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Home , Aquaponics, Crop, Fish emulsion

Introduction: David Cline, USAS President Elect Introduction: David Cline, USAS President Elect Presented by: Recirculating Pond Management D. Allen Pattillo Local & Aquaculture Extension Aquaculture Business Iowa State University - NCRAC Development • Integration of: • Aquaculture • Wastewater treatment • • Artificial ecosystem • Closed-loop • Low environmental impact • High yield

 Effluent mitigation for EPA compliance  Reduce expense of effluent filtration  Maintains high quality for 2x growth rate of Prolonged individual plant life Year-round production in controlled environments  make up more than 75% of aquaponic production value  Frequency and consistency of plant production aids in marketing & cash flow Less space required per plant Vertical production allows more efficient use of space Recirculating Aquaculture Systems 5-15% daily exchange Aquaponics 1.4% daily exchange Water lost in waste purging

 http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2015-2-march-april/innovate/why-aquaponics-could- Potential co-products revolutionize--production http://keepcaliforniafarming.org/produce/california-lettuce/

Romaine Comparison Irrigated Agriculture (California) 10-35 gal/m2/day Aquaponics 2-3 gal/m2/day 78-94% water savings Al-Hafedh, Y. S., A. Alam, M. S. Beltagi. 2008. Food Production and Water Conservation in a Recirculating Aquaponic System in Saudi Arabia at Different Ratios of Fish Feed to Plants. J. World Aqua. Soc. 39:4. pp. 510-520. Most soil pathogens eliminated Enhanced plant growth without stress

http://forums.gardenweb.com/discussions/2090164/what-is-this-soil-pathogen- Efficiency of combined business model Potential for automation Plants can be grown at desired height

No weeding!!!! http://www.urbanorganicgardener.com/2015/11/vertical-farms-across-the-world/

• Extreme shifts in temperatures between seasons • Affects plants, fish, and bacterial community • Climate control can help • Consider seasonal production https://www.denverlibrary.org/blog/chris/altius-quartet-set-debut-their-rendition-vivaldis-four- seaons-central-library •Consider • Temperature • Water Quality Tolerance • Light Conditions • Market Outlets/Preference • Salinity • Availability • requirements • Price and Economic Viability • For a raft hydroponic system the optimum ratio varies from

• For example: • 1,000 g feed per day will fertilize 16.7 m2 for a feeding rate ratio of 60 g/m2/day. 0.25 - 1.0 kg 0.35 – 1.38 kg Oxygen CO2

0.25 - 0.5 kg 1 kg Feed Waste Solids

0.18 - 0.4 kg 0.025 - 0.055 kg Alkalinity NH3 & NH4 • Approximately given to fish is excreted as , based on dry weight. • If solids are not removed: • Depletes dissolved oxygen • Clogs pipes • Kills nitrifying • Causes problems and • Options • Filter pads are • Settling chambers/Clarifiers ideal, but expensive • and bead filters • Screen filters Daily Testing • Dissolved oxygen (DO) • Temperature• pH Twice Weekly Testing • Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) • • • Alkalinity Twice Monthly Testing • Phosphorus • • Calcium hardness • Potassium  Surface Area  Living Space for the  Competition for that Space  Food  ammonia or nitrite aquaponicsplan.com  > 0.07 mg / L  Good Living Conditions  Dissolved Oxygen going into the >4 mg/L  pH 7.2 – 8.8

 Alkalinity > 200 mg / L as CaCO3 + NH4

NH3 • The fish, plants and bacteria in aquaponic systems require adequate levels of maximum health and growth. Feed = • Multiple rearing tanks, staggered production • four rearing tanks • Stock & every 6 weeks • All-in/all-out production (per tank) • Single rearing tank with multiple size groups of fish • 6-month growout tank would have 6 size groups of fish • monthly grading and harvest of fish • restock equal number of fingerlings

Harvest & Harvest & Stock Stock Stock Plants provide critical filtration!! Single rearing tank with multiple size groups of plants • 6-week growout time for plants will require • Harvest plants weekly or bi-weekly • restock equal number of seedlings SOW SEEDS Week 1 Week 2 TRANSPLANT Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 HARVEST Fish

Bacteria

Optimal

Plants to 7.2 to 6.5 Fish feed provides 10 out of 13 macro and micro • Iron • Chelated Iron (EDTA) • Calcium • Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) • (Ca(OH)2)

• Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) • Potassium • Potassium chloride (KCl) • (KOH) Yellowing, reduced growth rates, and reduced flavor quality can be caused by nutrient imbalances

Deficiencies related to source water and feed additives • Organic solids may tend to clog aggregates such as , sand and • Creates anaerobic conditions (low DO) • Kills plant roots • Kills beneficial bacteria • Can be mitigated by adding worms to aggregate substrate to process organics •Use to reduce the effects of biofouling •dissolved organic matter promote the growth of filamentous bacteria restricts flow within pipes • Spaghetti tubes will likely clog - avoid • Juvenile tilapia in drain lines reduce biofouling by on bacteria • Lower water temperatures reduce biofouling • Periodic pressure flushing • must not be used to control insects and plant diseases because many are toxic to fish and none have been approved for use in food fish culture. •Therapeutants for treating fish parasites and diseases may harm beneficial bacteria and may absorb and concentrate them. •Few safe treatments •Prevention is best •Consider biologicals •Parasitic wasps, lacewings, ladybugs… • •Bt for caterpillars •Take advantage of gravity •Lower likelihood of water flow imbalance •Lower energy usage •Take advantage of vertical growing opportunities • Maximize profit per square foot ISU System Hydroponic Component

5 - Blower 5

•Biofilter Material Vol. = 0.063 m3 •Bio-FillTM •800 m2/m3 •Total filtration surface area ~ 51.6 m2 •Solids filter pads •30” x 32” •0.62 m2 •Water Collection •Pumping • Nutrient supplementation •Iron •Calcium •Alkalinity Buttercrunch Bibb Lettuce

Nile Tilapia

Oreochromis niloticus Money-Maker

Barramundi Lates calcarifer Italian Large leaf

•Tilapia

•Trout • •Yellow • •Sturgeon •Grass Carp (Triploid) •Redclaw •Freshwater •Lettuce •Basil • •Tomatoes • •Strawberries •Microgreens •Edible Flowers •Stevia •Bok Choi •Medicinal Herbs •Floating Rafts •Media Beds (flood & drain) • (NFT) • Vertical Growing Systems • Stacked floating rafts •Freshwater Aquaponics •Balanced Nutrient Systems •Feed in = Plant Uptake •Decoupled Aquaponic Systems • Independent RAS & Hydroponic Systems •Saltwater Aquaponics • Possible shrimp & salt-tolerant plants • Outdoors • Glass • Basement/Garage •Storefronts •Urban Settings •Warehouse •Schools •High-Tunnel Greenhouse •Polycarbonate Greenhouse •Sunlight •Fluorescent •High Pressure (HPS) •Light Emitting Diode (LED) •Induction

http://www.agtus.org/knowledgebase/ •Solar •Wind

http://wteinternational.com/investments/read http://cleantechnica.com/2014/04/21/real- y-to-finance-projects/20mw-solar-power- innovation-wind-energy/ plant-in-sri-lanka/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_hea t_pump •Geothermal

•Solar http://royalsolarshop.com/index .php/product/solar-water- •Biological heater/ ()

http://smallfarms.cornell.edu/2012/10/01/com post-power/ http://www.low • Composting worms es.com/creative- ideas/gardening- and- • Compost/worm castings outdoor/regions /southern- http://www.sheknows.com/home-and- california/new- /articles/997647/worm-composting organic- • Compost Tea products/article • • • Carbon Credits?? • Others?? Depends on: • Facility Costs • System Costs • Operational Costs • Revenue Streams • Do your due diligence! a) Capital and operational expenditures b) Potential revenues c) Break-even points http://suntrace.de/typo3temp/pics/fb74fc6358.jpg Water Electricity Natural Gas

Capital Costs Labor (amortized)

Other Operational Costs

System boundary and flowchart All calculations based on operational data collected during 2012-2013

Italian large leaf basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

64 Key Assumptions for three scales Scale ISU 10 X ISU 300 X ISU Capacity Grow bed area(m2) 7.56 75.6 2041.20 Model 16’x18’ 21’x72’ 90’x96’ Greenhouse No. 1 1 3 Model 50 ggallonl 500 ggallonl 500 gallon Fish tank No. 1 1 30 Maximum fish biomass is 120 kg/m3 As size increases, 250.00 annual cost per unit Tilapia 200.00 area decreases “Economies of Scale” exponentially Basil 150.00 (economies of scale) y = 220.99x-0.32 due to increased 100.00 -0.32 Cost ($/kg ($/kg biomass/y) Cost y = 370.95x R² = 0.91 production efficiencies R² = 0.91 50.00 Annual cost per unit of basil produced Annual cost per unit of tilapia produced

Annual Unit 0.00 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Grow Bed Area (m2)

Annualized system unit cost (total cost per unit of biomass produced) 1,500,000 $100/kg Annual system 1,300,000 profits with 1,100,000 $80/kg various basil 900,000 prices (for a $60/kg 700,000 constant tilapia sales price of 500,000 $40/kg 300,000 $9 /kg) $20/kg Annual Profit Annual Profit ($/y) 100,000

-100,000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 $15/kg -300,000

-500,000 $10/kg Grow Bed Area (m2) 40,000 $100/kg Annual system profits with 30,000 $80/kg various basil 20,000 prices (for a $60/kg constant 10,000 tilapia sales $40/kg 0 price of $9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 /kg) $20/kg Annual Profit Annual Profit ($/y) -10,000

$15/kg -20,000

-30,000 $10/kg Grow Bed Area (m2) •Economies of scale apply

operation size, cost per unit produced, overall profitability • aquaponics should be profitable when: • Grow bed area > 75 m2 • Basil price @ $60/kg ($27/lb) • Necessary for winter months and indoor culture • Efficiency is critical to economic viability • Light spectrum and photoperiod affects fruiting of plants LED Wet Basil LED HPS Wet Basil Value ($/m2/yr) $745 $405 Net Benefit ($) $434.89 $47.63

•Producers •Handlers •Processors •Food Suppliers www.fightbac.org •Consumers • Food safety is a concern • little is known about foodborne diseases in aquaponics systems • Foodborne diseases • Annually responsible for 48 million illnesses (1 in 6 Americans) • Result in $77 billion economic burden annually • Specific concern with aquaponics http://dhhs.ne.gov/publichealth/EPI/Pages/Foodborne.aspx • Proximity of fish culture water to edible plant culture • Fish generally not regarded as a food safety threat in aquaponics • Temperatures of culture water are low • Thought that establishment of pathogens may be promoted however • (e.g. Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp.) • Potential for survival and growth is really unknown • Evaluation of this assumption is needed Painter et al. 2013 1. Raw 2. Wrinkly •High Surface Area 3. Sticky •Covered in Wax GAPs include: GAPs help reduce contamination risks for: • Food Safety Plan •Soil •Water •Hands •Surfaces

PM 1974A – On- Food Safety: Guide to Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) http://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/On-farm-Food-Safety-Guide-to- Good-Agricultural-Practices-GAPs Food Safety Plan What goes in a food safety plan? 1. Production steps 2. Hazard analysis 3. Control points 4. Monitoring strategies 5. Adjustment protocols 6. Documentation PM 1974A – On-farm Food Safety: Guide to Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) http://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/On-farm-Food-Safety-Guide-to- Good-Agricultural-Practices-GAPs • Rapidly cool the core body temp to below 37⁰ F using an ice bath • Store fish on ice until processed • Be aware of regulations associated with processing • Iowa Department of Inspections and Appeals Hollyer et al. 2009. On-farm Food Safety: Aquaponics. http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/fst-38.pdf • Rapidly cool plant to food-safe temp. ASAP! • Clean produce appropriately • Store plants under proper temps until consumed • Be aware of regulations associated with processing • Iowa Department of Inspections and Appeals • www.NCRAC.org • http://www.nrem.iastate.edu/fisheries/ This webinar series is presented by the USAS, NCRAC, NAA and USDA grant #2012-38500-19550

Questions about this webinar series should be directed to [email protected]