Staging Tudor Royalty: Religious Politics in Stuart Historical Drama (1603–1607)
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STAGING TUDOR ROYALTY: RELIGIOUS POLITICS IN STUART HISTORICAL DRAMA (1603–1607) by Scott James Schofield A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of English University of Toronto © Copyright by Scott James Schofield (2010) STAGING TUDOR ROYALTY: RELIGIOUS POLITICS IN STUART HISTORICAL DRAMA (1603–1607) Scott James Schofield Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of English, University of Toronto 2010 ABSTRACT Staging Tudor Royalty: Religious Politics in Stuart Historical Drama (1603– 1607) examines the plays and pageantry about the Tudor royals in the context of three major events: the Hampton Court Conference (1604), the Anglo-Spanish Peace Negotiations (1603–1604) and the Gunpowder Plot (1605). Chapter 1 provides an historical survey of the political and legal controversies concerning religious belief and practice from Henry VIII’s creation of the royal supremacy (1533–1534) to Elizabeth’s final year as queen (1603). Chapters 2 through 5 comprise four case studies, each of which centres on a play or pageant about the Tudor royals and its relationship to one of the aforementioned events. Chapters 2 and 3 examine Thomas Heywood’s If You Knovv Not Me, You Know No Bodie (1604) and Samuel Rowley’s When You See Me, You Know Me (1604), dramatizations of Elizabeth’s years as princess and the later years of Henry VIII’s reign respectively, in light of the puritan campaigns for church reform and religious toleration surrounding the Hampton Court Conference. Chapter 4 examines the uses of the Tudors in Thomas Dekker’s The Magnificent Entertainment , a detailed account of James’s royal entry of March 1604. In particular, I focus on the London-Dutch community’s celebration of Tudor religious and economic commitments to the Protestant Low Countries in relation to the early Stuart negotiations for an end to the Anglo-Spanish war. Chapter 5 discusses Thomas Dekker’s allegorical rendering of the later decades of ii Elizabeth’s reign, The VVhore of Babylon (1607), as a commentary on the Stuart government’s response to Jesuit insurgency following the Gunpowder Plot. In order to situate these plays and pageants in their precise contexts, each of the four case studies incorporates a variety of historical evidence ranging from royal proclamations to religious polemics, from stories of martyrdom to state trials. This thesis offers a topical reading of play and pageantry in which the Tudor past engages with the seminal political- religious issues and controversies of early Stuart England. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While researching and writing this thesis I was awarded University of Toronto Open Fellowships and Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Graduate Fellowships. I am grateful to both the Department of English and the CRRS for their generous support. I am also grateful to the Folger Shakespeare Library and the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library for permission to include the scanned images found in this thesis. Many individuals have assisted and encouraged me over the years. I begin with my advisory committee. Anne Lancashire, my supervisor, has shown incredible patience and understanding while waiting for me to complete this dissertation. Her support, both personal and professional, is a major reason why after many years I completed this degree. I am equally indebted to Randy McLeod. I am particularly grateful for his complete dedication to my work, especially in the final stages. In addition to his reading and re-reading, editing and re-editing countless drafts, he has taught me the importance of taking pride in my ideas and standing proudly behind them. Leslie Thompson’s comments, particularly her final corrections to the thesis, were very helpful. I must also give special thanks to Joseph Black. His external report was thorough and the comments and questions he made at the oral examination were thoughtful. Many other friends have been helpful over the years. Michael Ullyot read various chapters in the cramped quarters of a carrel at Robarts Library. His comments on my thesis, and our conversations on early modern literature and culture, have made me a better scholar. Travis DeCook, Peter Grav, Andrew Wallace and many others have also assisted by offering comments on different chapters. I am thankful for their thoughts and for their friendship. I am also grateful to Kim Yates, Stephanie Treloar, Milton Kooistra iv and the entire CRRS community. For many years now the Centre has been my second home. I must also acknowledge my wonderful family. My parents explained to me from an early age the importance of pursuing your passion. My completion of a PhD is one result of that teaching. Many other family members have also shown their support over the years. Rejane Cote, in particular, ensured that I had space and time to complete an important section of the thesis. Finally, and most importantly, I must thank Carine. From the beginning to the end she has been my most ardent supporter, and for this reason I dedicate this dissertation to her. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Preliminaries iii-xi Introduction 1 Chapter 1: State Religion and Individual Belief: the Post-Reformation Debate from Henry VIII to Elizabeth I 14 a) Henry VIII 15 b) Edward VI 23 c) Mary I 27 d) Elizabeth I 30 Chapter 2: “We are her subject, and obay her hest”: Thomas Heywood’s 49 If You Knovv Not Me, You Know No Bodie (Part One) and the Politics of Toleration, c.1603–1605 Chapter 3: Tudor Frustrations and Hopes: When You See Me, You Know Me 82 and the Stuart Political-Religious Controversies of 1603–1604 Chapter 4: The Tudor Legacy of Pan-Protestantism: The Dutchmen’s Pageant, 120 Anglo-Spanish Peace Negotiations, and The Magnificent Entertainment (1604) Chapter 5: After the Gunpowder Plot: Imagining Elizabethan Crisis in 146 Thomas Dekker’s The VVhore of Babylon (1607) Coda 188 List of Works Cited and Consulted 190 vi TRANSCRIPTIONS AND CITATIONS OF EARLY MODERN TEXTS As many of the texts quoted in this thesis do not appear in modern editions, I have chosen to quote directly from early sixteenth- and seventeenth-century editions. Diplomatic transcriptions of early printed titles in the thesis, including the footnotes and the Works Consulted, are either from original sources housed in University of Toronto collections or from Early English Books Online (EEBO). All transcriptions of early modern texts are in unregularized old-spelling, with u/v, i/j, and vv/w represented in their original forms. Long s and ragged r are represented as s and r respectively. For modern editions of early modern texts (e.g. The Statutes of the Realm ), I follow the edition’s orthography. The initial letters of all principal words in titles are capitalized throughout according to MLA style. Spacing and indentation are also standardized in accordance with MLA. The title of Thomas Heywood’s play on Elizabeth, for instance, appears on the title-page to the first quarto of 1605 as: My transcription reads: “If You Knovv Not Me, You Know No Bodie: or, The Troubles of Queene Elizabeth .” and “If You Knovv Not Me ” on all subsequent entries . Since early modern texts are notoriously mispaginated, I cite signatures throughout (e.g. B3v–B4r). All dates follow the Tudor-Stuart calendar year beginning on 1 January (i.e. where 1 January 1604 immediately follows 31 December 1603), instead of the legal year beginning on 25 March (i.e. where 25 March 1604 immediately follows 24 March 1603). vii Transcriptions and Citations of Modern Texts All citations are footnoted in full on first reference, and appear in shortened form on subsequent occasions. Parenthetical referencing is used only for early modern texts quoted extensively throughout the thesis. All other referencing conforms to MLA style. viii ABBREVIATIONS CSPD Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Edward VI–Elizabeth I . Eds. Robert Lemon and M.A. Everett Green. 12 vols. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1856–72; James I–Charles I . Eds. John Bruce et al. 23 vols. 1858–1897. CSPV Calendar of State Papers: Relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, and in Other Libraries of Northern Italy . Eds. Rawdon Brown and G. Cavendish Bentinck. 38 vols. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1864–1947. EHR English Historical Review ELR English Literary Renaissance HJ Historical Journal HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission . Calendar of Salisbury (Cecil) MSS . London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1860–1976. JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History ODNB The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . 2nd ed. 2004–2008 ODNB Online . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography <http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb>. OED Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online . Oxford University Press <http://dictionary.oed.com/>. RQ Renaissance Quarterly SCJ Sixteenth-Century Journal SEL Studies in English Literature SP National Archives. State Papers . Domestic. James I (on microfilm at the Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies (CRRS), University of Toronto). Larkin&Hughes Stuart Royal Proclamations . Eds. James E. Larkin C.S.V. and Paul L. Hughes. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973–1983. SQ Shakespeare Quarterly SR Statutes of the Realm . Eds. Alexander Luders et al. 11 vols. London: Royal Commission, 1810–1828. SS Shakespeare Survey SStud Shakespeare Studies STC A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, & Ireland . 2 nd edition. Comp. A.W. Pollard and G.R. Redgrave. Rev. and Enl. by W.A. Jackson, F.S. Ferguson, completed by Katherine F. Pantzer. 3 vols. London: The Bibliographical Society, 1976–1991. ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Blind Justice from Foxe’s Actes and Monuments (London, 1583) page STC 11224. 5 Figure 2 Image of Henry VIII enthroned from the title-page to The Great Bible (London, 1539) STC 2068. 17 Figure 3 “The Miraculous Preseruation of Lady Elizabeth, nowe Queene of England” in John Foxe, Actes and Monuments (London, 1583) STC 11225.