Report No. 1684-TU Turkey Agricultural Sector Survey (In Two Volumes) Public Disclosure Authorized Volume II: Annexes June 23, 1978 Projects Department Europe, Middle East and North Africa Regional Office FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank This docUment has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents mray not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS- DECEMBER 1976 / US$1.00 = 16.5 Turkish Lira (LT) LT 1.00 = us$o.o6 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metric System British/US System 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds 1 metric ton (ton) = 2,205 pounds 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch 1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet 1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 mile 1 hectare (ha)=10 deca es (da) = 2.47 acre 1 square kilometer (kmc) = 0.386 square mile 1 liter (1) = 0.264 gallon 1 cubic meter (m3 ) = 35.28 cubic feet 1 million cubic meters (Mm3) = 810.7 acre feet 1 liter per second (1/sec) = 0.04 cubic feet per second GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS DSI - Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources' General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works EBK - Meat and Fish Organization FFYP - First Five-Year Plan (1963-1967) LRO - Land Reform Organization MA - Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock MF - Ministry of Forestry MVA - Ministry of Village Affairs SEE - State Economic Enterprise SFYP - Second Five-Year Plan (1968-1972) SIS - State Institute of Statistics SPO - State Planning Organization TCZB - Agricultural Bank TEK - Turkish Electricity Authority TFYP - Third Five-Year Plan (1973-1977) TMO - Soil Products Office TOPRAKSU- MVA's General Directorate of Land and Water Resources Development TSEK - Milk Organization TSF - Turkish Sugar Factories Corporation TZDK - Agricultural Supply Organization GOVERNMENT OF TURKEY FISCAL YEAR March 1 - February 28 LI At the time of the mission's visit to Turkey, On March 31, 1978, the exchange rate was US$1,00 = 25,25 LT. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TURKEY AGRICULTURAL SECTOR SURVEY VOLUME II - ANNEXES TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. ANNEX 1 Irrigation Development . ... 1. 2 Agricultural Prices and Subsidies Policies . 31 3 Land Tenure and Reform . 81 4 Agricultural Education, Research and Extension . 99 5 Organization and Management of Public Institutions in Agriculture . .. .111 6 Land Use, Crop Production and Forestry . 136 7 Demand Projections and Supply Trends for Agricultural Commodities X . 178 8 Development of the Livestock Subsector .. 198 MAPS IBRD 12729 Irrigation Development IBRD 12758R Climatic Conditions for Crop Production IBRD 12810 Areas Covered by Bank-financed Projects and Public Infrastructure in the Livestock Subsector Idw O Wedus It s-oAmW My asoe dk -w W ANNEX I TURKEY AGRICULTURAL SECTOR SURVEY Irrigation Development A. Irrigation Resources and Their Development Need for Irrigation 1. Climatic conditions vary widely throughout Turkey from the warm sub- tropical climates in the coastal areas to severe continental conditions on the Anatolian Plateau and in the Northeast. Rainfall is unreliable and variable throughout the country making irrigation a major factor in increasing and stabilizing agricultural production. Irrigation also permits greater crop diversification. The average annual precipita'ion and variations in irriga- tion requirements by region are presented in Table 1. 2. Irrigation is an important factor in improving agriculture's con- tribution to the national economy. With the large proportion of Turkey's population ane employment relying on agriculture, the potential improvements resulting from irrigation are becoming increasingly important. Irrigation, if properly planned, developed and managed, coupled with adequate fertilization, crop selection and cultivation practices, can increase and stabilize agricul- ture's contribution to the economy. Land and Water Resources 3. Of the total area of Turkey, approximately 780,000 km2, an estimated 53.7 million ha (83%) are suitable for agricultural use. At present, about 28.2 million ha are being cultivated and the remaining 25.5 million ha of agricultural land are in meadows and grasslands. Land classification surveys indicate that 18.2 million ha of the cultivated land can be considered arable and, of this, about 13.2 million ha are suitable for irrigation. 4. Records show an estimated average annual surface water runoff of 166 billion m3 available in Turkey (Table 2). Of this amount, about 80 billion m3 could physically be developed for irrigation uses. Groundwater reserves are estimated to have an annual yield capability of about 8 billion m3. This total potential annual water supply of 88 billion m3 would be adequate to serve about 8.5 million ha of land. While ultImate irrigation development goals are oriented toward this 8.5 million ha of arable land, economic con- straints may bring the optimum irrigable area to about 65% of this figure, i.e. about 5.5 million ha. Past Irrigation Development 5. Irrigation has been practiced in Turkey for a very long time and some systems developed under the Ottoman Empire are still in operation. Only -2- ANNEX 1 in recent decades, however, have Turkish authorities encouraged and assisted in the large-scalce development of irrigation schemes. Since the establishment of the general directorates of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) in 1953 and Land and Water Resources Development (TOPRAKSU) in 1960, the rate of irrigation development has markedly increased. The high priority given to irrigation since the introduction of state planning in the early 1960's has added impetus to public irrigaZtion development. 6. During the period from 1963 to 1972, 52% of the total investment in agriculture was for water and soil development. By the end of 1972 irrigation regulation and conveyance faci lities had been completed to convey water to about 2.3 million ha. Of this amount, 12 million ha were privately developed and 1.1 million ha were served by public irrigation facilities (Map IBRD 12729). 7, og>'2k-o on development of new public irrigation facilities during the past four years has been mixed (Table 3), During the four-year period from 1973 to 1977, irrigation water control and delivery facilities were com- pleted for an estimated 250,000 ha in large-scale projects and 186,000 ha in small-scale scheaas. 1/ This has brought the total area under state-developed irrigation fraci1ities to about 1.5 million ha. Over the same period, land leveling had been completed on about 136,000 ha, with land consolidation com- pleted on 13,t&C' ha and tile drainage on about 33,000 ha, for a total to date of 246,000 ha, 42'/iGCO ha and 100,000 ha, respectively. Recent performance, thus, shows that the implementation rate for on-farm development work has increased :ed.-; ive to that for major works. In absolute terms, however, the gap bebt:een off X-f and on-farm works completed has grown by about 20% between 1972 and 19IJ7. 27 8. For g land irrigated from state-developed irrigation systems, about n of the u.-a;d:c. is provided from storage reservoirs, 36% by direct diversion fiio!i ,treams without storage, and 4% from tube wells. For the privately deveIcopad irrigation systems, water is supplied by small direct- f low divesiurG Jaro-_ a-.d tube wells, 9. lx $-:. i; p,Th'ir irigation schemes constructed during the last concrete and the dis- decac2-U.e rac-t ` i n -.d sGercndary canals are lined tribtition aare concrete-lined canals, canalets, or concrete pipe. A re1iaMlitav.io:, z,rosi- is underzay to improve and line most of the canals in on 1/ T!i; ' i t!X-i large- and small-scale projects is made whAV.-9, qirE! a water supply larger or smaller than 500 1/sec. 2/ On th(, alssuravire th.-t on-farm development was completed in all small- iL " -.Ea covered by these projects and that which - 11z tle1i: totals 506,000 ha in 1972 and 828 ha in 1976, K oI ± gap of 556,000 ha and 669,000 in 1972 and 1976, ).Y - 3 ANNEX I the older public schemes. TOPRAKSU and DSI are also providing technical assis- tance and materials, through credit arrangements to farmers associations, for rehabilitation of private irrigation systems. 10. Reports from DSI and TOPRAKSU indicate that of the 1.5 million ha in public irrigation schemes, about 960,000 ha (or 64%) are adequately irrigated. The remaining 540,000 ha are under irrigation delivery systems judged to be inadequately irrigated or not realizing the full potential from irrigation, due to inadequate on-farm development including land leveling, drainage facilities, and on-farm distribution systems. However, field observations indicate that, in addition to the reported 540,000 ha, part of the 960,000 ha under major works is also inadequately or improperly irrigated, mostly due to the lack of effective farmer training and extension services, improper land preparation at the farm level, absence of suitable farm implements, and lack of interest by farmers to fully utilize the irrigation infrastructure provided. The area in public irrigation schemes where the full production potential is being realized is estimated at about 500,000 ha, or one-third of the area served by major infrastructure and one-half of the area cropped in these schemes. 11. The area served by public irrigation schemes continues to grow at a rapid rate propelled by large investment allocations for major works, while the land and water resources in the already completed schemes are seriously underutilized. Underutilization of irrigation water is associated with inefficient water management both at the project and at the farm level. Con- tinuation of the traditional flooding technique along with inadequate drainage is common and can even be found in Bank-financed projects.