium business contained a set of legal norms specifying the gave the country more than 80% of jobs. It accounted legalization of the social status of medium and large for 55% of GDP and 60% of industrial output. In business and regulating the most important aspects of addition, the SME sector gave 65% of patents, 75% its economic activities and relations with the state. of technical innovations and more than 80% of In the "Provisional Regulations", an official China's innovative products. And it provided 46.2% definition of a "private" enterprise as an individual of the country's tax revenues and 62.3% of the total (or group of persons) of a profitable economic unit volume of exports. It should be noted that almost with 8 or more employees is given. 99% of all enterprises of the People's Republic of According to the organizational and legal form China belong to small enterprises (with a staff of up private enterprises are divided into three types: to 100 people). And only 0,6% - to the average (with 1. A private sole proprietorship, acting on the the number of employed from 101 to 999). funds of one person. His investor bears unlimited In 2007, China adopted a law on proprietary liability for the company's debt obligations; rights, which granted private parties equal ownership 2. A private enterprise on shares (partnership), with the state and collective. This significantly when at least 2 people on the basis of an agreement strengthened the position of representatives of small invest their capital and conduct joint management, and medium-sized business. As sources indicate, in jointly bear full responsibility for profits and losses; 2007 the total volume of goods and services reached 3. A private limited company (LLC) is an 2.3 trillion. This brought the PRC to the fourth place enterprise with at least two and not more than 50 in the world after the US, Germany, Japan, ahead of investors who are liable in proportion to the amount

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 of capital invested by them. According to the developing on the basis of cooperation in the spirit of "Companies Law of the People's Republic of China", the principles of friendship and mutual trust, the firm the registered capital of the CCW must be no less foundation laid by the First President of Uzbekistan than the statutory minimum amount (100-500 yuan Islam Karimov (Urozov, , №95). depending on the type of activity). At the present stage, the Uzbek-Chinese The CCT is granted the status of a legal entity, cooperation, covering the whole range of relations, is but it is prohibited to issue shares in order to friendly and mutually beneficial. It is based on replenish funds. Private enterprises, as a rule, arise confidential personal contacts between the heads of on the basis of successfully developing family- state. Regular exchanges of visits and summits are owned individual enterprises; a significant part of held, including within the framework of summits of them are former collective, mainly, township and international and regional structures. rural enterprises as they have changed their form of Strong evidence of this can serve as an ownership. They are also created on the basis of established regular exchange of visits by delegations small enterprises of state and collective ownership by of all levels, and, first of all, at the level of heads of transfer to a lease, contract or shareholding. state. In particular, the First President of the Republic When hiring a labor force, an employment of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov made six state and contract is also drawn up. The legal status of wage official visits to the PRC, which became important workers is equated with the status of state workers events in the history of bilateral relations and and employees. contributed to the further expansion and deepening of At the initial stage of development, private the multi-faceted Uzbek-Chinese relations. In turn, enterprises based on individual ownership prevailed, the chairmen of the PRC Jiang Zemin in 1996 and but in the 1990-s the number of private CCAs Hu Jintao visited Uzbekistan in 2004 and 2010 increased more rapidly. (Dodoboev,2016). The sphere of activity of private enterprises covers mainly industry, construction, transport and Legal regulation of Uzbek-Chinese communications. In general, these are small relationship: 170 international legal documents enterprises with an average size of production assets covering various spheres of bilateral relations of 50,000 yuan and an average number of employed Between Uzbekistan and China have been signed. 16 people. Since the early 1990-s the introduction of For example, during the state visit of the President of entrepreneurship in the sphere of services, high the People's Republic of China Hu Jintao to technologies, electronics, automation, production of Uzbekistan in June 2010, the Joint Declaration on the export products have been accelerated. comprehensive development and expansion of Today, the development of the business sector friendship, cooperation and partnership relations was in the PRC is very large and is proceeding at a fast adopted. Along with this, a number of documents on pace, because the state is focused on transferring the cooperation in the technical and economic, non-oil, country from resource-intensive industries and oil and gas spheres and in the field of high enterprises to small business. This characteristic technologies were signed. feature also attracts Uzbek businessmen, because the In addition, an important event in bilateral "Chinese model" of development could justify itself. relations was the official visit of the First President Secondly, friendly relations between our countries of our state to China in June 2012, which not only have not ceased with the blessing of the centuries, strengthened all the significant achievements in which have now become even stronger. Uzbek-Chinese relations achieved over the past years, but also brought them to the level of strategic The first steps for establishment of interaction. During this visit, 45 trades, economic, diplomatic relationship between the Republic of investment and financial agreements and contracts Uzbekistan and the PRC: The basis for the were signed for 5.3 billion dollars. An important development of bilateral relations between states was outcome of the visit was the signing by the heads of laid on December 27, 1991, when the People's state of the Joint Declaration on the Establishment of Republic of China recognized Uzbekistan as a a Strategic Partnership, which defined new directions sovereign state. Diplomatic relations were for the development of mutually beneficial established on January 2, 1992. Over the years, the cooperation (Dodoboev,2016). Uzbek-Chinese partnership has been characterized by The state visit of the Chairman of the People's increasing dynamics in the political, trade-economic, Republic of China Xi Jinping to Uzbekistan in credit, financial and cultural-humanitarian spheres. September 2013 helped consolidate the fundamental Uzbek-Chinese cooperation is multifaceted; the foundations of cooperation between Uzbekistan and level of strategic partnership is constantly increasing. China. During the visit, the Treaty on Friendship and These relations, serving national interests, socio- Cooperation was signed, as well as the Joint economic development, increasing prestige in the Declaration on the Further Development and world arena of our countries, are consistently Deepening of the Strategic Partnership's Bilateral

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Relations. The Strategic Partnership Development During this period, Uzbekistan operated 347 Program for 2014-2018 (2013) and the Joint enterprises with the participation of China's Statement signed in 2016 also constitute the legal investments. In the Ministry of Foreign Economic basis for cooperation between our countries. Relations, Investments and Trade of Uzbekistan, 64 An important component of the systemic representative offices of Chinese companies were development of relations between the two countries registered. These are enterprises operating in the is the Uzbek-Chinese intergovernmental committee sphere of export-import operations, textile industry, on cooperation, the second meeting of which was processing of agricultural products, information held in October 2013 in Tashkent. Within the technologies. framework of this committee, meetings of the In accordance with the loan agreement signed relevant subcommittees are held in such areas as between the National Bank for Foreign Economic trade and economic, cultural and humanitarian ties, Activity of Uzbekistan and the State Development security, energy, transport, science and technology, Bank of China in June 2010, the Bank of China and agriculture. allocated $ 75 million to finance projects of small The exchange of visits at the level of business and private entrepreneurship, investment government delegations is expanding. In 2007-2013, projects in our country. To note, these banks of Uzbekistan visited the premieres of the State Council Uzbekistan and China have been effectively of the People's Republic of China Wen Jiabao and Li cooperating since 2005. During this period, the Keqiang, deputy premier of the State Council Hui National Bank for Foreign Economic Activity of Liangyu, the ministers of public security Meng Uzbekistan presented two credit lines in the amount Jianzhu, foreign affairs - Yang Jiechi and Wang Yi, of $ 80 million to finance the projects of the finance - Xie Xuzhen and others. economy we are studying. Businessmen of Uzbekistan were provided with financial assistance Uzbek-Chinese relationship in the sphere of for 120 projects. small business and private entrepreneurship: In the conditions of the global financial and Currently, both states provide each other with mutual economic crisis, the issue of overcoming its political support in the international arena, including consequences has become an important link in within the framework of the UN, the SCO and other interstate cooperation. In order to solve this problem, authoritative international structures. China has Uzbekistan and China pay special attention to the always supported Uzbekistan's chosen path of expansion of trade, economic, investment and development. In Uzbekistan, in turn, firmly and financial cooperation. unswervingly support the deeply thought-out and Investment cooperation is actively developing balanced political course of the Chinese leadership, in the spheres of oil and gas, mining. For example, its principled policy on the issues of one China, an the Chinese National Oil and Gas Corporation uncompromising struggle against a common enemy, (CNPC) conducts geological exploration work in the such as terrorism, extremism and separatism. Aral Sea, investment blocks of Ustyurt, Bukhara- A significant component of bilateral relations is Khiva and Fergana. The commissioning of the cooperation within the framework of the Shanghai Central Asia - China gas pipeline provided new Cooperation Organization. Our countries attach opportunities for the development of cooperation in special importance to the successful development of the energy sector. the SCO and to active participation in its activities. At the same time, there is a wide field of Cooperation with this Organization is today activity for effective cooperation of Uzbekistan in becoming a serious factor in strengthening stability many branches, including in the field of transport, and security in the region and in the world as a logistics, construction, telecommunications, high whole. technologies. In particular, during this period, Also, Uzbekistan and China attach priority to Uzbekistan and China contributed huge resources to the further strengthening of the strategic partnership, the free industrial and economic zones of “Navoi” the expansion of multifaceted trade, economic, and “Djizak”. investment and financial cooperation based on the Representatives of the Chinese business sphere principles of mutual benefit, consideration of regularly take part in exhibitions, fairs, business interests and equality. forums and conferences held in Uzbekistan, and Touching upon the Uzbek-Chinese relations, it entrepreneurs and farmers of our country take part in is appropriate to note the consistent development of events in China. In China, cotton is cultivated, but in trade, economic and investment cooperation. This is this country there is a great demand for Uzbek confirmed by the fact that China ranks first among cotton. In this regard, representatives of China countries investing in Uzbekistan, second among regularly participate in the traditionally held trade partners. According to sources, the volume of International Cotton Fair in Uzbekistan. At the mutual trade is growing between the two countries. exhibition "Expo 2010" held in Shanghai in 2010, For example, in 2010 this figure was $ 2.85 billion. one of the most visited was the pavilion of

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Uzbekistan. This also shows China's great interest in 2013-2017 made it possible to make the work in this Uzbekistan. The entrepreneurs and farmers of our direction systemic. The agreement on cooperation country are studying China's experience in between the Fund for Reconstruction and developing small business and private Development of Uzbekistan and the Bank for the entrepreneurship, creating new enterprises on financing of investment projects for more than $ 8 Chinese technologies. The potential and billion opens up ample opportunities for opportunities of Uzbekistan in various fields are implementing priority projects for the creation of widely demonstrated in China. Travel companies and modern high-tech industries in various sectors of the firms of Uzbekistan widely promote the economy (Shukurov, №94). opportunities of our country in this direction at the In general, over the past years, Chinese tourism exhibitions and fairs held in China investors have invested almost $ 7.8 billion in the ("Uzbekistan-China: Cooperation is dynamically economy of our country. These investments are developing on the basis of strategic introduced to the creation of techno parks, free partnership",2017). economic zones and other enterprises. They include There is the most-favored-nation regime CNPC in the oil and gas sector, CITIC in the between the two countries, which along with active chemical industry, XCMG in the production of contacts and signed documents contributes to the excavators and etc. steady growth of mutual trade turnover, which Also, the leadership of our country created free already reached $ 5.2 billion in 2013. In the first half economic zones in order to create the most favorable of the next year alone, this indicator exceeded $ 2.6 conditions for the further development of the billion, but overall for the year 2014 the trade economy. Within a short period of time, free turnover between our countries amounted to 4.7 economic zones by attracting direct foreign billion US dollars, that is, slightly less than the investments are developing even more. So, in previous year. If in the first half of 2015 the growth October 2016, by the decree of the President of the of bilateral trade reached 11.7%, then by the end of country Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the special industrial 2016 the volume of mutual trade amounted to 4.2 zone was renamed the free economic zone (JEZ), and billion US dollars (“Narodnoye slovo”, №92). its participants were granted additional privileges and Every year, investment cooperation is preferences. Currently, Chinese companies such as expanding, the number of Chinese companies in Wenzhou Jinsheng Trade, ZTE, Huawei, ZTT, Juita Uzbekistan is steadily growing, and cooperation in Sewing Machine, Fuan Huari Brake Materials, implementing joint projects in the sphere of high Xinjiang Nixian International and others are technologies is actively growing. Every year, the operating here. 10 investment projects worth $ 30 number of Chinese investors has increased, which million in the areas of telecommunications, have invested in the development of small business engineering, energy and building materials. In and private entrepreneurship. If we turn to sources, general, we can say with confidence that further more than 300 enterprises of Chinese investors bilateral relations will develop more intensively, as actively participated in the Uzbek market by 2013. In both sides support each other. 2014, their number grew and from that period 482 enterprises have been operated in our republic with Conclusion the participation of investors from the PRC, Due to the purposeful work on the including 78 enterprises with 100% Chinese capital. establishment of mutually beneficial trade and In addition, by that time, 74 companies of this economic relations, Uzbekistan has established country were accredited. friendly ties with more than 180 countries over the If in 2015 there were 582 joint Sino-Uzbek years of independence. The People's Republic of enterprises operating in Uzbekistan (Information at China is one of the key partners of our country. The MFER), then by 2016 their number was increased to joint cooperation of our states is reflected in 700 (Shukurov, №94). Of these, more than 80 were numerous legal documents. In general, over the past created entirely through investments from China. years between Uzbekistan and the PRC signed 231 During the period 1991-2013, the Government documents of a different nature. A high level of of the People's Republic of China granted Uzbekistan political dialogue has created a stable foundation for a significant amount of grant funds for the the development of trade and economic ties. The implementation of priority socially significant fast-growing economy of Uzbekistan, its favorable projects in various fields. geographical location in the heart of the region, The memorandum signed in September 2013 modern transport communications, a reliable between the Ministry of Foreign Economic investment attraction strategy increase the interest in Relations, Investments and Trade of Uzbekistan and cooperation among China's business circles. the Ministry of Commerce of China on bilateral Undoubtedly, annually growing trade turnover, cooperation in the implementation of technical attraction of new technologies to the economy of our assistance projects in excess of $ 271 million in country have a beneficial effect on the development

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ISRA (India) = 1.344 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.207 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 4.102 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031 and prosperity of the state, as the economies of the build up trade and economic ties, especially, the two countries do not compete, but, on the contrary, intensive development of small business and private complement each other. And this causes the need to entrepreneurship.

References:

1. Dodoboev Yu., Obidov M. (2016) China: Available: http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/ economics, politics, culture. T., "Yangi asr (Accessed: 05.12.2016). Avlodi", 2016. 8. Motovits TG, Liu Jiuhao (2015) History of the 2. Batova IB (2017) Shazhina. Analysis of the development of small and medium-sized development of small business in China. The businesses in China // "Scientists Notes of the material is taken from the site Available: Pacific University" 2015, Volume 6, No. 1. http://jurnal.org/articles/2010/ekon11.html 9. Pogarskaya A.S. (2017) Development and (Accessed: 16.10.2017). support of small business in China / Available: 3. (2017) Law of the PRC "On the stimulation of http://jurnal.org/articles/2010/ekon11.html small and medium-sized enterprises". It was (Accessed: 16.10.2017). adopted at the 28th session of the Standing 10. Rogatov MD, Zhang Yan (2005) State Strategy Committee of the 9th Convocation, on June 29, for the Development of Entrepreneurship in 2002. Material taken from the site: China // Bulletin of the PFUR, ser. Economics, China_law_maliy_biznes. Date of circulation: 2005, No. 1 (11). 20.10.2017. 11. Abu Bakir Urozov (2017) Uzbekistan-China: 4. (2017) Historical step in the development of on the way of further development of strategic strategic partnership. Based on the materials of partnership and friendly relations // The IA "Jahon" // The People's Word of May 10, People's Word of May 13, 2017. 2017 №92. 12. (2016) Uzbekistan - China: a loyal friend and 5. Kozlov A, Ivanov A. (2017) The middle and reliable partner // Date of circulation: small business of China - the history of 13.05.2016. formation. Published on the site: 13. (2016) "Uzbekistan-China: Cooperation is www.kommersant.ru. Available: dynamically developing on the basis of strategic http://www.prostobiz.ua/biznes/razvitie_biznesa partnership" / Available: /stati/sredniy_i_malyy_biznes_kitaya_istoriya_f http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news (Accessed: ormirovaniya (Accessed: 16.10.2017). 13.05.2016). 6. Kulik I.V., Zhang Hongjian (2014) Politics of 14. Shun Zhang (2008) Formation of organizational development of small and medium-sized and economic conditions for the development business in China / / Electronic scientific of small and medium enterprises in China. publication "Scientists notes of the TOGU", Abstract of diss. for the competition uch. step. 2014, Vol. 5, No. 4. Cand. econ. sciences. M., 2008. 7. (2016) The leaders of China and Uzbekistan 15. (2017) www.kreditbusiness.ru Available: discussed the prospects for trade and economic https://ru.exrus.eu/Maliy-biznes-v-Kitaye- cooperation between the two countries. id4e70d3786ccc19126a0006cf (Accessed: Sources: Ministry of Foreign Economic 16.10.2017). Relations, Investments and Trade of Uzbekistan 16. (2016) Available: http://gorchakovfund.ru (Accessed: 13.05.2016).

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SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS Seytkhan Koybakov doctor of technical Sciences, Professor, International Scientific Journal academician of International Academy of Sciences of Theoretical & Applied Science Ecology and Life Safety, Pro-rector on scientific work and international relations, p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online) Taraz State University named after M.Kh. Dulati, Kazakhstan Year: 2017 Issue: 12 Volume: 56 [email protected]

Published: 30.12.2017 http://T-Science.org Muratzhan Maliktayuly doctoral student, SECTION 2. Applied mathematics. Mathematical Taraz State University named after M.Kh. Dulati modeling. Alexandr Shevtsov candidate of technical sciences, member of PILA (USA), department of «Mathematics», deputy director on Science of faculty of Information technologies, automation and telecommunications, Taraz state University named after М.Kh. Dulati [email protected]

SIMULATION MODELS OF CHAOTIC FLOW

Abstract: This paper discusses options of modelling the dynamic characteristics of the process of the aerodynamic flow around the bed of the channel, in a flat non-steady model of turbulent flow. The obtained data about the pressure and speed of flow at various speeds and when the wind gusts up to 40 m/s. Key words: wind, channel, flow, turbulence Language: English Citation: Koybakov S, Maliktayuly M, Shevtsov A (2017) SIMULATION MODELS OF CHAOTIC FLOW. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (56): 87-92. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-56-16 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2017.12.56.16

Introduction Materials and Methods Most of the territory of Kazakhstan is exposed For the simulation of laminar and turbulent air to high winds that cause snow and sand drifts. Water flows with a mixture of different complexes is used: conveyance channels, operated in these conditions, Comsol, Flowvision and others. For modeling reduce bandwidth up to a full stop. The reason for the laminar and turbulent flows of air mixed with drift are turbulent air streams arise in the mainstream particles of snow or sand using various complexes: channel. Consider a mathematical model simulating Comsol, Flowvision and others. the flow of air, full of snow or sand particles impinging on the bed of the canal [1].

Picture 1 – Geometry.

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Picture 2 – Grid of model.

Picture 3 – The flow in the channel using a model of the gap.

In this model we consider the simulation of the channel grid. The gap model is only used in cells of flow in a narrow two-dimensional channel with using the gap. The cell gap of the cell, between the 2 the the model of the gap. gap-forming surfaces. Surfaces are the gap-forming, The gap model is used in conjunction with a if the distance between them does not exceed a given model of the flow and is designed to account predetermined maximum value gap. The cell gap is for resistance created by a narrow channel. The gap determined FlowVision automatically. model allows to avoid the resolution of narrow

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Picture 4 -Velocity distribution.

Picture 5 – The distribution of velocity and pressure in the wind to 10 m/s.

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Picture 6 – The distribution of velocity and pressure in the wind to 20 m/s .

Picture 7 – The distribution of velocity and pressure in the wind to 30 m/s .

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Picture 8 – The distribution of velocity and pressure in the wind to 40 m/s .

Conclusion uniform wind and wind gusts from 10 to 40 m/s. the A mathematical model of the flow around an data Obtained can be used in the analysis and empty channel. The obtained aerodynamic modeling of snow-sensimet and deflation of soils. characteristics of modeling process air flow with

References:

1. Koybakov SM, Zhunisbekov S, Shevtsov AN http://www.energywind.ru/recomendacii/Skoros (2015) ABOUT MODEL AERODYNAMIC t-vetra-Kazakhstan (Accessed:25.01.15). FLOW CHANNEL. ISJ Theoretical & Applied 7. Zhunisbekov S, Koybakov SM, Shevtsov AN Science 01 (21): 190-197. doi: (2014) SOME FEATURES OF http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2015.01.21.32 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF 2. (1984) Ograzhdenie dlya zashchity ob"ektov ot COASTAL MANAGERITALIA. ISJ snezhnykh zanosov. Patent № SU1237735A1. Theoretical & Applied Science 07 (15): 36-42. 3. (2015) Vyazkost'. Available: doi: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%FF%E7%E http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2014.07.15.6 A%EE%F1%F2%FC (Accessed:25.01.15). 8. Shevtsov AN, Alimbaev BA, Manapbaev BZ 4. (2015) Dinamicheskaya vyazkost' gazov i (2013) COMPUTER MODEL OF THE parov. Available: INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS OF http://thermalinfo.ru/publ/gazy/gazy_raznye/din THE DOMAINS IN THE FORM OF MICRO- amicheskaja_vjazkost_gazov_i_parov/29-1-0- CRACKS AT FRACTURE OF METALS. ISJ 316 (Accessed:25.01.15). Theoretical & Applied Science 06 (2): 51-64. 5. Koybakov S.M. (2013) Izobreteniya v oblasti doi: gidrotekhniki i bezopasnosti http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2013.06.2.6 zhiznedeyatel'nosti. –Taraz, TarGU, Taraz 9. Shevtsov AN (2014) SOME QUESTIONS unversiteti, -2013, 112c. SIMULATION OF INTERACTIVE 6. (2015) Srednyaya skorost' vetra v regionakh DYNAMIC SYSTEMS. ISJ Theoretical & Respubliki Kazakhstan. Available:

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Applied Science 01 (9): 5-22. doi: 12. (2015) URAVNENIYa REYNOL''DSA DLYa http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2014.01.9.2 OSREDNENNOGO TURBULENTNOGO 10. (2015) Raschet koeffitsienta dinamicheskoy DVIZhENIYa. Available: vyazkosti gaza. Available: http://studopedia.net/6_34965_uravneniya- http://www.chemway.ru/bd_chem/definition/me reynoldsa-dlya-osrednennogo-turbulentnogo- thods/desc_gas/mu_calc.php dvizheniya.html (Accessed:25.01.15). (Accessed:25.01.15). 13. Sugak EV, Sugak AV (2013) 11. (2015)Vikhrerazreshayushchee modelirovanie MODELIROVANIE TURBULENTNYKh kak odin iz metodov opisaniya turbulentnykh ZAKRUChENNYKh POTOKOV. Available: techeniy. Available: http://www.science-education.ru/107-8312 http://www.inm.ras.ru/laboratory/direct2.htm (Accessed:25.01.15). (Accessed:25.01.15).

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Contents

рp.

1. Chemezov D REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUFACTURING OF A SPEEDOMETER SCALE OF A CAR. … 1-4

2. Zelenova JI, Belgorodskiy VS TRADITIONAL PROTOTYPES TECHNOLOGY LACE. ……………………………………... 5-9

3. Gahramanova ZN ABOUT RESEARCH OF SOME MAIN EARLY MIDDLE AGES CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF AZERBAIJAN (BASED ON MATERIALS OF GARABAKH TERRITORY). …………………………………………………………………………………… 10-12

4. Kanga Y, Guessennd N, Bene K, Yapi AB, Zirihi GN, Mireille D BOTANICAL STUDY AND EVALUATION OF THE IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF 70% ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PIPTADENIASTRUM AFRICANUM HOOK (FABACEAE) ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM URINE.. …… 13-18

5. Chemezov D CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSSES OF LIQUID AT A CYLINDRICAL STRAIGHT PIPELINE SECTION. ……………………………………………………………………………. 19-22

6. Pasechkina TN THE PROBLEM OF FORMATION OF STUDENTS COMMUNICATIVE SELF-EFFICACY AT THE STAGE OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AT THE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT. …………………………………………………………. 23-27

7. Kakhkharov AJ “UZBEK MODEL” OF DEVELOPMENT FAMOUS FOR THE NAME OF ISLAM ABDUGANIYEVICH KARIMOV CURRENTLY APPRECIATED BY THE WORLD COMMUNITY. …………………………………………………………………………………… 28-39

8. Kenjebek kyzy M PREVENTION OF MANIFESTATIONS OF EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM IN THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC. ………………………………….. 40-44

9. Kenjebek kyzy M TOPICAL ISSUES OF COUNTERING RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM IN PRISONS. ………….. 45-49

10. Choriev SS CLASSIFICATION OF THE TURKESTAN ASSR DOCUMENTATION IN THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN. …………………………………. 50-54

11. Khaknazarov KD DAILY ACTIVITIES OF THE YOUTH OF UZBEKISTAN: THEIR TRADITIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONAL PROCESSES. ………………………………………………………. 55-59

12. Muxamedova M PROCESSES OF USING HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS IN TOURIST ROUTES IN UZBEKISTAN (HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY). …………………. 60-63

13. Osipov VS BASIC SOCIAL-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF FAR EASTERN DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT. 64-71

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14. Isabekov BI SUYURLITEPA-THE CAPITAL CITY OF ILOQ. ……………………………………………... 72-79

15. Rashidova F UZBEKISTAN-CHINA IS ON THE WAY OF STRENGTHENING BILATERAL RELATIONS. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 80-86

16. Koybakov S, Maliktayuly M, Shevtsov A SIMULATION MODELS OF CHAOTIC FLOW. ………………………………………………. 87-92

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Scientific publication

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Импакт фактор журнала

Impact Factor 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Impact Factor JIF 1.500 Impact Factor ISRA (India) 1.344 Impact Factor ISI (Dubai, UAE) based on International Citation Report (ICR) 0.307 0.829

Impact Factor GIF (Australia) 0.356 0.453 0.564

Impact Factor SIS (USA) 0.438 0.912

Impact Factor РИНЦ (Russia) 0.179 0.224 0.207 Impact Factor ESJI (KZ) based on Eurasian Citation Report (ECR) 1.042 1.950 3.860 4.102

Impact Factor SJIF (Morocco) 2.031

Impact Factor ICV (Poland) 6.630

Impact Factor PIF (India) 1.619 1.940

Impact Factor IBI (India) 4.260

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Advanced Sciences Index (Germany) SCIENTIFIC INDEXING SERVICE (USA) http://journal-index.org/ http://sindexs.org/JournalList.aspx?ID=202

Global Impact Factor (Australia) http://globalimpactfactor.com/?type=issn&s=2308- International Society for Research Activity (India) 4944&submit=Submit http://www.israjif.org/single.php?did=2308-4944

Sherpa Romeo (United Kingdom) AcademicKeys (Connecticut, USA) http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/search.php?source=jou http://sciences.academickeys.com/jour_main.php rnal&sourceid=28772

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CiteFactor (USA) Directory Indexing of International Research Journals International Institute of Organized Research http://www.citefactor.org/journal/index/11362/theoreti (India) cal-applied-science http://www.i2or.com/indexed-journals.html

CrossRef (USA) DOI (USA) http://doi.crossref.org http://www.doi.org

Journal Index JIFACTOR http://journalindex.net/?qi=Theoretical+%26+Applied http://www.jifactor.org/journal_view.php?journal_id= +Science 2073

Directory of abstract indexing for Journals PFTS Europe/Rebus:list (United Kingdom) http://www.daij.org/journal-detail.php?jid=94 http://www.rebuslist.com

Korean Federation of Science and Technology Kudos Innovations, Ltd. (USA) Societies (Korea) https://www.growkudos.com http://www.kofst.or.kr

Open Academic Journals Index (Russia) Japan Link Center (Japan) http://oaji.net/journal-detail.html?number=679 https://japanlinkcenter.org

Eurasian Scientific Journal Index (Kazakhstan) Collective IP (USA) http://esjindex.org/search.php?id=1 https://www.collectiveip.com/

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THOMSON REUTERS, ResearcherID (USA)

http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-7988-2013

Stratified Medical Ltd. (London, United Kingdom) http://www.stratifiedmedical.com/ Indian citation index (India) http://www.indiancitationindex.com/

SJIF Impact Factor (Morocco) Index Copernicus International (Warsaw, Poland) http://sjifactor.inno-space.net/passport.php?id=18062 http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/masterlist.php?q=2308-4944

InfoBase Index (India) http://infobaseindex.com Электронно-библиотечная система «Издательства «Лань» (Russia) http://e.lanbook.com/journal/

RedLink (Canada) THOMSON REUTERS, ORCID (USA) https://www.redlink.com/ http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7689-4157

TDNet Library & Information Center Solutions (USA) Yewno (USA & UK) http://www.tdnet.io/ http://yewno.com/

RefME (USA & UK) https://www.refme.com

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International Academy of Theoretical & Applied Sciences - member of Publishers International Linking Association (USA) - international Association of leading active scientists from different countries. The main objective of the Academy is to organize and conduct research aimed at obtaining new knowledge contribute to technological, economic, social and cultural development.

Academy announces acceptance of documents for election as a member:

Correspondents and Academicians

Reception of documents is carried out till January 25, 2018. Documents you can send to the address [email protected] marked "Election to the Academy members".

The list of documents provided for the election:

1. Curriculum vitae (passport details, education, career, scientific and research activities, achievements) 2. Photo ( jpg) 3. List of publications 4. The list of articles published in the scientific journal ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science on the requested section: * to correspondents is not less than 7 articles * academics (degree required) - at least 25 articles.

Detailed information on the website http://www.t-science.org/Academ.html

______The Presidium Of The Academy

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International Academy of Theoretical & Applied Sciences - member of Publishers International Linking Association (USA) - международное объединение ведущих активных ученых с разных стран. Основной целью деятельности Академии является организация и проведение научных исследований, направленных на получение новых знаний способствующих технологическому, экономическому, социальному и культурному развитию.

Академия объявляет прием документов на избрание в свой состав:

Член-корреспондентов и Академиков

Прием документов осуществляется до 25.01.2018. Документы высылаются по адресу [email protected] с пометкой "Избрание в состав Академии".

Список документов предоставляемых для избрания:

1. Автобиография (паспортные данные, обучение, карьера, научная и исследовательская деятельность, достижения) 2. Фото ( jpg) 3. Список научных трудов 4. Список статей опубликованных в научном журнале ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science по запрашиваемой секции: * для член-корреспондентов - не менее 7 статей, * для академиков (необходима ученая степень) - не менее 25 статей.

Подробная информация на сайте http://www.t-science.org/Academ.html

______The Presidium Of The Academy

1 Signed in print: 30.12.2017. Size 60х84 8 «Theoretical & Applied Science» (USA, Sweden, KZ) Scientific publication, p.sh. 18.00. Edition of 90 copies. http://T-Science.org E-mail: [email protected]

Printed «Theoretical & Applied Science»

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