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The Role of Warfare in the Formation of the State In --------------�--- -------- ----- THE ROLE OF WARFARE IN THE FORMATION OF THE STATE IN KOREA: HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES by BONG WON KANG A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 1995 11 "The Role of Warfare in the Formation of the State in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Approaches," a dissertation prepared by Bong W. Kang in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Anthropology. This dissertation has been approved and accepted by: Cha c Date Committee in charge: Dr. C. Melvin Aikens, Chair Dr. Vernon Dorjahn Dr. William S. Ayres Dr. William G. Loy �UE)l UOM �uog S661ll.{�pAdo:J ITT IV I" An Abstract of the Dissertation of Bong Won Kang for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy t' in the Department of Anthropology to be taken June 1995 Title: THE ROLE OF WARFARE IN THE FORMATION OF THE STATE IN ' KOREA: HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES f I Approved: ). I Dr. C. Melvin Aikens f l This dissertation is concerned with the formation of the Silla Kingdom, a protohistoric state located in the southeastern portion of the Korean peninsula. Combining theoretical issues and empirical data concerning state formation, I present a case study of how one prime mover, warfare, played a role in the formation of the Silla Kingdom between the first and fifth centuries A.D. Two hypotheses associated with the significance of warfare were formulated and tested against both historical and archaeological data. To examine alternative models about the role of irrigation works and long-distance exchange in the development of the Silla Kingdom, I analyzed relevant historical documents, stelae, and selected archaeological data. Both documentary and archaeological data suggest that irrigation works and long­ distance exchange were not sufficiently influential to claim critical roles in the emergence of the state in southeastern Korea. To test hypotheses formulated about the role of warfare, a number of bronze and iron weapons excavated from burials in southeastern Korea were v quantified and analyzed in conjunction with data on wars mentioned in the historical documents. In particular, an analysis of empirical data on various kinds of metal weapons that probably were used in battles strongly supports the premise that warfare was a significant factor in the state formation process of the Silla Kingdom between the first and fifth centuries. Both historical and archaeological sources also reveal that there was a continuous local indigenous development from lower-level sociopolitical stages to higher-level ones in southeastern Korea, finally dominated by the Silla kingdom. Furthermore, based upon the results of mortuary analysis, I conclude that the Silla Kingdom became a state-level society sometime between the middle of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth centuries during the reign of King Naemul (356-402 A.D.). Vl CURRICULUM VITA NAME OF AUTHOR: Bong Won Kang PLACE OF BIRTH: Euisung, North Gyungsang Province, Korea DATE OF BIRTH: December 16, 1954 GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon Arizona State University, Graduate School Kyung Hee University, Graduate School, Korea Kyung Hee University, Korea DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology, 1995, University of Oregon Master of Arts in Anthropology, 1990, Arizona State University Master of Arts in History, 1984, Kyung Hee University, Korea Bachelor of Arts in History, 1981, Kyung Hee University, Korea AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Anthropology of Complex Society, Historical Archaeology, Quantitative Archaeology, Science of Philosophy, Northeast Asian Archaeology PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Instructor, Anthropology 310, Prehistory of Korea, in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Oregon, Eugene, 1995. Graduate Teaching Fellow, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1991-1994 Vll Ceramic Analyst (Part-time), Soil Systems Inc., 1121 North 2nd Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004. (602)-253-4938, 493.9. 1989-1991 Part-time Lecturer (Teaching History) in Inchun Junior College, Inchun, Kyunggi, Korea, 1985-1986 Museum Curator (Full-time), Kyung Hee University Central Museum, Huegidong 1, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, Korea, 1981-1986 AWARDS AND HONORS: Homer G. Barnett Fellowship, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene 1994-1995, Dissertation Research Fellowship, Graduate School, University of Oregon, Eugene 1994-1995 PUBLICATIONS: Kang, Bong Won 1994 The Impact of Warfare in the Formation of Complex Societies in the Protohistoric Korean Peninsula. Paper presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of Society for American Archaeology, in Anaheim, California, April. 1993 An Examination of an Intermediate Socioevolutionary Type Between Chiefdom and State. Paper presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of Society for American Archaeology, in Saint Louis, Missouri, April. 1993 Social Structure in a Megalithic Tomb Society in Korea. Papers of the British Association fo r Korean Studies 4:197-215. 1992 'Walled-Town State" in Korean Ancient History: A Critique. Prehistory and Ancient History (Seonsa Wa Godae) 3:127-154. (in Korean with English abstract). 1992 A Reexamination of Korean Megalithic Tombs and Social Organization. Paper presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania April. Vlll 1991 A Megalithic Tomb Society in Korea: A Social Reconstruction. Hanguk Sanggosa Hakbo (Journal of Korean Ancient Historical Society) 7:135-222.(in English with Korean abstract) 1991 A Preliminary Study of the Relationship Between House Orientations and Thermal Efficiency. Paper presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans, Louisiana, April. 1991 Social Structure in a Megalithic Tomb Society in Korea. Paper Presented at the Seminar on Korean Archaeology. Cambridge University, England, March. 1986 Kaya Eui Jungchijuk Baljungwa Kyungjaejuk Baekyungae Kwanhan Sogo [A Study of the Political Development and Economic Background of Kaya] Kyung Hee Sahak 12-13:1-20.(in Korean) 1985 Yuksahak Yeongubub [A Method of the Study of History] (in Japanese), translated into Korean. Minjok Munhwasa, Seoul, Korea. 1984 Kaya Jaeguk Eui Hyungsung Sikiwa Kangyeokae Kwanhan Yeongu [A Study of the Formation Date and Territory of Kaya]. Daehakwon Nonmoonjib 12:7-33.(in Korean) Hwang, Yong Hoon and Bong Won Kang 1982 Hyunduk Wanghoo Paeneonggi Balgul Josabogosuh [Excavation Report for the Destroyed Mausoleum of Queen Hyunduk] (in Korean). Kyung Hee University Museum, Seoul, Korea. lX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express sincere appreciation to the members of my doctoral committee, Dr. C. Melvin Aikens (chair), Dr. Vernon Dorjahn, Dr. William S. Ayres, and Dr. William G. Loy, for their invaluable supervision in the preparation of this manuscript. Dr. Aikens' encouragement and support helped me get through the program as quickly as possible, otherwise it would have taken several more years, which is not uncommon in this discipline these days. Dr. Dorjahn provided a wide range of sociocultural anthropological background and ample study cases of African sociopolitical transformation. Dr. Ayres' insight into epistemology and quantitative methods helped me not to wander around in terms of archaeological data analysis and interpretation. I owe much to the fourth member of my committee, Dr. Loy, who helped me to understand the fundamentals of geography and cartography. Apart from their academic help, I was especially impressed by my entire committee's warm heartedness which made me work under such a nice environment. I owe a particular debt to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School at the University of Oregon for their financial support from the beginning to the end of my Ph.D. program. The support provided me not only financial solutions but also a great opportunity to accumulate teaching experience with a foreign language. I give many thanks to Dr. Song-nai Rhee, who was always available and allowed me to use his library. Numerous conversations with him over many years concerning Korean history and X archaeology were critical for me to transform my shaky ideas into more concrete ones. I should give a special thanks to an old professor of mine, Dr. Yong-guk Tak. He sent me a number of letters for nine years to emotionally support and encourage me and always showed his deep concern for my family. Dr. Mong-lyong Choi and Dr. Ki-dong Bae also provided great moral support, which was very helpful along the way. Many thanks to Dr. Yi-gu Kwon, then the Director of Youngnam University Museum, and Do-young Yang, Yong-sung Kim, Soo-nam Kim, and Jae-gyung Lee, staff at the Museum. They allowed me to take part in one of their archaeological projects during the summer of 1993, which enabled me to become familiar with the archaeology of the Silla Kingdom and to collect a great amount of archeological data. Thanks also goes to Gyung-taik Kim, who lent me a number of Korean archaeological excavation reports of which the contents turned out to be a major portion of my data. Jong-gyu Choi, Gyung­ chul Shin, and Soo-nam Kim Sin, with whom I corresponded, responded readily to my requests for references and papers. Special thanks goes to Dr. Pete Armitage, Jerry Marr, and Jeff Fentress for providing many valuable suggestions, theoretical and methodological insights,
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