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'Tonghae(East Sea)' in the Korean Historical Documents

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'Tonghae(East Sea)' in the Korean Historical Documents The Geographical Name of 'Tonghae(East Sea)' in the Korean Historical Documents. Sang-Tae Yee (Senior Researcher, National History Compilation Committee) <summary> In the history of mankind, rivers. mountains and sea have been given names by those who lived nearby, reflecting that culture's particular system of values and beliefs. In this way, geographical names are part of a nation's cultural heritage. Living on a peninsula sUITOlmded on three sides by water, Korea's ancestors naturally had a deep interest in the sea. Their concept of space was probably based largely on the principles of ohaeng sasang, the "five pillars" of north, south, eats, west, and the center. The designations "East" sea and "West' sea must have been natural consequences of this philosophical perspective. The first historical reference to Tonghae, or East Sea, dates back to Samguk sagi, ("History of the Three kingdom"), in a passage on King Tongmyong, founder of the Koguryo Dynasty: "Prime Minister Aranbul of the North Puyo Kingdom told his king that ' one day the son of Heaven came to earth and told the people here that they should vacate this area because it was where his descendants would establish their kingdom in the future, and that they should move to a place called Kasopwon on the coast of the East Sea. The Son of Heaven also said that they find the place fertile and well suited a capital there.' Accepting Aranbul's recommendation, the king moved his capital and renamed his kingdom East Puyo." The descendants mentioned by the Son of Heaven are believed to refer to king Tongmyong of Koguryo. Tongguk isangguk-chip places North Puyo's move to Kasopwon and the establishment of East Puyo at 59 B.C. The name "East Sea" has a long history in Korea. and predates the Three kingdoms period. - 32 - East Sea during the Three Kingdoms Period References to the East Sea appear 13 times in Sarnguk sagi and 15 times in Samguk yusa, ("Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms" ), revealing two perceptions of the East Sea during the Three Kingdoms period. First, the East Sea was closely connected with the period's almost religious faith in the importance of national defense. Second, natural disasters occurring in the East Sea attracted so much attention that they were described in great detail in the historical chronicles of the time. The Silla Kingdom maintained a great deal of interest in the East Sea from its earliest days, since it was subjected to frequent attacks by the japanese. who mounted their assaults by sea. One such japanese invasion took place in 50 B.C., and in 14 A.D., japanese marauders attacked Silla with an armada of more than a hundred vessels, taking coastal residents prisoner. Silla dispatched capital-based garrisons in Kyongju to repel the aggressors, and in a bid for peace, concluded a friendship pact with japan in 59 A.D. But in A.D., japanese forces attacked Silla again. To head Silla's effort to repulse the enemy, King T' arhae sent to the front a leading aristocrat, U -0, who was unfortunately killed in action. King Munmu was perhaps the most active among the Silla" kings in taking forceful defense measures, He succeeded in unifying the Three Kingdoms and had little worry about land attacks from the continent But Japanese marauders from the East Sea were still cause for concern. He told Chi-ui, a leading Buddhist priest, "After I die, I would like to become a grand dragon whose mission is to defend the nation." When he died, he was buried beneath a large rock on the East Sea coast. The rock was named Daewang-am, ("Great King Rock") King Munmu's successor, King Shinmu, built Kamun-sa temple and dedicated it to the memory of his father. The document Manp'asikchok reflects the powerful belief in the spirit of national defence: "In the third year of King Shinmu, a small island drifted about in the East Sea. On the islet there was a bamboo tree, from which a flute was made." According to the legend, the flute was a gift to Silla that served as proof that King Munmu become a dragon defending the nation, and that the famous Silla general, Kim Yu-sin, become an son of heaven, charged with defending the nation. According to the legend, when the flute is played, the rain stops and the wind and waves are calmed. "Manp' a sikchok" literally translates as "a flue affecting the breaths of ten thousand waves." The flute was designated a national treasure and was placed in the royal museum Chonjonko, Kyongju. - 33 - . ! Perception of the Koryo Dynasty Attention shifted from the East Sea to the West Sea when the capital was moved to Songak, present-day Kaesong, with the advent of the Koryo Dynasty. There are two main aspects of the Koryo period's perception of the East Sea. First, the East Sea was frequently used to denote the nation as a whole. Second, just as in the Three Kingdoms period, much attention was given to natural disasters in the East Sea. An official letter sent to Wang I{on of Later Paokche, the founder of the Koryo Dynasty, talks of "the need to restore the ruptured dynastic continuity of the East Sea." Koryo was considered the successor state to Koguryo, so the letter was apparently referring to Koguryo when it talked of the East Sea. Along with "Samhan" and "Haedong," "Tonghae" was often used to refer symbolically to the nation. Such usage appears in a state document to the Yuan Dynasty in China in 1197. There, King Sonjong talks of "an exemplary model on the East Sea coast." East Sea during Choson Period During the Choson period, attention on the East Sea frequently focused on Ullung-do island. The need to patrol the waters around the island demanded frequent official attention. At times, there were negotiations with Japan regarding ownership of the island. During the reign of King Chijung, Silla General Isabu was sent to occupy the island, but Silla later forced the island's inhabitants to move to the mainland, fearing that Japanese marauders might use them as guides. Eventually, people returned to live on the island. Records show that the island chief sent tribute to King T' aejo and King Tochong during the Koryo period. During the reigns of King Injong and King Uijong, Yi Yang-sil and Kim Yu-rip, respectively, were sent to the island to see if it was inhabitable. Citing the rockiness of the island, they both submitted negative reports. Choe U attempted to colonize the island, but gave up after losing many of his men in stonny seas. In 1466, during the Choson reign of King Sejo, Kim In-u, a provincial official based in Samchok, was named anmusa, ("pacificator") of Munung-do (ullung-do), which was how the island was then called. He commanded two troop ships and was charged with bringing back to the mainland those islanders who fled there to avoid conscription. Returning home after five months, Kim reported that there were 86 inhabitants on the island comprising 15 families. - 34 - He brought back bamboo and seal skins as their tribute. In 1438, Nam Ho was dispatched to the island to evacuate seventy odd islanders and to again make the island uninhabited. And in 1400, Park Won-jong was sent to the island to ain conflrm that nobody was living there. In the early part of the Choson period, the island was ,t1y known variously by such other names as Usan-do and Sambong-do. lCh In 1693, An Yong-bok, a resident of Ulsan, was captured by the japanese while flshing near Ullung-do and was taken to japan. When An was repatriated by way of Taema-do it)' , ("Tsushima" in japanese), a japanese diplomatic document accompanying his return claimed ras t!lat UUung-do, which the japanese caUed "Takeshima," was in fact japanese territory. yo Subsequently, the royal Choson court refused the japanese claim as groundless and ten proclaimed to the island belonged to Korea. Suspecting that, by laying claim to the island Iall belonged to Korea. suspecting that, by laying claim to the island, the japanese might be ast taking advantage of the fact that the island was uninhabited, the government decided to dispatch a survey and patrol mission once every three years. In 1699, Chon Hoe-ii, a provincial official headquartered in Wolsong, was sent to head the first mission, and was followed in 1702 by Yi Chun-myong, an official headquartered in Samchok. But the voyage to the island was unusually hazardous and often led to loss of live. Apparently for this reason, 'do provincial officials started to dodge the mission, and in 1717, Yi Man-kyon, the governor of :>n. Kangwon Province, called for an end to the missions' on the ground that it was unwise to dispatch costly voyages merely to conflrm that no one was living on the island. As a result, the missions were suspended for a short period. But because the possibility of japanese )ut intrusions recurring in the area remained, the missions were eventually reswned. As a result, the island has remained Korean territory over the years, reflecting Korea's consistent interest in the East Sea. ~nt ng to lve ten in :he ICk ter es. - 35 -.
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