PERRANARWORTHAL NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN EVIDENCE REPORT V.3 APRIL 2021

WORKING DRAFT

Perranarworthal NDP Steering Group PERRANARWORTHAL PARISH COUNCIL

Document Control Version Details & Date Author/Checker V1 First draft created 23/02/21: basic frame and structure, and insertion SBF/Steering of existing content group mtg V2. First complete draft 6/4/2021 for feedback: NOTE that gaps remain SBF/ Steering group mtg V3. 23/04/21 Initial feedback incorporated: NOTE table, figure and map SBF numbers to be inserted and cross referenced in next version

IMPORTANT NOTE: THIS IS A ‘LIVE DOCUMENT’ THAT IS CONTINUOUSLY UPDATED AS NEW DATA BECOMES AVAILABLE. THE VERSION ON THE NDP WEBSITE WILL BE UPDATED REGULARLY.

Last Save Date: 23/04/2021 14:22:00

All maps © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 OS (100063184) 2020. Use of this data is subject to the following terms and conditions: You are granted a non-exclusive, royalty free, revocable licence solely to view the Licensed Data for non- commercial purposes for the period during which Perranarworthal Parish Council makes it available. You are not permitted to copy, sub-license, distribute, sell or otherwise make available the Licensed Data to third parties in any form. Third party rights to enforce the terms of this licence shall be reserved to O WORKING DRAFT

PERRANARWORTHAL NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2021 EVIDENCE REPORT

Table of Contents 1. Introduction...... 5 Purpose ...... 5 Format ...... 5 Sustainable Development ...... 5 Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ...... 6 2. Designated Area...... 6 3. Our Community ...... 1 Planning Policy Background ...... 1 National Planning Policy Framework 2019...... 1 Cornwall Local Plan...... 1 Other plans and studies ...... 3 Baseline ...... 4 Settlement Hierarchy ...... 4 Population Growth and Age Structure ...... 4 Household Composition ...... 6 Ethnicity and National Identity ...... 6 Religion ...... 6 Health and Well Being ...... 6 Qualifications ...... 7 Socio-Economic Position ...... 7 Sexual Orientation ...... 8 Deprivation ...... WORKING DRAFT ...... 8 Life Expectancy ...... 10 Conclusions ...... 10 Related Community Engagement Feedback ...... 11 Key issues and implications for the NDP ...... 12 4. Housing ...... 13 Planning Policy Background ...... 13 National Planning Policy Framework 2019 ...... 13 Cornwall Local Plan 2016 ...... 14 Baseline ...... 14 House Price and Affordability ...... 14 Tenure ...... 15 Occupancy Rates ...... 16 Second Homes ...... 16 Housing Size Mix ...... 16 Household Size ...... 16 Housing Need in Perranarworthal Parish ...... 17 Market Demand ...... 19 Self and Custom build ...... 19 Housing Provision to Date ...... 20 Brownfield Land Register ...... 20 Related Community Engagement Feedback ...... 20 Key issues and implications for the NDP ...... 21 5. Economy and Employment ...... 23

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 1

Planning Policy Background ...... 23 National Planning Policy Framework 2019...... 23 Cornwall Local Plan...... 23 Other plans and studies ...... 24 Baseline ...... 25 Economic Activity ...... 25 Employment Categories ...... 25 Unemployment and Benefits ...... 25 Occupation of Residents ...... 25 Level of Jobs Held ...... 26 Jobs in the Parish ...... 26 Jobs outside the Parish ...... 26 Workspaces ...... 26 Tourism ...... 28 Superfast Broadband ...... 28 Agricultural and Land Based Rural Business Diversification...... 28 Working from Home and Home Based Businesses ...... 29 Related Community Engagement Feedback ...... 29 Key issues and implications for the NDP ...... 29 6. Infrastructure and Community Facilities ...... 31 Planning Policy Background ...... 31 National Planning Policy Framework 2019...... 31 Cornwall Local Plan...... 31 Other plans and studies ...... 32 Baseline ...... 32 Village shops...... 32 Community Halls and otherWORKING facilities ...... DRAFT 32 Churches...... 32 Pubs...... 33 Community Initiatives and Groupings ...... 33 Availability of Funding for Community Initiatives ...... 33 Schools...... 34 Access to Health Care...... 34 Community Assets ...... 34 Recreation spaces and sports pitches...... 35 Development Infrastructure ...... 37 Related Community Engagement Feedback ...... 37 Key issues and implications for the NDP ...... 40 7. Green Infrastructure, Biodiversity and Geo Diversity ...... 42 Planning Policy Background ...... 42 National Planning Policy Framework 2019...... 42 Cornwall Local Plan...... 42 Other plans and studies ...... 43 The Environment Bill 2020 ...... 44 Baseline ...... 45 Trees and Woodlands ...... 45 Hedgerows ...... 45 Areas of Great Landscape Value ...... 47 Water Quality and Water Resources ...... 47 Mineral Resources ...... 49 Geodiversity ...... 49 Soil Resources ...... 49 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) ...... 49 Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area ...... 54 Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 2

County Wildlife Sites ...... 54 Green Infrastructure Network ...... 54 Air Quality ...... 54 Noise ...... 54 Net Biodiversity Gain ...... 56 Related Community Engagement Feedback ...... 56 Key issues and implications for the NDP ...... 56 8. Landscape ...... 58 Planning Policy Background ...... 58 National Planning Policy Framework 2019...... 58 Cornwall Local Plan...... 58 Other plans and studies ...... 58 Baseline ...... 59 Local Landscape Character Assessment ...... 59 Dark Skies ...... 60 Related Community Engagement Feedback ...... 61 Key issues and implications for the NDP ...... 61 9. Heritage and Design ...... 63 Planning Policy Background ...... 63 National Planning Policy Framework 2019...... 63 Cornwall Local Plan...... 63 Other plans and studies ...... 63 Baseline ...... 65 Related Community EngagementWORKING Feedback ...... DRAFT 65 Key issues and implications for the NDP ...... 65 10. Accessibility and Connectivity (Transportation) ...... 67 Planning Policy Background ...... 67 National Planning Policy Framework 2019...... 67 Cornwall Local Plan...... 67 Other plans and studies ...... 68 Baseline ...... 68 Rail Network ...... 68 Bus Network ...... 68 Road Network ...... 69 Availability of Cars and Vans ...... 71 Parking ...... 71 Public Rights of Way, Cycleways, footpaths and bridleways ...... 72 Related Community Engagement Feedback ...... 72 Key issues and implications for the NDP ...... 72 11. Climate Change (including drainage and flood risk) ...... 74 Planning Policy Background ...... 74 National Planning Policy Framework 2019...... 75 The Cornwall Local Plan: Strategic Policies...... 75 Other plans and studies ...... 76 Cornwall Climate Change Development Plan Document ...... 77 Baseline ...... 77 CO2e Emissions in Perranarworthal Area ...... 77 Flood Risk ...... 79 Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 3

Generation Potential ...... 83 1. Wind Turbines ...... 83

...... 85 Suitable for Wind Band C Turbines ...... 85 2. Solar Arrays ...... WORKING DRAFT 86 3. Geothermal ...... 86 4. Heat Pumps (air to air and air to water)...... 86 5. Biomass boilers...... 86 6. Microgeneration...... 87 7. Hydro Electric Generation...... 87 Current Provision of Renewable Energy ...... 87 Related Community Engagement Feedback ...... 87 Key issues and implications for the NDP ...... 87 12. SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS ...... 0 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT RESULTS ON PLAN SCOPE ...... 0 SUMMARY KEY ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS ...... 0

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 4

1. Introduction.

Purpose 1.1. This document is a summary of the evidence collected so far in producing the Perranarworthal Neighbourhood Development Plan (NDP), to be used as a basis for setting a broad vision and objectives for the NDP and justifying its planning policies.

Format 1.2. The evidence summary describes the baseline condition in Perranarworthal Parish, following a set of themes which equate approximately to the themes that might be covered in a Strategic Environmental Assessment. These are:

• Our Community [HYPERLINK]

• Housing [HYPERLINK]

• Economic Development and Employment [HYPERLINK]

• Infrastructure and Community Facilities [HYPERLINK]

• Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity[HYPERLINK]

• Landscape, Heritage and Design [HYPERLINK]

• Accessibility and transport [HYPERLINK]

• Climate Change [HYPERLINK] 1.3. Each section startsWORKING with a policy overview, reviewing the keyDRAFT national, regional and local policies for the topics considered, drawn from the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2019), the Cornwall Local Plan 2016 (CLP), and other relevant documents. 1.4. Next follows the key baseline data for the theme being considered. 1.5. Any relevant community engagement results are then noted. 1.6. The section completes by drawing on the preceding information to highlight the key issues the Perranarworthal NDP may need to cover.

Sustainable Development 1.7. The purpose of the planning system is to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development, that is, meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (NPPF 2019 Para 7). 1.8. Sustainable development has three inter-dependent objectives:

• Economic: to help build a strong, responsive and competitive economy • Social: to support strong, vibrant and healthy communities • Environmental: to contribute to protecting and enhancing our natural, built and historic environment 1.9. The NPPF says these objectives must be delivered through Plans, which ‘should play an active role in guiding development towards sustainable solutions, but in doing so should take local circumstances into account, to reflect the character, needs and opportunities of each area’ (NPPF 2019 Para 9). It therefore sets a presumption in favour of sustainable development and requires that Plans should positively seek opportunities to meet the development needs of the area and be flexible to adapt to rapid change (NPPF 2019 Para 11).

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 5

1.10. The NPPF goes on to require that Neighbourhood plans support the delivery of strategic policies contained in local plans and should shape and direct development that is outside of these strategic policies (NPPF 2019 Para 13).

Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 1.11. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda) includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to stimulate action in areas of critical importance for humanity and the planet, which should underpin the NDP. The SDGs are: Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere. Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation. Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries. Goal 11: Make citiesWORKING and human settlements inclusive, safe, DRAFT resilient and sustainable. Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development.

(Source: Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development).

2. Designated Area. 2.1. The area formally designated (on 16th April 2018) by Cornwall Council for the Perranarworthal NDP is the entire area of the Parish. 2.2. The Parish comprises approximately seven and a half square kilometres (slightly less than three square miles) of land with a distinctly rural character, including part of the St Gluvias Area of Great Landscape Value and is immediately to the north of the South Coast Central section of the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The entire area is a Designated Rural Area under the Housing Order 1981. The Parish has four main areas of settlement, Perranwell, Greenwith, Tarrandean, Churchtown and Perranwharf. 2.3. The Designated Area is shown on Map 1 below.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 6

Map 1: Perranarworthal Neighbourhood Development Plan

3. Our Community

Planning Policy Background

National Planning Policy Framework 2019. 3.1 Key messages from the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) 2019 include -

• The social role of the planning system should support ‘support strong, vibrant and healthy communities, by ensuring that a sufficient number and range of homes can be provided to meet the needs of present and future generations; and by fostering a well-designed and safe built environment, with accessible services and open spaces that reflect current and future needs and support communities’ health, social and cultural well-being (Para 8b). • Planning policies ‘should aim to achieve healthy, inclusive and safe places’ which promote social interaction, including opportunities for meetings between people who might not otherwise come into contact with each other, are safe and accessible, so that crime and disorder, and the fear of crime, do not undermine the quality of life or community cohesion, and enable and support healthy lifestyles, where this would address identified local health and well-being needs (Para 91). • To support the Government’s objective of significantly boosting the supply of homes, planning should ensure that sufficient amount and variety of land can come forward where it is needed, that the needs of groups with specific housing requirements are addressed and that land with permission is developed without unnecessary delay (Para 59) • Planning policies and decisions should: o plan positively for the provision and use of shared space, community facilities (such as local shops,WORKING meeting places, sports venues, cultural DRAFT buildings, public houses and places of worship) and other local services to enhance the sustainability of communities and residential environments o support the delivery of local strategies to improve health, social and cultural well being o guard against the unnecessary loss of valued facilities and services, particularly where this would reduce the community’s ability to meet its day-to-day needs o ensure that established shops, facilities and services are able to develop and modernise in a way that is sustainable, and retained for the benefit of the community o ensure an integrated approach to considering the location of housing, economic uses and community facilities and services (Para 92)

Cornwall Local Plan. 3.2 Perranarworthal Parish is listed under the Falmouth and Penryn Community Network Area, with a population of 44,740 in 2014. Falmouth and Penryn are the focus for the majority of the CNA’s growth required to accommodate the majority of the dwelling requirement for the CNA.

3.3 The objectives for the Community Network Area, some of which are particularly relevant to Perranarworthal, are: Objective 1 – Housing Growth - Manage the location and distribution of housing growth and the delivery of an appropriate mix of housing…. development in the villages should focus on meeting affordable housing needs. Objective 2 – Employment - Encourage employment opportunities, particularly in relation to the Universities at Falmouth and Penryn, Falmouth Docks / Port of Falmouth and tourism. Objective 3 – Falmouth Town Centre - Maintain Falmouth as a strategic shopping centre… Objective 4 – Community Services and Facilities - Improve community services and facilities to overcome current shortfalls within the existing community and to meet further demand resulting from growth.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 1

Objective 5 – Sport, Leisure and Tourism - Consider the location of sports and leisure facilities, harnessing the full potential of the waterfront and its opportunities for employment, leisure and tourism. Objective 6 – Transport Infrastructure - Ensure that transport infrastructure, including essential car parking and sustainable transport modes, is adequate to support growth. This includes tackling issues of congestion such as at key junctions …. as well as improving accessibility to local services and facilities. Objective 7 – Economic Development, Environment and Coast - Provide a strategic framework to balance economic development, maritime industries, access to the coast, flood risk management and protection of the environment, including respecting the natural environment within the towns and the rest of the community network area. Address the relationship between Falmouth and Penryn, and around the villages within the community network area, to preserve their separate identities.

3.4 The CLP (Policy 16) aims to improve the health and wellbeing of Cornwall’s communities, residents, workers and visitors, by:

• requiring that development should protect, and alleviate risk to people and the environment from unsafe, unhealthy and polluted environments by avoiding or mitigating against harmful impacts and health risks; • not causing increased risk to human health from air pollution or exceeding EU standards; • maximising the opportunity for physical activity through the use of open space, indoor and outdoor sports and leisure facilities and providing or enhancing active travel networks that support and encourage walking, riding and cycling; • encouraging provision for growing local food in private gardens which are large enough to accommodate vegetable growing or greenhouses or through the provision of allotments; and • providing flexible community open spaces that can be adapted to the health needs of the community and encourage social interaction. • The CLP also reflectsWORKING the NPPF requirements that the needsDRAFT of the local community are met, including through affordable housing provision. • The Cornwall Council ‘Settlements: Hierarchy and Settlement Categories: 2012 Update’ identifies the settlements that are the most sustainable in terms of the level of facilities available.

FIGURE 2: ‘SETTLEMENTS: HIERARCHY AND SETTLEMENT CATEGORIES: 2012 UPDATE’ CATEGORIES EXPLAINED. The Cornwall Local Plan document ‘Settlements: Hierarchy and Settlement Categories: 2012 Update’ identifies which settlements are the most sustainable in terms of the level of facilities available by establishing a settlement hierarchy: Category A – identified as the strategically significant towns in Cornwall, and are the main employment and service centres; Category B – identified as market and coastal towns that are locally significant and contain a good range of housing, employment, and community facilities and services; Category C – identified as small towns and villages that meet local needs for some services and facilities and employment; Category D – smaller settlements that perform an important role in their local areas, i.e. ‘rural service centres’; Category E – those settlements that do not meet the criteria for category D but are considered important in their immediate local area and contain a primary school or general store; Category F – those settlements that that do not meet the criteria for category E but contain a travel to work bus or rail service and either a general store or a meeting place. Category O - Uncategorised - These settlements have little or no facilities and are not on travel to work routes.

The higher the category a settlement falls into, the more can new development be allocated. Settlements that fall into the ‘A’ and ‘B’ categories could be allocated a significant proportion of the adopted housing growth target as these are the settlements that contain the highest level of facilities, the majority of employment opportunities, and so on, and this is a requirement of current Government guidance. Category ‘C’, ‘D’ and some ‘E’ settlements are all important to their local areas and are likely to be allocated an appropriate level of growth to meet local needs for housing and employment, and to help support existing services and facilities. Some Category ‘E’ and

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 2

Category ‘F’ settlements provide good travel to work transport links to nearby larger settlements and contain some community facilities and could therefore be considered as appropriate locations for development. The is not intended to be prescriptive and that the expectations in terms of development and growth are not necessarily identical for settlements under each category. Local characteristics and constraints – e.g. landscape designations or flood risk – will be vital considerations in determining future levels and types of growth. Category ‘O’ settlements which look to or function together in a similar way to a larger settlement may be able to ‘cluster’ to accommodate new development and release opportunities fr improved public transport, walking and cycling routes etc. https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/3640460/Settlement-Strategy-Update-Final.pdf

Other plans and studies 3.5 ‘Ready for aging?’ the report of the Select Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change, warns that society is underprepared for the ageing population. (51% more people aged 65 and over and 101% more people aged 85 and over in England in 2030 compared to 2010; and a 90% increase in people with moderate or severe need for social care). The report says that the housing market is delivering much less specialist housing for older people than is needed and steps need to be taken to ensure that the housing needs of the older population are better addressed. It notes that an adequate supply of suitably located, well-designed, supported housing for older people, could result in an increased release onto the market of currently under- occupied family housing, expanding the supply available for younger generations. It recommends making specific mention of older people’s needs when drawing up Local Plans.

3.6 ‘Natural Solutions’ from the New Economics Foundation highlights evidence from recent studies demonstrating how the natural world can deliver well-being aims such as health, education, urban regeneration, community cohesion and crime reduction through increased physical activity in, and contact with, the natural WORKINGenvironment. DRAFT 3.7 'Fair Society, Healthy Lives’, the Marmot Review included a supplementary report which found that there is overwhelming evidence that health and environmental inequalities are linked and that poor environments contribute significantly to poor health and health inequalities’. It proposed various actions, those of relevance to neighbourhood planning being to improve active travel; improve good quality open and green spaces; improve the quality of food in local areas; improve the energy efficiency of housing and support local community regeneration programmes that encourage community participation and action and reduce social isolation.

3.8 ‘The Cornwall Health and Wellbeing Strategy’ aims to ensure that people in Cornwall will live longer, happier, healthier lives and recognises that good health and wellbeing must be everyone’s responsibility. Ensuring that Neighbourhood Planning works alongside the health agenda and includes actions that link to the wider determinants of a happy and diverse community is essential.

3.9 The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda) includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to stimulate action in areas of critical importance for humanity and the planet, including in the social theme: Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere. Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 3

Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. (Source: Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development)

Baseline

Settlement Hierarchy 3.10 In the Cornwall Council ‘Settlements: Hierarchy and Settlement Categories: 2012 Update’ 3.5 Under this categorisation ‘Perranwell with Perranarworthal’ is identified as a Category D settlement, and the smaller settlements of Greenwith, Tarrandean and Goonvrea as being in a ‘cluster’ with that settlement. Therefore none of Perranarworthal Parish settlements are in a category that would attract significant levels of development. Population Growth and Age Structure 3.11 The most recent and most complete snapshot of the community is the 2011 Census and the annual Mid-Year estimates prepared by ONS.

DATE PERRANARWORTHAL CORNWALL SOUTH WEST ENGLAND PARISH 2001 1520 499,114 4,928,434 49,138,831

2011 1528 WORKING532,273 DRAFT5,288,935 53,012,456

2018 1644 569,600 5,624,700 56,287,000

POPULATION 2011 2018 2011 2018 2011 2018 2011 2018 CHANGE 0.6% 8.2% 6.6% 14.1% 7.3% 14.1% 7.9% 7.9%

FIGURE 3: POPULATION GROWTH 2001 TO 2011 Source: NOMIS Census 2001 Usually Resident population Table KS001 Census 2011 Usually Resident population Table KS101EW ONS Special Table Parish11 02 17 p0p est.

3.12 As shown in Figure 3, the population of Perranarworthal slightly increased between 2001 and 2011, but then grew more rapidly to 2018, although at a lower rate in comparison to Cornwall and the South West of England. In 2018 the Parish usual residents’ population was 1644 persons, compared to 1533 in 2001.

3.13 Between 2002 and 2018 the proportion of young children (0 to 4 years) slightly increased from 3.3% to 3.%, whilst school age (5 to 14) decreased from 12.3% to 9.7%, and the proportion aged 15 to 19 had also decreased from 5.5 % to 4.6% The proportion of ‘young workers’ (aged 20 to 49) was 27.7% in 2002, but had dropped to 23.7% by 2018. The proportion of ‘older workers and early retirees’ (aged 50 to 64) had also reduced from 27.1% in 2002 down to 22.4% by 2018. The proportion of OAPs present in the Parish in 2002 was 24.1% in 2002 and increased substantially to 35.8% by 2018. This demographic change is represented in Figures 4 and 5 below, indicates an ageing population and has implications for the future housing needs mix for the Parish.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 4

Figure 4: Age Structure Change 2002 to 2018 2002 2018 0 to 4 3.3% 3.7% 5 to 9 4.9% 4.3% 10 to 14 7.4% 5.4% 15 to 19 5.5% 4.6% 20 to 24 2.8% 3.4% 25 to 29 1.7% 2.6% 30 to 34 3.6% 3.0% 35 to 39 6.0% 3.5% 40 to 44 8.2% 5.2% 45 to 49 5.5% 6.0% 50 to 54 9.0% 6.9% 55 to 59 9.9% 7.7% 60 to 64 8.2% 7.8% 65 to 69 7.1% 9.5% 70 to 74 7.2% 10.4% 75 to 79 5.2% 7.0% 80 to 84 2.4% 4.7% 85 to 89 1.4% 2.9% 90+ 0.7% 1.3%

3.14 Looking forward, the numbers of older people can be expected to continue growing, implying a need for more smaller accessibleWORKING dwellings for people to ‘downsize’ DRAFT into without needing to leave the Parish, and for the improvement of local facilities which can contribute to meeting the needs of the elderly. Recent new development, particularly the ‘rural exception’ affordable housing development at Melingey Valley, may also lead to the retention of more younger people, which means that provision of services to meet their needs should be maintained and enhanced.

Figure X Population Change by Life Stage Groups 40.0% 35.8% 35.0%

30.0% 27.7% 27.1%

23.7% 24.1% 25.0% 22.4%

20.0%

15.0% 12.3% 9.7% 10.0% 5.5% 4.6% 5.0% 3.3% 3.7%

0.0% 0 to 4 5 to 14 15 to 19 20 to 49 50 to 64 65+

2002 2018

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 5

Figure 5: Mid-Year Estimates 2002 and 2018 by 5 year age cohorts, Perranarworthal Parish 12.0% 10.4% 9.9%

10.0% 9.5% 9.0% 8.2% 8.2% 7.8% 7.7%

8.0% 7.4% 7.2% 7.1% 7.0% 6.9% 6.0% 6.0% 5.5% 5.5%

6.0% 5.4% 5.2% 5.2% 4.9% 4.7% 4.6% 4.3% 3.7% 3.6% 3.5%

4.0% 3.4% 3.3% 3.0% 2.9% 2.8% 2.6% 2.4% 1.7%

2.0% 1.4% 1.3% 0.7%

0.0% 0 to 4 5 to 9 10 to 15 to 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 45 to 50 to 55 to 60 to 65 to 70 to 75 to 80 to 85 to 90+ 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89

2002 2018 Poly. (2002) Poly. (2018)

Household Composition 3.15 The parish was homeWORKING to a similar proportion of single person DRAFT households (HHs) at 30.2%, as for England (30.2%) and Cornwall (30.1%). However, a higher proportion of these (19.1%) were 65 and over single person HHs than England (12.4%0 and Cornwall (14.8%). On the other hand, the Parish had a higher proportion of one family HHs (65.5%) than England (61.8%) and Cornwall (63.6%). [Source Census 2011 Table KS105EW)

3.16 There were slightly more one family households (65.5%) comparted to England (61.8%) and Cornwall (63.6%). Family households where all the occupants were 65 or over was 16.6%, compared to England (8.1%) and Cornwall (10.8%). Of all households, a higher proportion were married and a lower proportion were cohabiting (28.4% : 6.3%) than in England (33.2% : 9.8%) and Cornwall (33.9% : 10.1%), and there were fewer lone parent HHs (5.2%) than in England (10.6%) and Cornwall (8.8%). [Source Census 2011 Table KS105EW) Ethnicity and National Identity 3.17 Turning to ethnicity, in 2011 the Parish was 99.1 % white, compared to England (85.4%) and Cornwall 98.2%). Some 10.1% identified themselves as ‘Cornish’ compared 9.9% in Cornwall. [Source Census 2011 Tables KS 201EW and KS202EW]. 96.5% were born in the UK, compared to 95.6% for Cornwall and 86.2% for England. 1.0% were from the EU, compared to 1.8% in Cornwall and 3.7% in England. About 2.2% came from other countries, compared to 2.4% for Cornwall and 9.4%% for England [Source Census 2011 Table KS204EW] Religion 3.18 About 65.2% of people claimed to ‘have religion’ of which 98.7% asserted to Christian, compared to England (68.1% : 87.2%) and Cornwall (61.2% : 97.8%). [Source Census 2011 Table KS209EW] Health and Well Being 3.19 Some 81.7% of the usually resident population said they were in good or very good health, 14.3% said they were in fair health, and 4.1% said bad or very bad health. This compares well to England (81.4% : 13.1% : 5.5%) and Cornwall (78.8% : 14.9% : 6.3%). The local proportion saying that their day-to-day activities were

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 6

limited a lot by ill health was 7.2% compared to 8.3% in England and 10% in Cornwall. About 15.2% said they provided unpaid care for another person, compared to 10.2% in England and 11.9% in Cornwall. Some 2.9$ said they provided 50 hours unpaid care a week, a similar figure to England and Cornwall. [Source Census 2011 Table KS301EW] Qualifications 3.20 The population of the Parish had a much higher proportion with level 4 (degree level) and above qualifications, at 41.3%, compared to 27.4% for England and 25% for Cornwall. The proportion holding levels 2 to 3 qualifications (inc. apprenticeships) was 33.3% compared to 31.2% in England, and slightly lower than 35% in Cornwall. The Parish had a much lower proportion of less well educated people than is usual in comparison to other areas, with 14.3% of the population having no qualifications, compared to England (22.5%) and Cornwall (22.4%), and a smaller proportion with level 1 (9.6% compared to 13.3% in England and 13.4% in Cornwall).[Source Census 2011 Table KS501EW] Socio-Economic Position

3.21 The National Statistics Socio-economic Classification shows the structure of socio-economic positions and gives an impression of social class, which can be suggestive of the wealth and life chances of the population of an area, in comparison to others.

Figure XX:National Statistics Socio-economic Classification for Perranarworthal Percent of All Usual Residents Aged 16 to 74. Source: Census 2011 Table KS611EW to KS613EW 30.0 25.0 25.0 WORKING DRAFT 20.9 20.5 20.0 17.2 17.1 15.9 14.9

15.0 14.0 12.8 11.3 11.2 11.0 10.9 10.4 10.2 9.4

10.0 9.0 8.3 7.5 6.9 6.9 6.3 5.6 5.6

5.0 3.9 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.2 0.5 0.0 1. Higher 2. Lower 3. 4. Small 5. Lower 6. Semi- 7. Routine L14.1 Never L14.2 Long- L15 Full-time managerial, managerial, Intermediate employers supervisory routine occupations worked term students administrative administrative occupations and own and technical occupations unemployed and and account occupations professional professional workers occupations occupations

Perranarworthal Cornwall England

3.22 Figure XX above shows that Perranarworthal Parish had a high representation of those in managerial, administrative and professional occupations compared to Cornwall and England. There was also a higher proportion of small employers and own account workers. However, there were proportionately fewer in lower supervisory, semi-routine and routine occupations, and also fewer people who had never worked or were long term unemployed.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 7

3.23 This social economic pattern is an indicator of greater wealth and ‘life chances’. When taken with the higher average levels of qualifications locally, it is very positive for the Parish, as both are associated with greater prosperity, health and well-being. However, the data also indicates that there may be a group of people with lower educational attainment and unskilled jobs who have a valid stake in the local community and whose interests should not be neglected in the NDP. Sexual Orientation 3.24 No census data on sexual orientation and gender preference is available. The ONS Integrated Household Survey 2011 found 1.9% to be lesbian, gay or bisexual. However, Stonewall says that the UK Government estimate, used for policy making, that 5% to 7% of the population is lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or questioning (LGBTQ), is reasonable. This implies that between 80 and 115 of the usually resident population may be LGBTQ. Deprivation 3.25 Deprivation classification in the census is based on four selected household characteristics. A household is deprived if they meet one or more of the following conditions:

• Employment (any member of a household not a full-time student is either unemployed or long-term sick); • Education (no person in the household has at least level 2 education, and no person aged 16-18 is a full- time student); • Health and disability (any person in the household has general health 'bad or very bad' or has a long term health problem); and • Housing (Household's accommodation is either overcrowded, with an occupancy rating -1 or less, or is in a shared dwelling, or has no central heating). A household is classified asWORKING being deprived in none, or one to four DRAFTof these dimensions in any combination. PERRANARWORT CORNWALL SOUTH WEST ENGLAND HAL HOUSEHOLD NOT 52.6% 40.2% 44.8% 42.5% DEPRIVED DEPRIVED IN 1 34.4% 34.6% 33.2% 32.7% DIMENSION DEPRIVED IN 2 10.5% 19.9% 17.6% 19.1% DIMENSIONS DEPRIVED IN 3 2.2% 4.8% 4.0% 5.1% DIMENSIONS DEPRIVED IN 4 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% DIMENSIONS FIGURE 5: HOUSEHOLD DEPRIVATION 2011 Source: Census 2011: ‘Households by Deprivation Dimensions 2011 (Table QS119EW)

3.26 From Figure 5 it can be seen that in 2011 the level of deprivation was in overall terms significantly lower than in Cornwall, regionally and nationally, although the small percentage suffering more severe deprivation is consistent with the wider picture.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 8

3.27 The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015 and 2019 (IMD) is an overall relative measure of deprivation constructed by combining seven domains of deprivation according to their respective weights, as described below. The seven deprivation domains are as follows:

• The Income Deprivation Domain measures the proportion of the population experiencing deprivation relating to low income. The definition of low income used includes both those people that are out-of- work, and those that are in work but who have low earnings (and who satisfy the respective means tests). • The Employment Deprivation Domain measures the proportion of the working-age population in an area involuntarily excluded from the labour market. This includes people who would like to work but are unable to do so due to unemployment, sickness or disability, or caring responsibilities. • The Education, Skills and Training Deprivation Domain measures the lack of attainment and skills in the local population. The indicators fall into two sub-domains: one relating to children and young people and one relating to adult skills. • The Health Deprivation and Disability Domain measures the risk of premature death and the impairment of quality of life through poor physical or mental health. The domain measures morbidity, disability and premature mortality but not aspects of behaviour or environment that may be predictive of future health deprivation. • The Crime Domain measures the risk of personal and material victimisation at local level. • The Barriers to Housing and Services Domain measures the physical and financial accessibility of housing and local services. The indicators fall into two sub-domains: ‘geographical barriers’, which relate to the physical proximity of local services, and ‘wider barriers’ which includes issues relating to access to housing such as affordability. • The Living Environment Deprivation Domain measures the quality of the local environment. The indicators fallWORKING into two sub-domains: DRAFT a. The ‘indoors’ living environment measures the quality of housing; b. The ‘outdoors’ living environment contains measures of air quality and road traffic accidents. 3.28 Two supplementary indices (subsets of the Income deprivation domains), are also included:

• Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index: The proportion of all children aged 0 to 15 living in income deprived families. • Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index: The proportion of all those aged 60 or over who experience income deprivation. 3.29 Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) are a geographic hierarchy designed to improve the reporting of small area statistics in England and Wales. They are standardized geographies designed to be as consistent in population as possible, with each LSOA containing approximately 1,000 to 1,500 people. In relation to the IMD 2015, LSOAs are ranked out of the 32,844 in England and Wales, with 1 being the most deprived. Ranks are normalized into deciles, ranging from the 10% most deprived to the 10% least deprived.

3.30 The Neighbourhood Plan area falls within the Cornwall 056A LSOA based on Mylor Parish, and 056D LSOA, which also covers a small part of Gwennap Parish and thus the data is somewhat distorted by the population present there. (See Figure 6 for details). The IMD Score of being in the 40% least deprived reflects the relatively high incomes and attainment, set against which is relative isolation from services, housing affordability, and the absence of central heating in traditional properties locally.

LSOA RANK 2015* RANK 2019* CORNWALL 056A (PERRANWHARF & MYLOR) OVERALL 20995/Amongst the 40% least deprived 22832/Amongst the 40% least deprived neighbourhoods in country neighbourhoods in country INCOME 20% least deprived 20% least deprived

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 9

EMPLOYMENT 20% least deprived 30% least deprived EDUCATION, SKILLS & 30% least deprived 20% least deprived TRAINING HEALTH DEPRIVATION 20% least deprived 20% least deprived AND DISABILITY CRIME 20% least deprived 10% least deprived BARRIERS TO HOUSING 20% most deprived 40% most deprived AND SERVICES LIVING ENVIRONMENT 20% most deprived 10% most deprived INCOME DEPRIVATION 20% least deprived 30% least deprived AFFECTING CHILDREN INCOME DEPRIVATION 20% least deprived 10% least deprived AFFECTING OLDER PEOPLE

CORNWALL 056D (ELSEWHERE IN PERRANARWORTHAL PARISH) OVERALL: 21799/ Amongst the 40% least deprived 22921/ Amongst the 40% least deprived neighbourhoods in country neighbourhoods in country INCOME 40% least deprived 30% least deprived EMPLOYMENT 40% least deprived 50% least deprived EDUCATION, SKILLS & 20% least deprived 20% least deprived TRAINING HEALTH DEPRIVATION WORKING30% least deprived DRAFT20% least deprived AND DISABILITY CRIME 10% least deprived 10% least deprived BARRIERS TO HOUSING 30% least deprived 40% most deprived & SERVICES LIVING ENVIRONMENT 30% most deprived 20% most deprived INCOME DEPRIVATION 30% least deprived 10% least deprived AFFECTING CHILDREN INCOME DEPRIVATION 30% least deprived 30% least deprived AFFECTING OLDER PEOPLE FIGURE 6: INDEX OF MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION 2015 AND 2019 * = OUT OF 32844, WHERE 1 IS THE MOST DEPRIVED. Source: IMD 2015 and 2019

Life Expectancy 3.31 No specific data exists for the Parish about life expectancy. However, the 2017 ‘PHE Fingertips’ website indicates that for Cornwall male life expectancy is 79.6 years and female 83.4 years. Although the rate of improvement has declined, life expectancy can be expected to continue to increase in the longer term. Life expectancy is 6.6 years lower for men and 5.1 years lower for women in the most deprived areas of Cornwall than in the least deprived areas. Conclusions 3.32 From this we see a growing, well-educated community in fairly good health, with many self-employed people and generally higher than average incomes, probably sharing traditional values. However, it is clearly ageing,

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 10

with the age profile shifting to favour older workers, which will have implications for future housing mix and affordability, especially for the cohort of local young people. It is also apparent that within the general well- being of the community there are small ‘hot spots’ of relative deprivation linked to high local house prices and distance from services. Related Community Engagement Feedback

3.33 Asked to score a series of issues to identify and rate the 3 things they like most about living in the Parish [Q1]. In total 78.83% of respondents mentioned the countryside as a priority, and 54.01% local shops and pubs. The sense of community was mentioned by 52.92%. However, the strength of feeling, as measured using a weighted average of the priorities given, rated the schools/preschools above shops and pubs:

Figure XX What are the 3 things you like most about living in our Parish? Weighted Average where 3 is most important.

Countryside 2.52

Sense of community 2.18

School/Pre-Schools 1.94

Local shops and pubs 1.73 Footpaths and bridlewaysWORKING DRAFT1.72 Sports facilities and parks 1.70

Community events and facilities 1.59

Wildlife 1.46

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

3.34 Residents were also asked what are the 3 most important things that should be considered when development is put forward in the future [Q2]. In total 86.13% mentioned protecting the countryside and landscape, 54.01% mentioned improvements to roads / adequate parking, and 47.45% mentioned housing developments designed to meet local needs. However, the strength of feeling, as measured using a weighted average of the priorities given, rated including housing developments designed to meet local needs and including affordable homes as second and third priority after protecting the countryside and landscape.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 11

What are the 3 most important things that should be considered when development is put forward in the future? Weighted Average where 3 is most important.

Protecting the landscape and countryside 2.59

Housing developments designed to meet local needs 2.17

including affordable homes 2.12

Providing space for businesses to create jobs 1.74

Providing high quality community facilities 1.57

Improvements to roads / adequate parking 1.56

Providing high quality sports facilities and parks 1.36

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

Key issues and implications for the NDP 3.35 Key messages fromWORKING the National Planning Policy Framework DRAFT (NPPF) include – • National and local policy is that Planning should:

o ensure adequate provision of housing, social and community facilities, for all residents o ensure there are no harmful impacts on health and well-being o maintain and enhance opportunities for activity and inclusiveness o encourage local food production in gardens and allotments. • Population growth in the parish has been below the rates for Cornwall, regional and national averages, but has increased from 2011. The Parish has a similar proportion of single person households than the average for Cornwall and England. • The population of the parish is ageing. Between 2002 and 2018 the proportion of school age (5 to 14) children decreased, as did the proportion of ‘young workers’ (aged 18 to 49) and ‘older workers and early retirees’ (50 to 64). Conversely, the proportion of over 65s grew significantly to represent over 35% of the community. The implication of this is that the Perranarworthal NDP needs to support the provision of services, facilities and amenities to meet the needs of an ageing population, whilst ensuring that the service, housing and employment needs of the dwindling proportion of young people and families are not neglected. • The Parish has a much lower proportion of less well-educated people than is usual in comparison to other areas, and the proportion with higher qualifications is much higher than average. This is reflected in the occupations and responsibilities of employed people, with nearly half holding managerial/professional posts. A smaller proportion than usual has no qualifications and help elementary occupations. The implication here is that whilst most residents in work are in good jobs within or outside the Parish, there is a core of less well-educated residents for whom basic local employment may be important. • A higher proportion of the Parish population said they were in good health than the average for Cornwall and England, with a smaller proportion saying their day-to-day activities were limited by ill health.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 12

However, perhaps reflecting the age profile, the proportion providing unpaid care was significantly higher than the average. • In 2011 the level of deprivation was in overall terms notably lower than in Cornwall, regionally and nationally. The later Index of Multiple Deprivation Score of being in the 40% least deprived reflects the relatively high local incomes and attainment, set against which is relative isolation from services, housing affordability, and the absence of central heating in traditional properties locally. However, this may be a little skewed by the inclusion of nearby settlements in the calculations. • Taken with the other data above there is possibility of there being a small core of less well educated poorly housed younger people being at risk of increasing deprivation. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • NDP policies should be considered which protect and support the provision of services, facilities and amenities to meet the needs of an ageing population, whilst ensuring that the housing, service and employment needs of families and young people continue to be supported.

4. Housing Planning Policy Background

National Planning Policy Framework 2019 5.1 Key messages from the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) include –

• Neighbourhood Plans should not promote less development than set out in the strategic policies for an area (Para 29). • A 5 year supply of deliverable sites must be maintained and a supply of developable sites of up to 20% if conditions requireWORKING it (Para 73). DRAFT • To support the Government’s objective of significantly boosting the supply of homes, planning should ensure that sufficient amount and variety of land can come forward where it is needed, that the needs of groups with specific housing requirements are addressed and that land with permission is developed without unnecessary delay (Para 59) • Plans should provide for a mix of housing catering for different groups, identify the size, type, and tenure of housing required and where an affordable housing need has been identified, plans should provide for it (Para 61). Where a need for affordable housing is identified, planning policies should specify the type of affordable housing required (Para 62) • Strategic Plans should set NDP housing requirements (Para 65) where this is not possible, indicative figures should be given (Para 66). • Small and medium sized sites can make an important contribution to meeting the housing requirement of an area and are often built-out relatively quickly (Para 68). • Neighbourhood planning groups should consider allocating small and medium-sized sites of no larger than 1ha suitable for housing in their area (Para 69) • Local planning authorities should support the development of entry-level exception sites, suitable for first time buyers (or those looking to rent their first home) These sites should be on land which is not already allocated for housing, located adjacent to existing settlements, proportionate in size to them (Para 71) • In rural areas, housing development should reflect local needs, particularly for affordable housing, including through rural exception sites where appropriate. Authorities should consider whether allowing some market housing would facilitate the provision of affordable housing to meet local need (Para 77). • Housing should be located where it will enhance or maintain the vitality of rural communities. Planning policies should identify opportunities for villages to grow and thrive, especially where this will support local services. Where there are groups of smaller settlements, development in one village may support services in a village nearby. (Para 78)

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 13

• New isolated homes in the countryside should be avoided unless there are special circumstances which includes meeting the needs of rural workers, enabling development to secure the future of heritage assets, or the development would reuse redundant buildings, or where a building is of exceptional quality or innovative nature (Para 79). • Great importance is placed on ensuring quality sustainable design in development and ensuring that housing reflects local distinctiveness and improves the character of the area (Paras 124 to 132). • Making effective use of land is also strongly encouraged (Paras 117 to 123)

Cornwall Local Plan 2016 5.2 Key messages from the CLP include:-

• CLP Objective 4 aims Meet housing need by providing for new homes over the plan period that provide everyone in the community with the opportunity of living in an appropriate home, supported by local community facilities. • The CLP spatial strategy under Policies 2, 2a and 3 directs most development to those areas capable of sustaining it. • The adopted CLP sets a minimum target of 52500 homes in Policy 2a. Of this it ‘apportions’ 3400 dwellings to the Falmouth and Penryn Community Network Area, of which Perranarworthal Parish is part. This CNA also includes Budock, Constantine, Falmouth Mabe, Mawnan, Mylor, Penryn, and St Gluvias Parishes. • Of this requirement, 600 are apportioned to the rural parts of the Network. However, the CLP gives no more specific guidance as to the ‘share’ of the requirement to be taken up by each Subsequently, to facilitate coordination and give guidance to Neighbourhood Plan formulation, CC officers have broken the figures down. As at 1st April 2020 no further homes were needed in Perranarworthal Parish to meet the Parish baselineWORKING requirement under the Cornwall Local PlanDRAFT according to this advice. • Neighbourhood Plans can provide detailed guidance on which settlements outside the town are appropriate for infill and rounding off to meet local needs and support community sustainability at a scale appropriate to its character and role (Para 1.64 to 1.68). • CLP Policy 6 requires that sites of 10 dwellings or more should include a mix of house size, type, price and tenure to address identified needs and market demand and to support mixed communities. On sites of 200 dwellings or more, additional specialised housing (including extra care housing) should be considered where demand exists, to meet specialist needs. • CLP Policy 7 restates NPPF Para 55 in more precision. • Affordable Housing Policy 8 requires that on sites of 11 or more dwellings at least 40% should be affordable housing (of which 70% should be for rental and 30% for rental/sale at a price affordable to a typical local household). In the rural area outside Falmouth and Penryn, including all of Perranarworthal Parish, the threshold at which affordable provision is required is set at 6 or more dwellings. • CLP Policy 9 allows for ‘exceptions sites’ on the edge of smaller towns, villages and hamlets where at least 50% of the housing is affordable. Cornwall Local Plan Policy 12 provides guidance on design expectations generally across Cornwall. Baseline

House Price and Affordability 5.3 Whilst specific parish-wide data is not available for house price, data from the ONS for the Lower Super Output Area that covers the majority of Perranarworthal Parish shows that the lower quartile and median house prices over time have both increased substantially, as can be seen from Figure 7 below:

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 14

FIGURE 7: CHANGE IN LOWER QUARTILE AND MEDIAN HOUSE PRICES OVER TIME FOR CORNWALL 056D (Most of Perranarworthal Parish) Area/Expression 1995 2001 %change 2011 %change 2020 %change %change 95/20

lower quartile £57,500 £96,225 67.3% £229,000 138.0% £420,000 83.4% 630.4%

Median Quartile £84000 £138,000 64.3% £416,250 201.6% £547,000 31.4% 551.2%

England/Median £55,000 £92,000 67.3% £180,000 95.7% £240,000 33.3% 336.4%

Sources: Lower quartile house prices by middle layer super output areas – HPSSA Dataset 4 and Median house price by lower layer super output areas – HPSSA Dataset 46 - https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing

5.4 Affordability ratios relate house prices to gross annual earnings. The lower the ratio, the easier it is for lower paid people to access home ownership. In terms of the median house price to median gross annual workplace-based earnings the affordability ratio for Cornwall in 2003 was 8.03, had reached 8.86 by 2011, and 8.99 by 2019. This compares to 5.92 [2003], 6.80 [2011] and 7.83 [2019] for England. Over the same period the lower quartile house price to earnings ratio increased from 7.98 in 2003, to 9.31 in 2011, but reducing to 8.81 in 2019. This compares to 5.21 [2003], 6.72 [2011] and 7.27 [2019] for England. See Figure XX. Source: https://tinyurl.com/yhnn46dn)

Figure 8: Cornwall & England Housing Affrodability 2003 to 2019 12.00 10.00 WORKING DRAFT 8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

England Median Cornwall Median England Lower Cornwall Lower

Tenure 5.5 There are XXX households paying Council Tax in the Parish as of Feb 2021 [Source: Cornwall Council]. The proportion of owner/occupier households in the Parish is 83.5%, compared to 63.3% for England and 68.8% for Cornwall, whilst social rented housing was 6.0% compared to 17.7% in England and 12% in Cornwall. Private rented was 8.3% compared to 16.8% in both England and Cornwall. [Source Census 2011, Table KS402EW]. In Feb 2021 there was XX units of social housing, representing only X% of the housing stock [Source: Cornwall Council]

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 15

Occupancy Rates 5.6 Levels of overcrowding are lower in Perranarworthal than in comparison to Cornwall, regional and national averages. Overcrowding is classified as households in that have an occupancy rating of -1 or less, meaning that they have at least one room fewer than required; in the Parish this affects 2.6% of households (6 households) compared with 8.7 % in England and 5.8% across Cornwall. Some 4.3% of households lacked central heating, compared to 2.7% in England and 7.2% in Cornwall, and average HH size was 2.2, lower than the average of 2.4 in both England and Cornwall. The average number of bedrooms was 3.1 per household, compared to 2.7 in England and 2.8 in Cornwall [Source: Census 2011 Table KS403EW]

Second Homes 5.7 In relation to second homes, Council Tax data from Cornwall Council suggests that 17 dwellings in the Parish on the were second homes, comprising 2% of dwellings. This puts the area well below the average for Cornwall (5%). The Census 2011 figure for ‘unoccupied dwellings’ which may be a surrogate measure for second homes, suggests that 23 dwellings, or 3.2%, were second homes, which is also well below the average for Cornwall (11.2%) and closer to that for England (4.3%). [Source: Cornwall Council 2018 and Census 2011 Table KS401EW].

Housing Size Mix 5.8 The Parish has a higher proportion of larger (4 to 5 bedroom) dwellings at 40%, than has England (19%) and Cornwall (20%), and a lower proportion of medium (2 to 3 bedroom) dwellings (57%: 69% : 71%). In 2011 only 4 dwellings (3%) were 1 bedroom. There were no ‘studio flat’ dwellings. [Source: Census 2011 Table QS411EW].

5.9 Council tax banding can also be a surrogate indicator of dwelling size. As at April 2019 the council tax breakdown for allWORKING households in the Parish was: DRAFT BAND No of Households Perranarworthal % Cornwall % A 23.5% B 25.7% C 21.1% D 15.7% E 9.1% F 3.2% G 1.1% H* 0.1% FIGURE 8: COUNCIL TAX BANDS PERRANARWORTHAL AND CORNWALL Source: Cornwall Council

Household Size 5.10 Perranarworthal Parish had 698 households in 2011. A larger proportion of these were 1 person and two person households (72.9%) than the average for England (64.4%) and Cornwall (68.2%). It also had fewer 5 to 8 person HHs (4.4%) compared to England (7%) and Cornwall (5.7%). [Source: Census 2011 Table QS406EW].

Dwelling Size Household Size

1 Bedroom 5.4% 1 Person 30.2% 26.2% 72.9% 2 Bedroom 20.8% 2 Person 42.7% 62.2% 54.0% 3 Bedroom 41.4% 3 Person 11.3% 65.3% 22.6% 4 Bedroom 23.9% 4 Person 11.3% 32.1% 14.0% 5+ Bedroom 8.2% 5 Person 2.7% 3.9% 6 Person 1.2% 1.3%

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 16

7 Person 0.1% 0.4% 8+ Person 0.3% FIGURE 9: DWELLING SIZE/HOUSEHOLD SIZE MATCH PERRANARWORTHAL Source: Census 2011 Tables QS411EW and QS406EW

5.11 By comparing dwelling size and household size (see figure 9) it can be seen that the 72.9% of people in 1 and 2 person households were matched by only 26.2% of dwellings that were 1 and 2 bedrooms. This implies that a significant level of ‘under occupation’ of larger dwellings is occurring. This may be a function of greater wealth, whereby more of the local population are able to afford a larger dwelling than they actually need, but it could also indicate that there are older people (‘empty nesters’) who may need to downsize for health reasons but cannot, and younger people forced to buy more expensive accommodation in order to continue to live locally.

Housing Need in Perranarworthal Parish 5.12 External pressure and high local house prices usually influence the level of housing need. As of December 2020 there were 20 households on the Homechoice register [See Figure XX]. Of these 7 households are 55 years old and over and require 1 or 2 bed accommodation. There are 11 households registered with Help to Buy SW, seeking 1 to 3 bedroom shared ownership properties. Since 2010 a total of 13 affordable homes have been built in the Parish. Bedrooms Needed Parish Band 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TOTAL Connection Perranarworthal WORKINGA DRAFT Perranarworthal B 1 1 Perranarworthal C 3 3 6 Perranarworthal D 1 1 Perranarworthal E 8 2 2 12 Total 12 5 2 1 20 Figure XX Housing Need for Perranarworthal Parish from HomeChoice Register.

5.13 An a affordable housing development for 15 affordable dwellings (out of a development of 30 dwellings) is currently under construction at Perranwell with 4 homes left to deliver.

Definitions 1. Local Connections A Local Connection Applicant must demonstrate that they, or a member of their household meet one of the following criteria:

• Have lived in Cornwall for the last 3 years and that residence was of their choice. (NB residence in a hospital or prison does not form a local connection by residence); • Are employed in permanent employment in Cornwall (permanent employment is regarded as 16 hours or more per week for a continuous period of 3 years. (NB This must be their actual place of work, not where their head office is situated); • Has close family (normally mother, father, brother, sister, son or daughter) that have resided in the area for a minimum of the past 5 years and the applicant has a need to give or receive support for the foreseeable future/ on an ongoing basis;

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 17

• Has lived in Cornwall for 10 of the first 16 years of life; • Has an exceptional need to move to Cornwall. Examples include but not limited to: those needing to move closer to specialist medical/support facilities; applicants accepted as homeless and owed a full housing duty by Cornwall Council; and Cornwall care leavers living outside of the County.

Usually, a Planning Legal Agreement also applies that requires for example that occupiers should come from the local Parish area, but that if no such person comes forward within 28 days of advertising of a vacancy, that occupiers can come from a wider area (such as the surrounding Parishes).

Definitions 2. Banding BAND A Exceptional Where ‘substantial’ evidence from a statutory organisation, such as the police, is provided Needs which concludes that risk to life or serious harm could result if an immediate move is not obtained (includes victims of domestic violence, racial harassment, and witness intimidation). These cases need to be of an exceptional nature and must clearly demonstrate that suitable temporary accommodation through the statutory homeless duties would not be an option. Welfare Applicants awarded an ‘urgent’ priority by the Welfare Assessment Panel Adapted / The applicant occupies a Council, ALMO or Registered Provider property within the Cornwall Accessible Homechoice area that ,ATCHES Adapted/Accessible Property Group1 or 2 and no household Property member requires the adaptation/s. Downsizing Tenants in Cornwall who are under-occupying a Council or PRP property. BAND B Welfare Applicants awarded a ‘high’ priority by the Welfare Assessment Panel. Lack of Applicant lacks 2 or more bedrooms in their current home, UNLESS evidence exists that the Bedrooms overcrowding is deliberate. (This excludes applicants in temporary accommodation). Disrepair PrivateWORKING sector tenants or residents that have DRAFTbeen assessed as having Category 1 hazards under the Housing Health and Safety Rating System that involve an imminent risk of harm to the occupants and the landlord is unable to remedy the defects to the property within a reasonable period of time as specified by the Private Sector Housing Team. Move-on The applicant is formally accepted under the move-on scheme. The applicant is A Cornwall Homechoice Partner tenants where the demolition refurbishment, or sale of their formally home has been approved and the tenant is required to move within the next six months. accepted under the move-on scheme. BAND C Statutory Applicants to whom Cornwall Council has accepted a full housing duty under the current Homelessness Homelessness legislation. Homelessness Applicants who can demonstrate they are homeless or threatened with homelessness but not Other owed a main housing duty by Cornwall Council. Welfare Applicants awarded a ‘medium’ priority by the Welfare Assessment Panel. Lack of Applicants who lack one bedroom in their current home bedrooms Support/Facilities The applicant, or a member of their household, needs to move to a particular ‘locality’ within Cornwall, to give or receive on- going support from ‘close’ family members, or to access specialist medical facilities. Work/Training The applicant, or a member of their household, needs to move closer to their place of work/training (of a non-casual nature) within Cornwall.

People who need to move into the district or to a particular locality in the district of the authority, needs to move to take up a job or live closer to employment or training (including

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 18

apprenticeships) where failure to meet that need would cause hardship (to themselves or to others) BAND D Shared Facilities Applicants share bathroom or kitchen with non-family members. Children living in Applicant has a child/children under 10 years of age and lives in a property above ground flats and/or floor, with no lift. lacking a garden Applicant has a child/children under 10 years of age living in a property without access to a garden. BAND E All other groups Households who have no reasonable preference. Local Cornwall Within each band listed above, applicants with a qualifying local connection to Cornwall will Connection be considered before applicants who do not have a local connection to Cornwall criteria

Market Demand 5.14 Research ongoing.

Self and Custom build 5.15 Self and custom-build (self-build) housing is defined in the NPPF as housing built by an individual, a group of individuals, or persons working with or for them, to be occupied by that individual. Policy 6 of the Cornwall Local Plan says that self-build housing can be affordable, market housing or starter homes. Self-build can be more affordable than purchasing a home in the local market, especially where there is an element of ‘sweat equity’ (personal labour) which can provide the equivalent of a 10% discount on the open market value of a property, so it may provide an “other affordable routes to home ownership” [NPPF definition] solution for those people whose needs may not be met by the market and who are unable to find a suitable affordable home in their area.WORKING This will help people to stay in, and support, DRAFT their communities.

5.16 Self build can be provided on both CLP Policy 8 and CLP Policy 9 ‘exception’ sites in the form of:

• low cost serviced plots offered to self-builders in local housing need to be occupied by that individual;

• discounted serviced plots;

• watertight shell units or built units (in the case of self-finish proposals);

• off-site financial contribution in lieu of on-site or part on-site provision.

5.17 The transferred plots or units should then be made available at lower cost to self-builders in local housing need and secured as affordable on all future resales and as primary residences through a planning obligation or covenant on the land exchange. This restricts the price at which they can be sold in the future (effectively becoming a discounted sale home) and requires that they are only sold to purchasers that fulfil the relevant local connection criteria.

5.18 There may be other models to bring forward small scale self-build housing on rural exception sites, such as Individuals or associations of individuals, applying for their own self-build plot(s), or community led projects.

5.19 To protect future affordability the maximum size of an affordable self-build unit would normally be no larger than the relevant Nationally Described Space Standard (NDSS) for that property type +10% and no larger than 3 bedroom homes. Planning proposals for larger affordable self-build units would require special justification. In some cases, to aid the delivery of affordable self-build units, the time periods used to cascade through the local connection criteria may be reduced and the covenants on the planning obligation may be allowed to take affect at the commencement of the development or the advertisement of the plots for sale, whichever is the sooner.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 19

5.20 An accompanying Design Code for the whole self-build element of larger schemes may be produced in agreement between the landowner and the Council. This will help to provide a flexible planning permission and clarify and guide what forms of development are acceptable on a site, giving greater certainty to all parties. It is good practice for plot providers to seek to provide a mix of serviced plot sizes to meet the range of demand and affordability. Housing Provision to Date 5.21 As at March 2018 there had been 26 new housing completions in Perranarworthal Parish since 2010, and there were commitments for 60 more. As noted above at Para 4.2 no further homes are needed in Perranarworthal Parish to meet the requirements of the Cornwall Local Plan.

FIGURE 10: WHAT FORMS OF HOUSING WILL MEET THE HOUSING NEED? Details on the various types of housing product that are available to address housing needs are explained at length in the Cornwall Council Supplementary Planning Document on Housing. (https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/environment-and-planning/planning/planning-policy/adopted-plans/planning- policy-guidance/housing-supplementary-planning-document/)

In summary, these are: • Affordable Rented Housing – typically at up to 80% of open market rent • Social Rented Housing – typically 45 to 55% of open market rent • Shared Ownership – Where the premises are owned by a Housing Association (25%) and a mortgage holder (75%). The occupier pays both rent and mortgage. • Discounted Ownership - Where the property is sold at a fixed discount, making it cheaper to mortgage. For Perranarworthal the current discount is set at 40%. • Shared Equity – Where the occupier enjoys an ‘equity loan’ (a portion of the equity is owned by the local authority) and therefore can afford a home on the open market • Starter Homes –WORKING available for qualifying first time buyers DRAFTat a discount of at least 20% • Rent to Buy - under the national scheme.

Brownfield Land Register 5.22 The site of Imperial Motors at Pelean Cross, just within the Parish, is on the Cornwall Council Brownfield Land Register and identified as being suitable for up to 5 residential dwellings through outline PP ref PA18/01576, and as at March 2021 a reserved matters application is in process [PA21/01253] Related Community Engagement Feedback 5.23 In the community survey, 74.4% of people said that future housing developments should be restricted to infill sites (within existing settlements), and 80.3% that only brownfield sites should be allowed [Q19]. Some 84.2% said they were against developing on agricultural land, and 61.2% were against developing small blocks of flats or apartments [Q20].

5.24 Some 72.6% of respondents said that holiday homes and second homes do not benefit the Parish [Q23]. 40.8% of people said that new development should be limited to no more than 5 dwellings, whilst a further 32.2% supported a limit of 10, and 11.2% supported a limit of 20. Only 15.7% of people supported larger schemes [Q24].

5.25 On housing needs, 75% of respondents said they were not planning to move in the next 15 years. Of those that did, 17.1% (46 people) were looking for smaller accommodation, and only 7.8% (21 people) sought larger accommodation [Q25]. Of those that were seeking to move, the following format of accommodation was sought [Q26]:

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 20

DWELLING TYPE %AGE SEEKING

Detached 65.43%

Single storey/bungalow 51.85%

3 bedrooms 44.44%

2 bedrooms 25.93%

2 or more storey house 20.99%

4+ bedrooms 18.52%

Semi-detached 14.81%

Apartment/flat 8.64%

Warden supported 8.64%

Terraced 2.47%

Other (please specify) 2.47%

5.26 When asked what would make homes affordable, 46.8% said they would need to be for sale at less than the lowest market price, 44.1% said they should be for rent (social or private), targeted on those with low earnings 975.8%) and 62.3% for those who need help to buy from housing associations or government schemes [Q27]. When asked if anyone in their household needed affordable accommodation, 92.4% of respondents repliedWORKING that there wasn’t [Q29]. DRAFT 5.27 Some 36.7% supported the concept of a retirement development being built in the Parish, with 34.1% being against, and 29.1% having no opinion. [Q29]

5.28 A full formal Housing Needs Survey was carried out December 2018. The survey indicated that the local need profile is potentially higher than that indicated on HomeChoice or Help to Buy SW. Of those who considered themselves in housing need, 50% of respondents wished to live within Perranarworthal Parish, and that the most popular settlements for a home was Perranwell and Perranwell Station. However, the same proportion of respondents (50%) put that they would live anywhere in the Parish.

5.29 The survey showed that, of those family members who had moved out of the parish in the previous 5 years, the main reason had been because they wanted to live closer to employment. Of those who said they were in housing need, a significant proportion (50%) were currently living with a relative or friend and wished to live independently.

5.30 Of those who said they were interested in an affordable home to buy, 50% wanted a discounted sale property. As a result, a development with majority discounted sale would best meet the needs of the parish as well as including a proportion of affordable rent. There was urgency in respondents need to move home, with 91% stating that they would need to move within 2 years. Key issues and implications for the NDP • National and local policy is that:

o Housing should be located where it will enhance or maintain the vitality of rural communities. o New isolated homes in the countryside should be avoided unless there are special circumstances

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 21

• Lower quartile house prices in Perranarworthal Parish have increased by around 630% since 1995. The affordability ratio for the lower quartile in Cornwall in 2019 was 8.81, a slight decrease from 9.31 in 2011. This is higher than the ratio of 7.27 for England. • The current housing tenure mix in Perranarworthal Parish is heavily biased in favour of owner/occupation compared to Cornwall generally, and much less on the private and public rented sectors • Levels of overcrowding are lower in Perranarworthal Parish than in comparison to Cornwall, regional and national averages • The proportion of second homes in Perranarworthal Parish is lower than Cornwall and Community Network Area averages. • The Parish has a higher proportion of larger (4 to 5 bedroom) dwellings than has Cornwall and England, and a lower proportion of medium (2 to 3 bedroom) dwellings. • However, household size is predominantly small (1 to 3 people) so there is a mismatch between dwelling and household size. • No further dwellings are needed to meet the CLP remaining target for Perranarworthal Parish. • The current level of housing need in taken from HomeChoice for Perranarworthal Parish is from 20 households seeking mainly 1 and 2 bedroom dwellings. Of these 7 households were 55 years old and over. However the December 2018 Housing Needs Survey suggest that this may be a slight underestimate • Another 11 registered with Help to Buy SW seeking 1 to 3 bedroom shared equity homes. • An ageing population in the Parish will require appropriate housing provision, which is suitable for older people, possibly in the form of downsizing opportunities. • To address the decline in the proportion of younger people, smaller affordable dwellings may be appropriate, including self-build. • Since 2010, 13 affordableWORKING dwellings have been bult in the Parish,DRAFT and 4 remain to be bult from current commitments. • Strong views were held that the majority of homes should be provided in the form of infill within existing settlements

Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • No additional dwellings are needed to comply with the Cornwall Local Plan. The Perranarworthal NDP does not need to allocate land for new housing. • Housing need is present in the Parish, and although it is not proportionately large, which the NDP should seek to address.

• Consideration should be given to NDP policies which encourage continued infill on small sites, subject to criteria for design, to meet CLP requirements, address market demand and the need for more affordable homes, including self-build proposals. • There is a clear mismatch between HH size and dwelling size, and the current housing need is for 1 and 2 bedroom dwellings, suggesting a need to help address the nucleus of social housing need in the community by:

o Providing for some more smaller dwellings; o Protecting the existing remaining stock of small dwellings • A need for housing to support increasing numbers of elderly people is emerging.

• The local community would support policies for a limited number of new and adaptable dwellings mainly targeted on meeting local needs for young people, families and older people.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 22

5. Economy and Employment

Planning Policy Background

National Planning Policy Framework 2019. 6.1 Key messages from the NPPF include- • Planning should ensure ‘that sufficient land of the right types is available in the right places and at the right time to support growth, innovation and improved productivity; and by identifying and coordinating the provision of infrastructure (Para 8). • Planning policies should help create the conditions in which businesses can invest, expand and adapt. Significant weight should be placed on the need to support economic growth and productivity, taking into account both local business needs and wider opportunities for development. The approach taken should allow each area to build on its strengths, counter any weaknesses and address the challenges of the future… (Para 80). • Planning policy should include a vision and strategy ‘positively and proactively encourages sustainable economic growth’ be flexible enough to accommodate needs not anticipated in the plan, allow for new and flexible working practices (such as live-work accommodation) (Para 81); • Planning policies should support economic growth in rural areas by:

o the sustainable growth and expansion of all types of business and enterprise, both through conversion of existing buildings and well-designed new buildings

o the development and diversification of agricultural and other land-based rural businesses o sustainableWORKING rural tourism and leisure developments DRAFT that benefit businesses in rural areas, communities and visitors, and which respect the character of the countryside

o promote the retention and development of local services and community facilities in villages, such as local shops, meeting places, sports venues, cultural buildings, public houses and places of worship (Para 28)

o the retention and development of accessible local services and community facilities, such as local shops, meeting places, sports venues, open space, cultural buildings, public houses and places of worship. (Para 83) • Planning policies should recognise that sites to meet local business and community needs in rural areas may have to be found adjacent to or beyond existing settlements, and in locations that are not well served by public transport. They should be sensitive to surroundings, not have an unacceptable impact on local roads and exploit opportunities to make a location more sustainable. The use of previously developed land, and sites that are physically well-related to existing settlements, should be encouraged where suitable opportunities exist. (para 84)

Cornwall Local Plan. 6.2 Key messages from the Cornwall Local Plan include: • Maintaining a positive policy framework with a focus on sustaining a range of local businesses including both new business and the traditional industries of fishing, farming and minerals (Objective 1 and Policy 2 (3c)). • Enhancing the cultural and tourist offer in Cornwall and promoting Cornwall as a year-round destination for tourism and recreation (Objective 2).

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 23

• Supporting employment schemes in …rural areas, giving particular emphasis to quality and permanent work opportunities that break seasonal labour cycles; ‘smart specialisation’ sectors including food, renewable energies (including geothermal), and cultural industries; and supporting the provision of work hubs and the ability to work from home through live/work units (Policy 2 (3 f, g and h)) • Employment development planning should emphasise (Policy 5):

o The development of tourism facilities through the enhancement of existing, and the provision of new, high quality sustainable tourism facilities, attractions and accommodation, that is of an appropriate scale to their location.

o Provision of education facilities that improve the training and skills base. o Safeguarding existing strategic employment land and buildings o Safeguarding other existing employment land and buildings where they remain viable for an employment use.

o Considering alternative uses for other existing employment where this does not result in the loss of economic performance of the site or location, i.e. through the redevelopment for a mix of uses.

o Employment proposals should be located either: . within or well-integrated to our city, towns and villages; or . as extensions to on existing employment (uses B1, B2 and B8) locations sites where re- location would be impractical or not viable; or .WORKING within areas that are well served by publicDRAFT transport and communications infrastructure. Other plans and studies 6.3 ‘Vision 2030: The Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Strategic Economic Plan 2017 – 2030’ prepared by The Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP aims to achieve a situation by 2030 in which ‘Cornwall and Isles of Scilly will be the place where business thrives and people enjoy an outstanding quality of life’.

6.4 Three strategic themes inform the interventions to be made through investment and policy:

• Business – Thriving businesses who excel • People – Inclusive growth and skilled workforce • Place – Improving infrastructure and economic distinctiveness 6.5 The ‘strategic drivers’ flowing from these are to support innovation and creativity, seek productivity led and inclusive growth, help people build great careers, support vibrant communities and ensure that Cornwall has global recognition.

6.6 As a result, the strategy calls for actions which build cultural identity and excellence, support environment- based growth, promote healthy and diverse communities, and encourage innovation in industry, including agri-tech and digital connectivity. The need to support rural areas, which are often remote from job markets and have declining local opportunities, are specifically recognised as needing attention.

6.7 Perranarworthal Parish falls into the ‘Engineering and Digital Collaboration’ zone running from St Mawgan south west to Truro , Camborne-Redruth, and Falmouth, and the ‘Marine Energy Area’ straddling the peninsula from Falmouth to St Ives and beyond.

6.8 ‘10 Opportunities’. The Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) has also set out a ‘21st Century’ pitch to Government and business for future investment in Cornwall in the form of a prospectus focusing on 10 key sectors that can play a critical role in growing the economy of Cornwall and the Isles of

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 24

Scilly now and in the future. This is known as ’10 Opportunities’. It features elements that might well be applicable to Perranarworthal. These include growth opportunities in creative industries, energy innovation, agri-food, tourism, and location. More details available at https://www.cioslep.com/vision/10-opportunities

6.9 ‘The Cornwall Environmental Growth Strategy’ has a long-term vision that by 2065, ‘Cornwall’s environment will be naturally diverse, beautiful and healthy, supporting a thriving society, prosperous economy and abundance of wildlife’.

6.10 ‘The Cornwall White Paper for Culture’ notes the importance that Cornish culture and heritage have on economic well-being and sets the aim that Cornwall should be ‘A leading rural region for creativity and culture: where excellence is achieved by keeping in balance community engagement, high value creative industries and cultural distinction’.

Baseline

Economic Activity 6.11 About 61.4 % of adults 16 to 74 yrs old) were ‘economically active’ in the Parish (compared to 66.7% in Cornwall and 69.9% in England). Some 38.6% were economically inactive, which is a greater proportion than in Cornwall (33.3%) and England (30.1%). Of the inactive, about 28.2% were retired, compared to 18.9% in Cornwall and 13.7% in England. [Source: Census 2011 Table KS601EW to KS603EW]. Employment Categories 6.12 Some 13.7% of the economically active in employment worked part-time, and 28.2% full time, in comparison to the profile for England [13.7%, 38.6%] and Cornwall data [15.4%, 31.7%]. Some 15.2% were self-employed workers, a greater proportion than in England (9.8%) Cornwall (13.6%) and. [Source: Census 2011 Table KS601EW to KS603EW].WORKING DRAFT Unemployment and Benefits 6.13 Claimant data for Perranarworthal are measured in the same Census Super Output Area as adjoining parishes and are thus significantly distorted. In this broader area the proportion of residents aged 16 to 64 who are included in the ‘claimant count’ of people claiming Jobseeker's Allowance was XX% compared to XX% for Cornwall and XX% for England. [Source NOMIS Job Seekers Allowances Data) Occupation of Residents 6.14 Residents jobs were mainly in agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, and education, a significantly different profile to that found in England and Cornwall (See Figure 11 below).

FIGURE 11: INDUSTRY OF JOBS HELD BY EMPLOYED ADULT Perranarworthal Cornwall England RESIDENTS OF PERRANARWORTHAL PARISH No. Percentage All categories: Industry 662 100.0 Q Human health and social work activities 128 19.3 13.5 12.4 G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles 87 13.1 16.8 15.9 P Education 66 10.0 9.7 9.9 M Professional, scientific and technical activities 62 9.4 4.7 6.7 C Manufacturing 49 7.4 7.9 8.8 F Construction 49 7.4 9.0 7.7 I Accommodation and food service activities 41 6.2 9.2 5.6 O Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 32 4.8 6.3 5.9 H Transport and storage 29 4.4 3.7 5.0 R, S, T, U Other 26 3.9 5.3 5.0 N Administrative and support service activities 19 2.9 4.3 4.9

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 25

L Real estate activities 18 2.7 1.4 1.5 A Agriculture, forestry and fishing 17 2.6 3.0 0.8 J Information and communication 14 2.1 1.7 4.1 K Financial and insurance activities 14 2.1 1.5 4.4 E Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 7 1.1 0.8 0.7 B Mining and quarrying 3 0.5 0.7 0.2 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Source Census 2011 Table KS605EW

Level of Jobs Held 6.15 As noted earlier, many of the population are well qualified and work in skilled, professional and managerial roles. Figure 12 below provides more information which supports this position.

FIGURE 12: LEVEL OF JOBS HELD BY RESIDENTS OF Perranarworthal Cornwall England PERRANARWORTHAL PARISH No. Percentage All categories: Occupation 662 100.0 100.0 100.0 2. Professional occupations 149 22.5 13.8 17.5 1. Managers, directors and senior officials 99 15.0 11.4 10.9 5. Skilled trades occupations 84 12.7 17.0 11.4 4. Administrative and secretarial occupations 76 11.5 9.5 11.5 3. Associate professional and technical occupations 74 11.2 10.4 12.8 6. Caring, leisure and other service occupations 56 8.5 10.6 9.3 9. Elementary Occupations 52 7.9 12.0 1.1 7. Sales and customerWORKING service occupations DRAFT40 6.0 8.2 8.4 8. Process plant and machine operatives 32 4.8 7.1 7.2 Source: Census 2011 Table KS608EW to KS610EW

Jobs in the Parish 6.16 Accurate workplace data is not available at very local geographies, but we can infer some conclusions from the 2011 census on travel to work. Some 117 (17.7% of) adults 16 to 74 yrs old in employment worked from home, which is significantly higher than the figures for England (10.3%) and Cornwall (15.8%). Another 12.5% worked less than 5km from home, from which we can surmise local jobs or in surrounding Parishes. It can be inferred therefore that about 30.2% or 200 residents’ jobs are within the Parish or very near to it. [Source: Census 2011 Table QS702EW] Jobs outside the Parish 6.17 Thus about 462 or 69.8% of residents’ jobs are further afield. About 43.8% of residents in employment work between 5km and 10km away, which would bring in Truro, Penryn and parts of Falmouth, whilst 12.4% work 10km to 30km away, touching onto Camborne and Redruth. Thus about 68.7% of journey to work trips are within 30km, a similar profile to that of Cornwall where 66.6% of work journeys are within 30km, but lower than England where the comparative figure is 73.3%. The average travel to work distance is 16.5km, compared to 19.7km for Cornwall and 14.9km for England. Workspaces 6.18 Data on local workplaces is also limited. However, a brief examination of Google maps and telephone directories reveals the following range of business/service employers present in the Parish:

• AADNUNN Energy Assessors • ADL Gas and Water • Actavo • Alert Drivers School of Motoring

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 26

• Blankednick Farm • Cart Shed Cottage • C D B Aluminium Seamless Gutters • Clive Pearce Property • Colin Carter’s Eggs • Coozevean Cottage • Cornish Barn Holidays • Cornish Garden Landscaping • Cornish Plants • Cornwall Coaching Ltd • Court Caravan Park • C.R Oates Builder • David J Simmons Driving Tuition • DJR Builders • Duchy Wealth Management Limited • F G Pryor & Son • First Impressions • Garden Fencing Cornwall • Greenway Property • Greenway Stays • Harlestone Wills • Hudson Armstrong Design • Hugh West and Karen Carlyon Ceramics • Illumina Lighting • Industrial Electrical Repairs • INet Digital • JLK Builders LtdWORKING DRAFT • Johnny Lawrence Coaching • Jon’s Driving School • Kneebone farm • Len Andrew Builder • Mark Bennett Building Services and Professional Plasterer • Martin Platt Coin Dealer • The Norway Inn • Paddock Electrical • Paula Downing Ceramics • Penvale Cattery • Perranarworthal Fruit and Veg Stall • Perranarworthal Pre-School • Perranwell Classic Car Garage • Perranwell Post Office and Stores • Photopractice • Postbox Cards • Premier Water Solutions Ltd • Ray Christophers Electrical • Robertson Partnership • Roseland Cottage • Rou Design • The Royal Oak • Roy Stubbs Driving School • RT-F Copywriting • SBPR • Secure Self Storage • Surfer’s Bakery and Café

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 27

• Skyview Greenwith Hill Lodging • Teeny Tiny Pancake Company • Tegen Jewellery • Vanilla Hair and Beauty

6.19 Visicks Yard is a location of an industrial business centre with 16 business addresses. The Foundry at Perran Wharf has also been identified as a potential site for establishing artisan workshops. While this site is currently outside the designated area, it is sufficiently close by to offer work opportunities for parishioners. Tourism 6.20 Although the Parish itself has no major tourism facilities, it is in reasonable travelling distance of the well- known tourism centre of Falmouth and is a good location for touring taking in both the north and south Cornwall coasts, West Cornwall and the Eden Project all less than one hour drive. The Parish is also well positioned to take advantage of the growing interest in walking and cycling. To the east, starting at Perran Station is an ‘on road’ section of the “Engine House Trail’, a promoted route running eastwards to Truro and northwards via Carharrack, St Day, Redruth, and Camborne to Hayle, with links to the Great Flat Lode and Minerals Tramway Trails, whilst the Trafalgar Way, following the route of the journey of the naval messenger who brought the news of the Battle of Trafalgar to London, passes through the centre of the Parish.

6.21 As a result there are several self-catering holiday let properties and also B&B establishments, and a small camping and caravanning site at Court, near the railway station. Nearby, at Carnon Wollas in Feock Parish, and Cosawes Park in St Gluvias Parish, are larger caravan and park-homes sites

6.22 Tourism has great potential for growth particularly post Brexit and COVID-19 where holidays overseas are likely to be restricted for the medium term. Such growth can benefit the community by bringing employment and additional spending in the local economy, help to maintain the fabric of many important buildings and provide facilities whichWORKING can also be used by local residents. DRAFT 6.23 However excessive levels of tourism can damage the special local heritage, biodiversity and landscape qualities which are the reason that visitors and tourists come to the area, add to traffic congestion and pollution and create competition for resources. It may be appropriate to support tourism development that makes best use of the areas assets whilst providing care for them; maximises accessibility for residents to those facilities and features in the Parish that attract visitors, whilst offering protection to the special landscape and heritage character of the area. Tourism of this form may also extend the holiday season and thereby add to local prosperity. New businesses serving touring caravans, ‘glamping’ and farm tourism huts/cabins will be considered on their merit and must have regard to the impact such a development may have on the character of the area.

Superfast Broadband 6.24 The Parish benefits from super-fast fibre (up to 80Mbps) to the property broadband access where properties are close to the fibre network, which passes along the main roads through the villages, and some are able to access the latest Ultrafast Full Fibre network (up to 1Gbps) according to the Open Reach checker website. Properties further from the main roads have slower speeds. In the community survey 95% of respondents said they had broadband. Thus many properties can access superfast broadband, which would support growth in working from home, but provision for further improvement to ultrafast speeds is desirable to keep abreast of technology and likely increases in demand in the post COVID-19 era, and it is essential that new properties are fitted out to facilitate digital connections.

Agricultural and Land Based Rural Business Diversification 6.25 Agriculture is an important sector locally in view of both the employment potential and its stewardship of the local landscape, biodiversity, heritage and recreational resources that benefit the Parish residents and visitors. The average income from farming enterprises is low in comparison to other industries and also

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 28

unpredictable, being easily affected by currency exchange rates, supply and demand factors, and climate change impacts. The uncertainty over the future of farming and Brexit means there is a need to sustain existing businesses by providing more predictable revenue streams. Diversification of agricultural product and extended processing or into other land-based activity and local retailing can be of great assistance. However, diversification generally requires significant investment and commitment to a long payback period. It can also have negative environmental and amenity impacts. It is therefore necessary to support the diversification of agricultural and land based rural businesses in ways that protect and enhance the special qualities of the area.

Working from Home and Home Based Businesses 6.26 According to DBIS figures 59% of businesses with no employees are home-based, 24% of small- and medium- sized enterprises with employees are home-based, and 1 in 10 domestic properties are home to at least 1 business. Home based businesses are forecast to become a major and increasingly valuable part of local economies. Indeed, some 60% of new business start-ups are home based. As noted above, more than 15% of jobs in the Parish were already self-employed people running businesses at or from home on 2011, and this can be expected to have increased by 2021. Furthermore, it has been forecast that in the post COVID-19 era many more employed people will also ‘Work from Home’. This has the potential to make local services more viable and by reducing travel to work have positive impact on climate change.

6.27 People may not have a suitable space within their home from which to run a business or ‘WFH’, or they may wish to distinctly and deliberately separate their work and living space. There could also be the need, on occasion, for ancillary workers such as managers, bookkeepers or accountants to visit home workers. Thus, to maximise the opportunity for home run enterprises to be created and supported in the long term there is a need to support the construction of extensions, the conversion of outbuildings, and the development of new free-standing buildings in gardens from which businesses and home workers can operate. There may be environmental effectsWORKING associated which the NDP will need DRAFTto prescribe for. Related Community Engagement Feedback 6.28 In the community survey, a small majority [52.4%] of people thought that there should be more job opportunities in the Parish, 19% were against, and 28.5% didn’t know [Q39]. When asked if land should be made available for business use to create jobs in the Parish, 36.2% said yes, 36.6% said no, and 27.2% were undecided.

6.29 The survey also revealed that most businesses felt growth would be moderate over the period of the NP but that it is essential to do everything possible in order to maintain current levels. A number of existing businesses stated that they would welcome a dedicated area, outside the centre of the village, to promote the creation of a small business complex providing job opportunities for local people and business networking prospects.

6.30 A higher level of Affordable Housing, to encourage a younger employment workforce into the Parish, was flagged up by several businesses as a factor which would be of benefit to them. This is covered in more detail under the Housing section of the plan. However, it is also recognised that the high price of properties within the community is currently a limiting factor. Key issues and implications for the NDP • National and local policy is that Planning should:

o focus on sustaining existing and new businesses and the traditional industries of, farming and minerals, and also supporting ability to work from home.

o long-term protection of sites allocated for employment use should be avoided where there is no reasonable prospect of a site being used for that purpose.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 29

o Provide for new employment development that is located either within or well-integrated to … villages well served by public transport and communications infrastructure.

o Also recognise that sites to meet local business and community needs in rural areas may have to be found adjacent to or beyond existing settlements, and in locations that are not well served by public transport. In this case they should be sensitive to surroundings, not have an unacceptable impact on local roads, and exploit opportunities to make a location more sustainable.

o Encourage the use of previously developed land, and sites that are physically well-related to existing settlements, where suitable opportunities exist.

• The agricultural sector continues to be an important economic activity in the parish supporting a small number of jobs.

• Many of our community work outside the Parish, in professional and/or managerial posts, mainly in nearby towns of Truro, Penryn, and Falmouth, and there are few local jobs available. Encouraging local business development might provide local jobs, reduce the need to travel, and increase prosperity.

• It is likely that many local young and working age people tend to leave the area to find work and careers.

• Tourism has the potential for further growth focusing on local environment, heritage and culture.

• There is a higher proportion of self-employed people working in Perranarworthal Parish compared to Cornwall averages and the number of people working from home in the Parish is unusually high.

• The COVID 19 pandemic has meant a greater focus has been placed on the ability to work from home (WFH), which is likely to increase in the future, and highlights the requirement for appropriate home office space and sufficient broadband speeds. • Encouraging WORKINGlocal business development (in workshops DRAFT and at home) might provide local jobs, reduce the need to travel, and increase prosperity.

• There is a need to support land-based businesses where they help to sustain the rural economy and maintain or enhance the character of the landscape and environment • There is ‘Superfast Broadband’ through most of the parish but speeds can vary in areas more emote from the main roads in the Parish. This affects the ability of residents to access information and the performance of businesses that rely on broadband as a means of communication in a rural area. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • The local community supports more economic growth in the Parish at a scale that is appropriate for the area development.

• The Perranarworthal NDP should consider a policy supporting sites for new small-scale rural workshops and retail, possibly including space to support live/work, home businesses and/or start up business, which must be sensitive to their surroundings and local road conditions.

• The use of previously developed land, and sites that are physically well-related to existing settlements, should be encouraged where suitable opportunities exist.

• Consideration should be given to NDP policy to support forms of tourism which are suitable for location within sensitive biodiversity and landscape areas, or where their impacts on such areas would be acceptable, subject to criteria to ensure that any adverse impacts are mitigated. • Steps to encourage take up of Broadband connectivity though new development should be supported.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 30

6. Infrastructure and Community Facilities Planning Policy Background

National Planning Policy Framework 2019. 7.1 Key messages from the NPPF include-

• The social role of the planning system should support ‘strong vibrant and healthy communities’ with ‘accessible services and open spaces that reflect the community’s present and future needs and support its health, social and cultural well-being (Para 8). • Planning policies should aim to achieve healthy, inclusive and safe places. They should: o promote social interaction including opportunities for meetings between people who might not otherwise come into contact with each other. o ensure that places are safe and accessible environments where crime and disorder, and the fear of crime, do not undermine quality of life or community cohesion. (Para 91) o plan positively for the provision and use of shared space, community facilities (such as local shops, meeting places, sports venues, cultural buildings, public houses and places of worship) and other local services to enhance the sustainability of communities and residential environments o guard against the unnecessary loss of valued facilities and services, particularly where this would reduce the community’s ability to meet its day-to-day needs o ensure that established shops, facilities and services are able to develop and modernise in a way that is sustainable, and retained for the benefit of the community o ensure an integrated approach to considering the location of housing, economic uses and communityWORKING facilities and services (Para 92) DRAFT o consider the social, economic and environmental benefits of estate regeneration and help deliver estate regeneration to a high standard (Para 93) o ensure that there is a sufficient choice of school places and to take a proactive, positive and collaborative approach to bringing forward development that will widen choice in education, and resolve key planning issues before applications are submitted (Para 94) o promote public safety and security, reduce vulnerability, and increase resilience (Para 95) o provide access to a network of high-quality open spaces and opportunities for sport and physical activity is important for the health and well-being of communities (Para 96) o be based on robust and up-to-date assessments of the need for open space, sport and recreation facilities (Para 96) o not allow existing open space, sports and recreational buildings and land, including playing fields, to be developed on unless it is surplus to requirements; or the loss would be replaced by equivalent or better provision in terms of quantity and quality in a suitable location; or the development is for alternative sports and recreational provision, the benefits of which clearly outweigh the loss of the current or former use (Para 97) o protect and enhance public rights of way and access, including taking opportunities to provide better facilities for users (Para 98)

Cornwall Local Plan. 7.2 Key messages from the Cornwall Local Plan include:

• Community facilities should, wherever possible, be retained and new ones supported (Policy 4) • Loss will only be acceptable where the proposal shows there is no need for the facility or service, it is not viable; or adequate facilities or services exist, or the service can be re- provided in accessible locations (Policy 4)

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 31

• The CLP (Policy 16) aims to improve the health and wellbeing of Cornwall’s communities, residents, workers and visitors, by: o requiring that development should protect, and alleviate risk to people and the environment from unsafe, unhealthy and polluted environments by avoiding or mitigating against harmful impacts and health risks; o not causing increased risk to human health from air pollution or exceeding EU standards; o maximising the opportunity for physical activity through the use of open space, indoor and outdoor sports and leisure facilities and providing or enhancing active travel networks that support and encourage walking, riding and cycling; o encouraging provision for growing local food in private gardens which are large enough to accommodate vegetable growing or greenhouses or through the provision of allotments; and o providing flexible community open spaces that can be adapted to the health needs of the community and encourage social interaction. • Developer contributions will be sought to ensure that the necessary physical, social, economic and green infrastructure is in place to deliver development (policy 28) • The CLP also reflects the NPPF requirements that the needs of the local community are met, including through affordable housing provision.

Other plans and studies 7.3 Open Space Strategy for Larger Towns in Cornwall – Cornwall Council say that for smaller towns and settlements in rural areas not covered in the plans the Fields in Trust quantity standards (formerly National Playing Fields Association) will continue to apply. Also applicable are the and Natural England (Access to Natural Green Space Standards - ANGSSt). Eventually it is planned that the methodology set out for the 16 Cornish towns can be applied and used for informing Neighbourhood Planning and eventually rolled out to all of Cornwall. WORKING DRAFT

Baseline

Village shops. 7.4 At Perranwell there is a Post Office and Shop which is useful for top up food shopping. The shop is vital for many parishioners, and was heavily relied on during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns. However, for weekly shopping residents have travel to Truro, where there is a Tesco, Sainsburys and Aldi, Penryn for the large ASDA, or Falmouth (Sainsburys and Lidl). There is also a beauty salon at Perranwell. For access to a wider range of goods (clothes, white goods, etc) residents must travel to the nearby towns or use online services. Community Halls and other facilities 7.5 The Parish community has a good level of community cohesion as demonstrated by the use of the Perranwell Centre, a charitable organisation which supports a football clubhouse and a village hall which is regularly used.Its central location means it is also used as a convenient place for events, meetings and parties, indicating that it is important as a facility, not only for the Parish, but for the wider area. The village hall building is the second one on the site, built in 1970 and replacing a Nissan hut built in 1953. The type of building structure was not meant to be long-lasting and it is now showing signs of its age, so the trustees are considering its future.

7.6 A small Church Hall is also available adjacent St Piran’s Church, regularly used by a Sunday children’s group, an art group, and a fitness group. Its perceived isolated location results in fewer bookings than the village hall. Churches. 7.7 Spiritual services are available at St Piran’s Church.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 32

Pubs. 7.8 There are two public Houses, the Norway Inn alongside the A39 at Perranarworthal and the Royal Oak, central to Perranwell. Community Initiatives and Groupings 7.9 Regularly meeting groups include a Pre-School, W.I., U3A, badminton groups, dance groups, health and fitness groups, toddler group, art and craft groups, dog training, local history group, the Carnon Downs Drama group, a Road Safe Group and the Parish Council.

7.10 Active community projects include initiatives to:

• Celebrate the Cycle Tour of Britain 2021

• Renew the Village Hall

• Develop a Parish Emergency Management Plan

• Develop a Neighbourhood Development Plan

• Carry out a traffic survey and develop a management plan

• Etc etc Availability of Funding for Community Initiatives 7.11 Funding will also become available, albeit limited, through Community Infrastructure Levy [CIL]. allows local authorities to raise funds from new building projects undertaken in their area, and is governed by the CIL Regulations 2010 (as amended). CIL is charged as a fixed rate per square metre of new floor space created, and the money raised can be used to help fund a wide range of infrastructure that is needed to support development. 7.12 A development isWORKING liable for CIL if it: DRAFT • creates a new dwelling of any size or • creates over 100sqm of gross internal floorspace and • involves new buildings into which people normally go. 7.13 Self-build, affordable and social housing and charitable development are usually exempt

7.14 Perranarworthal Parish is within Value Zone 2 (out of 5) for CIL charging and is therefore subject to the second highest rates of CIL charge. As a designated rural parish, new developments of 1-5 dwellings will be liable to pay £200 per sqm, and developments of 6 or more will be liable to pay £100 per sqm. CIL will only become payable on commencement of a development (not granting of planning permission), which means there is always likely to be delay between a development being granted permission and when it has to make a CIL payment. Having an adopted Principal Residence Policy will mean the CIL rate charged on residential development will move down to the next charging zone. Therefore, if such a policy is adopted, residential development in Perranarworthal would be charged Zone 3 rates, i.e., 1-5 dwellings will be liable to pay £100 per sqm, and developments of 6 or more will be liable to pay £60 per sqm.

7.15 Of the CIL income received, 5% can be retained by the Charging Authority (Cornwall Council) for administering the process. Parish Councils will receive 15% of any CIL raised from development within their area. This is capped at £100 per existing Council Tax paying dwelling. Where there is an adopted Neighbourhood Development Plan, the Parish Council will receive 25% (uncapped) of any CIL raised in their area. This ‘Neighbourhood Portion’ can be used ‘support the development of the local council’s area, or any part of that area, by funding: a) the provision, improvement, replacement, operation or maintenance of infrastructure: or b) anything else that is concerned with addressing the demands that development places on an area’. In other words it can fund a very broad range of facilities such as affordable housing transport, schools, play areas, parks and green spaces, cultural and sports facilities, community heating schemes and community safety facilities.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 33

7.16 The 70-80% CIL ‘Strategic Share’ that is retained by Cornwall Council must be spent on infrastructure to support the development of the area is going to be made available to communities, organisations, and other Council services, via a bidding process. Applications ranging from £20,000 to £100,000 for the ‘Strategic Share’ are invited from 1 July 2020. Applications for infrastructure projects will be welcomed from constituted community groups, Town and Parish Councils, and not-for profit organisations (including Cornwall Council services). Deadline for applications closed on 19 October 2020. Projects under this must demonstrate how they will contribute to achieving low carbon living for communities. Another round may be held in the future. The application form and guidance documents are available at https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/environment-and-planning/planning/planning-policy/adopted- plans/community-infrastructure-levy-cil/cil-fund/. More information on CIL can be found on the Councils website at www.cornwall.gov.uk/cil. Any specific queries can be sent to [email protected]. Schools. 7.17 The Perranarworthal Community Primary School is popular with a designated area that covers all but the extreme west of the Parish, which falls into the area of Kennall Vale School, and parts of the north west of the Parish, which falls into the Cusgarne Community Primary School area.

7.18 Almost the entire parish is within the Penryn College secondary school area, although a small part to the west is in the Redruth School catchment, and a further part is linked to Richard Lander School at Truro. Access to Health Care. 7.19 No GP surgeries are present in the Parish, with residents using those at Carnon Downs, Devoran and Chacewater and Stithians.

7.20 Minor Injury Units are available at Falmouth Community Hospital, and the Camborne and Redruth Community Hospital. For emergency care the parish is within the catchment of Treliske General Hospital located at Truro. WORKING DRAFT Community Assets 7.21 Community assets can be identified to guide which particular properties in the Parish are regarded important and to which Cornwall Local Plan Policy 4.4 should apply, offering a degree of protection against changes of use to alternative less socially valuable uses. The following are suggested to fall under this category:

LOCATION 1. Post Office and Shop and Hair/Beauty Salon at Perranwell 2. Perranwell Station 3. Perranwell Nursery 4. Perranarworthal Community Primary School 5. Royal Oak Public House 6. Norway Inn Public House 7. Perranwell Centre [Village Hall] 8. Perranarworthal Church Hall 9. St Piran Church and Cemetery

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 34

WORKING DRAFT

Recreation spaces and sports pitches. 7.22 Provision. Formal open space and sports provision is very limited in Perranarworthal Parish. There are no allotments, and the only equipped playspaces in the Parish is the limited facilities available at the King George V playing field at the Perranwell Centre, which includes a refurbished toddler play are and a kick about for older children. The KGV playing field, is the home ground of Perranwell FC, which plays in the Cornwall FA Trelawney League and the St Pirans League.

7.23 The Parish Council is the sole trustee that administer the playing field, which the Football Club are permitted to use for their matches, The school and Preschool use the field for their outdoor activities. Because the field is excessively sloping, the football club with support from the school are in the process of a campaign to level the field to enable them to remain in the league they currently play in. It is a well-used facility, especially on Saturdays and school holidays. It has been used not only for sports but also events.

7.24 Recreational facilities for teenagers is lacking within the Parish. Enhancement of the playing field could help address this.

7.25 The Perranarworthal Cricket Club has been in existence for around 150 years. It runs several teams and an active junior group. It has a refurbished clubhouse and a car park. The car park is also used as an overflow car park for the church when there are large gatherings such as funerals and weddings. The field is used by the U3A croquet group twice a week.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 35

7.26 Where there are areas which are of local significance and particular importance to the local community they can be identified and protected. They must fulfil the requirements of the NPPF 2019 (paras 99 & 100) for Local Green Space designation in that each green space:

• Is in reasonably close proximity to the community it serves;

• Is demonstrably special to a local community and holds a particular local significance, for example because of its beauty, historic significance, recreational value (including as a playing field), tranquillity or richness of its wildlife

• and the land involved is local in character and is not an extensive tract of land.

7.27 Areas with potential for inclusion on the NDP under their terms are identified as follows:

7.28 A separate assessment of the proposed Local Green Spaces may be found via this link: Local Green Space Assessment 2021.

TYPE LOCATION AREA (ha) King George v playing field, School Hill 1.5 Perranarworthal Cricket ground, 1.6 Old Church yard, St.Pirans Church, 0.4 New burial ground 0.4 Open triangle at the junction of School Hill and Trewinard Road 0.03

7.29 However, being set in a rural location, there is also plenty of countryside which provides informal, natural green space to which the community have access via public rights of way and can enjoy as part of the distinctive settingWORKING of their villages: DRAFT

7.30 Needs. The Fields in Trust and other standards recommend provision as given in Figure 13 following. FIGURE 13: NATIONAL OPEN SPACE STANDARDS

National Guidance Type of Open Space Quantity/area per Distance resident (m2/person)

Fields in Trust (former Formal sports pitches 16.0 1200m NPFA Six Acre Standard) Children & young people’s equipped 2.6 240 – 600m play Informal open space including 2.75 60m unequipped ‘play space’. Assuming 50% could be provided by natural space covered below. Access to Natural Green 2 Ha of ‘local’ natural green space 300m Space Standards - ANGSSt 20 Ha ‘regional’ natural green space 2000m The Thorpe Report on Allotments -15 plots per 1000 1.63 N/A Allotment Provision 1969 Total 22.98 m2 per person or 52.84 m2 per dwelling *

* Based on an occupancy rate of 2.3

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 36

7.31 In view of the small numbers of the local population, its dispersal and age distribution, the small size of the Parish settlements, the strong likelihood that most residential properties have good sized gardens suitable for play, vegetable growing, and passive recreation, it is very difficult to apply these standards meaningfully. A better approach may be to focus on addressing children and young peoples’ equipped play and social needs which are really only effective if located 240-600m of the focus of residential development.

7.32 On this basis each of the Parish settlements should ideally each have a playspace featuring basic play equipment for younger children and space/equipment for older children (eg kickabout). This may be something for CIL or other funding to be used.

Development Infrastructure 7.33 Any development requires ‘infrastructure’ to support it. Development infrastructure includes such things as approach roads, internal roads, sewage treatment arrangements (drains and capacity at the treatment works), water supply, surface water drainage, open space, education, etc, which must be adequate to meet the needs of the incoming population without harming the ability of infrastructure suppliers to meet the requirements of existing development and customers. Development infrastructure is usually paid for by the developer, either directly by provision on site, or through contributions to the infrastructure supplier/operator if the additional provision required is off-site. This is usually arranged under S106 of the 1990 Planning Act, or s253 of the 1980 Highways Act.

7.34 By law, such contributions cannot be required to pay for improvements to overcome existing infrastructure inadequacy beyond the requirements of the new development concerned, although by careful timing and co- ordination of other matching funds, this may be achievable.

7.35 A perceived issue within communities is that infrastructure provision is often delayed, sometimes well beyond the time atWORKING which it was agreed to be delivered. TheDRAFT community wants infrastructure and facilities to be developed alongside development.

7.36 In Perranarworthal Parish, infrastructure contributions will be necessary to cover: • Adequate vehicular access • Education provision • Open space, including an open space delivery plan outlining phasing, detailed design specifications, maintenance requirements & estimated costs and how this will be sustained in the long term • Sewage treatment • Water supply

7.37 Most dwellings in the more densely developed parts of the Parish settlements rely on public water supplies. However, many properties in the more rural areas of the parish (Stickenbridge, Blankednick) rely on borehole and wells as they cannot easily connect to the mains supply and a private supply is their only option for water. The private water supplies team within Cornwall Council’s Public Protection Dept., manages the quality of private water supplies in Cornwall, ensuring the water is safe and enabling the Council to meet its legal responsibilities on water quality.

7.38 Many of the dwellings in the settlements are connected to the public sewer system, but a number rely on septic tanks, cess pits and soakaways for foul drainage. Modernisation of these through development is necessary to ensure that the water environment is protected and improved. Related Community Engagement Feedback

7.39 When asked What facilities do you use in the Parish, in an open ended question, the most common words were Shop, Hall, Pub , PO.[Q8]. The full range of answers is shown as a ‘Wordle’ in figure XX below.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 37

7.40 When asked are there any facilities currently unavailable that people would like to see in the Parish, in an open ended question, the most common words were Tennis, Doctor, and Swimming [Q9]. The full range of answers is shown as a ‘Wordle’ in figure XX below.

WORKING DRAFT

7.41 When asked how important it is to support and retain social and community facilities, respondents ranked prioritised as follows [Q10]:

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 38

How important is it to support and retain the following: Weighted Average where 5 is the most essential.

Village Shop 4.90

School 4.88

Post Office 4.87

Village Hall 4.86

Playing Field 4.77

Playing Field & Play Equipment 4.66

Pre-School 4.50

Church 4.42

Church Hall 4.26

Cricket Club 4.23

Football ClubWORKING DRAFT 4.10

3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00

If development needs to be planned, which of the following do you think will need to increase in size in the future?

School Shop (Village Hall) Playing Field & Play Equipment Royal Oak Village Hall Post Office (Chuckles) Pre-School Playing Field Church Hall Cricket Club Norway Inn Football Club Church

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00%

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 39

7.42 Some 72% of respondents to the community survey thought that the primary school would need to expand in the future, followed by the shop (39%) and the village hall (28%) [Q11]. When asked about the adequacy of community facility provision, 59.1%% said there was too little provision for teenagers, and 44.60%, said that outdoor fitness equipment for adults was inadequate. People also felt that there was too little in the way of green burial spaces (30.4%) and for dog walking (28.6%)[Q12].

7.43 Some 56.1% thought that more places, such as benches or shelters, should be provided for people, with a weighted average score of 3.5 [Q13] Some 72.6% thought that public conveniences should be available at the playing field with a weighted score of 3.8 [Q14]. Only 17.8% thought that there should be more street lighting, with 72.2% disagreeing [Q15].

7.44 Turning to development infrastructure, 77.9% felt that water, gas, electric, sewerage services were satisfactory, with only 2.6% saying they were not [Q38]. Key issues and implications for the NDP • National and local policy is that Planning should:

o support ‘strong vibrant and healthy communities’ with ‘accessible services and open spaces that reflect the community’s present and future needs and support its health, social and cultural well- being.

o promote social interaction including opportunities for meetings between people who might not otherwise come into contact with each other.

o ensure that places are safe and accessible environments where crime and disorder, and the fear of crime, do not undermine quality of life or community cohesion.

o guard againstWORKING the unnecessary loss of valued facilities DRAFT and services, particularly where this would reduce the community’s ability to meet its day-to-day needs.

o ensure that established shops, facilities and services are able to develop and modernise in a way that is sustainable and retained for the benefit of the community.

o plan positively for the provision and use of shared space, community facilities (such as local shops, meeting places, sports venues, cultural buildings, public houses and places of worship) and other local services to enhance the sustainability of communities and residential environments. • Perranarworthal Parish’s community has a good level of community cohesion and funding is available to support community-based initiatives from several community funding sources. Its stock of community facilities is however limited, and ongoing maintenance and improvement is a typical issue for such facilities. • These facilities could be identified so that they clearly gain the benefit of protection under Cornwall Local Plan Policy 4.4. • There are also several recreational and other ‘green spaces’ around the Parish which contribute local well- being and also to its character and heritage and are worthy of protection. • Equipped provision for children is good for Perranwell but less so for the other settlements. Provision for teenagers is poor. Ideally playspace should be available at each settlement, and the equipment at Perranarworthal supplemented. • Although excellent and active Church and Primary School facilities and services are available locally residents have to travel out of the Parish for many key services and amenities, including health services and secondary schooling. • The existing community and recreational facilities are obviously highly valued by the community.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 40

Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • Consideration should be given to including an NDP policy to build on CLP Policy 4 for the safeguarding of existing facilities and to build on their viability and sustainability, possibly identifying them as a focus for CIL funding. • A clear aim that development must be appropriate for the ability of infrastructure to support it should be included. • A policy should be considered for the support of playspace provision for children and teenagers with an improved distribution around the Parish. • Recreational and green spaces around the Parish which of particular importance to local communities are worthy of protection, and a policy which identifies and protects them should be considered.

WORKING DRAFT

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 41

7. Green Infrastructure, Biodiversity and Geo Diversity

Planning Policy Background

National Planning Policy Framework 2019. 7.1 Key messages from the NPPF are that Planning policies should aim to: • Achieve healthy, inclusive and safe places (para 91) and should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment (Para 170). They should: • Protect and enhance valued landscapes, biodiversity, geological or soils; • Recognise the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside, and the wider benefits from natural capital and ecosystem services (ie green infrastructure) • Minimise impacts on and provide net gains for biodiversity, and establish coherent ecological networks ; • Avoid unacceptable levels of soil, air, water or noise pollution or land instability, and • Encourage remediation and mitigation of despoiled, degraded, derelict, contaminated and unstable land (Para 170). • Designate green areas of particular importance to local communities to rule out new development other than in very special circumstances (Para 99—101). • take a strategic approach to maintaining and enhancing networks of habitats and green infrastructure; • Not permit development where it is likely to have an adverse effect on a Site of Special Scientific Interest or result in the loss or deterioration of irreplaceable habitats, including ancient woodland and the loss of aged or veteran trees found outside ancient woodland (Para 175), • Protect Special Protection Areas and Special Areas of Conservation and ‘Ramsar’ wetlands sites from harm (Para 176) • Take into accountWORKING the effects (including cumulative effects)DRAFT of pollution on health, the natural environment or general amenity, and the potential sensitivity of the area or proposed development to adverse effects from pollution (Para 180). • Take into account ground conditions and land instability, including from natural hazards or former activities such as mining, and contamination (Para 178). 7.2 NPPF 2019 defines Green infrastructure as network of multi-functional green space, urban and rural, which is capable of delivering a wide range of environmental and quality of life benefits for local communities

Cornwall Local Plan. 7.3 Key messages from the Cornwall Local Plan include:

• The CLP (Policy 16) aims to improve the health and wellbeing of Cornwall’s communities, residents, workers and visitors, by: o requiring that development should protect, and alleviate risk to people and the environment from unsafe, unhealthy and polluted environments by avoiding or mitigating against harmful impacts and health risks; o not causing increased risk to human health from air pollution or exceeding EU standards; o maximising the opportunity for physical activity through the use of open space, indoor and outdoor sports and leisure facilities and providing or enhancing active travel networks that support and encourage walking, riding and cycling; o encouraging provision for growing local food in private gardens which are large enough to accommodate vegetable growing or greenhouses or through the provision of allotments; and o providing flexible community open spaces that can be adapted to the health needs of the community and encourage social interaction.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 42

• The CLP also reflects the NPPF requirements that the needs of the local community are met, including through affordable housing provision. • Good quality well planned and appropriately located green infrastructure is critical to Cornwall’s future. Not only does it help us to live more healthily, sustainably and self-sufficiently, it helps to increase resilience and adaptation to climate change and supports ecosystems services providing for food production, flood control and wildlife and their component parts: water, soil, nutrients and organisms (Para 2.190). • Open space and Green Infrastructure can play an important role in improving health and wellbeing by providing accessible space for recreation (Para 2.192); • New developments should use the environmental features of sites as the foundation of their design…. The impact of new development on green infrastructure assets will be assessed as part of determining planning applications (Para 2.194). • Existing green infrastructure … which is important to recreation, leisure, community use, townscape and landscape quality and visual amenity will be protected and enhanced. New development should retain and enhance the most important assets…take in to account and show hoe GI assets have positively contributed to place making and influenced the proposal….provide buffers to natural spaces with GI significance…restore or enhance the connections of nature and people through physical integration and links with GI assets…provide accessible and quality open space…include arrangements for maintenance of GI assets…mitigate any losses by provision elsewhere (Policy 25). • Residential development is expected to contribute to appropriate management, mitigation and monitoring measures to mitigate thier recreational impacts on European Protected Sites (Policy 22).

Other plans and studies 7.4 Natural England - Green Infrastructure Guidance Natural England’s ‘Green Infrastructure Guidance defines green infrastructureWORKING as: DRAFT ‘…a strategically planned and delivered network comprising the broadest range of high quality green spaces and other environmental features. It should be designed and managed as a multifunctional resource capable of delivering those ecological services and quality of life benefits required by the communities it serves and needed to underpin sustainability. Its design and management should also respect and enhance the character and distinctiveness of an area with regard to habitats and landscape types. Green Infrastructure includes established green spaces and new sites and should thread through and surround the built environment and connect the urban area to its wider rural hinterland. Consequently, it needs to be delivered at all spatial scales from sub-regional to local neighbourhood levels, accommodating both accessible natural green spaces within local communities and often much larger sites in the urban fringe and wider countryside.’

7.5 ‘Biodiversity 2020: A strategy for England’s wildlife and ecosystem services’ aims to ‘halt overall biodiversity loss, support healthy well-functioning ecosystems and establish coherent ecological networks, with more and better places for nature for the benefit of wildlife and people’.

7.6 The Natural Environment White Paper 2012 says that a healthy, properly functioning natural environment is the foundation of sustained economic growth, and a vital support for our well-being and security. The White Paper is intended to halt and reverse the decline in biodiversity and signaled a move away from the traditional approach of protecting biodiversity in nature reserves to adopting a wider and more inclusive approach at ‘a landscape scale’ to protecting and enhancing biodiversity. It also aims to create a ‘green economy’ in which economic growth and the health of natural resources sustain each other and markets, business and Government better understand and reflect the value of nature. It includes commitments to:

• Halt biodiversity loss, support functioning ecosystems and establish coherent ecological networks by 2020; • Establish a new voluntary approach to biodiversity offsetting to be tested in pilot areas;

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 43

• Enable partnerships of local authorities, local communities and landowners, the private sector and conservation organisations to establish new Nature Improvement Areas; and • Address barriers to using green infrastructure to promote sustainable growth.

7.7 ‘A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment’ the Government’s 25 Year Environment Plan, includes policies within Chapter 2 ‘Recovering nature and enhancing the beauty of landscapes’ and Goal 6 ‘Enhanced beauty, heritage and engagement with the natural environment’ which directly relate to the Biodiversity and Geodiversity theme.

7.8 The 25 Year Environment Plan sets out the Government’s environmental plan of action over the next quarter century, in the context of Brexit. The Plan aims to ‘tackle the growing problems of waste and soil degradation…improve social justice by tackling the pollution suffered by those living in less favourable areas…. and by opening up the mental and physical health benefits of the natural world to people from the widest possible range of ages and backgrounds’. It also sets out how the Government will address the effects of climate change – ‘still perhaps the most serious long-term risk to the environment given higher land and sea temperatures, rising sea levels, extreme weather patterns and ocean acidification, which harms marine species.’ These aims are supported by a range of policies which are focused on the following six key areas:

• Using and managing land sustainably; • Recovering nature and enhancing the beauty of landscapes; • Connecting people with the environment to improve health and wellbeing; • Increasing resource efficiency, and reducing pollution and waste; • Securing clean, productive and biologically diverse seas and oceans; and • Protecting and improving the global environment. (Executive Summary, P9 and 10)

7.9 Safeguarding ourWORKING Soils: A Strategy for England, sets out a visionDRAFT for soil use in England.

7.10 The Water White Paper1, which sets out the Government’s vision for a more resilient water sector. It states the measures that will be taken to tackle issues such as poorly performing ecosystems, and the combined impacts of climate change and population growth on stressed water resources.

7.11 The Cornwall Biodiversity Action Plan is presented in 4 volumes: • Cornwall’s Biodiversity Volume 1: Audits and Priorities • Cornwall’s Biodiversity Volume 2: Action Plan • Cornwall’s Biodiversity Volume 3: Action Plans 2004 • Cornwall’s Biodiversity Volume 4: Priority Projects 2010-2015 7.12 ‘Cornwall’s Biodiversity Volume 1: Audits and Priorities set recommendations for Action Plans, which were produced for the Cornish priority habitats and species and published in ‘Cornwall’s Biodiversity Volume 2: Action Plans’. A further volume, ‘Cornwall’s Biodiversity Volume 3: Action Plans 2004’ was produced in line with the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP) process, highlighting the 25 UK BAP priority habitats and 127 BAP priority species occurring in Cornwall. In light of a progress review, Cornwall’s BAP was reviewed and updated, taking into consideration the new UK list of priority habitats and species, and the England Biodiversity Strategy (EBS) delivery framework. This document is ‘Volume4: Priority Habitats’ 2010 identifies priority project areas. The Environment Bill 2020 7.13 The draft Environment Bill includes an intention to require ‘Net Biodiversity Gain’ in all new development. Anticipating the passage of this as an Act of Parliament, Cornwall Council are now seeking a net gain

1 http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm82/8230/8230.pdf

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 44

requirement of up to 10%. [See https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/environment-and-planning/planning/planning- policy/adopted-plans/planning-policy-guidance/biodiversity-net-gain/] Baseline

7.14 Green Infrastructure (GI) assets range from common land, playing pitches, streams, lakes and woodlands to green roofs and street trees. They can be specific sites at the local level or broader environmental features at the wider landscape scale within and between rural and urban areas.

7.15 Perranarworthal Parish has, and needs, its own GI, and also forms part of the GI of Cornwall, and is therefore functionally important on a wider scale than the local neighbourhood perspective of this Plan. Key Green Infrastructure assets in Perranarworthal Parish are described below. See Figure 16. Trees and Woodlands 7.16 The National Forest Inventory (NFI) provides accurate information about the size, distribution, composition and condition of our forests and woodlands and also about the changes taking place in the woodlands through time. It is essential for developing and monitoring the policies and guidance that support the sustainable management of woodland. The NFI shows that Perranarworthal Parish is not particularly well wooded, although there are concentrations of mostly deciduous woodlands along the Trewdedna valley and the Kennall valley, much of which is recorded on the Priority Habitat Inventory [Source: MAGIC map application, see Figure 14 for extract below]. As the tree cover in the Parish is relatively limited, it is well valued locally, and over time a considerable number of Tree Preservation Orders have been declared. These include the hillslopes above Perranwharf, the area formerly occupied by the gardens of Mellingey House, the western part of Greenwith Common and two small areas on Perran Downs. Four linear TPOs protect trees along roads or tracks in the parish: at the top of St Pirans hill, along the bridle way between the post office and the Church), along the banks of the Kennal below Tullimaar, along the river through the village, and along the road toWORKING the station. Moe than 60 single trees, mostly DRAFT in private gardens in Perranwell village and on Greenwith Common, are also protected by individual Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs). Hedgerows

7.17 Field hedges (including Cornish hedges and hedgerow trees), creek-side woodland, parkland and garden trees, and plantations are very important in defining the special character of the parish and are important habitats. Most hedges within the parish will fall within the scope of the Hedgerow Regulations.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 45

WORKING DRAFT

Figure XX: National Forest Inventory [Source MAGIC Map, DEFRA]

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 46

Areas of Great Landscape Value 7.18 A large swathe of the ancient field systems and creek-side woodland in the south-western part of the parish centred on Pelyn and Blankednick is designated as an AGLV. These are defined in the Cornwall Local plan as areas of high landscape quality with strong and distinctive characteristics which make them particularly sensitive to development. Although the primary objective of AGLVs is conservation and enhancement of their landscape quality and individual character, and their ancient origins mean they provide a valuable habitat for plants and animals associated with traditional woodlands and agricultural landscapes. Water Quality and Water Resources 7.19 The main watercourses 2 flowing through Perranarworthal Parish are the lower reaches of the River Kennall and Carnon River where they become tidal and link with the Carrick Roads Inner water body. Although not regarded as heavily modified by human activity this part of the two rivers is described as having an overall ‘moderate’ ecological and chemical quality. The reasons given for not being of ‘good’ quality overall is related to sewage discharge, poor agricultural and rural land management, urban and transport related pollution.

7.20 Beyond this the Carnon runs northward into the Lower Carnon Operational Catchment, which has a ‘poor’ overall ‘moderate’ ecological and chemical quality related to abandoned mining and quarrying [abandoned mines], poor agricultural and rural land management, and some natural mineralisation. The Kennall continues westward in to the Kennall Operational Catchment, which is described as being heavily modified by human activity, with an overall ‘moderate’ ecological and chemical quality, related to sewage discharge, mining and quarrying [abandoned mines], and fish stocking.

7.21 The Trewedna Water is also in the broader Fal Operational Catchment, but does not have a specific Operational Catchment of its own. The Fal Operational Catchment has an overall moderate ecological status but a failed chemical status, mainly related to Agriculture and rural land management, Mining and quarrying, water industryWORKING and other reasons. DRAFT

7.22 7.22 Future aims for these areas as set out in the South West River Basin Management Plan is to

• reduce point source pollution from domestic, industrial and agricultural sources • reduce diffuse source pollution by pollution-type (nutrients, pesticides, minerals) • support sustainable water resources • tackle flood alleviation through land management 7.23 The intention is that in these outcomes will be delivered through integrated land use and management and the involvement of local people, supported by local partnerships.

2 Source: The Environment Agency Catchment Data Explorer

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 47

WORKING DRAFT

Figure XX: Water Courses [Source MAGIC Map, DEFRA]

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 48

Mineral Resources 7.24 There are no mineral resources (natural concentrations of minerals or, in the case of aggregates, bodies of rock that are, or may become, of potential economic interest due to their inherent properties) notified as existing within the NDP Designated Area. Geodiversity 7.25 Geologically the Parish is is fairly uniform, mainly in the ‘Gramscatho Basin’ of Mylor Slate formation with slate and siltstone formed in the Middle and Upper Devonian period ranging in age from 359 to 383 million years, struck through in places by felsitic dykes which run SW to NE in the Silver Hill area formed from igneous activity during the Permian period when the Carnmenellis granitic intrusion was active. Superficial deposits are alluvial clay, silt, sand and gravel in the valley bottoms, formed up to 2 million years ago. More recent materials date from around 11,800 years ago to the present day. 3 Figure 18 below shows the bedrock geology and superficial deposits locally [Source BGS Geology of Britain Viewer at http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html] Soil Resources 7.26 The Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) classifies land into size grades (plus ‘non-agricultural land’ and ‘urban’), where Grades 1 to 3a are recognised as being the ‘best and most versatile’ land and Grades 3b to 5 of poorer quality. In this context, there is a national policy based need to avoid loss of higher quality ‘best and most versatile’ agricultural land. See Figure 15.

7.27 In terms of the location of the best and most versatile agricultural land, a high proportion of the Parish falls into Grade 3, with the remainder being Grades 4 and 5.

7.28 Soils across the majority of the Parish are mainly in the Soil Associations ‘Soilscape 6’ that is freely draining slightly acid loamy soils suitable for range of spring and autumn sown crops; under grass the soils have a long grazing season. FreeWORKING drainage reduces the risk of soil damage DRAFT from grazing animals or farm machinery. Shortage of soil moisture most likely limiting factor on yields, particularly where stony or shallow.4 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) 7.29 There are no SSSIs in the Parish, although it falls into the impact risk zones for the West Cornwall Bryophytes SSSI some 3.6kn to the north-west, and the Carrine Common /Penweathers SSSI some 2.4km to the north- east. This means that Natural England must be consulted when larger scale planning applications are considere

3 BGS Geology of Britain viewer 4 Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute Soilscapes Viewer at http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 49

WORKING DRAFT

Figure XX: Agricultural Land Classification [Source MAGIC Map, DEFRA]

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 50

MAP 5: GEOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN PERRANARWORTHAL PARISH Mylor Slate Formation - Slate And Siltstone. Sedimentary Bedrock formed approximately 359 to 383 million years ago in the Devonian Period. Local environment previously dominated by open seas with pelagite deposits.

Unnamed Dyke, Permian - Felsite. Igneous Bedrock formed approximately 252 to 299 million years ago in the Permian Period. Local environment previously dominated by intrusions of silica-rich magma.

Alluvium - Clay, Silt, Sand And Gravel. Superficial Deposits WORKING DRAFT formed up to 2 million years ago in the Quaternary Period. Local environment previously dominated by rivers

Mylor Slate Formation - Basaltic-rock. Igneous Bedrock formed approximately 359 to 383 million years ago in the Devonian Period. Local environment previously Head - Clay, Silt, Sand And dominated by eruptions of Gravel. Superficial Deposits silica-poor magma. formed up to 3 million years ago in the Quaternary Period. Local environment previously dominated by subaerial slopes

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 51

Figure XX: Green Infrastructure Network [Source MAGIC Map, DEFRA]

WORKING DRAFT

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 52

WORKING DRAFT

Figure XX: Green Infrastructure Network [Source ERCCCIS]

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 53

Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area 7.30 The River Fal which although not itself in the parish is designated a Special Protection Area (SPA) for over wintering diving seabirds and is part of the Fal and Helford Special Area of Conservation (SAC) [Map 13]. It is of international significance for its mudflat and sandbank communities Thus the entire Parish is in the Natura 2000 Zone of Influence for the Fal and Helford Special Area of Conservation. Natura 2000 is a network of core breeding and resting sites for rare and threatened species, and some rare natural habitat types which are protected in their own right. It stretches across all 28 EU countries, both on land and at sea. The aim of the network is to ensure the long-term survival of Europe's most valuable and threatened species and habitats, listed under both the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive. The impact of this is that any significant new development for residential purposes would be required to make a contribution towards the mitigation of any impacts that new residents might have through increased recreational pressures on the SAC. This means that Cornwall Local Plan Policy 22 applies across the area, which should be reflected in the NDP. County Wildlife Sites 7.31 County Wildlife Sites (CWS) are the most significant areas of semi-natural habitat in Cornwall outside of statutory protected sites such as SACs and SSSIs. Typically CWS range from small copses and linear features like river valleys, to ancient woodlands, large moors and wetlands. Large parts of the flood plains of the Kennal and the Carnon Rivers are designated as County Wildlife Sites, as are two areas along the Trewedna Water at Tarrandean and to the west of Perranwell village.

7.32 Many of these are Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) habitats i.e. habitats which are considered of conservation significance either locally or nationally. Local sites form the steppingstones of a countywide biodiversity network of wildlife corridors and play a key part in helping to deliver the Biodiversity Action Plan. Field boundaries (including Cornish hedges and hedgerow trees), creek-side woodland, parkland and garden trees, and plantations areWORKING very important in defining the special characterDRAFT of the parish and are important habitats.. Green Infrastructure Network 7.33 As noted above, the NPPF 2019 defines Green infrastructure as network of multi-functional green space, urban and rural, which is capable of delivering a wide range of environmental and quality of life benefits for local communities.

7.34 In Perranarworthal the green infrastructure is very special and contains a variety of biodiversity assets, several of which are of regional/international importance. These are generally related to the valleys of the Carnon, Kenall and Trewedna rivers , and include (see Figure 16):

o Priority Habitat Inventory Deciduous Woodland o Priority Species o National Forestry Inventory Woodland o The Fal and Helford SAC o A Cornwall Wildlife Site. 7.35 If considered appropriate, it is possible to designate a Green Infrastructure Network to ensure that these features are recognised in planning processes so that developments help build the biodiversity network as appropriate and should not adversely impact on local sites.

Air Quality 7.36 There are no air quality management zones in the Parish.

Noise Perranarworthal is a generally quiet area apart from the southern portion of the Parish where the properties close to the A39 are subject to traffic noise, and to the west along the A393 (See Map XX). There are four’ Noise Action Planning Important Areas Round 3 England’ along the A39 and A393.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 54

WORKING DRAFT

Figure XX: Noise Profile [Source…….]

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 55

Net Biodiversity Gain 7.37 Net Biodiversity Gain [NBG] follows the principle of the ‘mitigation hierarchy’ which seeks to:

• Enhance habitat • Avoid habitat loss • Minimise habitat loss • Restore habitat loss • Compensate for habitat loss • Offset Habitat loss

7.38 DEFRA have published a ‘Biodiversity Metric’ to provide a way of measuring and accounting for biodiversity losses and gains resulting from development or land management change. Examples of appropriate methods to address NBG might include:

• Purpose designed boxes and bricks for bats, birds (including owls in remoter areas), • Bees and other invertebrates, within the structure of the building, or within the site • Boundaries on non-built features if this is not possible; • Hedgehog access points in fences, • Planting new native trees and hedges and flower-rich habitats • The intentional use of suds, and drainage ponding, as habitat, • ‘re-wilding’ of areas to support drainage and create habitat • Measures to protect the integrity of any affected wildlife corridors, mitigate any • Harmful impact, and incorporate linkages to provide new connections between corridors • Contributions to a ‘green reserve’ nearby.

Related Community Engagement Feedback 7.39 In the communityWORKING survey, 98.5% of respondents said that itDRAFT is important to protect and enhance existing wildlife and wildlife habitats including trees, woodland, wetland and Cornish hedges, with a weighted average score of 4.77 [Q6]. Some 93.3% said it is important to create new wildlife habitats as part of new developments including Cornish hedges, new woodland and flower-rich grassland, with a weighted average of 4.56 [Q7].

Key issues and implications for the NDP • Any high-quality biodiversity and geodiversity in the Parish is protected by international, national and county level policies. • National and local policy is that Planning should:

o aim to achieve healthy, inclusive and safe places and should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment o Designate green areas of particular importance to local communities to rule out new development other than in very special circumstances o allow only the most exceptional developments to be permitted in, and that the highest levels of protection should apply, to SSSI, SPA and SAC. o Protect locally designated sites, unless the need and benefits of the development clearly outweigh the loss o protect and where possible improve biodiversity o Avoid unacceptable levels of soil, air, water or noise pollution or land instability, and encourage remediation and mitigation of despoiled, degraded, derelict, contaminated and unstable land • Forthcoming legislation will require up to 10% ‘net biodiversity gain’ from new development.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 56

• The Parish is well-wooded in its lower areas, with some extensive valley bottom woodlands. • Internationally, nationally and locally designated nature conservation sites are present in the Parish, or nearby, and a number of areas of Cornwall BAP Priority Habitat. Protected species are also likely to be present at many locations in the parish. • The Parish has a good quality green infrastructure network, with plenty of footpaths and lanes linking green areas to local open space and leisure facilities, but this can be adversely affected by development. • Cornwall Local Plan Policy 22 applies across the area, which should be reflected in the NDP.

Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • The high-quality biodiversity and geodiversity sites in the Parish are protected by international, national and county level policies so NDP policies are not necessary. • Consideration should be given to a planning policy framework to support Net Biodiversity Gain by requiring the submission of a Biodiversity Metric Gain Plan with planning applications. • Consideration should be given to including a policy which seeks to protect existing trees and supports the approach set out in the Cornwall Design Guide.

• Planning policies should seek to ensure that: o Where sites contain patches of semi-natural habitat they are retained and ideally linked together as part of the intended end land-use. o The potential to retain, restore and re-create habitat linkages such as Cornish hedges is condsidered in new development. o New developments should consider enhancement opportunities to create, expand, buffer and link WORKINGsemi-natural habitats on-site DRAFT o To protect the distinctive character of the landscape of the parish the creation of new habitats should always respect the existing character as established by Historic Landscape Characterisation. • Cornwall Local Plan Policy 22 applies across the area, so any significant new development for residential purposes will be required to make a contribution towards the mitigation of any impacts that new residents might have through increased recreational pressures on the nearby SAC.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 57

8. Landscape Planning Policy Background

National Planning Policy Framework 2019. 8.1 Planning policies should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment (para 170) whilst good design is a key aspect of sustainable development, creates better places in which to live and work and helps make development acceptable to communities (para 124). Heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource, and should be conserved in a manner appropriate to their significance, so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of existing and future generations. Planning policies should:

o Protect and enhance valued landscapes (Para 170a) o Recognise the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside, and the wider benefits from natural capital and ecosystem services (Para 170b) o Not permit major developments in AONBs, where great weight should be given to conserving landscape and scenic beauty, ensure that development conserves and enhances the landscape character and scenic beauty of the AONB(Para 172) o Protect tranquil areas which have remained relatively undisturbed by noise and are prized for their recreational and amenity value for this reason (Para 180b). o Limit the impact of light pollution from artificial light on local amenity, intrinsically dark landscapes and nature conservation (Para 180c). o be grounded in an understanding and evaluation of each area’s defining characteristics, identifying the special qualities of each area and explaining how this should be reflected in development Para 125) o ensure that developments function well, are visually attractive, are sympathetic to local character and history, allow an appropriate amount and mix, and create places that are safe, inclusive and healthy (para 127) WORKING DRAFT o not permit development of poor design that fails to take the opportunities available for improving the character and quality of an area and the way it functions (Para 130).

Cornwall Local Plan. 8.2 Key messages from the Cornwall Local Plan include

• Objective 10(a) within key theme number 4 states to ‘respect the distinctive character of Cornwall’s diverse landscapes’. • Policy 2 – Spatial Strategy states that new development should ‘maintain and respect the special character of Cornwall, recognising that all urban and rural landscapes, designated and undesignated, are important’... by identifying ‘the value and sensitivity, of the character and importance of landscapes, biodiversity and geodiversity and historic assets’ • Policy 23 – Natural Environment – states that development proposals should sustain local distinctiveness and character and protect and enhance Cornwall’s natural environment where development should be of o 2. ‘of an appropriate scale, mass and design that recognises and respects landscape character of both designated and undesignated landscapes… must take into account and respect the sensitivity and capacity of the landscape asset, considering cumulative impact and the wish to maintain dark skies and tranquillity in areas that are relatively undisturbed, using guidance from the Cornwall Landscape Character Assessment and supported by the descriptions of Areas of Great Landscape Value.

Other plans and studies 8.3 ‘A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment’ the Government’s 25 Year Environment Plan, includes policies within Chapter 2 ‘Recovering nature and enhancing the beauty of landscapes’ and Goal

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 58

6 ‘Enhanced beauty, heritage and engagement with the natural environment’ which directly relate to the Landscape theme.

8.4 The ‘Cornwall landscape character best practice guide’ says that for ‘smaller-scale development particularly in rural areas: i. consider how new development can foster the existing rural character ii. ensure residential entrances and approaches avoid over-engineered solutions, favouring designs which follow the site topography iii. retain trees and Cornish hedges, ditches and walls, especially where these form backdrops, soften roof lines, and produce screening. Replace features which have to be removed to fit in with the existing landscape pattern iv. reflect vernacular and local rural detailing at gates, entranceways and boundary treatments v. retain grass verges and avoid upstanding kerbs and highway bollards, avoiding the extension of garden features such as close-mown lawns, flowerbeds and ornamental shrubs beyond the garden boundary, as these have the effect of suburbanisation of rural lanes vi. site garages and other utility features such as rubbish bins and fuel storage away from property frontages in screened areas vii. locate parking and turning spaces at the sides and rear of buildings, or within courtyards, reducing their visibility from the highway viii. provide new native structure planting of Cornish hedges, copses, shelterbelts, (where appropriate) to help integrate new buildings into the landscape. Carefully consider the use of exotic species, especially evergreens such as cypresses Baseline

Local Landscape CharacterWORKING Assessment DRAFT

8.5 Perranarworthal is a relatively small parish, approximately seven and a half square kilometres in area, and rising from sea level to its highest point at 94m just north of Pelynwartha Farm. Overall the parish is rural in character and almost entirely enclosed by field systems defined by Cornish hedges and hedgerows. Ancient field systems created early in the medieval period occupy large areas of the northern, south-eastern and western parts of the parish; other areas were enclosed from commons in the 17th and 18th centuries. The parish is bounded on its east and south sides by silted river valleys, tidal in their lower reaches, which were heavily exploited by industrial activity in the 17th to the 20th centuries.

8.6 From many vantage points the parish appears to be quite densely wooded, and this may once have been the case, but there are now few large continuous areas of trees, and this wooded aspect is largely the result of the numerous mature hedgerow trees with which the parish is particularly well endowed. Larger areas of woodland are mainly found on the steep hillsides above the Kennal and Carnon Rivers, and along the valley of the Trewedna water.

8.7 To establish the landscape baseline and identify the key distinguishing characteristics of the Perranarworthal Parish landscape, a Local Landscape Character Assessment has been produced. This can be found via the following link: Perranarworthal Local Landscape Character Assessment

8.8 The LLCA records that Perranarworthal Parish has four landscape character areas that contribute to its distinctive rural appeal. These are as follows:

• Plateau Top – with panoramic views and big skies, an interesting mosaic of field shapes and colours, medieval field systems bounded by Cornish Hedges, tree tunnels, supporting a variety of habitats

• Steep Valley Sides - views over open farmland separating the residential areas, with views of the villages through farmland providing their essential rural feel, more tree tunnels but now also sunken lanes,

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 59

separating a smaller field pattern delineated by Cornish Hedges, with patches of thick woodland, and intermingled springs and wells.

• Narrow Valley Floor - dense deciduous woodland enclosing secluded riverside, noise of bubbling stream and wide variety of rich habitats, meadow land flood plane.

• Lower Valley Floor and Tidal Reaches - tidal estuary salt marsh and mud flats, with pools and reed beds, sites of relict industrial activity, with rich natural and historic value.

8.9 The LLCA analyses and the landscape character areas and identifies its characteristic, distinctive and historic features including:

• Key Characteristics

• Topography and Drainage

• Biodiversity

• Land Cover and Land Use

• Field and woodland pattern

• Building distribution

• Transport Pattern

• Historic features

• Distinctive features

• Condition • Aesthetic and WORKINGsensory DRAFT • Views

• Relationship to the adjacent landscape character type.

8.10 In order to ensure that these features are not harmed unacceptably, it is important that new developments demonstrate that they have been recognised and responded to effectively in the design process.

8.11 The landscape also has value to the setting and significance of heritage assets which may depend in part on their legibility in views towards and away from them. Similarly, the landscape itself can be the reason for the existence of a heritage asset, for example Perran Wharf located on the tidal reach of the River Kennal. Familiar local landscape views can add to people’s enjoyment of places, our sense of a place and its local distinctiveness, and even the sense of belonging to a village and community. In this sense, familiar landscapes and views are locally cherished. They are the setting for people’s everyday existence within their community and family life, valued as the place where their life experiences occur. This is a ‘sense of place’ or an ‘attachment to the ordinary landscape’. These can affect psychological and social well-being and are part of the sustainable development concept. Paragraph 170 of the NPPF requires planning decisions to contribute to ‘protecting and enhancing valued landscapes.’ Further, policy 23 of the Cornwall Local Plan which explains through paragraph 2.146 that ‘All landscapes matter, not just those with national designations which is why attention to distinctiveness and character of the whole of Cornwall is so important.’ Dark Skies

8.12 Rural areas in Cornwall enjoy a dark sky at night, and because of the lack of development in the Perranarworthal area the night sky is particularly dark. The dark nightime sky in itself a natural asset which is enjoyed by the community of Perranarworthal Parish as part of the experience of living in the area. It can also brings several other benefits:

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 60

• Scientific advantages – enabling enhanced conditions for astronomy; • Educational outreach – facilitating both formal education and more informal activities; • Enjoyment and appreciation – improving quality of life and provide creative inspiration; • Health – promoting improved sleep patterns and reducing stress; • Wildlife – providing a more natural environment for both nocturnal and diurnal animals; and • Energy efficiency – reducing wastage from unnecessary or excessive lighting.

8.13 However, lighting is often installed which is overly bright, needlessly spills upwards, is poorly aimed and creates shadows – making it harder to see as well as being wasteful and harmful to the night sky.

Related Community Engagement Feedback

8.14 8.8 During the community survey, the local countryside was seen as being amongst the three top things liked about the Parish, with 78.8% of respondents mentioning it. It was also seen as the most important by 56.1%, with a weighted average score of 2.5 [Q1]. When asked when development proposals are put forward in our Parish in coming years, what are the 3 most important things that should be considered, 86.1% mentioned ‘protecting the landscape and countryside’. It was also seen as the most important by 58.7%, with a weighted average score of 2.59 [Q2].

8.15 8.9 94.5% of respondents said that they agreed that It is important to protect, conserve and enhance the distinctive character of the local historic landscape [Q4] with a weighted average of 4.52 [Q4]. On the issue of street lightings, which relates to dark skies, when asked should there be more street lighting, 72.2% of respondents disagreed, with a weighted average of 2.1. Key issues and implicationsWORKING for the NDP DRAFT • National and local policy is that Planning should:

o Protect and enhance valued landscapes o Recognise the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside o Protect tranquil areas which have remained relatively undisturbed by noise and are prized for their recreational and amenity value for this reason

o Limit the impact of light pollution from artificial light on local amenity, intrinsically dark landscapes and nature conservation

o be grounded in an understanding and evaluation of each area’s defining characteristics, identifying the special qualities of each area and explaining how this should be reflected in development • The countryside and landscape is perceived by the local community as the most distinctive and attractive character of the Parish that should be preserved and enhanced. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • The NDP should include policies to conserve and enhance the landcape as it is much loved by the community. • National and local planning policies are sufficient to protect the AGLV and no local policy is needed in the Perranarworthal NDP. • However there are locally distinctive aspects of the landscape within and outside these areas and an NDP policy could be considered to ensure that new proposals - whether they be for repair, extension

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 61

or new development - draw their design inspiration from local sources and thereby fit well within existing landscape and topography in character and form of the landscape • A policy encouraging design that will help to preserve the quality of the ‘dark sky’ above the Parish and secure the tranquility and dark skies quality of the landscape for current and future generations should be considered.

WORKING DRAFT

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 62

9. Heritage and Design Planning Policy Background

National Planning Policy Framework 2019. 10.1 Key messages include-

• Key Heritage assets should be recognised as an ‘irreplaceable resource’ that should be conserved in a ‘manner appropriate to their significance so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of existing and future generations’ (Para 184). This should take account of ‘the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits’ of conservation, including ‘the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets’, the opportunities to draw from the historic environment to support the character of a place, and recognising the positive contribution new development can make to local character and distinctiveness (Para 185). • Plans should set out a ‘positive strategy’ for the ‘conservation and enjoyment of the historic environment’, including those heritage assets that are most at risk (Para 185).. • ‘When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation (and the more important the asset, the greater the weight should be). This is irrespective of whether any potential harm amounts to substantial harm, total loss of less than substantial harm to its significance’ (Para 193).

Cornwall Local Plan. 10.2 Key messages include-

• Objective 10 within key theme 4 refers to enhancing and reinforcing local natural, landscape and historic character andWORKING distinctiveness and raising the quality of DRAFTdevelopment through; ‘a. Respecting the distinctive character of Cornwall’s diverse landscapes’ …and…’c. Excellence in design that manages change to maintain the distinctive character and quality of Cornwall.’ • CLP Policy 24 relates to the historic environment. It states that development proposals will be permitted where they will sustain the cultural distinctiveness and significance of Cornwall’s historic rural, urban and coastal environment by protecting, conserving and where appropriate enhancing the significance of designated and non-designated assets and their settings. Development proposals will be expected to: o sustain designated heritage assets o take opportunities to better reveal their significance o maintain the special character and appearance of Conservation Areas, especially those positive elements in any Conservation Area Appraisal o conserve and, where appropriate, enhance the design, character, appearance and historic significance of historic parks and gardens o conserve and, where appropriate, enhance other historic landscapes and townscapes, including registered battlefields, including the industrial mining heritage o protect the historic maritime environment, including the significant ports, harbours and quays. Other plans and studies 10.3 ‘A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment’ the Governments 25 Year Environment Plan, includes policies within Chapter 2 ‘Recovering nature and enhancing the beauty of landscapes’ and Goal 6 ‘Enhanced beauty, heritage and engagement with the natural environment’ which directly relate to the Historic Environment SEA theme.

10.4 The Government’s Statement on the Historic Environment for England sets out its vision for the historic environment. It calls for those who have the power to shape the historic environment to recognise its value

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 63

and to manage it in an intelligent manner in light of the contribution that it can make to social, economic and cultural life.

10.5 Historic England Guidance and Advice notes are particularly relevant and should be read in conjunction with the others: Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and Management: Historic England Advice Note 1 (February 2016) outlines ways to manage change that conserves and enhances historic areas in order to positively contribute to sustainable development. Principally, the advice note emphasises the importance of:

• Understanding the different types of special architectural and historic interest which underpin the designations; and • Recognising the value of implementing controls through the appraisal and/or management plan which positively contribute to the significance and value of conservation areas. Sustainability Appraisal (SA) and Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA): Historic England Advice Note 8 (December 2016) provides support to all stakeholders involved in assessing the effects of certain plans and programmes on the historic environment. It offers advice on heritage considerations during each stage of the SA/SEA process and helps to establish the basis for robust and comprehensive assessments.

Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3: The Setting of Heritage Assets (2nd Edition) (December 2017) provides general advice on understanding setting, and how it may contribute to the significance of heritage assets and allow that significance to be appreciated, as well as advice on how views can contribute to setting. Specifically, Part 2 of the advice note outlines a five stepped approach to conducting a broad assessment of setting: Step 1: Identify which heritage assets and their settings are affected; Step 2: AssessWORKING the degree to which these settings DRAFTmake a contribution to the significance of the heritage asset(s) or allow significance to be appreciated; Step 3: Assess the effects of the proposed development, whether beneficial or harmful, on that significance or on the ability to appreciate it; Step 4: Explore ways to maximise enhancement and avoid or minimise harm; and Step 5: Make and document the decision and monitor outcomes. Neighbourhood Planning and the Historic Environment: Historic England Advice Note 11 (October 2018) outlines the importance of considering the historic environment whilst preparing the plan (section 1), which culminates in a checklist of relevant of issues to consider, followed by an overview of what this means in terms of evidence gathering (section 2). Sections 3 to 5 of the advice note focus on how to translate evidence into policy, understand the SEA process and Historic England’s role in neighbourhood planning.

10.6 Cornwall Council’s Historic Environment Supplementary Planning Document [Draft] requires the historic environment impact assessments to:

• identify the site, the heritage assets and their settings • Understand its significance, its sensitivities and capacity for change irrespective of any known proposals • Understand the potential impact of specific proposals on that significance • Use that understanding to inform the design process to: • look for opportunities to avoid, minimise or mitigate impact • look for opportunities to better reveal or enhance significance, create a more sustainable and interesting place • justify any harmful impacts (in terms of sustainable development, the need for change, overriding benefits etc.)

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 64

• offset negative impacts through recording, disseminating and archiving archaeological and historical information. Baseline 10.7 To establish the historic environment baseline and identify the key distinguishing characteristics of the Perranarworthal Parish area, a detailed Historic Environment Assessment has been produced. This can be found via the following link: Perranarworthal Historic Environment Assessment.

10.8 Flowing from this a number of unlisted heritage assets which are critical to the character of the Parish have been identified. A report giving the reasons why these assets should be entered on a ‘Local Listing’ for the application of protective policies has been prepared and is available here: ‘Local Listing Report’.

10.9 Standing alongside the Local Landscape Character Assessment and the Historic Environment Assessment, and partly derived from them, is a Design Guide to help ensure that future development is appropriate in scale and appearance to the distinctive character of the Parish. This includes baseline character assessments and other material establishing historic and modern design trends and issues. The Design Guid is available here: Perranarworthal Parish Design Guide. Related Community Engagement Feedback

10.10 During the community survey, 85.6% of respondents said that they agreed that the historic environment makes a significant contribution to their quality of life and fosters a sense of belonging in the Parish [Q3]. 94.5% of respondents said that they agreed that It is important to protect, conserve and enhance the distinctive character of the local historic landscape [Q4] with a weighted average of 4.52 [Q4]. Some 94.1% agreed that it is important to protect, conserve and enhance the sites, structures and other features of archaeological and historical interest in the Parish, with a weighted average score of 4.47. [Q5]. 10.11 9.11 On design, 84.5%WORKING said future developments should beDRAFT built using traditional designs and local materials, with 91.6% saying that development should be in harmony with the character of the local built environment. Some 48.4% supported building in contemporary style with new materials against 42.5% who disagreed [Q21].

10.12 95.9% of respondents said that future developments should provide adequate parking for residents, 88.9% said adequate parking for their visitors should be provided and 93.7% said adequate green spaces and gardens should be provided [Q22]. Key issues and implications for the NDP • National and local policy is that Planning should: o contribute to and enhance the natural and historic environment o ensure that developments function well, are visually attractive, are sympathetic to local character and history, allow an appropriate amount and mix, and create places that are safe, inclusive and healthy o not permit development of poor design o give great weight to outstanding or innovative designs which promote sustainability or help raise the standard of design more generally in the area o give great weight to the conservation of designated heritage assets (which include Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas), o take a balanced judgement on the scale of harm to the significance of non-designated heritage assets o seek opportunities for new development in WHS and the settings of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance o Treat loss of a WHS asset which makes a positive contribution to its significance as substantial or less than substantial harm

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 65

• Numerous features and areas of historic environment interest and archaeological heritage are present in the parish, including many listed buildings and scheduled monuments. The Parish has many place names of historic origin which underscore the and help explain the emergence of the local settlements, which should be an indicator of the need for adequate heritage assessment. • The setting of the many listed building and the general character of the villages is attractive but, in some places, harm has been caused through new development and extensions. For example, windows and doors marred by modern replacements whilst some of the infill development has paid little regard to the vernacular. • A concern may be that future extensions and repairs to the properties may introduce less sensitive treatments. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan

• National and local planning policies are sufficient to protect statutorily listed heritage assets and no local policy is needed in the Perranarworthal NDP. • However, there are many unlisted heritage assets that are currently not protected which could benefit from a Local Listing in the NDP • Place names should be identified as a ‘clue’ to the need for heritage impact assessment. • Opportunities to enable the repair and subsequently maintenance of heritage assets should be supported. • The adoption of an NDP policy to support development which accords with the Design Code, should be considered, with the aim of raising standards in line with the establishing and appropriate local format. WORKING DRAFT

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 66

10. Accessibility and Connectivity (Transportation)

Planning Policy Background

National Planning Policy Framework 2019. 10.13 Key messages from the NPPF are that Planning should:

• support an appropriate mix of uses across an area, and within larger scale sites, to minimise the number and length of journeys needed for employment, shopping, leisure, education and other activities; • provide for high quality walking and cycling net-works and supporting facilities such as cycle parking (Para 103) • ensure an adequate provision of spaces for charging plug-in and other ultra-low emission vehicles. (Para 105) • give priority first to pedestrian and cycle movements and second to facilitating access to high quality public transport, • address the needs of people with disabilities and reduced mobility in relation to all modes of transport; • create places that are safe, secure and attractive – which minimise the scope for conflicts be-tween pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles, avoid unnecessary street clutter, and respond to local character and design standards; • allow for the efficient delivery of goods, and access by service and emergency vehicles; and be designed to enable charging of plug-in and other ultra-low emission vehicles in safe, accessible and convenient locations (Para 110) • If setting car parking standards, should take account of the accessibility of the development, the type, mix and use of development, the availability of and opportunities for public transport, local car ownership levels,WORKING an overall need to reduce the use ofDRAFT high-emission vehicles (para 105). • Require all developments which generate significant amounts of movement should be required to provide a Travel Plan (Para 111)

Cornwall Local Plan. 10.14 10.2 Key messages are to ensure a resilient and reliable transport system for people, goods and services development through:

• Location near to and/or incorporate a mix of uses so that the need to travel will be minimised and the use of sustainable transport modes can be maximised by prioritising safe access by walking, cycling and public transport and providing new facilities and services to minimise car travel;

• Convenient accessible and appropriate cycle and pedestrian routes, public transport and road routes within and in the immediate vicinity of the development; as well as the inclusion of electric vehicle charging infrastructure and real time passenger information/journey;

• Use of effective travel plans to mitigate the impact of development;

• Avoiding significant adverse impacts on the local or strategic road network which cannot be managed or mitigated; and

• Safeguarding strategic transport opportunities including land around existing facilities to allow for expansion and use for future sustainable modes of travel.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 67

Other plans and studies 10.15 European Common Transport Policy5 and UK transport policies and plans place emphasis on the modernisation and sustainability of the transport network. Specific objectives include reducing pollution and road congestion through improvements to public transport, walking and cycling networks and reducing the need to travel. National policy also focuses on the need for the transport network to support sustainable economic growth.

10.16 ‘Connecting Cornwall 2030’ is the third Local Transport Plan (LTP) for Cornwall6 . The plan is a strategic policy tool through which the council exercises its responsibilities for planning, management and the development of transport in the county. The vision of the plan is that by 2030 ‘transport in Cornwall will be excellent, with our transport system connecting people, communities, businesses and services in a way that is reliable, efficient, safe, inclusive and enjoyable’. In order to achieve this goal, the LTP is supported by implementation plans that cover 3-4 year periods up until 2030, with the most recent plan covering the period 2015-2019.UK transport policy.

Baseline

Rail Network 10.17 The Parish benefits from the presence of the Maritime Line running from Truro to Falmouth from Perranwell Station. This provides access to the national rail network at Truro, and excellent commuter, shopping and recreational travel opportunities with a regular hourly service in both directions:

• Falmouth - Perranwell – Truro: 06:51 /hourly/23:28 • Truro - Perranwell – Falmouth: 06:10 /hourly/22:50 WORKING DRAFT 10.18 This frequent rail service offers the opportunity to encourage ‘modal change’ to more sustainable forms of travel to work and for services, and together with the promoted Trafalgar Way and Engine House Trail supports growth in sustainable tourism. Bus Network

10.19 The Parish is relatively well served by 8 bus routes, although the most frequent pass along the A roads located beyond a reasonable walking distance from the main centres of settlement.

Stops Operator No. Route Frequency Start Stop Village Ist Kernow 46 Camborne-Truro 3 hourly 07:39 17:04 Village 46 Truro-Camborne 2 hourly 09:30 18:22 Village 66 Penryn-Truro 1 daily 10:20 Village 66 Truro-Penryn 1 daily 14:25 Village (college 231 Fal-Truro College 1 daily 08:26 buses) Village (college 231 Truro College-Fal 1 daily 16:53 buses) Village (college 232 Mabe-Truro College 1 daily 08:25 buses) Village (college 232 Truro College-Mabe 1 daily 16:55 buses) Village (college 234 Porthleven-Truro C 1 daily 08:29 buses) Village (college 234 Truro C-Porthleven 1 daily 16:54 buses)

5 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/123/common-transport-policy-overview 6 http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/transport-and-streets/transport-policy/local-transport-plan-connecting-cornwall-2030/connecting-cornwall-2030-strategy/

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 68

Village L2 Truro-Coverack 2 hourly 10:23 17:08 Village L2 Coverack-Truro 2 hourly 09:23 16:23 Peleen Cross U2 Fal-Redruth 1 to ½ hr 06:17 22:46 Peleen Cross U2 Redruth-Fal 1 to ½ hr 06:51 23:19 A39 U1 Fal-Truro 1 to ½ hr 06:13 00:13 A39 U1 Truro-Fal 1 to ½ hr 06:25 23:56

Road Network 10.20 The system of roads classification is intended to direct motorists towards the most suitable routes for reaching their destination. It does this by identifying roads that are best suited for traffic. All UK roads (excluding motorways) fall into the following 4 categories:

• A roads – major roads intended to provide large-scale transport links within or between areas • B roads – roads intended to connect different areas, and to feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network • C Roads – smaller roads intended to connect together unclassified roads with A and B roads, and often linking a housing estate or a village to the rest of the network. Similar to ‘minor roads’ on an Ordnance Survey • Unclassified – local roads intended for local traffic. The vast majority (60%) of roads in the UK fall within this category.

10.21 This hierarchy is generally used to guide Highway investment and maintenance, and main salting routes.

10.22 To southern boundary of the Parish, formed by the Kennall valley, is for a large part also the route of the A39 main road, a busy link connecting Falmouth/Penryn to Truro and the national road network. The western boundary features the A393, linking to the Redruth/Cambourne conurbation. Both the A roads are included in the County levelWORKING Sensitive Traffic Route assessment as beingDRAFT traffic sensitive for commuting and seasonal periods, whilst the village centre at Perranarworthal is included as being traffic sensitive at school drop-off and pick-up periods.

10.23 The remaining roads in the Parish are either C roads or are unclassified. These roads are generally of adequate width, but many are narrow with poor vertical and horizontal geometry, and there are few footways. The increasing use of HGVs to import and export goods and produce is increasingly a problem to other road users, pedestrians and the road fabric. On occasions when the A39 and A393 are busy the routes via Cove Hill – St Piran’s Hill – Station Road, and Ponsanooth – School Hill – Station Road through the core of Perranwharf/Goonvrea, Perranwell and Tarrandean are often used as a ‘rat-run’ by commuters, leading to conflict with local residential users and concerns over pedestrian safety. In response an electronic speed signs have been installed by the Parish Council, in order to help moderate traffic speeds throughout the Perran-ar-Worthal and a speedwatch volunteer group established. Map XX shows the ‘STATS19’ database of all road traffic accidents that resulted in personal injury that were reported to the Police from 2000 to 2019.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 69

WORKING DRAFT

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 70

Availability of Cars and Vans 10.24 Based on 2011 census data, 91.5% of households in the Neighbourhood Plan area had access to at least one car or van, which is very significantly higher than the percentages for Cornwall (82.7%), the South West of England (81.1%) and England (74.2%). The percentage of households in the Neighbourhood Plan area that had access to at least two cars or vans (53.9%) was very much higher than the total for Cornwall (38.0%), the South West of England (37.6%) and England (32.0%) [[Source: Census KS404EW]. This informs us of the absolute and relative importance of the car to economic and social life for local residents.

10.25 The most popular method of travelling to work in the Neighbourhood Plan area was via driving a car or van (72.4%) which is much more than Cornwall (64.5%), the South West of England (62.3%), and England (57.0%). Notably only 2.9% of people used the rail link to work, although it should be noted that since the 2011 census train frequencies have been improved. [Source: Census QS701EW]

10.26 In Total, the daily travel to work alone consumed 8076km, an average of 16.5km, compared to Cornwall (19.7knm), the South West (16.3km) and England (14.9km). Some 56.3% of journeys were under 10km, compared to 44.5% of journeys in Cornwall, 52.3% in the south west, and 52.2% in England. [Source: Census QS702EW]

Figure XX: Method of Travel to Work 80.0%

70.0%

60.0% WORKING DRAFT

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%

Perrranarworthal Cornwall South West England

Parking 10.27 As car ownership levels are high and well above local and national averages, parking within the villages and on estate roads is an issue. There is various on and off-road parking in the villages, including a small commuter car park at the Station. However, the majority of parking is either on-site, in a few laybys, and on-

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 71

street, the latter often heavily competed for and acting as a source of obstruction to the flow of wider vehicles.

10.28 Economic conditions also mean that more domestic garages are being used as utility rooms or even the footprint for home extensions, which further reduces the availability of parking.

10.29 The Station car park is small and insufficient to support any significant levels of modal change, whilst perceived road safety issues constrain walking to the station. Public Rights of Way, Cycleways, footpaths and bridleways 10.30 Three cycle routes that cross through the parish including a national cycle path, ‘route 3’, the Trafalgar way (currently being publicised by a CC incentive) and the main Land’s End to John o’Groats gateway. Related Community Engagement Feedback 10.31 The community survey revealed that 60% of local children walk or cycle to the primary school [Q17]. Parents of those that didn’t cited the following reasons [Q18].

WORKING DRAFT

10.32 When asked if they thought that current bus services through the village are adequate for their needs, 34.6% say they rarely used buses, 41.3% said that the bus services were inadequate, and only 11.9% said they were adequate [Q30].. However with rail services the picture was opposite with 21.9% saying they rarely used trains, but 58% saying that the service met their needs, and only 13% saying they did not [Q31].

10.33 Around 65.1% of people thought that bridleways, footpaths, cycle and cycle paths were adequate within their area, with 22.3% dissatisfied [Q32]. The reasons for dissatisfaction focused on poor maintenance (37.9%) and lack of speed controls for vehicles (47%), with a variety of other reasons.

10.34 10.22 Some 82.1% said that there should be a review of pavements and traffic flows through the entre of Perranwell village with a view to making life less hazardous for people on foot [Q34]. There was also good support from 73.1% of people for a review of the traffic flows along the A39 through Perran Wharf to consider traffic calming and environmental improvements Key issues and implications for the NDP • National and local policy is that Planning should:

o Prioritises safe access by walking, cycling and public transport and providing new facilities and services to minimise car travel

o incorporates facilities for charging plug-in and other ultra-low emission vehicles o prevent development which will cause increased risk to human health from air pollution or exceeding EU standards (Policy 10) • Accessibility to services and facilities is a key issue in the parish.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 72

• The road and footpath network links settlements reasonably well, but the roads are constrained by vertical and horizontal alignment restrictions, ands road safety is perceived as an issue due to the lack of pavements on the narrow roads, so there is a demand for more pedestrian links. • Within the villages the unclassified roads are often congested from parked vehicles, and speeding is seen as an issue. • Public transport links are reasonable, but the parish retains a high car dependency. • Modal shift to train use is constrained by lack of parking at the station and perceived road safety issues for pedestrian access. • Consideration should be given to creating additional public parking in the centre of the village where parking is at a premium. • There is ‘Superfast Broadband’ throughout the parish but speeds can vary. This affects the ability of residents to access information and the performance of businesses that rely on broadband as a means of communication in a rural area. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • Consideration should be given to including policy criteria in the NDP that encourages a sustainable transport hierarchy in new developments. • Consideration should be given to including a project to create additional public parking in the centre of the village where parking is at a premium. • A higher parking standard for new development may be necessary to avoid further congestion • Consideration should be given to include a policy relating to the protection and enhancement of footpaths andWORKING their identification as a CIL priority. DRAFT • An aim should be to take opportunities to improve highway safety and minimise conflicts between motorised traffic, cyclists and pedestrians

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 73

11. Climate Change (including drainage and flood risk)

Planning Policy Background 11.1 Climate change represents a fundamental threat to global well-being, which is recognised internationally though the Kyoto and Paris Climate Conference Agreements and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) Interim Report, 20187. The UK Government has a commitment to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% on 1990 levels by 2025 and by 80% on 1990 levels by 2050. In May 2019, Parliament declared a 'climate change emergency'. In May 2019 the Committee on Climate Change recommended a ‘net zero’ greenhouse gas emissions target by 2050 and a new law mandating this is under discussion8.

11.2 The UK Climate Change Risk Assessment is published on a 5-yearly cycle in accordance with the requirements of the Climate Change Act 2008. It required the Government to compile an assessment of the risks for the UK arising from climate change, and then to develop an adaptation programme to address those risks and deliver resilience to climate change on the ground. For both the 2012 and the 2017 UK Climate Change Risk Assessment, the Adaptation Sub-Committee commissioned an evidence report aiming to understand the current and future climate risks and opportunities. The evidence report contains six priority risk areas requiring additional action in the next five years, see below9 :

• Flooding and coastal change risks to communities, businesses and infrastructure; • Risks to health, well-being and productivity from high temperatures; • Risk of shortages in the public water supply, and for agriculture, energy generation and industry; • Risks to natural capital, including terrestrial, coastal, marine and freshwater ecosystems, soils and biodiversity; • Risks to domestic and international food production and trade; and • New and emergingWORKING pests and diseases, and invasive non DRAFT-native species, affecting people, plants and animals. 11.3 The UK Climate Change Act was passed in 2008 and established a framework to develop an economically credible emissions reduction path. It also highlighted the role it would take in contributing to collective action to tackle climate change under the Kyoto Protocol, and more recently as part of the UN-led Paris Agreement.

11.4 The Climate Change Act includes the following:

• 2050 Target. The Act commits the UK to reducing emissions by at least 80% in 2050 from 1990 levels. • Carbon Budgets. The Act requires the Government to set legally binding ‘carbon budgets’. A carbon budget is a cap on the amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the UK over a five- year period. The carbon budgets are designed to reflect the cost-effective path to achieving the UK’s long-term objectives. The first five carbon budgets have been put into legislation and run up to 2032. • The Committee on Climate Change was set up to advise the Government on emissions targets, and report to Parliament on progress made in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

11.5 The National Adaptation Programme requires the Government to assess the risks to the UK from climate change, prepare a strategy to address them, and encourage key organisations to do the same10.

11.6 The Committee on Climate Change report listed the ‘key pillars’ of a net-zero economy, including a supply of low-carbon electricity (which will need to quadruple by 2050), efficient buildings and low-carbon heating

7 https://report.ipcc.ch/sr15/pdf/sr15_spm_final.pdf 8 https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Net-Zero-The-UKs-contribution-to-stopping-global-warming.pdf 9 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-2017 10 https://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-change/preparing-for-climate-change/uk-adaptation-policy/

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 74

(required throughout the UK’s building stock), electric vehicles (which should be the only option from 2035 or earlier), developing carbon capture and storage technology.

National Planning Policy Framework 2019. 11.7 One of the three overarching objectives of the NPPF is an environmental objective to ‘contribute to protecting and enhancing our natural, built and historic environment’ including by ‘mitigating and adapting to climate change’ and ‘moving to a low carbon economy.’ ‘NPPF 2018 (Para 148) says that the planning system should support the transition to a low carbon future in a changing climate, taking full account of flood risk and coastal change. It should help to:

• shape places in ways that contribute to radical reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, minimise vulnerability and improve resilience; • encourage the reuse of existing resources, including the conversion of existing buildings; and • support renewable and low carbon energy and associated infrastructure.

11.8 ‘Plans should take a proactive approach to mitigating and adapting to climate change, taking into account the long-term implications for flood risk, coastal change, water supply, biodiversity and landscapes, and the risk of overheating from rising temperatures. Policies should support appropriate measures to ensure the future resilience of communities and infrastructure to climate change impacts, such as providing space for physical protection measures, or making provision for the possible future relocation of vulnerable development and infrastructure.’

11.9 Para 152 of NPPF 2019 encourages planning support for community-led initiatives for renewable and low carbon energy, including developments outside areas identified in local plans or other strategic policies that are being taken forward through neighbourhood planning. 11.10 Plans should directWORKING development away from areas at highest DRAFT risk of flooding (whether existing or future). ‘Where development is necessary, it should be made safe for its lifetime without increasing flood risk elsewhere.’

The Cornwall Local Plan: Strategic Policies. 11.11 Objective 9(a) and 9(d) within key theme number 4 states to ‘reduce energy consumption while increasing renewable and low carbon energy production’ and to ‘increase resilience to climate change’. In Policy 2 it says that development should assist the creation of resilient and cohesive communities by: a. Delivering renewable and low carbon energies, increasing energy efficiency and minimising resource consumption through a range of renewable and low carbon technologies;…..g. Supporting smart specialisation sectors including; food; aerospace; marine; renewable energies (including geothermal); and cultural industries’

11.12 Policy 14 strongly supports the development of proposals that will increase use of and production of renewable and low carbon energy. It adds that in the case of wind turbines, they are within an area allocated by Neighbourhood Plans for wind power and avoid, or adequately mitigate shadow flicker, noise and adverse impact on air traffic operations, radar and air navigational installations. It also says that 'In and within the setting of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and undeveloped coast, developments will only be permitted in exceptional circumstances and should generally be very small scale in order that the natural beauty of these areas may be conserved. When considering proposals for renewables that impact upon the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and its setting and / or the World Heritage Site or other historic assets and their settings, applicants should apply other relevant policies in the Plan’.

11.13 11.13 The following also directly rate to Climate Change:

• Policy 14: Renewable and low carbon energy; • Policy 15: Safeguarding renewable energy; • Policy 25: Green infrastructure; and

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 75

• Policy 26: Flood risk management and coastal change

11.14 11.14 The lower case text in CLP says that 'Proposals within the AONB, or those that would affect its setting will be supported where they are small scale and meet an identified local need, where landscape capacity can be demonstrated and the natural beauty of the AONB can be conserved and enhanced in accordance with Policy 23’.

Other plans and studies 11.15 The Flood and Water Management Act11 highlights that alternatives to traditional engineering approaches to flood risk management include:

• Incorporating greater resilience measures into the design of new buildings, and retro-fitting properties at risk (including historic buildings); • Utilising the environment in order to reduce flooding, for example through the management of land to reduce runoff and through harnessing the ability of wetlands to store water; • Identifying areas suitable for inundation and water storage to reduce the risk of flooding elsewhere; • Planning to roll back development in coastal areas to avoid damage from flooding or coastal erosion; and • Creating sustainable drainage systems (SuDS).

11.16 Further guidance is provided in the document ‘Planning for SuDS’12. This report calls for greater recognition of the multiple benefits that water management can present. It suggests that successful SuDS are capable of ‘contributing to local quality of life and green infrastructure’.

11.17 Also of relevance are the following Cornwall Council produced documents: • Cornwall LocalWORKING Flood Risk Management Strategy: [ https://www.cornwall. DRAFTgov.uk/environment -and- planning/countryside/estuaries-rivers-and-wetlands/flood-risk/local-strategy/ ] • Cornwall Council Sustainable Drainage Policy: [ https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/environment-and- planning/countryside/estuaries-rivers-and-wetlands/flood-risk/sustainable-drainage-systems/] • Cornwall Council Chief Planning Officer’s Advice note on Planning for Coastal Change [https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/planning-policy/adopted-plans/planning- policy-guidance/#]

11.18 Detailed guidance on specific considerations, such as landscape and cumulative impact (in particular for wind turbines and solar farms) is given in detailed Planning Advice given by Cornwall Council to provide a proactive tool guide new development, inform planning decisions and support the development of Neighbourhood Plans across Cornwall. This advice can be found on the Cornwall Council website at: http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/18406307/cornwall-renewable-energy-planning-advice-march-2016.pdf 11.19 11.18 This includes a Landscape Sensitivity and Strategy Matrice for each Landscape Character Area: http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/18361627/renewable-spd-march-2016-appendix-1.pdf 11.20 11.19 “Neighbourhood Planning Energy efficiency and renewable energy; a community-led approach” by Cornwall Council (http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/19534882/neighbourhood-planning-advice- energy-efficiency-and-renewable-energy-a-community-led-approach-final.pdf ) says that ‘Neighbourhood Plans can include policies which support a range of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies which are appropriate for the area, promote community ownership and encourage associated jobs. In doing so, they can help tackle some of the key issues facing communities today and in the future. A

11 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/29/contents 12 http://www.ciria.org/Resources/Free_publications/Planning_for_SuDS_ma.aspx

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 76

Plan which focuses on community ownership and leadership can provide long term sources of income for the community, reduce fuel bills and lead to improved living conditions for residents’. Cornwall Climate Change Development Plan Document 11.21 Para 4.0.1 of the consultation draft DPDsays it ‘will act as an umbrella document to help in the development of Neighbourhood Development Plans, creating a link between the Local Plan and the climate emergency. Cornwall Council is keen to put in place policies that create consistent standards to help applicants and communities. Whilst there will be a number of local actions that groups will wish to pursue, Neighbourhood Development Plans will be expected to follow the emerging policies and guidance set out in this DPD when considering developing policies in their neighbourhood plan areas to help ensure later conformity. Further guidance has been developed by the Neighbourhood Plan team to help guide groups that wish to create local climate change policies and how they fit with the policies of the DPD’. A copy of the document can be found here. https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/ytsowko1/climate-emergency-dpd.pdf

Baseline

Contribution to Climate Change 11.22 In relation to greenhouse gas emissions, source data from the Department of Energy and Climate Change suggests that Cornwall has broadly similar per capita emissions in comparison to the South West of England and England as a whole since 2005 (see Table 4.1). Cornwall has also seen a 36.3% reduction in the percentage of total emissions per capita between 2005 and 2016, slightly lower than the reductions for the South West of England (36.7%) and England (37.6%). CO2e Emissions in Perranarworthal Area 11.23 According to the IMPACT Community Carbon Calculator, Perrnarworthal Parish contributes 14,101 tonnes of CO2e13 per annumWORKING on a consumption basis (all emissions causedDRAFT by residents of the area, regardless of where they occur) as shown in Figure XX below. This equates to 21.1 tonnes CO2e per household.

FIGURE XX Emissions Breakdown for Perranarworthal Parish Activity (t CO2e) Percentage Consumption of goods and 4741 31% services Housing 4022 27% Travel 3572 24% Food and Diet 2772 18% Waste 31 >0.1%

13 CO2e stands for "carbon dioxide equivalent" and is a standard unit of measurement in carbon accounting. It expresses the impact of a number of different gases collectively as a common unit. Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 77

CO2 emissions. Source National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory Interactive Map WORKING DRAFT Potential effects of Climate Change 11.24 The outcome of research on the probable effects of climate change in the UK was released in 2018 by the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) team14. UKCP18 gives climate information for the UK up to the end of this century and projections of future changes to the climate are provided, based on simulations from climate models. Projections are broken down to a regional level across the UK and are shown in probabilistic form, which illustrate the potential range of changes and the level of confidence in each prediction.

11.25 As highlighted by the research, the effects of climate change (under medium emissions scenarios 50th percentile) for South West England during the period 2040-2059 compared to the period1981-2000 are likely to be as follows15:

• The central estimate of increase in annual mean temperatures of between 2ºC and 3ºC; • The central estimate of change in annual mean precipitation of +10 to +20% in winter and - 20% to - 30% in summer.

11.26 11.25 Resulting from these changes, a range of risks may exist for the Neighbourhood Plan area, including:

• Increased incidence of heat related illnesses and deaths during the summer; • Increased incidence of illnesses and deaths related to exposure to sunlight (e.g. skin cancer, cataracts); • Increased incidence of pathogen related diseases (e.g. Covid-19, legionella and salmonella); • Increase in health problems related to rise in local ozone levels during summer;

14 http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/ 15 https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/collaboration/ukcp/land-projection-maps

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 78

• Increased risk of injuries and deaths due to increased number of storm events; • Effects on water resources from climate change; • Reduction in availability of groundwater for abstraction; • Adverse effect on water quality from low stream levels and turbulent stream flow after heavy rain; • Increased risk of flooding, including increased vulnerability to 1:100 year floods; • Changes in insurance provisions for flood damage; • A need to increase the capacity of wastewater treatment plants and sewers; • A need to upgrade flood defences; • Soil erosion due to flash flooding; • Loss of species that are at the edge of their southerly distribution; • Spread of species at the northern edge of their distribution; • Deterioration in working conditions due to increased temperatures; • Changes to global supply chain; • Increased difficulty of food preparation, handling and storage due to higher temperatures; • An increased move by the insurance industry towards a more risk-based approach to insurance underwriting, leading to higher cost premiums for business; • Increased demand for air-conditioning; • Increased drought and flood related problems such as soil shrinkages and subsidence; • Risk of road surfaces melting more frequently due to increased temperature; and • Flooding of roads.

Flood Risk 11.27 According to the Cornwall Strategic Flood Risk Assessment [SFRA] a 1 in 30 year and 1 in 100-year flood risk affects some propertiesWORKING located close to the Trewedna Water DRAFT and its feeders at Perranwell and Greenwith, and also properties close to the Kennal River at Perranwharf and Church Town. A more extensive area of Perranwell is within the 1 in 1000-year surface water flooding risk area. (See Map X).

11.28 Parts of the Parish also are at risk of tidal flooding, including the Kennal River valley bottom at Perranwharf, and Visicks Works alongside the Carnon, both of which are in the ‘Medium Risk Present Day’ category. Surface water and tidal flooding combine at times of storm, with tidal surge and run off leading to frequent flooding of the A39 at Perranwharf and on the approaches to Devoran to the east (See Map XX).

11.29 The tidal areas are also liable to coastal erosion (See Map XY). The Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Shoreline Management Plan 2 (SMP2) and its mid-term Review sets out the policy direction in terms of how coastal erosion events are anticipated. This area is in Policy Unit 11.5 of Management Area MA11 and Policy Development Zone 5 ‘Devoran and Perranarworthal’ where the adopted approach is ‘Managed Retreat’ up to 2105. The SMP Mid Term Review says that a ‘more detailed assessment of future risk may be required with appropriate future flood warning services considered and improvements made to the resilience of estuary-side community. Develop in conjunction with the community a longer-term visioning of the areas, taking account of the recommendations of the SMP’. This will be an important part of the Perranarworthal Emergency Plan, to which this NDP must be aligned.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 79

WORKING DRAFT

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 80

WORKING DRAFT

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 81

WORKING DRAFT

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 82

Generation Potential

1. Wind Turbines 11.30 The main source of information on the UK wind resource is the NOABL (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boundary Layer) wind speed database produced for the former Department of Trade and Industry. The database contains estimates of the annual mean wind speed throughout the UK at a height of 10m, 25m and 45m above ground level (agl). The database has a resolution of a 1km grid square.

11.31 The minimum economic wind speed (i.e. the speed at which a turbine becomes economically viable) used in Cornwall Council studies is a level of 5.5m/s at 10m above ground level so this has been used in this assessment.

11.32 One limitation of the NOABL dataset is its resolution. A 1km square resolution at the normal measurement level of 45m does not allow for variations in local topographical effects and surface roughness. As the wind shear is affected greatly by local topography and the surrounding environment (i.e. trees, walls, buildings etc) it is more appropriate to use the 10m dataset with the known minimum economic wind speed at the same level. Therefore, all grid squares with a wind speed below 5.5m/s at 10m height can be discounted as having commercial wind generation potential, although there may still be potential for small scale turbines to support energy independence for small group of dwellings or farmsteads. From Figures 31 and 32 it can be seen that potential exists mainly on the high ground around the Parish.

FIGURE 5: RENEWABLE ENERGY PLANT SIZE BANDING TURBINE HEIGHT BANDING a) BAND A TURBINES (APPROX. 18-25 METRES TO TIP, EXCLUDES ROOF MOUNTED TURBINES); b) BAND B TURBINES (APPROX. 26-60 METRES TO TIP); c) BAND C TURBINES (APPROX. 61-99 METRES TO TIP); d) BAND D TURBINESWORKING (APPROX. 100-150 METRES TO TIP). DRAFT TURBINE CLUSTER SIZES a) SINGLE TURBINE b) SMALL SCALE CLUSTERS (UP TO 5 TURBINES) c) MEDIUM SCALE CLUSTERS (6-10 TURBINES) d) LARGE SCALE CLUSTERS (11-25 TURBINES) e) VERY LARGE SCALE CLUSTERS (>26 TURBINES) SOLAR PANEL ARRAY SITE BANDINGS • BAND A: < 1 HA (2.5 ACRES) • BAND B: >1 TO 5 HA (2.5 TO 12.4 ACRES) • BAND C: >5 TO 10 HA (12.4 TO 25 ACRES) SOURCE: ‘CORNWALL RENEWABLE ENERGY PLANNING ADVICE SPD’ MARCH 2016.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 83

FIGURE 31: MINIMUMWORKING ECONOMIC WIND SPEED (5.5 M/S ATDRAFT 10M HEIGHT) (SOURCE: RENMAPS) NB: Yellow and red 1km squares have ‘economic windspeed’ for wind energy generation.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 84

FIGURE 32: WIND SPEED AT 45M HEIGHT) (SOURCE: RENMAPS) WORKING DRAFT

FIGURE 32A: Are suitable for wind energy generation (Source: CC Interactive Mapping) Suitable for Wind Band C Turbines

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 85

2. Solar Arrays 11.33 The entire area is in the zone exposed to 3.4 kWh/m2/day solar radiation and therefore with potential to support solar array farms. This is of course constrained by landscape factors affecting the southerly facing slopes.

11.34 Domestic Solar Panels. Currently, solar panels on residential houses with the average 28 SqM (‘4Kw rated’) set up can produce 3,400 kW per annum, enough to power a typical three-bedroom house for a year (Energy Saving Trust). This varies throughout the year, being lower in the winter time when extra heating is required for houses. The average house consumes 8.5 – 10kWh electricity a day plus 33-38kWh gas per day. So, although solar panels can positively contribute to the renewable energy used in a home it cannot provide sufficient energy for heating and lighting unless the solar energy is being produced from a larger communal plant. Fitting of solar panels to heritage buildings can be detrimental to historic settings and significance. Most domestic solar panel fittings do not require planning permission and so are outside the scope of the NDP, however the Plan could encourage provision as part of a general support for micro-generation. 3. Geothermal 11.35 For every 1kW of energy consumed by the operation of a heat pump around 4kW of energy is generated in return. Although relatively expensive to install heat pumps have low maintenance requirements giving close to 300% cost effectiveness overall. Fitting of heat pumps to heritage buildings can be detrimental to historic settings and significance. Most domestic and small-scale industrial ground source heat pump fittings do not require planning permission and so are outside the scope of the NDP, however the Plan could encourage provision as part of a general support for micro-generation.

11.36 Deep Geothermal. Due to the lack of intensive mining into subterranean granite across the parish there is likely to be little potential for relatively easy access to harness energy from water which has absorbed heat from surroundingWORKING rock in deep mineshafts. DRAFT 4. Heat Pumps (air to air and air to water). 11.37 These are the most energy efficient ways of generating energy as although they use electricity to run the pump, they have a coefficient ratio of between 3 and 4 times in producing electricity. They are considered very appropriate for houses with good thermal insulation especially new homes and can be installed in existing properties to good effect. Fitting of heat pumps to heritage buildings can be detrimental to historic settings and significance. Most domestic and small-scale industrial air heat pump fittings do not require planning permission and so are outside the scope of the NDP, however the Plan could encourage provision as part of a general support for micro-generation. 5. Biomass boilers. 11.38 These are mostly run on wood chip and create CO2 as they burn. At best these are only carbon neutral if the wood and fibre used in them are grown for that purpose, during which time they may capture a nearly equivalent amount of CO2 through photosynthesis, although there can be negative biodiversity impacts as large tracts of mono-culture planting can be encouraged. Felling of existing woodland for biomass boilers would not be positive, reducing the beneficial effect that trees have in consuming carbon dioxide, supporting biodiversity and contributing to landscape character. The use of forestry residue and ‘waste wood’ may be insecure and involve considerable transportation. Larger biomass boilers can produce other emissions and noise which can be an issue for nearby residential development. However, smaller boilers may have a small role to play in microgeneration for small numbers of homes where there is a reliable and nearby sustainable supply of the biomass.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 86

6. Microgeneration. 11.39 Microgeneration16 is the production of heat or power on a small scale, using a variety of local means, for consumption nearby. To meet the key target of net-zero carbon by 2050 our homes need to be decarbonised to 0% (Ref CCC). In order to support this target, the UK Government announced in March 2019 that no new homes could be heated by fossil fuels from 2025 and by 2050 all homes would have to be heated from a renewable heat source. However, the future ability of the Grid to collect and deliver renewable energy on a macro scale is uncertain, and these targets are consequently likely to spur on microgeneration, promoting energy diversity and alleviating concerns relating to security of supply, energy shortages and power cuts. This will also support the current trend towards the local consumption of locally generated electricity often on site, to support farms, businesses and groups of homes, which will encourage take up of renewable generation opportunities. To counter the unpredictability of wind and solar energy, the use of new small- scale electric storage technologies is likely to emerge and is likely to be an important component in microgeneration.

11.40 It is a realistic prospect that our homes can be heated by either one or a combination of microgeneration systems. The NPPF 2019 (para. 151c) says we should ‘identify opportunities for development to draw its energy supply from decentralised, renewable or low carbon energy supply systems and for co-locating potential heat customers and suppliers’. 7. Hydro Electric Generation. 11.41 Due to its topography, Perranarworthal Parish may have some opportunity for hydroelectric power generation.

Current Provision of Renewable Energy 11.42 A single wind band B turbine on a 23m tower with a total tip height of 34.2m exists on land adjoining Holly House, School Hill,WORKING west of Perranwell [PA12/09646 approved DRAFT Oct 2012]. Related Community Engagement Feedback

11.43 When asked if they would support renewable energy developments such as windfarms and solar PV in the parish, only 3% supported larger scale schemes, 26.1% smaller scale schemes, and 22.4% opposed all schemes. However, there was support for schemes that would directly benefit parishioners at 45.5%. [Q36]. Key issues and implications for the NDP • National and local policy is that Planning should:

o support the transition to a low carbon future in a changing climate…contribute to radical reductions in greenhouse gas emissions…minimise vulnerability and improve resilience… support

renewable and low carbon energy and associated infrastructure

o take account of landform, layout, building orientation, massing and landscaping to minimise energy consumption.

o support community-led initiatives for renewable and low carbon energy, being taken forward through neighbourhood planning • Wind speeds sufficient to support lower/smaller commercial wind turbines are limited. However, the opportunities for schemes of anything greater than a small domestic or farmyard setting are very restricted because of the intervisibility of the existing wind turbines on the landscape setting of the Parish, the nearby AONB and WHS.

16 To be regarded as microgeneration the installation should meet the definition of microgeneration under the terms of the Green Energy Act 2009 and adopted by the Government’s microgeneration strategy i.e. up to 50kW for electricity and up to 300kWth for heat. This limit allows that microgeneration technologies can be installed at scale above domestic - namely community and small commercial sites. Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 87

• Potential for solar generation is fair but constrained by landscape factors affecting the southerly facing slopes. • Due to its topography, Perranarworthal Parish may have some opportunity for hydroelectric power generation. • Overall the community of the Parish see a need to take action to deal with the causes and impacts of climate change, but there are also many people who do not welcome any kind of renewable measures. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • Aiming to be Carbon Neutral by 2030 is not realistically achievable. • Policies should be considered which encourage measures to reduce the causes of climate change, covering for example: . Encourage energy efficient and small carbon footprint development . Encourage community sustainable energy projects . Encourage ‘modal shift’ from cars . Encourage digital networks to reduce need to travel . Encourage the inclusion of facilities for charging plug-in and other ultra-low emission vehicles . Planting to encourage carbon sequestration (natural solutions). . Support local community ‘coproduction’ of foods, goods • Policies to reduceWORKING impact of climate change could also be DRAFT included, covering: . Layouts that encourage passive cooling / Planting to provide shade . Use sustainable materials . Flood management including ’natural’ SUDS . Dealing with ground instability . Green Infrastructure Networks • Taking into account community nervousness about the environmental impacts of wind generated renewable energy no allocation of land suitable for wind turbine development should be made. • However, a policy could be considered which encourages smaller scale ‘sustainable’ energy production: . Require 10% (or more) of energy consumption on a site to be generated on site or other sustainable source . Setting careful criteria for Wind, PV and Hydro (or even Thermal) generation facilities . Encouraging community renewable energy network • Any Planning policy in the NDP on renewable energy generation should refer to the ‘Landscape strategy and siting guidance’ given in Cornwall Council’s Landscape Sensitivity and Strategy Matrices for each Landscape Character Area. March 2016

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 88

FIGURE 31: CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND SOURCES, PLUS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA, 2005- 2016 Industrial and Commercial (t CO2) Domestic (t CO2) Transport (t CO2) Total (t CO2)

8.5 8.4 8.1 8 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.3 7.2 7 7 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.1 5

3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3 3 3 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5

CORNWALL SOUTH WEST ENGLAND

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

12. SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT RESULTS ON PLAN SCOPE 12.1 In the survey, respondents were asked to score a series of issues to identify and rate the 3 things they like most about living in the Parish [Q1]. In total 78.83% of respondents mentioned the countryside as a priority, and 54.01% local shops and pubs. The sense of community was mentioned by 52.92%. However, the strength of feeling, as measured using a weighted average of the priorities given, rated the schools/preschools above shops and pubs.

12.2 Residents were also asked what are the 3 most important things that should be considered when development is put forward in the future [Q2]. In total 86.13% mentioned protecting the countryside and landscape, 54.01% mentioned improvements to roads / adequate parking, and 47.45% mentioned housing developments designed to meet local needs. However, the strength of feeling, as measured using a weighted average of the priorities given, rated including housing developments designed to meet local needs and including affordable homes as second and third priority after protecting the countryside and landscape

SUMMARY KEY ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS

Figure XX: Key Issues and Implications from the evidence base Theme Key Issues and what they mean for our Neighbourhood Development Plan Our Community • National and local policy is that Planning should:

o ensure adequate provision of housing, social and community facilities, for all residents

o ensure there are no harmful impacts on health and well-being o maintain and enhance opportunities for activity and inclusiveness o encourage local food production in gardens and allotments. • Population growth in the parish has been below the rates for Cornwall, regional and national averages, but has increased from 2011. The Parish has a similar proportion of single person households than the average for Cornwall and England. • The population of the parish is ageing. Between 2002 and 2018 the proportion of school age (5 to 14) children decreased, as did the proportion of ‘young workers’ (aged 18 to 49) and ‘older workers and early retirees’ (50 to 64). Conversely, the proportion of over 65s grew significantly to represent over 35% of the community. The implication of this is that the Perranarworthal NDP needs to support the provision of services, facilities and amenities to meet the needs of an ageing population, whilst ensuring that the service, housing and employment needs of the dwindling proportion of young people and families are not neglected. • The Parish has a much lower proportion of less well-educated people than is usual in comparison to other areas, and the proportion with higher qualifications is much higher than average. This is reflected in the occupations and responsibilities of employed people, with nearly half holding managerial/professional posts. A smaller proportion than usual has no qualifications and help elementary occupations. The implication here is that whilst most residents in work are in good jobs within or outside the Parish, there is a core of less well-educated residents for whom basic local employment may be important.

• A higher proportion of the Parish population said they were in good health than the average for Cornwall and England, with a smaller proportion saying their day- to-day activities were limited by ill health. However, perhaps reflecting the age profile, the proportion providing unpaid care was significantly higher than the average. • In 2011 the level of deprivation was in overall terms notably lower than in Cornwall, regionally and nationally. The later Index of Multiple Deprivation Score of being in the 40% least deprived reflects the relatively high local incomes and attainment, set against which is relative isolation from services, housing affordability, and the absence of central heating in traditional properties locally. However, this may be a little skewed by the inclusion of nearby settlements in the calculations. • Taken with the other data above there is possibility of there being a small core of less well educated poorly housed younger people being at risk of increasing deprivation. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan

o NDP policies should be considered which protect and support the provision of services, facilities and amenities to meet the needs of an ageing population, whilst ensuring that the housing, service and employment needs of families and young people continue to be supported.

Housing • National and local policy is that:

o Housing should be located where it will enhance or maintain the vitality of WORKINGrural communities. DRAFT o New isolated homes in the countryside should be avoided unless there are special circumstances • Lower quartile house prices in Perranarworthal Parish have increased by around 630% since 1995. The affordability ratio for the lower quartile in Cornwall in 2019 was 8.81, a slight decrease from 9.31 in 2011. This is higher than the ratio of 7.27 for England. • The current housing tenure mix in Perranarworthal Parish is heavily biased in favour of owner/occupation compared to Cornwall generally, and much less on the private and public rented sectors • Levels of overcrowding are lower in Perranarworthal Parish than in comparison to Cornwall, regional and national averages • The proportion of second homes in Perranarworthal Parish is lower than Cornwall and Community Network Area averages. • The Parish has a higher proportion of larger (4 to 5 bedroom) dwellings than has Cornwall and England, and a lower proportion of medium (2 to 3 bedroom) dwellings. • However, household size is predominantly small (1 to 3 people) so there is a mismatch between dwelling and household size. • No further dwellings are needed to meet the CLP remaining target for Perranarworthal Parish. • The current level of housing need in taken from HomeChoice for Perranarworthal Parish is from 20 households seeking mainly 1 and 2 bedroom dwellings. Of these 7 households were 55 years old and over. However the December 2018 Housing Needs Survey suggest that this may be a slight underestimate

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 1

• Another 11 registered with Help to Buy SW seeking 1 to 3 bedroom shared equity homes. • An ageing population in the Parish will require appropriate housing provision, which is suitable for older people, possibly in the form of downsizing opportunities. • To address the decline in the proportion of younger people, smaller affordable dwellings may be appropriate, including self-build. • Since 2010, 13 affordable dwellings have been bult in the Parish, and 4 remain to be bult from current commitments. • Strong views were held that the majority of homes should be provided in the form of infill within existing settlements

Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan o No additional dwellings are needed to comply with the Cornwall Local Plan. The Perranarworthal NDP does not need to allocate land for new housing.

o Housing need is present in the Parish, and although it is not proportionately large, which the NDP should seek to address.

o Consideration should be given to NDP policies which encourage continued infill on small sites, subject to criteria for design, to meet CLP requirements, address market demand and the need for more affordable homes, including self-build proposals.

o There is a clear mismatch between HH size and dwelling size, and the current housing need is for 1 and 2 bedroom dwellings, suggesting a need to WORKINGhelp address the nucleus ofDRAFT social housing need in the community by:

o Providing for some more smaller dwellings; o Protecting the existing remaining stock of small dwellings o A need for housing to support increasing numbers of elderly people is emerging.

o The local community would support policies for a limited number of new adaptable dwellings mainly targeted on meeting local needs for young people, families and older people. Economy and • National and local policy is that Planning should: Employment o focus on sustaining existing and new businesses and the traditional industries of, farming and minerals, and also supporting ability to work from home.

o long-term protection of sites allocated for employment use should be avoided where there is no reasonable prospect of a site being used for that purpose.

o Provide for new employment development that is located either within or well-integrated to … villages well served by public transport and communications infrastructure.

o Also recognise that sites to meet local business and community needs in rural areas may have to be found adjacent to or beyond existing settlements, and in locations that are not well served by public transport. In this case they

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 2

should be sensitive to surroundings, not have an unacceptable impact on local roads, and exploit opportunities to make a location more sustainable.

o Encourage the use of previously developed land, and sites that are physically well-related to existing settlements, where suitable opportunities exist.

• The agricultural sector continues to be an important economic activity in the parish supporting a small number of jobs.

• Many of our community work outside the Parish, in professional and/or managerial posts, mainly in nearby towns of Truro, Penryn, and Falmouth, and there are few local jobs available. Encouraging local business development might provide local jobs, reduce the need to travel, and increase prosperity.

• It is likely that many local young and working age people tend to leave the area to find work and careers.

• Tourism has the potential for further growth focusing on local environment, heritage and culture.

• There is a higher proportion of self-employed people working in Perranarworthal Parish compared to Cornwall averages and the number of people working from home in the Parish is unusually high.

• The COVID 19 pandemic has meant a greater focus has been placed on the ability to work from home (WFH), which is likely to increase in the future, and highlights the requirement for appropriate home office space and sufficient broadband WORKINGspeeds. DRAFT • Encouraging local business development (in workshops and at home) might provide local jobs, reduce the need to travel, and increase prosperity.

• There is a need to support land-based businesses where they help to sustain the rural economy and maintain or enhance the character of the landscape and environment • There is ‘Superfast Broadband’ through most of the parish but speeds can vary in areas more emote from the main roads in the Parish. This affects the ability of residents to access information and the performance of businesses that rely on broadband as a means of communication in a rural area. • a small number of jobs and helping to sustain the broader rural economy and maintain the character of the landscape and environment. There is a need to support business diversification and measures to reduce business costs, such as energy and materials.

Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • The local community supports more economic growth in the Parish at a scale that is appropriate for the area development. • The Perranarworthal NDP should consider a policy supporting sites for new small- scale rural workshops and retail, possibly including space to support live/work,

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 3

home businesses and/or start up business, which must be sensitive to their surroundings and local road conditions.

• The use of previously developed land, and sites that are physically well-related to existing settlements, should be encouraged where suitable opportunities exist. • Consideration should be given to NDP policy to support forms of tourism which are suitable for location within sensitive biodiversity and landscape areas, or where their impacts on such areas would be acceptable, subject to criteria to ensure that any adverse impacts are mitigated.

• Steps to encourage take up of Broadband connectivity though new development should be supported. Infrastructure • National and local policy is that Planning should: and Community support ‘strong vibrant and healthy communities’ with ‘accessible services facilities o and open spaces that reflect the community’s present and future needs and support its health, social and cultural well-being.

o promote social interaction including opportunities for meetings between people who might not otherwise come into contact with each other.

o ensure that places are safe and accessible environments where crime and disorder, and the fear of crime, do not undermine quality of life or community cohesion.

o guard against the unnecessary loss of valued facilities and services, WORKINGparticularly where this would DRAFT reduce the community’s ability to meet its day- to-day needs.

o ensure that established shops, facilities and services are able to develop and modernise in a way that is sustainable and retained for the benefit of the community.

o plan positively for the provision and use of shared space, community facilities (such as local shops, meeting places, sports venues, cultural buildings, public houses and places of worship) and other local services to enhance the sustainability of communities and residential environments. • Perranarworthal Parish’s community has a good level of community cohesion and funding is available to support community-based initiatives from several community funding sources. Its stock of community facilities is however limited, and ongoing maintenance and improvement is a typical issue for such facilities. • These facilities could be identified so that they clearly gain the benefit of protection under Cornwall Local Plan Policy 4.4. • There are also several recreational and other ‘green spaces’ around the Parish which contribute local well-being and also to its character and heritage and are worthy of protection. • Equipped provision for children is good for Perranwell but less so for the other settlements. Provision for teenagers is poor. Ideally playspace should be available at each settlement, and the equipment at Perranarworthal supplemented.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 4

• Although excellent and active Church and Primary School facilities and services are available locally residents have to travel out of the Parish for many key services and amenities, including health services and secondary schooling. • The existing community and recreational facilities are obviously highly valued by the community. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • Consideration should be given to including an NDP policy to build on CLP Policy 4 for the safeguarding of existing facilities and to build on their viability and sustainability, possibly identifying them as a focus for CIL funding. • A clear aim that development must be appropriate for the ability of infrastructure to support it should be included. • A policy should be considered for the support of playspace provision for children and teenagers with an improved distribution around the Parish. • Recreational and green spaces around the Parish which of particular importance to local communities are worthy of protection, and a policy which identifies and protects them should be considered. Biodiversity and • Any high-quality biodiversity and geodiversity in the Parish is protected by Geodiversity international, national and county level policies. • National and local policy is that Planning should:

o aim to achieve healthy, inclusive and safe places and should contribute to and WORKINGenhance the natural and local DRAFT environment o Designate green areas of particular importance to local communities to rule out new development other than in very special circumstances o allow only the most exceptional developments to be permitted in, and that the highest levels of protection should apply, to SSSI, SPA and SAC. o Protect locally designated sites, unless the need and benefits of the development clearly outweigh the loss o protect and where possible improve biodiversity o Avoid unacceptable levels of soil, air, water or noise pollution or land instability, and encourage remediation and mitigation of despoiled, degraded, derelict, contaminated and unstable land • Forthcoming legislation will require up to 10% ‘net biodiversity gain’ from new development. • The Parish is well-wooded in its lower areas, with some extensive valley bottom woodlands. • Internationally, nationally and locally designated nature conservation sites are present in the Parish, or nearby, and a number of areas of Cornwall BAP Priority Habitat. Protected species are also likely to be present at many locations in the parish. • The Parish has a good quality green infrastructure network, with plenty of footpaths and lanes linking green areas to local open space and leisure facilities, but this can be adversely affected by development.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 5

• Cornwall Local Plan Policy 22 applies across the area, which should be reflected in the NDP. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan

• The high-quality biodiversity and geodiversity sites in the Parish are protected by international, national and county level policies so NDP policies are not necessary. • Consideration should be given to a planning policy framework to support Net Biodiversity Gain by requiring the submission of a Biodiversity Metric Gain Plan with planning applications. • Consideration should be given to including a policy which seeks to protect existing trees and supports the approach set out in the Cornwall Design Guide. • Planning policies should seek to ensure that: o Where sites contain patches of semi-natural habitat they are retained and ideally linked together as part of the intended end land-use. o The potential to retain, restore and re-create habitat linkages such as Cornish hedges is condsidered in new development. o New developments should consider enhancement opportunities to create, expand, buffer and link semi-natural habitats on-site o To protect the distinctive character of the landscape of the parish the creation of new habitats should always respect the existing character as established by Historic Landscape Characterisation. • Cornwall Local Plan Policy 22 applies across the area, so any significant new WORKINGdevelopment for residential purposes DRAFT will be required to mak e a contribution towards the mitigation of any impacts that new residents might have through increased recreational pressures on the nearby SAC.

Landscape • National and local policy is that Planning should:

o Protect and enhance valued landscapes o Recognise the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside o Protect tranquil areas which have remained relatively undisturbed by noise and are prized for their recreational and amenity value for this reason

o Limit the impact of light pollution from artificial light on local amenity, intrinsically dark landscapes and nature conservation

o be grounded in an understanding and evaluation of each area’s defining characteristics, identifying the special qualities of each area and explaining how this should be reflected in development • The countryside and landscape is perceived by the local community as the most distinctive and attractive character of the Parish that should be preserved and enhanced. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • The NDP should include policies to conserve and enhance the landcape as it is much loved by the community.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 6

• National and local planning policies are sufficient to protect the AGLV and no local policy is needed in the Perranarworthal NDP. • However there are locally distinctive aspects of the landscape within and outside these areas and an NDP policy could be considered to ensure that new proposals - whether they be for repair, extension or new development - draw their design inspiration from local sources and thereby fit well within existing landscape and topography in character and form of the landscape • A policy encouraging design that will help to preserve the quality of the ‘dark sky’ above the Parish and secure the tranquility and dark skies quality of the landscape for current and future generations should be considered. Heritage • National and local policy is that Planning should: o contribute to and enhance the natural and historic environment o ensure that developments function well, are visually attractive, are sympathetic to local character and history, allow an appropriate amount and mix, and create places that are safe, inclusive and healthy o not permit development of poor design o give great weight to outstanding or innovative designs which promote sustainability or help raise the standard of design more generally in the area o give great weight to the conservation of designated heritage assets (which include Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas), o take a balanced judgement on the scale of harm to the significance of non- designated heritage assets WORKINGo seek opportunities for new developmentDRAFT in WHS and the settings of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance o Treat loss of a WHS asset which makes a positive contribution to its significance as substantial or less than substantial harm • Numerous features and areas of historic environment interest and archaeological heritage are present in the parish, including many listed buildings and scheduled monuments. The Parish has many place names of historic origin which underscore the and help explain the emergence of the local settlements, which should be an indicator of the need for adequate heritage assessment. • The setting of the many listed building and the general character of the villages is attractive but, in some places, harm has been caused through new development and extensions. For example, windows and doors marred by modern replacements whilst some of the infill development has paid little regard to the vernacular. • A concern may be that future extensions and repairs to the properties may introduce less sensitive treatments. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • National and local planning policies are sufficient to protect statutorily listed heritage assets and no local policy is needed in the Perranarworthal NDP. • However, there are many unlisted heritage assets that are currently not protected which could benefit from a Local Listing in the NDP • Place names should be identified as a ‘clue’ to the need for heritage impact assessment.

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 7

• Opportunities to enable the repair and subsequently maintenance of heritage assets should be supported. • The adoption of an NDP policy to support development which accords with the Design Code, should be considered, with the aim of raising standards in line with the establishing and appropriate local format. Accessibility and • National and local policy is that Planning should: Connectivity o Prioritises safe access by walking, cycling and public transport and providing new facilities and services to minimise car travel

o incorporates facilities for charging plug-in and other ultra-low emission vehicles

o prevent development which will cause increased risk to human health from air pollution or exceeding EU standards (Policy 10) • Accessibility to services and facilities is a key issue in the parish. • The road and footpath network links settlements reasonably well, but the roads are constrained by vertical and horizontal alignment restrictions, ands road safety is perceived as an issue due to the lack of pavements on the narrow roads, so there is a demand for more pedestrian links. • Within the villages the unclassified roads are often congested from parked vehicles, and speeding is seen as an issue. • Public transport links are reasonable, but the parish retains a high car dependency. WORKING• Modal shift to train use is constrained DRAFT by lack of parking at the station and perceived road safety issues for pedestrian access. • Consideration should be given to creating additional public parking in the centre of the village where parking is at a premium. • There is ‘Superfast Broadband’ throughout the parish but speeds can vary. This affects the ability of residents to access information and the performance of businesses that rely on broadband as a means of communication in a rural area. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan • Consideration should be given to including policy criteria in the NDP that encourages a sustainable transport hierarchy in new developments. • Consideration should be given to including a project to create additional public parking in the centre of the village where parking is at a premium. • A higher parking standard for new development may be necessary to avoid further congestion • Consideration should be given to include a policy relating to the protection and enhancement of footpaths and their identification as a CIL priority. • An aim should be to take opportunities to improve highway safety and minimise conflicts between motorised traffic, cyclists and pedestrians Climate Change • National and local policy is that Planning should:

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 8

o support the transition to a low carbon future in a changing climate…contribute to radical reductions in greenhouse gas emissions…minimise vulnerability and improve resilience… support

renewable and low carbon energy and associated infrastructure

o take account of landform, layout, building orientation, massing and landscaping to minimise energy consumption.

o support community-led initiatives for renewable and low carbon energy, being taken forward through neighbourhood planning • Wind speeds sufficient to support lower/smaller commercial wind turbines are limited. However, the opportunities for schemes of anything greater than a small domestic or farmyard setting are very restricted because of the intervisibility of the existing wind turbines on the landscape setting of the Parish, the nearby AONB and WHS. • Potential for solar generation is fair but constrained by landscape factors affecting the southerly facing slopes. • Due to its topography, Perranarworthal Parish may have some opportunity for hydroelectric power generation. • Overall the community of the Parish see a need to take action to deal with the causes and impacts of climate change, but there are also many people who do not welcome any kind of renewable measures. Implication for the Neighbourhood Development Plan WORKING• Aiming to be Carbon Neutral by 2030 DRAFT is not realistically achievable. • Policies should be considered which encourage measures to reduce the causes of climate change, covering for example: . Encourage energy efficient and small carbon footprint development . Encourage community sustainable energy projects . Encourage ‘modal shift’ from cars . Encourage digital networks to reduce need to travel . Encourage the inclusion of facilities for charging plug-in and other ultra-low emission vehicles . Planting to encourage carbon sequestration (natural solutions). . Support local community ‘coproduction’ of foods, goods • Policies to reduce impact of climate change could also be included, covering: . Layouts that encourage passive cooling / Planting to provide shade . Use sustainable materials . Flood management including ’natural’ SUDS . Dealing with ground instability . Green Infrastructure Networks

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 9

• Taking into account community nervousness about the environmental impacts of wind generated renewable energy no allocation of land suitable for wind turbine development should be made. • However, a policy could be considered which encourages smaller scale ‘sustainable’ energy production: . Require 10% (or more) of energy consumption on a site to be generated on site or other sustainable source . Setting careful criteria for Wind, PV and Hydro (or even Thermal) generation facilities . Encouraging community renewable energy network • Any Planning policy in the NDP on renewable energy generation should refer to the ‘Landscape strategy and siting guidance’ given in Cornwall Council’s Landscape Sensitivity and Strategy Matrices for each Landscape Character Area. March 2016

WORKING DRAFT

Perranarworthal NDP Evidence Report 2021 10