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Research Directions Based on the Current State of Pear Production and Rootstock Research RACHEL ELKINS', RICHARD BELL and TODD EINHORN3

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Research Directions Based on the Current State of Pear Production and Rootstock Research RACHEL ELKINS', RICHARD BELL and TODD EINHORN3 153 Journal of the American Pomo logical Society 66(3): 153-163 2012 Needs Assessment for Future US Pear Rootstock Research Directions Based on the Current State of Pear Production and Rootstock Research RACHEL ELKINS', RICHARD BELL AND TODD EINHORN3 Abstract The area devoted to pear production in the United States (U.S.) is declining due to lack of precocity and high cost of production. The U.S. pear industry currently lacks "modern" orchard systems characterized by compact trees that produce early, high yields of large, high quality fruit. Tall, shaded canopies are not economically sustain- able and are at a competitive disadvantage for attracting and sustaining a labor supply. There is broad and deep consensus in the pear industry that developing size-controlling rootstocks isimperative to remain competitive na- tionally and globally. Currently employed rootstocks in the U.S. are Pyrus communis seedlings and clones, none of which achieve more than about a one-third size reduction, and P betulifolia seedlings. Quince (C. oblonga), used with interstems in Europe and South America, is utilized commercially (without interstems) in the U.S. only for 'Cornice' in southern Oregon and northern California. This is due primarily to a lack of cold hardiness needed in more northern production areas, a lack of graft-compatibility with the other major scion cultivars, fire blight and iron chlorosis susceptibility, and relative lack of productivity versus other rootstocks, especially in Califor- nia.Current evaluative trials rely on older U.S. and imported selections, and include the NC-140 Multistate Rootstock Research Project and several individual programs in California, New York, Oregon and Washington. A fundamental deficiency is the lack of a mature pear rootstock breeding program, despite access to the USDA- ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR), which holds a major worldwide collection of Pyrus and related genera. International breeding programs focus on increasing yield efficiency, but also graft compatibility, fruit quality and size, high soil pH tolerance, winter hardiness, warm climate/low chilling adaptation, drought and salt tolerance, and resistance to fire blight, pear decline, and pear scab. An intensive planning and implementa- tion effort is needed to develop the necessary contacts, collaborations, explorations, and importation logistics to acquire the most promising clonal selections for propagation and testing. Basic research needs include effects of dwarfing rootstock on tree architecture and fruiting, the underlying mechanisms of dwarfing functional in pear, the inheritance of key traits, and selection criteria for breeding. Propagation and orchard systems have also been identified as major research needs. Introduction and Statement of Need descending order of acreage, are 'Bartlett', As of 2010, there were 22,800 hectares`D'Anjou', `Bost', 'Red D'Anjou' and other (57,000 acres) of commercially-grown pearsred skinned pears, 'Cornice', and 'Seeker. (Pyrus sp. L.) in the United States (U.S.),Only 'Bartlett' is grown for both the fresh with a total crop value of $382 million (48). and processing markets. The industry has Major pear producing states (hectares) arebeen stagnating due to declining consump- Washington (9,600), Oregon (6,480), andtion of processed pears and competition from California (5,600). New York (480), Michi-imported pears and other fruits, as reflected gan (320) and Pennsylvania (320) are mi-in the loss of 4,000 hectares (10,000 acres), nor production states (48). Total U.S. pearor 15%, since 2000. production includes Asian pears, which are The major factors contributing to acre- also grown in several Eastern states, main-age decline are lack of precocity and high ly for the direct market. Major cultivars, incost of production. Newly planted trees are ' University of California Cooperative Extension, Lakeport, CA 95453 2 USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV 25430 'Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Cen- ter, Hood River 97031 ' To whom reprint requests should be addressed. Email: [email protected] 154 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY slow to bear, discouraging orchard renewalcold, requiring a suite of superiorrootstocks (10,14,15). The U.S. pear industry currentlywhich are both efficient andpossess appro- lacks "modern" orchard systems character- priate traits for particular sites,as previously ized by compact trees that produce early, characterized (23). high yields of large, high-quality fruit. Ex- The U.S. pear orchard situation is incon- isting orchards comprise mature trees thattrast to European, and to a lesser extent, are large and widely spaced.Further, high- South American orchards, whichsuccess- density plantings on standard rootstocksare fully utilize dwarfing rootstock clonesof difficult to confine withoutaccess to vigorquince, with or withouta P communis L. management tools (i.e., acceptable dwarfinginterstem (13eurre Hardy', 'Old Home') for rootstocks or bio-regulators, neither of whichgraft-compatibility (49). Theuse of quince are presently available in the U.S.). Alterna-has enabled high-density plantings of3,000 tively, tighter in-row spacing betweenpearto greater than 10,000 trees per hectare,ver- trees on an array of commercially availablesus a maximum of about 500-1800 trees per Pyrus rootstock genotypes markedly im-hectare in the U.S. It is widely accepted that proved yield, and reduced tree size; however,high density orchards bear fruit andrepay fruit size was negatively related totree den-establishment costs sooner. Theycan also be sity (37). planted as narrow trellised Vor "wall" sys- Pear orchards are labor intensive;prun- tems which can be managed from the ground, ing, fruit thinning, and harvest of low den-platforms, stepstools, or short (0.6 to 1.8 m) sity plantings are time-consuming and costly. ladders. This creates a labor environment Eventually, these tall, shaded canopiespro-attractive to a wider pool of potential work- duce lower financial returns (7). Growers relyers. Pesticides can also be applied efficiently mainly on seasonal and largely immigrantwith less drift and wasted chemical andwa- (mainly Mexican, but also Central American)ter (12).There is broad and deepconsensus labor for pruning, thinning, and harvestoper- among all sectors of the U.S. pear industry, ations (26). However, pear plantings in closei.e. growers, nurseries, and academics, that proximity to apples, cherries andgrapes are developing efficient (precocious, good yield, at a competitive disadvantage for attracting,fruit size), size-controlling rootstocks is im- and sustaining a labor supply. In apple, size-perative for the pear industry to remaincom- controlling rootstocks produce shorter trees,petitive nationally and globally. which are more conducive to efficient and la- bor-friendly production practices. In thecase Currently Used Rootstocks of cherries, recent developments in dwarfing The main rootstocks currently employed rootstocks, pedestrian orchard systems andin the U.S. are Pyrus communis seedlings mechanization have markedly improved la-(e.g. 'Winter Nelis', 'Bartlett' seedling), P. bor efficiency (43). betulifolia seedlings on heavy clay soils, In addition to production and economicand more recently, several P communis demands, regulatory and social constraintshybrid clones, e.g. 'Old Homex Farming- now demand systems that offer a desir-dale (OHXF) 69', '0HxF 87', '0HxF 97', able environmental "footprint" (pesticides,`0HxF 217', '0HxF 333', and '0HxF 513'. water, nutrients and energy use). Pear treesOf these, '0HxF 87' and '0HxF 97'are the are inefficient and costly to spray, requiringmost widely utilized. Quince (Cydonia ob- ample spray volumes to displace air withinlonga L is used for commercial production large canopies. Varying growing sitesre- only for 'Cornice' (44). The most vigor- quire resistance to various biotic and abioticinducing selection, 13A29', is the preferred "stresses", i.e. fire blight, pear decline, dryor selection. Even with an interstem, quince has wet soils, low or high pH soil, and extremethus far been found to lack desirable horti- PEARS 155 cultural characteristics, e.g. cold hardiness in2-33' performance varies depending on the Pacific Northwest, long-term vigor andmacro- and microsite factors, scion cultivar, productivity in California, and tolerance toand management, though 'Bartlett' yield ef- fire blight and calcareous soils (51) . Nurser- ficiency on Tyro 2-33' was equivalent to ies and growers have also been reluctant to`OHxF 87' in Washington trials (Tim Smith, incur the added time and cost of grafting anpersonal communication). However, none of interstem needed for 'Bartlett', Beurre Bose'the P communis clonal stocks achieves more and `Beurre d'Anjou', and which may thenthan about a one-third size reduction versus a only provide incremental benefit. Further,"standard" tree grafted onto seedling P com- and irrespective of rootstock lineage, nurs- munis or P betulifolia (51) (Fig 1). eries demand a high survival rate, uniform and consistent performance (i.e. clonal root- Available Rootstocks for Dwarfing stocks), easy and efficient propagation, uni- Globally, there is a limited number of Py- versal graft-compatibility, good anchorage,rus rootstock cultivars and selectionswhich and minimal suckering (35). may be available for continuing or new tri- There are also limited commercial salesals in the U. S., for example, Tyriam' from
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