COMMONWEALTH WAR GRAVES COMMISSION

Tree Planting and Management

Breadth of Opportunity

The spread of the Commission's responsibilities over some 148 countries in temperate, mediterranean, tropical and desert climates provides wonderful opportunities to experiment with nature's wealth of .

We are particularly fortunate in being able to grow many interesting and beautiful and we will explain how we manage them and what splendid specimens they can make.

Why Trees?

Trees are planted for a variety of reasons: their amenity value, shape and size, , , habit, form, bark, landscape value, shelter or screening, backcloth planting, shade, noise and pollution reduction, soil stabilisation and to encourage wild life. Often we plant trees solely for their amenity value. That is, the beauty of the tree itself. This can be from the such as those in Robinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia', the flowers in the tropical tree Tabebuia or Albizia, the crimson stems of the sealing wax palm (Cyrtostachys renda), or the fruit as in Magnolia grandiflora.

above: Sealing wax palms at Taiping War Cemetery, Malaysia with insert of the fruit of Magnolia grandiflora Selection

Generally speaking the form of the left: The tropical tree Tabebuia tree is very often a major contributing factor and this, together with a sound knowledge of below: Flowers of the tropical the situation in which the tree is to tree Albizia julibrissin be grown, guides the decision to the best choice of species.

Exposure is a major limitation to the free choice of species in northern especially and trees such as , Betula, Tilia, , Crataegus and fastigiate yews play an important role in any landscape design where the elements are seriously against a wider selection. The variety of trees we grow in all corners of the world is extensive. A list of trees grown in our five main Areas is provided at the end of this article. Planting Design

Scale is of major importance when considering the type of tree to plant in a cemetery. The layout of the borders and plots will, to a greater extent, dictate where trees can be planted as they are never planted in headstone or pedestal borders. Avenues offer a splendid opportunity for adventurous schemes as can be seen by the planting of Cypresses in Florence War Cemetery, compared to the broad-leaved trees grown previously.

far left: Florence War Cemetery, Italy before planting Cypresses . . . . A fine avenue of fastigiate hornbeam (Carpinus betulus left: . . . . .and after planting 'Fastigiata') blankets the hill at Cypresses Villers Bretonneux Military Cemetery, France to mimic lines of marching soldiers. below: Fastigiate hornbeam (Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata') at These trees have grown well on Villers Bretonneux Military the shallow chalk soils of the Cemetery, France cemetery. In the tropics palms can make attractive avenue trees. Roystonea elata palms at Taiping War Cemetery, Malaysia, lead to the Cross of Sacrifice and contrast with the dense jungle beyond. When a choice of tree has been made they are planted at final spacings rather than planting more to thin later. The exception is with shelter belts where a quicker effect may be needed.

Choice of Stock

The trees planted in northern Europe are generally planted bare rooted. In warmer climates, only container grown are available because in many cases trees do not have a dormant season. Evergreens are nearly always planted as container grown stock because of their dislike of root disturbance.

Root balling is used for trees which are not easy to move bare rooted, and this includes extra heavy standards which are moved with a substantial amount of soil attached to the roots. Conifers and evergreens over 1.5 metres are successfully moved as root balled specimens and can be sprayed with an anti-dessicant the day before lifting. Roystonea elata palms at Taiping War Cemetery, Malaysia Tree Planting Specification

Timing November to March is the best time to plant bare rooted stock in northern Europe. Container grown trees are planted October to April in northern Europe and at the onset of rains in warmer regions. Where water is available, container grown trees can practically be planted the year round but the cooler season (November to February) is preferred in the Mediterranean and Middle East. Evergreens

are best planted in October or November and March or April Tim Sandall, The Garden in Europe. Positioning the tree

The Planting Site The illustration (right) and photographs show clearly the importance of preparing a planting site, a square hole in a circle of 1.5m in diameter is prepared to a depth of 30cm, (wide rather than deep holes result in better tree establishment).

The incorrect and correct method of planting and staking a tree

The sides of the hole are broken to aid root penetration and the soil returned to the pit allowing space for the tree. Organic matter is generally not added. Tim Sandall, The Garden

Positioning the tree

Planting The tree is placed upright in the centre of the tree pit and the roots spread out. Roots of container grown trees are teased out and encouraged to grow outwards. It is critical that the tree is planted at the correct depth: planting too deep is a major cause of losses and the root collar should be level with the surrounding ground (see above). The backfill is firmed around the roots gently shaking the tree to settle the soil as the tree is heeled in. During this process, mycorrhizal fungi, in the form of a powder, are added and mixed with the backfill around the roots. If the site has poor, dry soil conditions a water retaining polymer is well mixed with the backfill, but is only added if it can be regularly 'recharged' with water during dry periods. It is also good practice to place an irrigation tube around the roots where water can be provided in times of drought where no irrigation systems are installed. Positioning an irrigation tube Tree Staking and Mulching

While the tree is being positioned in the middle of the hole, a short, round stake, 10cm diameter, no more than one third the height of tree above the ground and 75cm below, is placed on the windward side of the tree. The stake is there to support Tie and stake detail A single staked tree and stabilise the roots as regeneration of the finer, nutrient seeking root hairs takes place. The short stake allows the stem to sway with the wind which increases stem diameter. In the early years of growth it is important Initial pruning? that weeds do not compete with the tree's roots for moisture and nutrients and therefore a thick (8cm) layer Apart from removing any dead or crossing branches, of bark mulch is placed around the base of the tree which should not be necessary if good quality stock has keeping the stem clear to avoid suffocation. This may been purchased, the tree is not pruned. Older practices need topping up in future years. have often recommended that branches are removed to compensate for the loss of roots after transplanting. Where more support is Modern arboricultural practice no longer recommends required and a larger this. tree is being planted, crossbar staking is used. Reducing the number of buds and consequently leaves on All stakes are generally a transplanted tree removes starch and sugars and other removed the second photosynthetic by-products which would otherwise be spring after planting. translocated to the roots and aid root regeneration. A double staked tree

above: An avenue of clipped Ficus retusa at Alexandria (Hadra) War Memorial Cemetery, Egypt

left: Staking a large tree Forms and Uses of Trees

The five main forms of trees described are the branched-head standard such as the Prunus avium ‘Plena’ (below left), multi-stemmed such as the Arbutus andrachne on the Gallipoli peninsular (below right), weeping standard such as these weeping (centre left), fastigiate trees such as the yews, over the page, and central-leader standard such as this tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera - centre right). Specific forms such as these can be produced by careful pruning, but the choice of tree often dictates the ultimate form that will result. Branched-head standard

Multi-stemmed tree

Prunus avium ‘Plena’ at Arbutus andrachne at Ovillers Military Cemetery, France 7th Field Ambulance Cemetery, Gallipoli

Trees can be grown into a variety of shapes and forms, some of which are shown here. Topiary is Weeping standard the art of clipping trees into architectural or geometrical forms as illustrated by the Ficus retusa at Alexandria (Hadra) War Memorial Cemetery, Egypt, previous page, where there is insufficient space to grow a full sized tree, or at Arras Road Cemetery, Weeping willows at Tulip tree at Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, Belgium Ypres Reservoir Cemetery, Belgium France, over the page, where Carpinus betulus has been clipped into Fastigiate tree cones. The effect is particularly striking in mid- winter. At Heliopolis War Cemetery, Egypt, (left) Ficus retusa trees have been shaped into a covered walk: an interesting type of formal training.

Ficus retusa trees at Heliopolis War Cemetery, Egypt Central-leader standard By permission of Dorling Kindersley Limited Formative Pruning

Prior to such specific pruning it is important to ensure that in the early stages of growth any double-leaders are removed if the form required is a tree with a central- leader. Omitting to do so can create a weak junction and failure of one of the codominant branches in later years.

Carpinus betulus at Arras Road Cemetery, France

Pruning Mature Trees

Pruning established trees is a professional job which is performed by qualified arborists within the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. There are numerous operations which can be carried out to trees: three of the most important are described. Crown lifting is an operation which removes the lower branches of a tree allowing more light to penetrate beneath the canopy or to allow the passage of vehicles or pedestrians. Raising the crown can also open up a vista or view beneath the

Crown Lifting Sections or all of some lower branches are removed to create more room below the tree, for example to allow a bus to pass freely below or to expose a street light that has become hidden in the branches By permission of Dorling Kindersley Limited

situations. Crown thinning aims to thin the canopy, possibly due to a congested branch system, allowing more light into the tree and consequently to or plants beneath it. Crossing and dead branches are removed at Crown Thinning and Reduction the same time. The correct way to prune a large limb is These operations are often combined to reduce illustrated over the page. Cuts are made to ensure the size of a tree and allow more light and air to penetrate through the crown, reducing wind minimal damage is caused to the tree avoiding snags or resistance and stress from wide-spreading, flush cutting. heavy branches By permission of Dorling Kindersley Limited Pollarding must start when the tree is young and tree which may have previously been obscured. Crown describes the practice of annually or regularly pruning reduction reduces the size of the crown by either branches back to a framework (see illustration on last removing the tips of most of the branches all around the page). Plane trees in the town of Aix en Provence, France sides of the tree or all over the canopy. It is performed to or Lagerstroemia indica trees in northern Italy are reduce the spread of the tree, often in restricted regularly pruned in this way. Lopping or topping are Pruning of a large limb By permission of Alex Shigo, Tree Basics By permission of Alex Shigo, Tree

above: Fastigiate yew planting at Hersin Communal Cemetery Extension

left: The beautiful Erythrina abyssinica tree at Nanyuki War Cemetery, Kenya

Pruning cuts CUTTING TO AN ALTERNATE BUD CUTTING TO OPPOSITE BUDS

Thin blade of Thin blade of secateurs nearer secateurs nearer the bud the bud often confused with pollarding which is a sound and good arboricultural practice. The practice of lopping or topping is not recommended and often results in an Bottom of cut ugly and unsightly tree as a consequence. It is often just above top Blade well clear of bud of the tips of done on trees which have 'become too large', the both buds problem having originated by poor species selection at the beginning. See illustrations over the page. Make a slanting cut at a point about 5mm Cut squarely across the shoot above a 1 ( /2in) above the bud. The gentle slope will healthy pair of buds, as close as you can allow moisture to roll off the cut surface, without grazing and damaging the buds. A discouraging the development of disease pair of healthy shoots should then develop

By permission of Dorling Kindersley Limited cemeteries and it also became one of the more common trees for cemetery landscaping from northern Italy to the Middle East, as the yew was in colder, northern Europe.

The passage of time inevitably meant many of the earliest plantings, which were rather dense, needed thinning. Much of this was started in the 1980s in earnest, but work did begin before when considered necessary. Periodically all of the trees in a cemetery may decline, reaching the end of their useful life within an often restricted space in which to flourish. They will need to be removed and new trees chosen suited to the present growing conditions which may, in certain circumstances, be quite different to Lopping and Topping is wrong Pollarding is right what they were when the trees were first planted. Dying trees are normally removed with their stumps especially if some have succumbed to fungal infections, otherwise the stumps are ground in-situ. Infected is burnt and the Renovation, Replanting and rest is chipped and shredded to be composted and Recycling returned to the soil at a later date. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission has an environmental policy and After the First World War much planting was done in the is committed to achieving environmental best practise mid 1920s and many of our oldest trees date from this throughout its activities wherever this is practicable. One period. The devastation inflicted by the war brought a of its objectives, is to maximise environmentally sound need to recreate a green landscape in the shortest time waste reuse and recycling . It is the aim of the possible. There were far fewer to choose from Commonwealth War Graves Commission as far as then but earlier selections were made from those trees practicable, to eliminate green waste disposal in its which could withstand severe exposure of a northern operations throughout the world by composting and European climate. Deciduous trees such as Acer recycling plant waste. campestre, Betula, Carpinus, Crataegus, Fraxinus, Sorbus (aria and aucuparia) and Tilia were probably the favoured In 1996 a programme of recycling commenced with the few. Taxus baccata (in its Fastigiata form) long associated aim of reducing disposal and eliminating burning. with cemetery landscapes, Pinus nigra and Thuja were Challenging targets were set for different regions and hardy conifers also frequently used. good progress has been made with many regions reaching a target of 70%-80% of plant waste now being recycled. Cypresses (Cupressus sempervirens 'Stricta') were a familiar sight in the countries bordering the Mediterranean and known for their association with

Beirut War Cemetery before and ...... after removal of cypresses TREES USED IN UNITED KINGDOM

Acer capillipes Malus transitoria 'Crimson King' Malus x magdeburgensis Acer pseudoplatanus Malus x purpurea 'Eleyi' Acer rubrum 'Scanlon' Ocyparis leylandii ‘Castlewellan’ Acer rubrum 'Schlesingeri' syn. x Cupressocyparis leylandii 'Castlewellan' Acer saccharinum nigra 'Italica' Aesculus hippocastanum Prunus avium Betula costata Prunus avium 'Plena' Betula nigra Prunus 'Hisakura' Betula papyrifera Prunus lusitanica Prunus padus 'Colorata' Betula pendula 'Youngii' Prunus virginiana 'Schubert' Betula utilis var. jacquemontii 'Grayswood Ghost' Quercus castaneifolia 'Green Spire' Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata' Quercus frainetto 'Hungarian Crown' Carya ovata Quercus robur Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Fletcheri' Robinia hispida 'Rosea' Corylus colurna Sorbus 'Joseph Rock' Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet' 'Lutescens' Cryptomeria japonica 'Elegans' Sorbus aria 'Majestica' Cupressus macrocarpa Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck' Sorbus aucuparia 'Beissneri' Gleditsia triacanthos 'Sunburst' Sorbus intermedia Liriodendron tulipifera Sorbus x thuringiaca 'Fastigiata' Magnolia x soulangiana 'Rustica Rubra' Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata' TREES USED IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

Acacia baileyana Crytomeria japonica Acacia dealbata Cupressus arizonica Acer campestre Cupressus funebris Acer japonicum Cupressus sempervirens Acer macrophyllum Cupressus sempervirens 'Stricta' Acer negundo 'Variegatum' Elaeagnus angustifolia Acer palmatum Eucalyptus camaldulensis Acer platanoides 'Columnare' Eucalyptus ficifolia Acer pseudoplatanus Eucalyptus johnstonii Acer saccharinum Eucalyptus lansdowneana subsp. lansdowneana Acer saccharinum 'Laciniatum' Eucalyptus platypus Aesculus x carnea 'Briotii' Fagus sylvatica 'Atropurpurea' Albizia grandibracteata Ficus carica Albizia julibrissin Ficus nitida Albizia lebbek Fraxinus ornus Alnus glutinosa 'Imperialis' Ginkgo biloba Amelanchier lamarckii Grevillea robusta Arbutus andrachne Jacaranda mimosifolia Arbutus unedo Juglans nigra Betula pendula 'Dalecarlica' Juniperus chinensis Betula utilis var. jacquemontii Koelreuteria paniculata Carpinus betulus Laburnum vossii Carpinus betulus 'Columnaris' Lagerstroemia indica Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata' Lagunaria patersonii Casuarina cunninghamiana Casuarina equisetifolia Ligustrum lucidum Catalpa bignonioides Ligustrum lucidum 'Variegatum' Cedrus deodara Liquidambar styraciflua Cedrus libani Liriodendron tulipifera Celtis australis Maclura pomifera Ceratonia siliqua Magnolia grandiflora Cercis siliquastrum Malus floribunda Chamaerops humilis Malus prunifolia Chorisia crispiflora Malus tschonoskii Chorisia ventricosa Melia azedarach Cornus mas Metrosideros excelsa Cornus nuttallii. Morus alba Trees used in the Mediterranean continued

Morus alba 'Pendula' Quercus pubescens Myrtus communis Querus robur 'Fastigiata' Olea europaea Quercus rubra Phoenix canariensis Quercus suber Phoenix dactylifera Robinia hispida 'Rosea' Pinus brutia Robinia pseudoacacia Pinus halepensis Robinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia' Pinus nigra Robinia pseudoacacia 'Inermis' Pinus pinaster Robinia pseudoacacia 'Umbraculifera' Pinus pinea Salix chilensis (syn. humboltiana) Pistacia atlantica Schinus molle Platanus orientalis Sophora japonica Platanus x hispanica Sophora japonica 'Pendula' Podocarpus falcatus Sophora secundiflora Podocarpus rumphi Sorbus aria Populus nigra 'Italica' Sorbus aucuparia Prunus x schmittii Tamarix sp. Prunus cerasifera Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata' Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' Thevetia peruviana Prunus 'Kanzan' Thevetia thevetioides Prunus lusitanica Thuja occidentalis Prunus padus Thuja occidentalis 'Spiralis' Prunus x subhirtella 'Autumnalis Rosea' Thuja orientalis Pyrus sp. Thuja orientalis 'Compacta' Quercus cerris Thuja plicata Quercus coccifera Tilia x euchlora Quercus frainetto Tilia x europaea Quercus ilex Trachycarpus fortunei Quercus macrolepis syn. aegilops Washingtonia filifera Quercus macrolepsis TREES USED IN BELGIUM, HOLLAND AND

Acer campestre Betula pendula 'Youngii' Acer campestre 'Elsryk' Betula utilis Acer davidii Betula utilis var. jacquemontii Acer griseum Carpinus betulus Acer heldreichii Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata' Acer japonicum Castanea sativa Acer lobelii Catalpa bignonioides Acer opalus Acer palmatum Cedrus atlantica 'Glauca Group' Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum' Cedrus libani Acer pensylvanicum Cercis siliquastrum Acer platanoides Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Acer platanoides 'Crimson King' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Allumii' Acer platanoides 'Drummondii' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Columnaris' Acer platanoides 'Globosum' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Erecta Viridis' Acer platanoides 'Schwedleri' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Lanei' Acer pseudoplatanus Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Stewartii' Acer pseudoplatanus 'Atropurpureum' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Wisellii' Acer rubrum Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Acer saccharinum Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Pendula' Acer saccharinum 'Laciniata Wieri' Cornus kousa Acer saccharinum 'Pyramidale' Corylus colurna Aesculus hippocastanum Crataegus coccinea Aesculus hippocastanum 'Baumannii' Crataegus crus-galli Aesculus indica 'Sydney Pearce' Crataegus laevigata Aesculus x carnea Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet' Aesculus x carnea 'Briotii' Crataegus laevigata 'Plena' Alnus cordata Crataegus orientalis Alnus glutinosa Crataegus persimilis 'Prunifolia' Alnus glutinosa 'Imperialis' Crataegus x lavalleei Alnus incana Crataegus x lavallei 'Carrierei' Betula ermanii Fagus sylvatica Betula papyrifera Fagus sylvatica 'Asplenifolia' Betula pendula Fagus sylvatica 'Atropurpureum' Betula pendula 'Dalecarlica' Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck' Betula pendula 'Purpurea' Fagus sylvatica 'Pendula' Betula pendula 'Tristis' Fagus sylvatica 'Purpurea Tricolor' Trees used in Belgium, Holland and Germany continued

Fagus sylvatica 'Tortuosa Purpurea' Populus simonii Fagus sylvatica f. tortuosa Fraxinus angustifolia Populus tremula 'Erecta' Fraxinus angustifolia 'Raywood' Prunus avium Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa Prunus avium 'Plena' Prunus cerasifera Fraxinus excelsior 'Jaspidea' Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' Fraxinus ornus Prunus cerasus Gingko biloba Prunus lusitanica Gleditsia triacanthos Prunus maackii 'Amber Beauty' Juglans regia Prunus padus Larix decidua Prunus padus 'Watereri' Liquidambar styraciflua Prunus padus 'Colorata' Liquidambar styraciflua 'Lane Roberts' Prunus sargentii Liriodendron tulipifera Prunus sargentii 'Rancho' Liriodendron tulipifera 'Fastigiatum' Prunus serrula Magnolia soulangeana Prunus serrulata Magnolia soulangeana 'Picture' Prunus serrulata 'Choshu-hizakura' Magnolia soulangeana 'Rustica Rubra' Prunus serrulata 'Hatazakura' Malus baccata Prunus x juddii Malus floribunda Prunus x juddii 'Kanzan' Malus toringo Pterocarya fraxinifolia Malus transitoria Malus tschonoskii Pyrus calleryana 'Chanticleer' Metasequoia glyptostroboides Ocyparis leylandii ‘Castlewellan’ Quercus americana syn. x Cupressocyparis leylandii 'Castlewellan' Quercus cerris Parrotia persica Quercus coccinea Paulownia tomentosa Quercus frainetto Picea Quercus ilex Pinus nigra Quercus palustris Pinus nigra subsp. nigra Quercus robur Quercus robur 'Fastigiata Koster' Platanus x hispanica Quercus robur 'Fastigiata' Populus canescens Quercus rubra Populus nigra Robinia pseudoacacia Populus nigra 'Italica' Robinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia' Trees used in Belgium, Holland and Germany continued

Salix alba Sorbus x intermedia Salix alba 'Tristis' Sorbus 'Wilfrid Fox' Salix alba var. sericea Taxodium distichum Salix alba var. vitellina 'Britzensis' Taxus baccata Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Aurea' Salix exigua Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Aureomarginata' Salix x sepulcralis Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Robusta' Salix x sepulcralis var. chrysocoma Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata' Sequoiadendron giganteum Thuja occidentalis Sorbus aria Thuja plicata Sorbus aria 'Lutescens' Thuja plicata 'Dura' Sorbus aria 'Magnifica' Thuja plicata 'Zebrina' Sorbus aria 'Majestica' Tilia 'Petiolaris' Sorbus aucuparia Tilia americana Sorbus aucuparia 'Beissneri' Tilia americana 'Fastigiata' Sorbus aucuparia 'Joseph Rock' Tilia cordata Sorbus aucuparia 'Sheerwater Seedling' Tilia cordata 'Green Spire' Sorbus commixta Tilia platyphyllos Sorbus commixta 'Embley' Tilia platyphyllos 'Fastigiata' Sorbus hybrida Tilia tomentosa Sorbus hybrida 'Gibbsii' Tilia x euchlora Sorbus intermedia Tilia x europaea Sorbus intermedia 'Brouwers' Ulmus hollandica Sorbus latifolia Ulmus x hollandica 'Lobel' Sorbus x thuringiaca 'Fastigiata' TREES USED IN FRANCE

Abies alba Acer saccharinum 'Pyramidale' Abies bracteata Acer saccharum Abies cephalonica Acer velutinum Abies concolor Aesculus californica Abies concolor 'var lowiana' Aesculus x carnea Abies grandis Aesculus x carnea 'Briotii' Abies homolepis Aesculus turbinata Abies nordmanniana Aesculus flava Abies numidica Aesculus hippocastanum Abies procera Aesculus hippocastanum 'Baumannii' Abies veitchii Aesculus indica Acacia dealbata Aesculus neglecta Acer campestre Ailanthus altissima Acer campestre 'Nanum' Alnus cordata Acer capillipes Alnus glutinosa Alnus glutinosa 'Imperialis' Acer cappadocicum 'Rubrum' Alnus glutinosa 'Imperialis Laciniata' Acer davidii Alnus incana Acer heldreichii Alnus incana 'Aurea' Acer hersii Alnus incana 'Laciniata' Acer macrophyllum Alnus rubra Acer negundo Alnus subcordata Acer nikoense Amelanchier canadensis Acer palmatum Amelanchier lamarckii Acer pensylvanicum Araucaria araucana Acer platanoides Betula costata Acer platanoides 'Columnare' Betula ermanii Acer platanoides 'Reitenbachii' Betula maximowicziana Acer platanoides 'Schwedleri' Betula nigra Acer pseudoplatanus Betula papyrifera Acer pseudoplatanus 'Atorpurpureum' Betula pendula Acer pseudoplatanus 'Brilliantissimum' Betula pendula 'Dalecarlica' Acer pseudoplatanus 'Worleii' Betula pendula 'Fastigiata' Acer rubrum Betula pendula 'Verrucosa' Acer rubrum 'Scanlon' Betula pendula 'Youngii' Acer rubrum 'Schlesingeri' Betula pubescens Acer saccharinum Betula tristis 'Pendula' Acer saccharinum 'Fastigiata' Betula utilis Acer saccharinum 'Laciniatum' Betula utilis 'Jermyns' Trees used in France continued

Betula utilis var. jacquemontii Crataegus laciniata (syn. orientalis) Betula verrucosa Crataegus laevigata Betula verrucosa 'Pendula' Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet' Carpinus betulus Crataegus laevigata 'Plena' Carpinus betulus 'Columnaris' Crataegus laevigata 'Rosea Flore Plena' Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata' Crataegus monogyna Carpinus betulus 'Frans Fontaine' Crataegus orientalis sanguinea Carpinus betulus 'Pyramidalis' Crataegus persimilis 'Prunifolia' Carya cordiformis Crataegus tanacetifolia Carya ovata Crataegus x lavalleei Carya tomentosa Crataegus x lavalleei 'Carreirei' Castanea sativa Cryptomeria japonica Catalpa erubescens Cupressus glabra Catalpa bignonioides Cupressus lusitanica Cedrus atlantica Cupressus macrocarpa Cedrus deodara Cupressus torulosa Cedrus libani Davidia involucrata Cercidiphyllum japonicum Eucalyptus gunnii Cercis siliquastrum Eucalyptus niphophila Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Eucalyptus nitens Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Allumii' Euodia hupehensis Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Columnaris' Fagus sylvatica Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Columnaris Glauca' Fagus sylvatica Cuprea Group Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Ellwoodii' Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Erecta' Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck Gold' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Erecta Viridis' Fagus sylvatica 'Fastigiata' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Lanei' Fagus sylvatica 'Heterophylla' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Pembury Blue' Fagus sylvatica 'Purpurea' Tricolor Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Stardust' Fagus sylvatica 'Riversii' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Stewartii' Fagus sylvatica 'Zlatia' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Triomf Van Boskoop' Fraxinus americana Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Wisellii' Fraxinus angustifolia Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Glauca' Fraxinus excelsior Chamaecyparis obtusa Fraxinus excelsior 'Jaspidea' Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Nana Gracilis' Fraxinus excelsior 'Pendula' Chamaecyparis pisifera Fraxinus excelsior 'Westhof's Glorie' Corylus colurna Fraxinus ornus Crataegus crus-galli Fraxinus oxycarpa Crataegus grignonensis Fraxinus oxycarpa 'Raywood' Trees used in France continued

Ginkgo biloba Malus tschonoskii Gleditsia triacanthos Malus 'Wisley crab' Ilex x altaclerensis 'Camelliifolia' Malus x atrosanguinea Ilex aquifolium Malus x purpurea Ilex aquifolium 'Green Pillar' Malus x scheideckeri Ilex aquifolium 'Pyramidalis' Malus x zumi 'Golden Hornet' Ilex aquifolium 'Silver Queen' Metasequoia glyptostroboides Ilex x altaclerensis Morus nigra Juglans nigra Nothofagus dombeyi Juniperus chinensis Nothofagus obliqua Koelreuteria paniculata Nothofagus procera Laburnum watereri 'Vossii' Nyssa sylvatica Larix decidua Ocyparis leylandii ‘Castlewellan’ Larix kaempferi syn. x Cupressocyparis leylandii 'Castlewellan' Larix x eurolepis Paulownia imperialis Laurus nobilis Paulownia tomentosa Liquidambar formosana Picea abies Liquidambar styraciflua Picea breweriana Liriodendron tulipifera Picea glauca 'Conica' Magnolia campbellii Picea omorika Magnolia denudata Picea orientalis Magnolia grandiflora Picea pungens Glauca Group Magnolia salicifolia Picea sitchensis Magnolia soulangiana 'Rustica Rubra' Pinus ayacahuite Magnolia sprengeri Pinus cembra Malus 'Aldenhamensis' Pinus contorta Malus 'Lemoinei' Pinus jeffreyi Malus baccata Pinus leucodermis Malus 'Eleyi' Pinus muricata Malus floribunda Pinus nigra Malus hupehensis Pinus nigra subsp. laricio Malus 'John Downie' Pinus peuce Malus moerlandsii 'Profusion' Pinus pinaster Malus pumila Pinus pinea Malus pumila 'Montreal Beauty' Pinus ponderosa Malus 'Royalty' Pinus radiata Malus sieboldii Pinus wallichiana Malus spectabilis Platanus orientalis Malus sylvestris Platanus x hispanica Trees used in France continued

Platycladus orientalis Prunus serrulata Platycladus orientalis 'Elegantissima' Prunus serrulata 'Shimidsu Zakura' Platycladus orientalis 'Rheingold' Prunus 'Snow Goose' Podocarpus andinus Prunus x subhirtella Prunus x subhirtella 'Autumnalis' Populus alba 'Raket' Prunus subhirtella 'Pendula' Populus 'Balsam Spire' Prunus 'Mount Fuji' syn. 'Shirotae' Populus nigra 'Italica' Prunus virginiana 'Schubert' Populus nigra var. betulifolia Prunus x schimittii Populus tremula Prunus x yedoensis Pseudotsuga menziesii Populus tremuloides 'Pendula' Pterocarya fraxinifolia Populus trichocarpa Pterocarya x rehderiana Populus x canadensis 'Eugenei' Pyrus calleryana 'Chanticleer' Populus x canadensis 'Robusta' Populus x canadensis 'Serotina' Pyrus salicifolia Populus x canescens Pyrus salicifolia 'Pendula' Prunus 'Amanogowa' Quercus acutissima Prunus 'Hokusai' Quercus canariensis Prunus 'Kanzan' Quercus castaneifolia Prunus 'Pink Perfection' Quercus cerris Prunus 'Tai Haku' Quercus coccinea Prunus avium Quercus frainetto Prunus avium 'Plena' Quercus ilex Prunus cerasifera Quercus macranthera Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' Quercus palustris Prunus cerasifera 'Rosea' Quercus petraea Prunus cerasus Quercus phellos Prunus dulcis Quercus robur Prunus glandulosa 'Alba Plena' Quercus robur f. fastigiata Prunus lusitanica Quercus robusta f. fastigiata 'Koster' Prunus maackii Quercus robur 'Pectinata' (syn. 'Filicifolia') Prunus padus Quercus rubra Prunus padus 'Albertii' Quercus x hispanica 'Lucombeana' Prunus padus 'Colorata' Rhododendron ponticum Prunus padus 'Watereri' Robinia hispida Prunus sargentii Robinia pseudoacacia Prunus serrula Robinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia' Trees used in France continued

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Pyramidalis' Sorbus 'Wilfrid Fox' Robinia x hillieri Taxodium distichum Salix alba Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum Salix alba 'Liempde' Taxus baccata Salix alba var. caerulea Taxus baccata Aurea Group Salix babylonica var. pekinensis 'Tortuosa' Taxus baccata 'Cavendishii' Taxus baccata 'Erecta' Salix daphnoides Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata' Salix fragilis Thuja occidentalis Salix pentandra Thuja occidentalis 'Malonyana' Salix x sepulcralis 'Chrysocoma' Thuja occidentalis 'Pyramidalis Compacta' Sequoia sempervirens Thuja plicata Sequoiadendron giganteum Thuja plicata 'Atrovirens' Sophora japonica Thuja plicata 'Aurea' Sorbus alnifolia Thuja plicata 'Emerald' Sorbus aria Thujopsis dolbrata Sorbus aria 'Lutescens' Tilia cordata Sorbus aria 'Majestica' Tilia dasystyla Sorbus aucuparia Tilia mongolica Sorbus aucuparia 'Aspleniifolia' Tilia ‘Petiolaris’ Sorbus aucuparia 'Beissneri' Tilia platyphyllos Sorbus aucuparia 'Dirkenii' Tilia platyphyllos 'Fastigiata' Sorbus aucuparia 'Fastigiata' Tilia tomentosa Sorbus aucuparia 'Sheerwater Seedling' Tilia x euchlora Sorbus cashmiriana Tilia x europaea Sorbus commixta 'Embley' Tsuga canadensis Sorbus cuspidata (syn. vestita) Tsuga caroliniana Sorbus domestica Tsuga heterophylla Sorbus folgneri Tsuga mertensiana Sorbus hupehensis Ulmus carpinifolia Sorbus intermedia Ulmus glabra Sorbus 'Joseph Rock' Ulmus glabra 'Camperdownii' Sorbus 'Leonard Spencer' Ulmus minor 'Variegata' Sorbus sargentiana Ulmus parvifolia Sorbus thibetica 'John Mitchell' Ulmus procera Sorbus x thuringiaca Ulmus pumila Sorbus torminalis Ulmus x vegeta' Sorbus vilmorinii Zelkova serrata TREES USED IN THE TROPICS

Acacia melanoxylon Cassia grandis Acacia nilotica Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Acacia saligna Cinnamomum iners Acacia seyal Cinnamomum zeylanicum Acacia tortilis Cocos nucifera Albizia gummifera Cordia sebestena Albizia saman Croton megalocarpus Albizia schimperiana Cyrtostachys renda Amherstia nobilis Dalbergia sissoo Araucaria columnalis Delonix regia Arecastrum romanzoffianum Dombeya acutangula Azadirachta indica Elaeis guineensis Bauhinia blakeana Elaeodendron sp. Bauhinia monandra Enterolobium contortisiliquum Bauhinia purpurea Erythrina abyssinica Bauhinia racemosa Erythrina indica Bombax ceiba Euphorbia candelabrum Bombax malabaricum Fagraea fragrans Brachychiton acerifolium Ficus benghalensis Brachylaena huillensis Ficus lutea Callistemon citrinus Ficus retusa Calodendrum capensis Ficus robusta Cananga odorata Ficus sycamorus Caryota mitis Filicium decipiens Cassia fistula Grevillea banksii Cassia grandis Guaiacum officinale Cassia nodosa Ilex sp. Cassia siamea Ipomoea arborescens Cassia spectabilis Lagerstroemia indica Trees used in the Tropics continued

Lagerstroemia macrocarpa var. reflexa Lagerstroemia speciosa Mamitoa browneoides Mangifera indica Markhamia lutea Mesua ferrea Michelia alba Michelia champaca Milingtonia hortensis Mimusops elengi Peltophorum pterocarpum syn. ferrugineum Phoenix reclinata Phoenix robellini Picrasma ailanthoides Plumeria alba Plumeria rubra Polyalthia longifolia 'Pendula' Pritchardia pacifica Pterocarpus macrocarpus Roystonea elata Roystonea regia Spathodea campanulata Sterculia acerifolia (syn. Brachychiton acerifolius) Swietenia mahogani Syagrus romanzoffiana (syn. Arecastrum romanzoffianum) Tabebuia rosea Tamarindus indicus Warszewiczia coccinea