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Masculinity at Work, Masculinity at Stake: 'Male' Negotiations Along The MSM's and Masculinity 25 Supreme Court of India, is because the Indian health ministry saw merit in the arguments of the said support group, and differed with the views of the Indian home ministry, which categorically ruled that homosexuality was against Indian culture, and was a Western import not indigenous to the culture of India. Masculinity at work, masculinity at stake: 'Male' negotiations along the West Bengal- References Bose, Brinda and Bhattacharyya, Subhabrata eds., The Phobic and the Erotic: Bangladesh border The Politics of Sexualities in Contemporary India. Seagull Books, 2007. Debdatta Chowdhury Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge, 1990. he news of a disturbing incident which took place on the 19th Dollimore, Jonathan, Sexual Dissidence: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault. Tof January 2012 shook the people of West Bengal and India at Clarendon Press, 1991. large. The news was that of the violence perpetrated by a group of Lotringer, Sylvere, Foucault Live: Interviews, 1961-1984. Transl. Lysa Indian border officials, the Border Security Force (BSF) on an Hochroth and John Johnston. Semiotext(e), 1996. alleged smuggler trying to cross the border from West Bengal to Rao, R. Raj and Sarma Dibyajyoti eds., Whistling in the Dark: Twenty One Queer Interviews. Sage, 2009. Bangladesh at Raninagar border in Murshidabad district of West Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, Epistemology of the Closet. University of California Bengal. This was the only person in a group of a few who could be Press, 1990. caught while the others fled. On being caught by the BSF, he was Sukthankar, Ashwini ed., Facing the Mirror: Lesbian Writing from India, stripped and brutally beaten by the BSF. One of the BSF officials Penguin Books India, 1999. present at the site videotaped the whole incident in an act of fun, promising to 'bluetooth' the video to the rest in the group (as evident from the voice of the recorder in the video that somehow got leaked and landed up with the media). The convict was then thrown over to the Bangladesh side of the fencing and left in that state, till some of his fellow men took him back to his house on the Bangladesh side. While Bangladeshi media protested vehemently against such an incident, BSF officials did not find a suitable explanation. Eight of the BSF jawans involved in the incident were suspended after the news was widely circulated through newspapers and social networking sites, BSF was also careful in emphasising the fact that the victim of violence was no ordinary person but was a smuggler, involved in smuggling contraband items across the West Bengal-Bangladesh border. But questions like why a person, in spite of whatever crimes he is convicted Masculinity at work, masculinity at stake 27 28 Popular Masculine Cultures in India: Critical Essays with, would be so brutally beaten up, why would he not be taken studies of any kind of violence against women along the borders to a hospital following the incident and why would he not be have had a clear gender-approach to them, while studies of officially arrested and be made to go through the conviction violence against men have failed to evoke such gendered process in a legal manner did not find satisfactory answers. Local understandings and have exclusively been studied as issues of people in the area clearly mentioned the frequency of such acts by violation of rights. While violence against women has often been the BSF, stressing on the BSF's motive of sending out a warning studied in the light of feminity and sexuality (Banerjee, Basu Ray signal through such exemplary punishment to deter any future Chaudhury, 2011), violence against men has hardly been studied occurrences of smuggling. Local sources confirmed that the in the light of masculinity. This chapter, as part of a bigger project victim was a Bangladeshi citizen and had recently crossed the of understanding borders, is an attempt to look at violence against border to West Bengal. He was caught on the day of the incident men at the borders as a gendered act with reference to the West when trying to cross over to the Bangladesh side. Bengal-Bangladesh border. This is just one of the hundreds of incidents which occur along Why masculinity, why border? the West Bengal-Bangladesh border ever since its inception in Masculinity, unlike feminity, is most often unseen or 1947, after the partition, followed by the formation of East unnoticed due to the normativity of its nature. It is unmarked Pakistan from erstwhile Bengal. With the formation of because it is taken to be the norm and not thought about unless in Bangladesh in 1971 (East Pakistan having attained independence opposition to something else. It is precisely because of this from West Pakistan) and with the decision to fence the entire 'significant absence' (Barthes, 1967: 77) that its silence speaks. border between West Bengal and Bangladesh, cross-border Over the years and across numerous contexts, men's bodies have activities in varied forms have seen a sharp rise, resulting in such become important sites where masculinity has been played out. violent negotiations between the civilian population and the This chapter concerns itself with masculinity functioning over border guards. Incidents of violence perpetrated by the border men's bodies in the context of a specific territorial borderlandthe officials on the people who live and earn along this border have West Bengal-Bangladesh border. Extensive field studies in the increased to an extent that they have almost become regular various border areas along the West Bengal-Bangladesh border, occurrences in these parts. Given their regularity, these incidents as part of my larger project of understanding the West Bengal- have increasingly become part of the miscellaneous news bits in Bangladesh border, has revealed some very interesting facets of newspapers from being the headlines, apart from few such how gender relations are at play here. Masculinity, in these incidents which somehow manage to get the attention it deserves. border areas function at two very distinct levels, apart from the The complex nature of the West Bengal-Bangladesh border, in other complex intricacies which form the omnipresent web terms of its ethnic and religious composition, its economic between these two levels. At one level, the more commonly seen structure and its social set up, has resulted in a number of male-female gendered relations function between the male and interesting studies carried on by academics and non-academics female civilians who live along this border. This involves the alike. While it is true that gender has been one of the more usual control of the male members of the families and/or important aspects of these studies, the difference in approach to communities over their female counterparts, in terms of the male and female gendered studies is also evident. That is to say, physical and mental violence perpetrated on them, control of Masculinity at work, masculinity at stake 29 30 Popular Masculine Cultures in India: Critical Essays movement, livelihood opportunities, voicing of opinions and body politic and the body of the man-are commonly perceived or involvement in socio-political platforms of these female experienced and is made possible by a shared characteristic of members. At this level, masculinity makes itself conspicuously masculinity and nation: both are constructed through visible. At another level, a different type of gendered relation is at representation and discourse' (Reeser, 2010). Masculinity and the work, involving the relation between the male civilians and the male body are often equated in terms of the way by which both are State-appointed border guards (henceforth BSF and BGB), in- constituted. The male body, perceived as a bound entity, as charge of the border outposts at various border areas on either against the fluid nature of a female body, is often equated to the side of the West Bengal-Bangladesh border, who are mostly male. bound or bordered nature of a state/nation, resulting in a merger The afore-mentioned aspects of male-female negotiations are also of national and masculine representations of social structure. seen in such male-male negotiations. In fact, these aspects are Simply put, avoidance of fluidity in constitution is a common often seen in their more grotesque forms in such negotiations characteristic of both state and masculinity. Moreover, citizenship between male civilian and male border guards, especially when it is most often considered to be inherently male, as Anderson comes to violence, both physical and mental. What adds to this rightly infers (Anderson, 2006). It is in the light of such similarities, specific gender relation, though, is the aspect of State-centric that the study of the negotiation between the male civilians and masculinity that is evident in the day-to-day negotiation between the male border guards along the West Bengal-Bangladesh border the male civilians and the male border guards. becomes significant. This negotiation is a study of the practice of Masculinity as performance masculinity in its various forms-hegemonic, subordinated, complicit and marginalised. This directly or indirectly, decides Masculinity is not a uniform practice and nor is its the civilians' lawful claim to citizenship. manifestation. As a performance, masculinity is practiced as To go back to where it started, the West Bengal-Bangladesh hegemony, subordination, complicity or marginalisation border is replete with such occurrences. Newspapers report of (Connell, 1995: 77-81). Practices of 'hegemonic masculinity' and such occurrences number in hundreds if accounted for the last 'marginalised masculinities' are not fixed character types but are five years alone. Reports of firing by border guards, mostly BSF, results of changing structures of relationships (Connell, 1995: 81).
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