Plant Introduction, Distribution, and Survival: a Case Study of the 1980 Sino-American Botanical Expedition

03 June Forum Dossman 5/13/03 2:58 PM Page 2 Forum Plant Introduction, Distribution, and Survival: A Case Study of the 1980 Sino-American Botanical Expedition MICHAEL DOSMANN AND PETER DEL TREDICI The 1980 Sino-American Botanical Expedition (SABE) to the Shennongjia Forest District, Hubei Province, China, was the first botanical collecting trip by American scientists to that country since 1949. It was significant because the area visited had high species diversity and because the collected germplasm was widely distributed to a variety of botanical institutions throughout North America and Europe. This report documents the survival of this germplasm after 22 years of cultivation. Of the original 621 SABE collections, 258 are represented by plants growing in at least 18 different botanical institutions. The fact that 115 of these collections (45 percent) are represented by a single accession growing in a single location suggests that the plant introduction process is much more tenuous than has been generally assumed. This study also highlights the importance of data sharing among botanical institutions as the most effective way of determining the uniqueness of a given collection and assessing its environ- mental adaptability or invasiveness, or both, over a broad range. Keywords: plant exploration; Shennongjia Forest District, China; collections’ documentation; invasive species nder the joint auspices of the Chinese Academy (2936 m), Xiaoshennongjia (3005 m), Dashennongjia (3052 Uof Sciences and the Botanical Society of America, the m), and Wuming Shan (3105 m) are the highest peaks in the 1980 Sino-American Botanical Expedition (SABE) investigated district (Bartholomew et al. 1983a). the Shennongjia Forest District and the Metasequoia region Numerous scientific investigations of the Shennongjia of Lichuan Xian, in western Hubei Province, China. The Forest District have been conducted over the years; for an expedition was remarkable for a number of reasons: (a) It was overview of these studies, see Bartholomew and colleagues the first joint botanical collecting trip involving botanists (1983a). More recent botanical expeditions have examined the from the United States and China since 1949; (b) the areas conservation status of specific taxa (Liu et al. 1999) and the visited were of great botanical significance and high species status of various threatened plant communities (Deng et al. diversity; (c) herbarium and germplasm collections were 2002, Jiang et al. 2002). Additional studies have documented extensive, well documented, and accurately identified; and (d) the vegetable and crop germplasm resources of the area, in- living plants raised from seeds and cuttings collected during cluding wild relatives and land races of economically im- the expedition were widely distributed throughout North portant species (Liu and Du 1993). America and Europe (Dudley 1981, 1982, 1983a, 1983b, 1983c, Hebb 1982, Bartholomew et al. 1983a, 1983b). The Shennongjia Forest District was selected as the primary Michael Dosmann (e-mail: [email protected]) was a Putnam Research Fel- site of the expedition because of the high diversity of its tem- low at the Arnold Arboretum during this project and is currently a graduate research assistant working on his PhD in the Department of Horticulture at perate flora. The district, which was established as a distinct Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. His interests include the physiological administrative unit in 1970, is located in the northwestern part ecology, introduction, and evaluation of woody plants. Peter Del Tredici (e-mail: of Hubei Province. It occupies an area of approximately 3250 [email protected]) is director of living collections at the Arnold square kilometers and is situated at 31˚15' to 31˚57' N latitude Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130, where he has and 109˚56' to 110˚58' E longitude (figures 1, 2). The moun- worked since 1979. As a member of the arboretum staff, he has participated in numerous plant-collecting expeditions. His research interests include the tains in the Shennongjia Forest District are oriented in a evolution and natural history of Ginkgo biloba and the ecology of sprouting nearly west–southwest to east–northeast direction and have in trees following traumatic disturbance. © 2003 American Institute of an average elevation of 1800 meters (m); Laojun Shan Biological Sciences. 2 BioScience • June 2003 / Vol. 53 No. 6 03 June Forum Dossman 5/13/03 2:59 PM Page 3 Forum Because of its significance to botany and horticulture, we undertook a follow-up study of the 1980 SABE to document the present-day survival of the germplasm that was collected on the trip and its dispersal throughout the botanical gardens of North America and Europe. The broad goals of our survey were (a) to produce an inventory of living germplasm that is available for scientific research, (b) to evalu- ate the horticultural and curato- rial factors that affected the survival of SABE collections after 22 years of cultivation, and (c) to develop a set of “best prac- tices” that could be useful in the planning and execution of future expeditions, particularly with re- spect to the propagation and distribution of germplasm (Guarino Figure 1. Map of Asia, showing China, Hubei Province, the Shennongjia Forest District, et al. 1995). This article presents a and the Metasequoia region of Lichuan County. summary of our survey results along with a brief discussion of their relevance to the issue of exotic invasive species (Mack et al. 2000, Reichard and White 2001, Baskin 2002). Expedition overview The SABE investigation took place from 15 August to 15 November 1980 and involved botanists from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University (Stephen A. Spongberg), the University of California–Berkeley (Bruce Bartholomew), the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh (David E. Boufford), the United States National Arboretum (Ted R.Dudley), and the New York Botanical Garden (NYBG; James L. Luteyn). This group was accompanied in the field by Chinese botanists from the Institute of Botany, Beijing (Tang Yan-Cheng and Ying Tsun-Shen); the Jiangsu Institute of Botany, Nanjing (He Shan-An); the Wuhan Institute of Botany (Cheng Zhong, Jin Yi-Xin, Li Qing-Yee, Sun Siang- Chung, and Wan Jiz-Xiang); and the Kunming Institute of Botany (Chang Ao-Lo). Altogether, the expedition yielded 2085 collections of herbarium vouchers of vascular plants, 621 of which were also collected as germplasm. As is standard practice, each herbarium and germplasm collection was assigned a unique collection number, which referenced the location, habitat, and field information. This number was also used to document any postexpedition name changes, iden- tifications, and evaluations. In addition to the plants collected under the auspices of Figure 2. Upper panel: An overview of the Shennongjia Forest SABE proper, Bartholomew, Dudley, and Spongberg each District, Hubei Province, China, with Ted R. Dudley and made supplemental germplasm collections. Most of these James Luteyn in the foreground. Lower panel: Cleaning seeds were made shortly after the formal SABE exploration, during in the river during the course of the 1980 Sino-American the course of visits to research institutes, botanical gardens, Botanical Expedition. Photographs: David Boufford. June 2003 / Vol. 53 No. 6 • BioScience 3 03 June Forum Dossman 5/13/03 2:59 PM Page 4 Forum and scenic areas in several Chinese provinces. Between them, significant degree, are under evaluation for their ornamental Dudley and Spongberg made 68 collections, mainly from potential or are being used as a source of new genetic mate- cultivated plants, which we tracked using codes that included rial for the improvement of species already in cultivation the collectors’initials, TRD and SAS, respectively (inventories (table 2). Spongberg (1991) discussed several of these taxa are in the Arnold Arboretum Archives; Dudley 1983b). after 10 years of cultivation and evaluation at the Arnold Bartholomew also made approximately 70 supplemental col- Arboretum. lections of plants potentially suited to the Mediterranean (etesian) climate of California, especially Camellia species Historical precedents (inventoried in the Arnold Arboretum Archives). Published accounts of botanical–horticultural expeditions After the expedition ended, the germplasm was sent from are an integral part of the collection process. Written at some China by diplomatic pouch to the US National Arboretum in point after the trip is completed, these reports serve as a per- Washington, DC, where about one-fourth was retained. The manent record of the goals, methods, and results of the ex- remaining three-fourths were distributed to the Arnold Ar- pedition, as well as a source of observations of the condition boretum of Harvard University; the University of California of the native habitats. Bretschneider (1898) summarized the Botanic Gardens (UCBG), Berkeley; and NYBG’s Cary Ar- early history of botanical exploration in China, and Sargent boretum. After propagation at each of the four sites, the (1913–1917) documented the extensive collections that Ernest plants were integrated into the institutions’ botanical collec- H. Wilson made in China while working for the Arnold tions and distributed to other botanic gardens, arboreta, and Arboretum. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has germplasm repositories. a long history of introducing useful plants and documenting Many of the plants collected during the

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