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Origin, Domestication, and Dispersing of Pear (Pyrus Spp.)

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Origin, Domestication, and Dispersing of Pear (Pyrus Spp.) Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Agriculture Volume 2014, Article ID 541097, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/541097 Review Article Origin, Domestication, and Dispersing of Pear (Pyrus spp.) G. J. Silva, Tatiane Medeiros Souza, Rosa Lía Barbieri, and Antonio Costa de Oliveira Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Federal University of Pelotas, 96001-970 Pelotas, RS, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Antonio Costa de Oliveira; [email protected] Received 11 March 2014; Accepted 29 April 2014; Published 9 June 2014 Academic Editor: Innocenzo Muzzalupo Copyright © 2014 G. J. Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The pear (Pyrus communis L.) is a typical fruit of temperate regions, having its origin and domestication at two different points, China and Asia Minor until the Middle East. It is the fifth most widely produced fruit in the world, being produced mainly in China, Europe, and the United States. Pear belongs to rosaceous family, being a close “cousin” of the apple, but with some particularities that make this fruit special with a delicate flavor. Thus, it deserves a special attention and a meticulous review of all the history involved, and the recent research devoted to it, because of the economic and cultural importance of this fruit in a range of countries and cultures. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review is to approach the history of the origin, domestication, and dispersal of pears, as well as reporting their botany, their current scenario in the world, and their breeding and conservation. 1. Introduction such as Iran, Uzbekistan, China, Japan, Korea, and Bhutan. Commercially, it is divided into two major groups: European Pear, a typical fruit of temperate climates, with delicate and Asian pears. The first, with elongated and full-bodied pleasant taste and smooth, has a wide acceptance throughout texture, and the second, with sandy texture and rounded the world. By its shape, it inspires designers and architects. body, make this fruit the ninth in world production, being The fruit pleases generations; already in 1661, Jean-Baptiste de mainly a commodity in China [2–4]. LaQuintinie,lawyerandbotanist,responsibleforthegardens of the Versailles palace, passionate about the cultivation of pears, wrote in reports: “It must be confessed that, among all 2. Taxonomy, Origin, and Speciation fruitsinthisplace,naturedoesnotshowanythingsobeautiful norsonobleasthispear.Itispearthatmakesthegreatest The name pear is derived from Latin, pera or pira,withsome honor on the tables...” variants like in French as poire,inGermanaspeer, and in The pear is mainly consumed in natura, pies, cakes, Greece as acras as wild type and apios as cultivated pear. accompanying strong cheese or carpaccio, risotto, jams, and It belongs to Equisetopsida C. Agardh class of vascular ice creams and is a great fruit to be consumed in diets because plants, Magnoliidae Novak´ ex Takht subclass, characterized of its low caloric value. It has high nutritional value with by plants that have ribbed leaves and flowers. Belonging to the reasonable amounts of vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, and C and Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl order, and Rosaceae Juss family, with minerals like sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, mag- hermaphrodite flowers, polypetalae and perigynics stamens, nesium, and iron. It has a lot of fiber, giving excellent results the pear, of Pyrus L., gender is a fruit of big importance for the in the treatment of constipation and intestine inflammation. agriculture of latitude moderate countries, being cultivated Many recommend pears to cure anomalies such as cystitis onalargescaleinChina,WesternEurope,andtheUnited and kidney stones [1]. States [5–7]. Belonging to the genus Pyrus, which originated in the The Maloideae subfamily, where the Pyrus gender Tertiary period, in Western China, the pear had its dispersion belongs, has a basic chromosome number as =17,which from northern Italy, Switzerland, former Yugoslavia, Ger- is fair if compared with other species of Rosaceae, where many,Greece,Moldova,andUkrainetotheEast,incountries =7or =9. Of the three hypotheses that emerged 2 Advances in Agriculture from the 1920s to explain the event, the most accepted (Table 2). Studies indicate that there is a large genetic distance theory [8] suggests an allotetraploid or allopolyploid from between these two groups [21]. The first is focusing on the cross between two primitive forms of Rosaceae family, most cultivated pears, found in Europe, North Africa, Asia Prunoideae with =8and Spiraeoideae with =9.This Minor, Iran, part of Soviet Central Asia, and Afghanistan. theory was based on the observation of a predominance of The second group includes species that are concentrated in univalent (unpaired chromosomes) and not from multivalent East Asia, the Tien-Shan and Hindu Kush mountains, and chromosomes during meiosis. Subsequently, isozyme studies Japan. In the latter, there is a very large group of cultivars supported this theory [9]. Most cultivated pears are diploid in China and Japan [11, 22]. Currently there are several (2 = 34), but there are a few polyploid cultivars of P. works that aim to estimate the genetic distance among the communis and Pyrus × bretschneideri. According to some different cultivars, concentrated in gene banks and breeding authors [9], the speciation of Pyrus occurred without a programs. change in chromosome number. It is believed that gender Researchers at the University of Lleida (UDL-ETSIA) Pyrus originated during the Tertiary period (65 to 55 million couldestimatethegeneticdistanceof141Spanishaccessions years ago) in the mountainous regions of western China of P. communis (past and current) through eight SSR markers. where a very large number of species of the gender Pomoideae Thirteen well-known Spanish cultivars that represent their and Prunoideae are concentrated. Taking into consideration diversity were also used, but all thirteen were grouped into the areas of distribution of the various genres of Pomoideae, a single cluster, showing the narrow genetic base of cultivars it is likely that the common ancestor of these was widely P. communis in Spain, mainly caused by market demands distributed in that territory during the Cretaceous or Pale- [23]. ocene and prior to the Tertiary. Evidence suggests that pear Another study was conducted by a group of Chinese dispersion and speciation followed the mountain ranges to researchers, in which, through six SSR markers, it was possi- both the east and the west [10, 11]. In this period, only ble to verify the genetic distance of 98 species of Pyrus,includ- fewtracesofleavesinsomelocalitiesfromeasternEurope ing 51 Pyrifolia, Japanese and Chinese Pyrus,11P. ussuriensis, and the Caucasus were found, as the village of Parschlug, 24 Chinese white pears, six wild types, two Korean species, Austria, and the Kakhetia mountains, where Pyrus theobroma two P. communis cultivars, and 2 unidentified types. The fossils were found. Whereas in eastern Georgia, Horizon results showed the grouping of these cultivars in 10 groups, Akchagyl, Azerbaijan, and Turkey, Pyrus communis L. fossil with 4 groups composed of white and sandy pears of Chinese leaves were also found. In postglacial records, traces of andJapaneseorigin.TheresultsshowedthatJapaneseculti- fruits were found in lacustrine deposits in Switzerland and vars have as parents, Chinese sandy pear. Western cultivars Italy [12]. It is believed that the process of domestication formed separated and distant groups from the eastern pears followed what is currently seen in the Caucasus, where one [24]. can find many types of pear trees that grow abundantly Many studies have been conducted in the context to [13]. identify genetic variations and clustering of populations of There are two domestication centers and primary origin cultivated pear in China, since the fruit is a commodity of of the genus Pyrus: the first is located in China, the second greatimportancetothiscountry,asastudyof233landraces located in Asia Minor to the Middle East, in the Caucasus of P. py r ifoli a , the “sandy pear,”was able to determine the level mountains, and a third secondary center located in Central of genetic diversity and relatedness of companies by 14 SSR Asia [14, 15]. markers [25]. The number of cataloged species varies greatly according In 2013, the pear genome sequencing was completed to the interpretation of each author, 20 to 75 species [16]. by combining the illumina sequencing technology and a There are 23 wild species cataloged, all native to Europe, BAC by BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) strategy in an temperate Asia, and northern mountainous regions of Africa Asian pear named “Suli” [26]. This strategy minimized the [7, 17, 18]. Pears are classified into three groups according limitation of the sequencing of a heterozygous genome. The to the number of carpels and fruit size: small fruits that results showed a frequency of 1.02% of SNPs and 53.1% of have two carpels known as Asian pears, large fruits with repeated sequences in the pear genome. It was verified that five carpels, and fruits with three to four carpels that are the genomic portion of pear and apple is very similar, and the hybridsoffruitsmentionedabove.Asianpearshavea major differences between them are the repeated sequences crisp texture, while the European pear has a buttery
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