Globalization’s Contradictions Since the 1980s, globalization and neoliberalism have brought about a comprehen- sive restructuring of everyone’s lives. People are being ‘disciplined’ by neoliberal economic agendas, ‘transformed’ by communication and information technology changes, global commodity chains and networks, and in the Global South in particular, destroyed livelihoods, debilitating impoverishment and disease pan- demics, among other disastrous disruptions, are also globalization’s legacies. This collection of geographical treatments of such a complex set of processes unearths the contradictions in the impacts of globalization on peoples’ lives. Globalization’s Contradictions firstly introduces globalization in all its intricacy and contrariness, followed by substantive coverage of globalization’s dimensions. Areas that are covered in depth are: • globalization’s macroeconomic faces • globalization’s unruly spaces • globalization’s geopolitical faces • ecological globalization • globalization’s cultural challenges • globalization from below • fair globalization Globalization’s Contradictions is a critical examination of the continuing role of international and supranational institutions and their involvement in the political and economic management and determination of global restructuring. Deliberately, this collection raises questions, even as it offers geographical insights and thought- ful assessments of globalization’s multifaceted ‘faces and spaces’. Dennis Conway is Professor of Geography and Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. Nik Heynen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. Globalization’s Contradictions Geographies of discipline, destruction and transformation Edited by Dennis Conway and Nik Heynen I~ ~~o~;!;n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2006 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2006 Dennis Conway and Nik Heynen Typeset in Times New Roman by Book Now Ltd The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information in this book is true and accurate at the time of going to press. However, neither the publisher nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. In the case of drug administration, any medical procedure or the use of technical equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Conway, Dennis, 1941– Globalization’s contradictions: geographies of discipline, destruction, and transformation/Dennis Conway and Nik Heynen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Globalization. 2. Neoliberalism. I. Heynen, Nik, 1973– II. Title. JZ1318.C6578 2006 303.48Ј2–dc22 2006005462 ISBN 13: 978–0–415–77061–3 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–415–77062–0 (pbk) For Kira, Riley, Fletcher and Birkley May they grow up in a more socially just world Contents List of illustrations x List of contributors xi Preface xiii PART I Globalization and neoliberalism: dominating disciplines 1 1 Globalization’s dimensions 3 DENNIS CONWAY AND NIK HEYNEN 2 The ascendancy of neoliberalism and emergence of contemporary globalization 17 DENNIS CONWAY AND NIK HEYNEN PART II Globalization’s many dimensions 35 Globalization’s macroeconomic faces 37 Financial globalization 3 Global fi nancial architecture transitions: mutations through “roll-back” neoliberalism to technocratic fi xes 39 ADAM TICKELL Corporate globalization 4 Multi-local global corporations: new reach – same core locations 49 SUSAN M. WALCOTT Technological globalization 5 Systems of production and international competitiveness: prospects for the developing nations 65 DANIEL C. KNUDSEN AND MOLLY KOTLEN viii Contents Globalization’s unruly spaces 77 The globalization of labor 6 Globalization of labor: increasing complexity, more unruly 79 DENNIS CONWAY Illegal globalization 7 Unruly spaces: globalization and transnational criminal economies 95 CHRISTIAN ALLEN Globalization’s geopolitical faces 107 Political globalization 8 Geopolitical globalization: from world systems to global city systems 109 DENNIS CONWAY AND RICHARD WOLFEL Geographical globalization 9 Globalization has a home address: the geopolitics of globalization 127 JOHN AGNEW Cultural globalization 10 The globalization of culture: geography and the industrial production of culture 144 DON MITCHELL AND CLAYTON ROSATI The globalization of fear 11 The globalization of fear: fear as a technology of governance 161 BYRON MILLER PART III Alternative visions: constructive, democratic and hopeful 179 Ecological globalization 12 The neoliberalization of the global environment 181 NIK HEYNEN AND JEREMIA NJERU Contents ix Globalization’s cultural challenges 13 Globalization’s cultural challenges: homogenization, hybridization and heightened identity 196 NANDA R. SHRESTHA AND DENNIS CONWAY Globalization from below 14 Globalization from below: coordinating global resistance, alternative social forums, civil society and grassroots networks 212 DENNIS CONWAY Towards “fair globalization” 15 Towards “fair globalization”: opposing neoliberal destruction, relying on democratic institutions and local empowerment, and sustaining human development 226 DENNIS CONWAY AND NIK HEYNEN References 242 Index 281 Illustrations Tables 1.1 A hyperactive, runaway world: a new form of global capitalism? 5 1.2 Indicators of globalization, 1980–2003 10 4.1 Top 500 global companies by country 51 4.2 Industries by country and average profi t ($US million) 51 4.3 US foreign direct investment in China 58 8.1 International organizations 112 11.1 US foreign policy and the war on terror: countries of the Global South (2002) 173 11.2 Middle East/Asia Minor opinions on the United States 174 11.3 Muslims’ views of democracy (2003 and 2002) 175 Figures 4.1 Location and amount of foreign direct investment in China 56 4.2 Location of national-level high- and new-technology parks in China 60 4.3 Profi t centers for high-technology exports 61 9.1 Twenty-fi ve years of declining rates of profi t for fi rms in major industrialized countries, 1955–1980 136 9.2 How average plant size in the United States has shrunk, 1967–1999 137 9.3 World net migration by country, 2000 140 Contributors John Agnew is a Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of California, Los Angeles, with research interests in Political Geography, Inter- national Political Economy, European Urbanization, and Italy. Christian Allen is a Franklin Fellow in the Department of Geography at the University of Georgia, Athens, with research interests in Economic Geography, Political Economy, and Transnational Crime. Dennis Conway is a Professor in the Department of Geography at Indiana University, Bloomington, with research interests in Migration, Development, Urbanization-housing and Land Markets, and Caribbean Small Island Develop- ment Problems. Nik Heynen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, with research interests in Urban Political Ecology, Political Economy, and Social Theory. Daniel C. Knudsen is a Professor in the Department of Geography at Indiana University, Bloomington, with research interests in Economic Geography, Cultural Geography, and Landscape and Tourism Geography. Molly Kotlen is an MA candidate in the Department of City and Regional Plan- ning at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, with research and career interests in City Planning. Byron Miller is a Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Calgary, Canada, with research interests in Urban Political Geography and Social Theory. Don Mitchell is a Professor in the Department of Geography at Syracuse Univer- sity and Director of the People’s Geography Project. His research interests include Economic Geography, Cultural Geography, and the Production of Landscape. Jeremia Njeru is a PhD candidate in the Department of Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, with research interests in Urban Political Ecology and Sub-Saharan African Geography. xii Contributors Clayton Rosati is a Visiting Research Associate and Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Vermont, Burlington, with research interests in Economic Geography and Cultural Geography. Nanda R. Shrestha is a Professor in the School of Business at Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, with research interests in Economic Development and Cultural Change, and the Political Economy of Nepal. Adam Tickell is a Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol, UK, with research interests in Economic Geography and Political Economy. Susan M. Walcott is a Professor in the Department of Anthropology and Geography at Georgia State University, Atlanta, with research interests in Urban Geography, Economic Geography, and East Asia. Richard Wolfel is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, with research interests