Amerind quarterly

The Newsletter of the Amerind Foundation winter 2004 (vol. 1, no. 1)

This is an exciting time at the archaeology, art, history, and Native MISSION Amerind. Last year we implemented a American Studies. Our newest research Established in 1937, the comprehensive education program to program, the Amerind Seminars, is Amerind Foundation and reach out to children of all ages, and a collaboration with the Society for seeks to foster American Archaeology where we host, and promote knowledge we are developing outreach programs and understanding of for underserved each fall, an outstanding the Native Peoples of communities in symposium from the Americas through our rural area. In the Society’s annual research, education, and the last two years meeting the previous conservation. our volunteer spring. program has grown The Amerind effort from 19 to more that we are perhaps BOARD OF DIRECTORS than 60 dedicated most excited about is Peter L. Formo, Tucson (Emeritus) volunteer staff! our new membership Marilyn F. Fulton, San Diego We’ve installed program—our fi rst in 66 Wm. Duncan Fulton, San Diego fi ve new exhibits years! As we develop George J. Gumerman, Santa Fe, in the museum and new programs and [email protected] art gallery and will expand our services in Michael W. Hard, Tucson, [email protected] be redesigning the A 5th grade student becomes engaged in the months and years Michael B. Husband, Pennsylvania main exhibition the beauty of Native American beadwork. ahead we’ll need to [email protected] galleries in the months ahead. Native establish closer ties with Peter Johnson, Tucson, [email protected] American scholars, artists, and educators our community. With our new emphasis on J. William Moore, Phoenix, will play a vital role in Amerind’s future public programs, education, and outreach, [email protected] as we continue to build bridges to Native we must actively reach out to the public Lawrence Schiever, Tucson, [email protected] communities through our Native Arts and develop a constituency with a voice Weekends and resident artist programs. so that we can respond to community EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR The Amerind no longer engages needs. Thank you for becoming a founding John A. Ware, Dragoon, in archaeological excavations, but we member of the Amerind extended family! [email protected] remain an active research center. Our We hope you enjoy this newsletter and that Letters to the director and the research collections, library, and archives you contact us with ideas and suggestions board members can be sent remain important destinations for scholars for how to make the membership program care of the Amerind, Box 400, conducting research in anthropology, and newsletter even better. Dragoon, AZ 85609.

On behalf of the Board of Directors of the Amerind Foundation, I enthusiastically on behalf of the board of directorswelcome of you the as amerind, founding imembers enthusiastically of our organization. welcome youThis asis an founding exciting timemembers. at the Amerind thisThe Amerind is an Quarterlyexciting is produced time at theas museum we expand because our programs we enjoy and the activities company for of the a large benefi numbert of our of dedicatedvisitors, schoolchildren, volunteersseasonally by staff who and arevolunteers helping volunteers,us expand scholars, our hours and and now our our activities membership. for the In the benefi column t of aboveour visitors, you will our see visiting a list of the of the Amerind. Maureen O’Neill, schoolchildren and, now, ourmembers membership. of our board,elsewhere the city in inthis, which our each fi rst lives, member and contactnewsletter information. you will Please see a givelist usof technical editor; C. Charnley, design theand layout; members Barbara Hanson,of our art.board, thefeedback, city in suggestions, which each and lives your and ideas each’ on show email we canaddress. continue please to improve give yourus feedback, experience as suggestions and your ideasa on member. how we The can other continue members to ofimprove the Amerind your board experience and I look as forward a member to seeing. i and you the on many otherwww.amerind.org members of the boardoccasions look forward in the to future. seeing Welcome! you on many occasions in the future. Michael welcome! W. Hard, President A look back

The Amerind logo, an imbedded six-pointed house and broke ground star design, was taken from a small red-on-brown bowl for a small museum to that was fashioned some 800 years ago by a display his burgeoning potter at a small prehistoric American Indian art farming settlement near the collection. present town of Gleeson Over the years, in southern Cochise “Pa” Fulton added to the County. The bowl Amerind’s collections was recovered in 1938 by sponsoring scientific during excavations excavations and William S. Fulton, with his wife, at the Gleeson Site by archaeological surveys Rose Hayden Fulton, and daugh- William Shirley Fulton, a throughout southern ter Elizabeth Fulton Husband. year after he had established Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern the Amerind Foundation of Dragoon as a nonprofit Mexico. In those years the collections grew to over research center with the goal of increasing the world’s 20,000 objects, the museum to over 10,000 square feet, knowledge of ancient peoples. and an art gallery and research library were added in the As a boy growing up in Waterbury, Connecticut, early 1950s. When Mr. and Mrs. Fulton passed away Fulton was fascinated with American Indians and their in the 1960s they left an endowment that continues prehistory. He would later tell the story of his first to support the foundation’s activities in research and visit to the Southwest in 1913 and his discovery of a education, and Fulton descendants still play an active small prehistoric jar in a cave in the Mingus Mountains role in directing the foundation. William Duncan Fulton, near Jerome. This nondescript plainware jar, covered grandson of the founders, is chairman of the Amerind in mineral deposits, sparked Fulton’s curiosity about Board; Dunc’s aunt, Elizabeth Husband, who passed ancient peoples of the Southwest and encouraged him, away last year at the age of 92, served on the Amerind upon his retirement as president of the Waterbury Farrel board for nearly fifty years. In its 66th year, Pa Fulton’s Foundry and Machine Company in 1930, to move his vision is alive and well, and the exquisite design of an family to the FF Ranch in . Here he built a unknown Hohokam potter still symbolizes that vision.

from canyon walls to easels

Amerind’s first membership event, the opening Mrs. Andrew Tsihnajinnie, widow of one of the other of “From Canyon Walls to Easels…Glimpses of Navajo artists represented in our exhibit, was able to Navajo Life,” on October 25th, was join us at the opening. Our gallery enthusiastically attended by just lecturers, Dave Brugge and Melanie under 90 of our members. Famed Yazzie, gave excellent presentations Navajo artist Harrison Begay was on Navajo history and modern a surprise visitor at the opening, a directions in Native American fine real treat for everyone as Harrison art, and the members-only reception set up his easel in the art gallery and following the opening gave our demonstrated his fine-line watercolor members a chance to meet the technique. Mr. Begay is a vigorous artists and scholars. Many thanks to 89 years old, and he was kept volunteers Sherry Manoukian, Janet busy signing programs, posing for Miller, Sally Newland, Sue Schuster, photographs, answering questions, and Jonathan Williams, who helped and selling small samples of his Mrs. Tsihnahjinnie and Harrison with the gallery setup and with food Begay at the members’ reception. work. We were also delighted that service at the reception. 2 From the Collections Geronimo’s Bow

As museum visitors we engage in multi- he would only be allowed to tend the horses and help out dimensional relationships with the objects on display. at the camp. Or the bow he made to fully participate in The objects in the Amerind Museum come from different his first raiding party. Or the one he carried to avenge times, from people of different cultures, and each has the mutilation and death of his wife, mother, and three its own history of how it got here. We bring to this children by Mexican soldiers from Sonora. relationship our own knowledge, our perceptions, and It is not a bow he made when ammunition was attitudes. At the best of times, this relationship involves in short supply during the many raids and battles against our intellect, our emotions, and our sense of aesthetics. the Mexicans and American soldiers, miners, and settlers A bow made by Geronimo will soon be on over the years. Nor is it a bow he might have had with display at the Amerind. That it was made by perhaps him at his final surrender in 1886. the most famous—some would say notorious—Indian The bow you will see at the Amerind in American history compounds the interest museum encompasses all of these bows; yet, it is a bow of a very visitors will likely have in the exhibit. different time, different place, and different meaning. It The bow you will see at the Amerind is not is a bow not of a free Apache; not of someone the bow in the creation stories used by the feathered who, as Geronimo said, “ moved like the wind.” creatures to gain control over the beasts, bringing light It is a bow made in 1904 by U.S. prisoner of war into the world so humans could be born; not the bow Geronimo, incarcerated in Florida thousands used by Child of the Water to slay the dragon. of miles from his beloved homeland on the It is not the bow of Athapaskan hunters and Arizona-Mexico border. The bow is a tool of gatherers as they moved south from what is now western commerce, an item to be sold, a commodity Canada, separating into various tribal groups (Western rather than a tool for hunting or defense. We Apache, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, , Navajo) don’t know why it was purchased in 1904 (it as they settled in the Southwest around 1400 A.D. came to the Amerind sixty-eight years later); It is not the bow Geronimo’s grandfather, Mako, perhaps as a symbol of power, or maybe it a Chiricahua Apache chief, made for the many battles was a symbol of the freedom represented by he led against the Spanish as the episodes of violence Geronimo and his followers, the last Native escalated. Nor is it one of the bows his father made for Americans to fight against a life confined him, first as to a reservation. Perhaps the bow was CHIRICAHUA APACHE TERRITORY MID 1800s toys and later merely a valuable piece of history to the

Ojo to hunt squirrel buyer. . Caliente A la m os and small game. Looking at the bow, you might a R iver GILA ne Warm Springs Band S e e Or the bow feel the rush of those years of history. an MTS. h B P h L Victorio's Band e A d i CK ro ko Nana's Band h R n i er R Geronimo made v iv You might feel the pathos for the oG A e ila R C r Bed N

Loco's G Band E NEW MEXICO for himself destruction of a way of life. You might Geronimo's Band Tucson . D R Cochise A Cochise's as part of his G n feel the power in an object made by StrongholdO Band O . e N n ARIZONA M o T k o initiation into such a powerful man. We think you h C CHIHUAHUA manhood. will find Geronimo’s bow pleasing i Janos .

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I to look at, and we hope that you d B It is E Grandes e a . R v

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o A R not the bow he feel the power of it as it pulls you i v e M r SONORA A D carried on his into a relationship that touches you R first raid when emotionally and intellectually. 3 by C.Charnley VIEW FROM COATI CANYON

…Nature sightings at the Amerind “one of the most interdisciplinary of all sciences.” I know it’s autumn because the coatimundi Archaeologists collaborate with a wide variety of are back. Our house here at the Amerind sits specialists from other fields, including biologists, at the head of a narrow, rocky canyon we chemists and even physicists. For examples, botanists have named “Coati” because it is where analyze food and fiber remains and identify pollen to we often see them -- bounding away over understand the prehistoric climate; geologists and soil the boulders or walking sedately in their scientists identify stone materials and interpret the sociable groups, astonishingly-long tails processes of erosion, deposition and disturbance of a site. held up like banners. Relatives of the Collaboration with biologists has its place in the museum raccoon, coatis have been extending their range north as well; the story of how people lived in the past cannot from Mexico into southeastern Arizona. This lush be told outside of the context of their environment. canyon, lined with ferns and tall trees, is an oasis for Indeed, many of the common names we know for plants wildlife all year and I’ll be using this column to tell you reflect their use by indigenous peoples or early settlers: about my findings. desert broom, basketgrass, soapberry, winterfat. Autumn everywhere is a season of change and Walking down Coati Canyon in October I here in this blending of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan notice the plump, round berries hanging like ornaments deserts, at the lowest reaches of the on the hackberry trees and find oak woodland, we have our own mammal scat filled with the berries. messengers of fall - the blooming of Coatimundi make use of a wide the goldeneye and pearly everlasting, variety of food sources, from snakes coral bean pods growing brown and to nuts, insects to berries, and their plump around their scarlet prizes, the long, curved claws make them laborious marching of horse-lubber excellent tree climbers. The dull grasshoppers across the highway like orange berries of netleaf hackberry, convoys of tiny black Tonka trucks. Celtis reticulata, are sweet and But the most unique sign of autumn eaten by birds and animals as well here is the sighting of the coatis. Why as people, so it’s possible that’s what do we only see them at this time of has attracted the coatis. The fruit year? Are they taking advantage of a was eaten raw by Apaches, Tohono particular food source? O’odham, Navajo All good science begins with and Hualapai, and asking questions. Two scientific studies the dried berries are being conducted at Amerind this were mixed into year. Carolyne Gray, a long-time Amerind volunteer and cakes. Other parts of the tree were entymologist, started an inventory of arthropods with useful as well; leaves provided a questions such as: “How many of the 14 orders of insects dark red dye for Navajo, Tohono are found here?” “How many species of scorpions?” And O’odham used the bark for four “citizen scientists” from the Sky Island Alliance sandals. are conducting regular tracking surveys to understand So my wanderings down this intimate little the movements of large predators between the mountain canyon haven’t answered any questions definitively, only ranges in our area. We’ll be giving you details on both of raised more questions….If I had been here in October, these studies in future newsletters. 150 years ago, might I have seen a family of Chiricahua Why would an archaeological institution be Apaches camping in this canyon gathering hackberries? interested in what biologists are doing? As Amerind And is this the inquisitive snout of a coatimundi I see up director, John Ware, says, archaeology has always been there on that branch of the hackberry tree above me? by Barbara Hanson 4 people of amerind Tribute to Gloria Fenner In this first issue of the Amerind Quarterly which she helped shepherd the eight we wish to honor Gloria Fenner, former Amerind volume report to curator and co-author and editor of the important completion and served as laboratory eight volume Amerind publication on the excavations director for Di Peso’s next big at Casas Grandes, Mexico. Appropriately, by her project, the Mimbres Culture site of rapid and generous response to the membership drive, Wind Mountain in New Mexico. Gloria has become the very first member of our Casas In 1979 Glo left the Amerind Grandes Club. She has dedicated her membership to to join the staff of the Arizona State the memory of Dr. Charles C. Di Peso, her long-time Museum where she took charge boss, friend, and mentor. Glo was born and raised in of their National Park Service Gloria today the Chicago area and at 4 years of age was discovered collections. Three years later Glo trying to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs in one of her became curator at the National Park Service’s Western grandfather’s books. She was also fascinated with Archeological and Conservation Center in Tucson, a the mummies on exhibit at the job she has held for the past Chicago Field Museum and 21 years. Over the years, Glo was observed by family has continued her interest in and friends burying things the prehistory of northern in her back yard so that she Mexico and maintains ties with could “excavate” them later. many of the archaeologists Maintaining her interest in currently working there. She archaeology throughout her is particularly pleased at the school years, she received her current high level of interest undergraduate and Master’s and research in the area—much degrees in Anthropology/ of it stimulated by the earlier Archaeology at the University work of the Joint Casas of Illinois. Grandes Expedition and the A lifelong love of the Amerind Foundation. She greater Southwest was begun regularly leads groups to visit during her first field school at the site of Paquime, which, in Anderson Mesa in northern 1998, was declared a UNESCO Arizona in the late 1950s. She World Heritage Site. Gloria also did field work at the historic is only sorry that Dr. Di Peso Sauk Indian site of Black didn’t live to see the wonderful Charles Di Peso and Gloria Fenner in Hawk’s village and worked for Amerind’s pottery collection area, 1967. museum that the Instituto three months in Jerusalem under Nacional de Antropologia y the direction of Dame Kathleen Historia (INAH) has built Kenyon. at the site. In June 1999, Gloria was honored with a It was while writing her master’s thesis at the special award at the Second Annual Conference on University of Illinois that Glo first met Charlie Di Peso, Borderland Archaeology. The award, presented by became acquainted with his work at Paquime, and was INAH, was in recognition of her work in the “zona offered a job on the ongoing excavations, but declined arqueologica de Paquime.” in order to finish her master’s thesis. Undeterred, Di It is truly an honor to have this vital and Peso hired her three years later to help with the Casas interesting woman as part of the Amerind family. Grandes laboratory analysis, and a job that began Gloria, we thank you for your years of dedication and in 1963 stretched into a 16 year association, during support, to the profession and to the Amerind. by Linda Stacy 5 AMERIND NEW WORLD SEMINARS

Colonialism and Culture Change at Zuni Pueblo In May 2003, the Amerind hosted 16 scholars at a Pueblo Revolt of 1680, shortly after which all six Zuni symposium entitled “Colonialism and Culture Change villages consolidated for the first time into one village, at Zuni Pueblo, A.D. 1300 to the Present,” that at Halona:wa. Although missions were re-established synthesized work of the Zuni Middle Village Project, at Zuni in the eighteenth century, Zuni remained on a multidisciplinary study of the periphery of European the oldest portions of historic settlement and influence for Zuni Pueblo. Chaired by Dr. the remainder of the Spanish Barbara Mills of the University and Mexican periods. With of Arizona, discussions during the opening of the Santa Fe the five day seminar focused on Trail in 1821, and the arrival social and economic changes of the railroad in the 1880s, during the late prehistoric and manufactured goods were historic period at Zuni. introduced that dramatically Zuni Pueblo (Halona:wa) altered Zuni economy and was founded around 1325 A.D. culture. and was one of six Zuni villages Seminar participants are along a twenty-five mile stretch now drafting their final papers of the Zuni river in western New Zuni Seminar participants for a summary volume that will Mexico. When Coronado arrived in the Zuni region in be published by the University of Arizona Press. In 1540 the Zuni villages were more than a decade into recognition and appreciation of their sponsorship and a severe century-long drought, and Spanish military support of the Middle Village Project, the volume will pressure and European diseases placed additional strains be published under the joint imprint of the Zuni Tribe on the Zuni. The Zuni Pueblos participated in the and the Amerind Foundation. From the museum store

Next year the Amerind Museum Store celebrates its 20th Some of the new items anniversary. The store has become an integral part of the now in the store - museum and an important revenue source that supports a variety of Amerind programs. We think of our store as an extension of our museum and pride ourselves on hav- ing only high quality, authentic American Indian made arts and crafts. If you haven’t stopped by in a while, please do. back We look forward to welcoming MUGS, tan with dark front and helping our members and brown logo. $5.00 T-SHIRTS, cream color Beefy T’s other visitors with their shop- with multicolor print on back, ping for the holidays, and other dark brown logo on front. occasions. Kids sizes M,L $15.00 Take a look at our new look! We Adults S,M,L,XL $17.00 converted a storage closet into a Adults XXL $18.00 large glass display case to make the store even more inviting to CAPS, khaki, low-profile, with our visitors. blue or green bills. $15.00 come by, call to order (520.586.3666) or buy on-line at www.amerind.org 6 the back page

Last month I attended a conference in Tucson that holds the community together and enhances the entitled “Communities for All Ages,” that addressed quality of life for everyone. In the words of Hal Freshly, the growing problem of age segregation in our country. “What makes a community a good place to grow old can A hundred years ago many Americans lived in large also make it a good place to grow up.” extended families, and children grew up knowing How does all this relate to the Amerind and its not just their parents but their grandparents, great mission? It seems to me that the Amerind Foundation grandparents, uncles, aunts, and assorted cousins. This needs to be more than a repository for Indian artifacts. great American family, to which many of us retain strong Our mission should also be to tell the story of Native emotional ties, began to break down in the last century in American people and their communities, values, the wake of the urban migration. Grandparents, who are and world views—the important social and cultural living on average much longer now, are spending most intangibles that lie behind the artifacts. Noted Apache of their lives half a continent away from their children artist Bob Haozous points out that indigenous people and grandchildren. As nuclear family mobility increases often share an intimate, multigenerational relationship and as the population pyramid becomes increasingly with the earth, while modern man’s focus on the two- top-heavy, American communities that were always generation nuclear family often ignores the long-term segregated along lines of ethnicity, race, and class, are relationship of humans to each other and to the earth. now segregated by age as well. Why can’t the Amerind develop programs that serve as As I listened to statistics that described these an antidote to this short-sighted two-generational view? social changes—34 million elders in 2000 will increase In 2003 the Amerind has served over 500 children in its to 70 million by 2030; one in ten elders live below the recently revamped education program, and the average poverty line; 2.4 million elders have sole responsibility age of Amerind Museum visitors is probably 60 or older. for children—I kept going back to my experiences in How can we bring these bookend generations together Native American communities where elders form the to enhance the quality of life for all? Amerind staff and core rather than the margins of the community, and volunteers are currently designing story telling programs, where important social interactions take place daily elder-youth docent programs, and outreach programs for between elders and youngsters, often while the parents schools and nursing homes. Please let us know if you are away at work. Elders have value in traditional would like to help in these efforts. The contributions of Native American communities, and the close association our members—in ideas, time, and money—could go a between elders and youth serves as a kind of social glue long way toward making these programs a reality. John Ware, Director

If you are not already a member, we invite you to join us! MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION Yes, I want to become a member! Please enroll me at the level checked.

¨ Individual $30 Check enclosed $______(Please make payable to Amerind Foundation) ¨ Family $40 I prefer to charge my VISA Master Card ¨ Cochise Club $100-$499 Credit Card Number ______¨ San Pedro Club $500-$999 Expiration Date ______¨ Casas Grandes Club $1,000 or above Signature ______This is a GIFT membership at the ______Level Member Name(s) ______My name ______Address ______My address ______City______State ____ Zip______City______State ____ Zip______Phone ______E-mail ______Phone ______E-mail______7 the AMERIND FOUNDATION PO BOX 400 DRAGOON, AZ 85609

CALENDAR OF EVENTS AT THE AMERIND

December 13, 2003 Tohono O’odham Arts Weekend crafts . food . music January 26 - February 2, 2004 First Annual Used Book Sale Hohokam Seminar

December 14, 2003 Tohono O’odham Arts Weekend February 14, 2004 All day Basket Weaving class Apache Arts Weekend withTohono O’odham basketmakers

January 10, 2004 March 13, 2004 Navajo Arts Weekend Hopi Katsina Exhibit Opening

for more information, call us at 520.586.3666 or visit us on the web: www.amerind.org