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Form L5: Title Registration/08 NICO CARSTENS AS INNOVEERDER VAN SUID-AFRIKAANSE POPULÊRE MUSIEK Susanna Helena Robina Louw Voorgelê om te voldoen aan die vereistes vir die graad MAGISTER MUSICAE in die Fakulteit Geesteswetenskappe, Departement Musiek, aan die Universiteit van die Vrystaat Studieleier: Prof. N.G.J. Viljoen Medestudieleier: Prof. M. Viljoen Januarie 2013 VERKLARING Ek verklaar hiermee dat die verhandeling wat hierby vir die graadMagister Musicae aan die Universiteit van die Vrystaat deur myingedien word, my selfstandige werk is en nie voorheen deurmy vir ’n graad aan ’n ander universiteit/fakulteit ingedien isnie. Ek doen voorts afstand van die outeursreg op dieverhandeling ten gunste van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat. ____________________________________ i ERKENNINGS By die voltooiing van hierdie verhandeling is dit die behoefte van my hart om persone en instansies wat my op een of ander wyse met genoemde materiaal behulpsaam was, opreg te bedank: My studieleier, prof Nicol Viljoen, en mede-studieleier, prof. Martina Viljoen, vir hulle besondere kundige leiding in alle fases en fasette van hierdie navorsing. SAMRO, vir die beskikbaarstelling van navorsingmateriaal, maar veral aan dié personeel wat genoemde materiaal so goedgunstiglik behulpsaam was. SABC en hulle Argief vir klank- en beeldmateriaal. Die FAK/SAMRO/National Arts Council of South Africa, vir finansiële bystand om hierdie projek te voltooi. Ingrid Howard, wat as behulpsame tussenganger opgetree het in my kontak en ontmoetings met Nico Carstens. Corrie Geldenhuys, vir die taalkundige versorging van die teks. Nico, die inligting hierin vervat, is net ’n fraksie van alles wat ek van jou ontvang het. Geen akademiese geskrif kan in elk geval vriendelikheid, openhartigheid en gasvryheid omskryf nie. Aan jou persoonlik ’n hartlike woord van dank. My kollegas by Grey Kollege Primêre Skool, wat my van tyd tot tyd op allerlei wyses bygestaan het. My moeder, gesin en familie, wat ’n groot bron van inspirasie was en wat my voortdurend moed ingepraat het. Ek dink met dankbaarheid terug aan my vader en ek eer sy nagedagtenis en geloof in my om van my musiek ’n sukses te maak. Al die dank aan my Hemelse Vader: Soli Deo Gloria! ii OPSOMMING Hierdie studie fokus op die bydrae van die Suid-Afrikaanse akkordeonspeler en komponis, Nico Carstens. As een van die mees gesiene eksponente van die vroeë Suid-Afrikaanse ligtemusiek het Carstens ’n uitgebreide versameling komposisies gelewer wat hom nie alleen die status van nasionale musiek-ikoon besorg het nie, maar ook aansienlike internasionale bekendheid. Dit is merkwaardig dat hy gedurende sy loopbaan meer as 2 000 treffers gelewer het. Sy grootste sukses was die liedjie “Zambezi” wat hom internasionale roem besorg het, en vervolgens deur wêreldbekende sterre soos Eddy Calvert, Bert Kaempfert, The Shadows en Johnny Dankworth opgeneem is. Ten spyte van Carstens se belang binne die terrein van Suid-Afrikaanse ligtemusiek, is daar tot dusver geen omvattende studie onderneem wat sy bydrae peil en dokumenteer nie. Hieruit vloei die noodsaaklikheid vir ’n meer diepgaande studie oor die betekenis van sy werk ten opsigte van die ontwikkeling en wyer blootstelling van Suid-Afrikaanse ligtemusiek. Hierdie studie fokus op die wyses waarop Carstens as komponis en uitvoerder daarin geslaag het om die tradisionele boeremusiek-idioom deur middel van ’n versmelting van verskillende musikale invloede en style te verhef en te verryk tot ’n gestileerde, meer omvattende, dog hoogs toeganklike Suid-Afrikaanse populêre musiek-identiteit. Eerstens word ’n biografiese perspektief aangebied waarin die belangrikste gebeure binne Carstens se musikale loopbaan, wat direk met sy ontwikkeling van Suid- Afrikaanse populêre musiek in verband staan, uitgelig word. Tweedens word sy artistieke bydrae aan die hand van drie onderwerpe beskryf, naamlik dié van sy komposisies, sy diskografie en sy rol as vermaaklikheids- kunstenaar. Die waarde van die navorsing is daarin geleë dat die studie die eerste van sy soort is om ’n diepgaande verkenning en waardebepaling van Carstens se musiek en sy verbreding van Suid-Afrikaanse ligtemusiek daar te stel. iii TREFWOORDE Nico Carstens; Suid-Afrikaanse Ligtemusiek; Boeremusiek; Akkordeonmusiek; Biografie; Werklys; Diskografie iv SUMMARY This study focuses on the contribution of the South African accordion player and composer, Nico Carstens. As one of the most notable early exponents of South African light music, Nico Carstens has delivered a prolific output that has not only earned him the status of a national music icon, but has also resulted in international fame. It is remarkable that, throughout his career, he contributed more than 2 000 hits. His greatest success, by far, was the song “Zambezi”, which earned him instant international recognition, and was subsequently performed by world-renowned stars such as Eddy Calvert, Bert Kaempfert, The Shadows and Johnny Dankworth. In spite of Carstens’ importance within the field of South African light music, up to now, no comprehensive study has yet been undertaken to determine and document his contribution. Therefore, a more profound study on the meaning of his work with regard to the development and wider exposure of South African light music was necessary. This study focuses on the ways in which Carstens has managed as composer and performer to elevate and enrich the traditional boeremusiek idiom by means of a fusion of different musical influences and styles to a stylised, more comprehensive, though very accessible South African popular music identity. Firstly, a biographic perspective is presented offered in which the most important events during Carstens’ music career, linked directly with his development of South African popular music, is highlighted. Secondly, his artistic contribution is described at the hand of three topics, namely those of his compositions, his discography and his role as entertainment artist. The value of the research is that this study is the first of its kind to offer a profound investigation and valuation of Carstens’ music and his contribution to South African light music. v KEY TERMS Nico Carstens; South African Light Music; Boeremusiek; Accordion music; Biography; Work list; Discography vi LYS VAN AFBEELDINGS Afbeelding 1 Nico Carstens op tweejarige ouderdom. 16 Afbeelding 2 Nico Carstens as jongman 19 Afbeelding 3 ’n Promosiefoto van Nico Carstens met sy trekklavier 21 Afbeelding 4 Hendrik Susan 22 Afbeelding 5 Hendrik Susan se orkes 26 Afbeelding 6 CD-omslag Swierige Afrikaans 28 Afbeelding 7 Nico Carstens en sy orkes 29 Afbeelding 8 Anton de Waal 30 Afbeelding 9 Al Debbo 33 Afbeelding 10 Al Debbo en Nico Carstens 35 Afbeelding 11 Flippie van Vuuren en Nico Carstens 37 Afbeelding 12 Op toer. Carnavon, September 1952 42 Afbeelding 13 ’n Plaatomslag Koffiehuiskonsert 42 Afbeelding 14 Nico Carstens en sy orkes 44 Afbeelding 15 Nico Carstens en Neels Steyn 48 Afbeelding 16 Plaatomslae van Carstens se plate 49 Afbeelding 17 Nico Carstens met sy Goue Plaat 51 Afbeelding 18 Carstens en Ray Phiri 54 Afbeelding 19 Nico Carstens 61 Afbeelding 20 Nico Carstens in 2000 62 vii INHOUDSOPGAWE VERKLARING ............................................................................................................ i ERKENNINGS ........................................................................................................... ii OPSOMMING ........................................................................................................... iii SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. v LYS VAN AFBEELDINGS ....................................................................................... vii HOOFSTUK 1 INLEIDING ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 INLEIDENDE PERSPEKTIEWE ........................................................................ 1 1.2 NAVORSINGSPROBLEEM EN DOELSTELLINGS ........................................... 3 1.3 NAVORSINGSONTWERP EN NAVORSINGSMETODOLOGIE ....................... 4 1.4 WAARDE VAN DIE NAVORSING ..................................................................... 5 1.4.1 Boeremusiek ..................................................................................................... 7 1.5 ONTWERP VAN DIE STUDIE ......................................................................... 15 HOOFSTUK 2 ’N OORSIG OOR NICO CARSTENS SE ARTISTIEKE ONTWIKKELING ..................................................................................................... 16 2.1 INLEIDING ....................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Hendrik Susan ................................................................................................. 22 2.2.2 Nico Carstens-orkes ........................................................................................ 28 2.2.3 Anton de Waal ................................................................................................. 29 2.2.4 Al Debbo ......................................................................................................... 33 2.2.5 Ander bekende medemusikante en -komponiste ............................................ 36 viii 2.3 Komposisies .................................................................................................... 37 2.3.1 Zambezi .........................................................................................................
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