DOCSLIB.ORG

Japan's 1905 Incorporation of Dokdo/Takeshima

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Japan's 1905 Incorporation of Dokdo/Takeshima Volume 13 | Issue 9 | Number 3 | Article ID 4290 | Mar 02, 2015 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Japan’s 1905 Incorporation of Dokdo/Takeshima: A Historical Perspective日本による1905年の獨島・竹島編入 歴史的に見て Yong-ho Ch'oe Introduction written reference to Dokdo/Takeshima dates back to the seventeenth century and, as we On January 28, 1905, the Japanese Cabinet shall see, throughout the Edo period formally adopted a resolution incorporating the (1600-1868), the Tokugawa government island of Dokdo/Takeshima as Japanesedisavowed any claim over the island. The Meiji territory. Justifying the incorporation based on government likewise maintained the position the claim that Dokdo/Takeshima was "an that Dokdo/Takeshima belonged to Korea, until uninhabited island with no evidence that can be 1905 when Japan suddenly shifted its policy recognizable as having been occupied by and laid claim over the island on the ground of another country (無人島ハ他國ニ於テ之ヲ占領 terra nullius.2 What were the reasons for this シタリト認ムヘキ形迹ナク. .", the Japanese Japanese action? What were the motives? Here, government then renamed the islandwe can find a convergence of two forces-one Takeshima (竹島) and placed its jurisdiction political emanating from the "Conquer Korea under Shimane Prefecture, which in turn put it Argument" and the other an urgent military 1 under the magistracy of Oki Island. This action consideration in fighting the war against Russia by the Japanese government was strongly being waged at the time. We shall see how an disputed by the Republic of Korea, igniting a innocent business proposition by a private bitter controversy between the two Asian individual was manipulated by a few middle- neighbors. Following Japan's defeat in the ranking officials of the Meiji government to Pacific War in 1945, Korea, claiming historical convert it into a national policy of territorial rights, regained its control over the island. aggrandizement. Japan regards this as an illegal occupation based on its 1905 incorporation. This article A Note on Names offers a historical perspective on the Dokdo/Takeshima controversy by examining Historically, both Japan and Korea used the historical claims made by both Japan and different names for this island and the larger 3 South Korea. neighboring island of Ulleungdo 鬱陵島),( causing considerable confusion in identifying The Korean claim over Dokdo/Takeshima goes and locating these sites. Until the late as far back as the sixth century when the nineteenth century, Japan used the name ancient Kingdom of Silla dispatched troops and Takeshima to refer to what Korea now calls subdued it in 512 C.E. The succeedingUlleungdo, and Matsushima (松島) to refer to dynasties-Goryeo and Joseon-continued to what Korea now calls Dokdo (獨島). When in control the island until the turn of the twentieth 1905 Japan annexed the islet that it had century when Japan arbitrarily and illegally previously called Matsushima and Korea called incorporated into its domain in 1905, according Dokdo, it renamed it as Takeshima. Korea, on to Korean scholars. These Koreans citethe other hand, used several different names numerous historical sources to support their for these two islands besides Ulleungdo and claim. For Japan on the other hand, the oldest Dokdo, including Usan (于山), Muleung (武陵), 1 13 | 9 | 3 APJ | JF Uleung (羽陵), and Uleung 芋陵( ), among Samguk sagi then details how General Isabu others. Korean scholars generally believe that (異斯夫) of Silla used force and guile to force Muleung is the present Ulleungdo and Usan the Usan-guk into submission. Usan was also called present Dokdo, although many others argue Ulleungdo, but there is no explanation as to that these names were used interchangeably or whether Ulleungdo or Usan-guk also referred collectively. Yet another name for Dodko / to Dokdo. Based on later historical accounts, Takeshima was added by European navigators Korean scholars today believe that the Usan- exploring the East Sea/Sea of Japan in the guk mentioned in Samguk sagi was comprised 6 nineteenth century: Liancourt Rocks.4 The use of both Ulleungdo and Dokdo. Japan, on the of these different names naturally caused other hand, rejects this view, insisting that Usan-guk referred only to Ulleungdo and did confusion, and contributed in no small degree 7 to the rise of the controversy between Japan not include Dokdo/Takeshima. and Korea. During the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) that succeeded the Silla Kingdom, there are more Ulleungdo has fertile land for farming, along numerous references to Ulleungdo and Usando. with rich resources for fishing, hunting (sea In 930, during the reign of the dynastic founder lions), and logging. Dokdo/Takeshima, in King Taejo, a report in Goryeo-sa (高麗史 contrast, is a rocky islet where human History of Goryeo), the official dynastic history habitation is difficult, but it also has rich compiled in 1451, notes that two individuals grounds for fishing, collecting abalone, and named Baekgil and Todu from Uleungdo (芋陵 hunting sea lions. Located approximately 92 島) submitted tribute of native products and kilometers southeast of Korea's Ulleungdo and were given titles as government officials by the 157 kilometers northwest of Japan's Oki Island, king.8 Several reports during the eleventh the disputed island of Dokdo/Takeshima is century describe invasions of Usan by the currently under the dominion of the Republic of Nuzhen (女眞), a tribe in Manchuria. In 1018, Korea, which Japan regards as an illegal for example, there is this entry: "As the occupation. Nuzhen's invasion of Usanguk was so devastating that its agriculture was faced with Historical References in Korea: Under Silla complete ruin, the king dispatched Yi Weon-gu and Goryeo with farming tools and implements."9 Similar twelfth and thirteenth century references to The first historical reference toUlleungdo and Usando in Goreyo-sa and other Dokdo/Takeshima in Korea is found in Samguk historical works make it clear that Korea sagi (三國史記 History of the Three Kingdoms), controlled and administered Ulleungdo as well compiled in the year 1145. It reads: as Usando throughout the Goryeo Dynasty.10 One may, however, question whether these In the summer 6th month of the references denote both Ulleungdo and 12th year of King Jijeung's reign Dokdo/Takeshima or just one of the islands. [512], the Country of Usan (于山國) Since the barren rocky island of accepted submission and began to Dokdo/Takeshima did not favor human send its local products as annual settlement, it may be that the references tribute [to Silla]. The Country of applied only to Ulleungdo. This question, Usan is located in the sea due east however, is resolved in the geography section of Myeongju (溟洲) and is also of Goryeo-sa, in which there is a clear called Ulleungdo."5 reference to two islands. The entry on 2 13 | 9 | 3 APJ | JF Ulleungdo reads as follows: is not included.12 Most Korean scholars, however, reject Kawakami's reading as a biased interpretation of the text, and argue It is located in the sea due east of instead the Dokdo/Takeshima is the only island the county [of Uljin]. It was called that is visible in the distance from Ulleungdo Usan-guk during the Silla period. It under "clear and bright" weather conditions. is also called Muleung or Uleung (羽陵). According to one view, Korean Historical References: Under the Usan and Muleung consists of two Joseon Dynasty islands, whose distance is not too far away so that one can see the The Joseon Dynasty succeeded Koryeo in 1392 other island when weather is clear and ruled Korea until 1910. Deeply committed 11 and bright. to a Neo-Confucian ideology, Joseon Korea was particularly conscious of history and generated massive historical records--both public and Here, the official history of Goryeo states private. These records contain numerous specifically that Ulleungdo consisted of both references to Ulleungdo and Dokdo/Takeshima, Usan and Muleung and that the distance from which we learn that the early Joseon between the two was such that each could be Dynasty was preoccupied with two issues in seen from the other only when the weather was reference to these islands: the fear of Japanese clear and bright. marauders (倭寇), and how to deal with people Koreans maintain that this passage ismoving there to escape governmental control. unmistakable evidence of Korea's claim to the two islands dating back at least to the Goryeo In the latter half of the fourteenth and the early period, for the only island that is visible from fifteenth centuries, Japanese raiders inflicted Ulleungdo solely under clear and bright heavy damage along the Korean coast. In fact, weather conditions is Dokdo/Takeshima.their harassment was an important factor Although there are many smaller islands in the contributing to the demise of Goryeo and the immediate vicinity of Ulleungdo, none even rise of Joseon. Not until King Sejong launched a comes remotely close to whatGoryeo-sa military expedition to Tsushima in 1419 was describes. the menace of the marauders largely eliminated. But Japanese harassment still Japanese scholars, however, dispute this. impacted Ulleungdo and Dokdo/Takeshima. In Kawakami Kenzō, a researcher at the Japanese 1417, for example, a one-sentence report in Foreign Ministry, whose view may have largely King Taejo's annals noted that "Japanese raided shaped the Japanese position on theUsan and Muleung."13 In 1437, Yu Gye-mun, the Dokdo/Takeshima controversy, expendsgovernor of Gangweon province, proposed a considerable effort to find faults in the Korean county-level magistracy on Muleung island to historical sources. Comparing this particular administer the people who were attracted there passage from Goryeo-sa to many similar Korean for its fertile land and to deal with problems historical references that followed afterward arising from Japanese marauders.14 under the Joseon dynasty, he concludes that all the references basically repeat an earlier text The greater concern for the Joseon and that Koreans made a mistake in reading government, however, was how to deal with these passages as referring to two islands.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Tonghae(East Sea)' in the Korean Historical Documents
    The Geographical Name of 'Tonghae(East Sea)' in the Korean Historical Documents. Sang-Tae Yee (Senior Researcher, National History Compilation Committee) <summary> In the history of mankind, rivers. mountains and sea have been given names by those who lived nearby, reflecting that culture's particular system of values and beliefs. In this way, geographical names are part of a nation's cultural heritage. Living on a peninsula sUITOlmded on three sides by water, Korea's ancestors naturally had a deep interest in the sea. Their concept of space was probably based largely on the principles of ohaeng sasang, the "five pillars" of north, south, eats, west, and the center. The designations "East" sea and "West' sea must have been natural consequences of this philosophical perspective. The first historical reference to Tonghae, or East Sea, dates back to Samguk sagi, ("History of the Three kingdom"), in a passage on King Tongmyong, founder of the Koguryo Dynasty: "Prime Minister Aranbul of the North Puyo Kingdom told his king that ' one day the son of Heaven came to earth and told the people here that they should vacate this area because it was where his descendants would establish their kingdom in the future, and that they should move to a place called Kasopwon on the coast of the East Sea. The Son of Heaven also said that they find the place fertile and well suited a capital there.' Accepting Aranbul's recommendation, the king moved his capital and renamed his kingdom East Puyo." The descendants mentioned by the Son of Heaven are believed to refer to king Tongmyong of Koguryo.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Dishes Loved by the Nation
    Sapporo 1 Hakodate 2 Japan 5 3 Niigata 6 4 Kanazawa 15 7 Sendai Kyoto 17 16 Kobe 10 9 18 20 31 11 8 ocal dishes Hiroshima 32 21 33 28 26 19 13 Fukuoka 34 25 12 35 23 22 14 40 37 27 24 29 Tokyo loved by 41 38 36 Nagoya 42 44 39 30 Shizuoka Yokohama 43 45 Osaka Nagasaki 46 Kochi the nation Kumamoto ■ Hokkaido ■ Tohoku Kagoshima L ■ Kanto ■ Chubu ■ Kansai 47 ■ Chugoku ■ Shikoku Naha ■ Kyushu ■ Okinawa 1 Hokkaido 17 Ishikawa Prefecture 33 Okayama Prefecture 2 Aomori Prefecture 18 Fukui Prefecture 34 Hiroshima Prefecture 3 Iwate Prefecture 19 Yamanashi Prefecture 35 Yamaguchi Prefecture 4 Miyagi Prefecture 20 Nagano Prefecture 36 Tokushima Prefecture 5 Akita Prefecture 21 Gifu Prefecture 37 Kagawa Prefecture 6 Yamagata Prefecture 22 Shizuoka Prefecture 38 Ehime Prefecture 7 Fukushima Prefecture 23 Aichi Prefecture 39 Kochi Prefecture 8 Ibaraki Prefecture 24 Mie Prefecture 40 Fukuoka Prefecture 9 Tochigi Prefecture 25 Shiga Prefecture 41 Saga Prefecture 10 Gunma Prefecture 26 Kyoto Prefecture 42 Nagasaki Prefecture 11 Saitama Prefecture 27 Osaka Prefecture 43 Kumamoto Prefecture 12 Chiba Prefecture 28 Hyogo Prefecture 44 Oita Prefecture 13 Tokyo 29 Nara Prefecture 45 Miyazaki Prefecture 14 Kanagawa Prefecture 30 Wakayama Prefecture 46 Kagoshima Prefecture 15 Niigata Prefecture 31 Tottori Prefecture 47 Okinawa Prefecture 16 Toyama Prefecture 32 Shimane Prefecture Local dishes loved by the nation Hokkaido Map No.1 Northern delights Iwate Map No.3 Cool noodles Hokkaido Rice bowl with Tohoku Uni-ikura-don sea urchin and Morioka Reimen Chilled noodles
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Dokdo Since Isabu Conquered Usanguk in 512 A.D
    Dokdo Dokdo is a small island, but is rich in marine products and mineral resources. Dokdo, our only marine base on the East Sea extends our territory farther towards the East. The Natural Environment of Dokdo Dokdo has a mild climate for people to live in with warm temperatures and precipitation of 1,300mm per year. The size of this small island is 0.233km2 and the color of the island is dark reflecting the color of the trachyte and tuff. In November 1965, a fountain was found at the northeast side of Seodo and people began to inhabit Dokdo. ■ The History of Dokdo Since Isabu conquered Usanguk in 512 A.D. (the 13th year of King Jijeung, Silla Kingdom), Dokdo has been a part of Korea's territory. During the Goryeo dynasty, Dokdo was left uninhabited, however, Korean fishermen continued fishing around Dokdo Island through the Joseon dynasty. In 1953, the Dokdo Volunteer Garrison deterred the Japanese from landing on the island, and our efforts to defend Dokdo continues. 1. Three Kingdom Period There are not many records on Dokdo during the Three Kingdom Period. However, Samguksagi (the History of Three Kingdoms) writes about the conquest of Dokdo by Isabu. The Conquest of Dokdo Isabu conquered Usanguk, consisting of Ulleungdo and Dokdo, in A.D. 512 (the 13th year of King Jijeung of Silla). Since then, Ulleungdo and Dokdo were incorporated into Korea. Usanguk paid tribute to Silla every year, and after the fall of Silla, its tribute continued to Goryeo. 2. Goryeo Though a specific record of Dokdo cannot be found, the records on Ulleungdo allow us to figure out what Dokdo was like at that time.
    [Show full text]
  • Chugoku・Shikoku Ｊａｐａｎ
    in CHUGOKU・SHIKOKU ＪＡＰＡＮ A map introducing facilities related to food and agriculture in the Chugoku-Shikoku Tottori Shimane Eat Okayama Hiroshima Yamaguchi Stay Kagawa Tokushima Ehime Kochi Experience Rice cake making Sightseeing Rice -planting 疏水のある風景写真コンテスト2010 Soba making 入選作品 題名「春うらら」 第13回しまねの農村景観フォトコンテスト入賞作品 第19回しまねの農村景観フォトコンテスト入賞作品 Chugoku-shikoku Regional Agricultural Administration Office Oki 26 【Chugoku Region】 7 13 9 8 Tottori sand dunes 5 3 1 Bullet train 14 2 25 4 16 17 11 Tottori Railway 36 15 12 6 Izumo Taisha 41 Matsue Tottori Pref. Shrine 18 Kurayoshi Expressway 37 10 Shimane Pref. 47 24 45 27 31 22 42 43 35 19 55 28 Iwami Silver Mine 48 38 50 44 29 33 34 32 30 Okayama Pref. 39 23 20 54 53 46 40 49 57 Okayama 21 Okayama 52 51 Kurashiki Korakuen 59 Hiroshima Pref. 60 64 79 75 76 80 62 Hiroshima Fukuyama Hagi 61 58 67 56 Atom Bomb Dome Great Seto Bridge 74 Yamaguchi Pref.Yamaguchi Kagawa Pref. 77 63 Miyajima Kintaikyo 68 69 Bridge Tokushima Pref. Shimonoseki 66 65 72 73 Ehime Pref. 70 71 78 Tottori Prefecture No. Facility Item Operating hours Address Phone number・URL Supported (operation period) Access language Tourism farms 1206Yuyama,Fukube-cho,Tottori city Phone ：0857-75-2175 Mikaen Pear picking No holiday during 1 English 味果園 (Aug.1- early Nov.) the period. 20 min by taxi from JR Tottori Station on the Sanin http://www.mikaen.jp/ main line 1074-1Hara,Yurihama Town,Tohaku-gun Phone ：0858-34-2064 KOBAYASHI FARM Strawberry picking 8:00～ 2 English 小林農園 (early Mar.- late Jun.) Irregular holidays.
    [Show full text]
  • The Insect Database in Dokdo, Korea: an Updated Version Includes 22 Newly Recorded Species on the Island and One Species in Korea
    PREPRINT Posted on 14/12/2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e62027 The Insect database in Dokdo, Korea: An updated version includes 22 newly recorded species on the island and one species in Korea Jihun Ryu, Young-Kun Kim, Sang Jae Suh, Kwang Shik Choi Not peer-reviewed, not copy-edited manuscript. Not peer-reviewed, not copy-edited manuscript posted on December 14, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e62027 The Insect database in Dokdo, Korea: An updated version includes 22 newly recorded species on the island and one species in Korea Jihun Ryu‡,§, Young-Kun Kim |, Sang Jae Suh|, Kwang Shik Choi‡,§,¶ ‡ School of Life Science, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea § Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea | School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea ¶ Research Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea Corresponding author: Kwang Shik Choi ([email protected]) Abstract Background Dokdo, an island toward the East Coast of South Korea, comprises 89 small islands. Dokdo is a volcanic island created by a volcanic eruption that promoted the formation of Ulleungdo (located in the East sea), which is ~87.525 km away from Dokdo. Dokdo is an important island because of geopolitics; however, because of certain investigation barriers such as weather and time constraints, the awareness of its insect fauna is less compared to that of Ulleungdo. Dokdo’s insect fauna was obtained as 10 orders, 74 families, and 165 species until 2017; subsequently, from 2018 to 2019, 23 unrecorded species were discovered via an insect survey.
    [Show full text]
  • Northward Range Expansion of Southern Butterflies According to Climate Change in South Korea
    Journal of Climate Change Research 2020, Vol. 11, No. 6-1, pp. 643~656 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15531/KSCCR.2020.11.6.643 Northward Range Expansion of Southern Butterflies According to Climate Change in South Korea Adhikari, Pradeep* Jeon, Ja-Young** Kim, Hyun Woo*** Oh, Hong-Shik**** Adhikari, Prabhat***** and Seo, Changwan******† *Research Specialist, Environmental Impact Assessment Team, National Institute of Ecology, Korea **Researcher, Ecosystem Service Team, National Institute of Ecology, Korea / PhD student, Landscape Architecture, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea ***Research Specialist, Eco Bank Team, National Institute of Ecology, Korea ****Professor, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science and Faculty of Science Education, Jeju National University, South Korea *****Master student, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal ******Chief Researcher, Division of Ecological Assessment, National Institute of Ecology, Korea ABSTRACT Climate change is one of the most influential factors on the range expansion of southern species into northern regions, which has been studied among insects, fish, birds and plants extensively in Europe and North America. However, in South Korea, few studies on the northward range expansion of insects, particularly butterflies, have been conducted. Therefore, we selected eight species of southern butterflies and calculated the potential species richness values and their range expansion in different provinces of Korea under two climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modeling approach. Based on these model predictions, areas of suitable habitat, species richness, and species expansion of southern butterflies are expected to increase in provinces in the northern regions ( >36°N latitude), particularly in Chungcheongbuk, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Incheon, and Seoul.
    [Show full text]
  • Reemerging Political Geography in Japan
    Japanese Journal of Human Geography 64―6（2012） Reemerging Political Geography in Japan YAMAZAKI Takashi Osaka City University TAKAGI Akihiko Kyushu University KITAGAWA Shinya Mie University KAGAWA Yuichi The University of Shiga Prefecture Abstract The Political Geography Research Group （PGRG） of the Human Geographical Society of Japan was established in 2011 to promote political geographic studies in Japan. The PGRG is the very first research unit on political geography in the Society which was established in 1948. Political geography was once one of the weakest sub―fields in Japanese geography with a very limited number of scholars and published works. This, however, is not at all the case now. Political geography is a reemerging field in Japan. In this review paper, four of the PGRG members contribute chapters on general trends in Japanese political geography, legacies of Japanese wartime geopolitics, the introduction of “new geopolitics” into Japan, and geographical studies on environmental movements. All of them have confirmed with confidence that Japanese political geography has been reemerging and making steady progress in terms of theory, methodology, and case study since the 1980s. Although the current stage of Japanese political geography is still in the regenerative phase, they strongly believe that political geography should be firmly embedded in Japanese geography. Key words : political geography, Japanese geopolitics, new geopolitics, environmental movements, Japan I Introduction The Political Geography Research Group （PGRG） of the Human Geographical Society of Japan was established in 2011 to promote political geographic studies in Japan. The PGRG is the very first research unit on political geography in the Society which was established in 1948.
    [Show full text]
  • 60 Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendation for The
    60 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR THE FUTURE OF JKFTA AND BOTH NATIONS The research question raised at the beginning challenges us to start contemplating in a different way than the usual. JKFTA has brought its own attention for its surprise appearance. But then scholars, business enthusiasts, and everyone else is presented by a delayed agreement. We have two important yet sensitive problems at our hand alongside with a postponed economic agreement, which initially, does not strike to be relevant to each other. But at the end of this research, there is a concrete happening between the two variables. The economic agreement has indeed postponed by the remaining historical disputes. At the very start, the birth of the notorious territorial dispute that is Liancourt Rocks is examined. The Liancourt Rocks is more than just mere islets. The islets are centuries old with many versions of the history of how it is found and many controversial debates for its ownership and value. Starting from ocean floor research, environmental research in general, military value, and then ended with the case of dignity. Past colonialism has indeed brought more and more bad impression to the people, making Liancourt Rocks as disputed today as it is in former times. Continuing with the matter of comfort women, nothing has been easier in the journey of this problem. It is also peaked at World War II, with many testimonies appearing in the Korean peninsula particularly Republic of Korea (ROK). It successfully garnered attention and pity. Victims began to be more ambitious in sharing their stories and demanding an apology from Japan’s government.
    [Show full text]
  • BSE Cases in Japan
    BSE Cases in Japan Department of Food Safety, MHLW Date of Confirmation Date of Birth Cattle Breed Birthplace Institute of Screening test （Date of Slaughter or Result of Confirmatory test (Cattle Age in Month) （Sex） （Producing place） （Institute of Confirmatory test） Dead） Western-blotting ＋ Sep 10, 2001 (*1) Mar 26, 1996 Holstein Hokkaido Prefecture Chiba Prefecture Gov. Immunohistochemistry ＋ 1 （Aug 6, 2001） （64 months） （cow） （Chiba Prefecture） （National Institute of Animal Health） Histopathology ＋ Western-blotting ＋ Nov 21, 2001 Apr 4, 1996 Holstein Hokkaido Prefecture Hokkaido Prefecture Gov. Immunohistochemistry ＋ 2 （Nov 19, 2001） （67 months） （cow） （Hokkaido Prefecture） （Obihiro Univ. of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine） Histopathology － Saitama Prefecture Gov. Western-blotting ＋ Dec 2, 2001 Mar 26, 1996 Holstein Gunma Prefecture （Yokohama Quarantine Station, Immunohistochemistry ＋ 3 （Nov 29, 2001） （68 months） （cow） （Gunma Prefecture） Obihiro Univ. of Agricultureand Veterinary Medicine） Histopathology ＋ Western-blotting ＋ May 13, 2002 Mar 23, 1996 Holstein Hokkaido Prefecture Hokkaido Prefecture Gov. Immunohistochemistry ＋ 4 （May 10, 2002） （73 months） （cow） （Hokkaido Prefecture） （Obihiro Univ. of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine） Histopathology ＋ Western-blotting ＋ Aug 2, 2002 Dec 5, 1997 Holstein Kanagawa Prefecture Kanagawa Prefecture Gov. Immunohistochemistry ＋ 5 （Aug 21, 2002） （80 months） （cow） （Kanagawa Prefecture） （National Institute of Infectious Diseases） Histopathology － Western-blotting ＋ Jan 20, 2003 Feb 10, 1996
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Dokdo
    Resolution of Territorial Disputes in East Asia: The Case of Dokdo Laurent Mayali & John Yoo* This Article seeks to contribute to solving of the Korea-Japan territorial dispute over Dokdo island (Korea)/Takeshima (Japanese). The Republic of Korea argues that Dokdo has formed a part of Korea since as early as 512 C.E.; as Korea currently exercises control over the island, its claim to discovery would appear to fulfill the legal test for possession of territory. Conversely, the Japanese government claims that Korea never exercised sufficient sovereignty over Dokdo. Japan claims that the island remained terra nullius—in other words, territory not possessed by any nation and so could be claimed—until it annexed Dokdo in 1905. Japan also claims that in the 1951 peace treaty ending World War II, the Allies did not include Dokdo in the list of islands taken from Japan, which implies that Japan retained the island in the postwar settlement. This article makes three contributions. First, it brings forward evidence from the maps held at various archives in the United States and Western Europe to determine the historical opinions of experts and governments about the possession of Dokdo. Second, it clarifies the factors that have guided international tribunals in their resolution of earlier disputes involving islands and maritime territory. Third, it shows how the claim of terra nullius has little legitimate authority when applied to East Asia, an area where empires, kingdoms, and nation-states had long exercised control over territory. * Laurent Mayali is the Lloyd M. Robbins Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law; John Yoo is the Emanuel S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ams Radiocarbon Dating of Holocene Tephra Layers on Ulleung Island, South Korea
    AMS RADIOCARBON DATING OF HOLOCENE TEPHRA LAYERS ON ULLEUNG ISLAND, SOUTH KOREA Mitsuru Okuno1 • Miki Shiihara2 • Masayuki Torii3 • Toshio Nakamura4 • Kyu Han Kim5 • Hanako Domitsu6 • Hiroshi Moriwaki7 • Motoyoshi Oda8 ABSTRACT. Ulleung Island, a large stratovolcano, is located in the western part of the Japan Sea (East Sea), 130 km off the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula. The Ulleung-Oki (U-Oki) is a widely distributed tephra in and around the Japan Sea, and has an age of 10.7 cal ka BP obtained from the Lake Suigetsu data set (central Japan). Of the 7 tephra layers (U-7 to -1) on the island, the pumiceous U-4, U-3, and U-2 tephra layers are petrochemically and petrographically similar to the U-Oki tephra. To determine the eruption ages of 3 tephra layers on Ulleung Island, we conducted radiocarbon dating for 5 soil and 2 charcoal samples. Although the soil samples have the C/N ratios from 5 to 10, the obtained 14C dates are still consistent with the tephra stratigraphy of the island. The calibrated 14C dates for the U-4, U-3, and U-2 tephras are 11 cal ka BP, 8.3 or 9 cal ka BP, and 5.6 cal ka BP, respectively, indicating that the explosive eruptions occurred in the island with a time interval of 2000 to 3000 yr during the period of the early to middle Holocene. Based on our chronology, the U-4 tephra is most likely cor- related with the U-Oki tephra. INTRODUCTION Ulleung Island (3730N, 13052E), a large Quaternary stratovolcano, is situated in the west Japan Sea (East Sea), 130 km off the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • A Teacher's Guide to Teaching About Korea in the U.S
    A Teacher’s Guide to Teaching about Korea in the U.S. Edited by Young-Key Kim-Renaud, Ph.D. December 2016 A Teacher’s Guide to Teaching about Korea in the U.S. Edited by Young-Key Kim-Renaud, Ph.D. GWIKS (George Washington University Institute for Korean Studies) Working Papers, No. 1 Printed in Washington, DC, U.S.A. December 2016 Copyright © 2016 Young-Key Kim-Renaud This work was supported in part by the Core University Program for Korean Studies through the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and Korean Studies Promotion Service of the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS-2016- OLU-2250009). 1 Table of Contents Preface 3 4 Author Profile 5 Part I • Young-Key Kim-Renaud, “Teaching about Korea: An Overview of Korean History and Culture” 6 Part II • Joseph (Jay) Harmon, “Korea in AP World History Textbooks: Perspectives” 66 • David A. Libardoni, “What I Learned about Korea through Teaching There” 72 • Megan Siczek, “Korea through Multiple Lenses” 75 • Daniel J. Whalen, “Dixie and the East Sea: The Impact of Nationalism on Place Names and Cultural Identities” 86 2 Preface This volume contains papers and power point presentations in English on Korea, which were delivered to pre-college level US educators in the Washington, DC Metropolitan area and visitors from elsewhere on two different occasions in 2016.* The first part is a slightly revised version of a brief overview of Korea and Korean history and culture, which was presented at the 2016 Fairfax County (VA) Public Schools Staff Development Day on August 31, 2016.
    [Show full text]