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LA-14312-T Thesis Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Communal Spaces: Aggregation and Integration in the Mogollon Region of the United States Southwest This thesis was accepted by the Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology. The text and illustrations are the independent work of the author, and only the front matter has been edited by the IRM-CAS Staff to conform with Department of Energy and Los Alamos National Laboratory publication policies. Funding provided by the University of Oklahoma Graduate College, University of Oklahoma Graduate Student Senate, Los Alamos National Laboratory, & Dr. Russell J. Nisengard. Los Alamos National Laboratory, an Affirmative Action/ Equal Opportunity Employer, is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither Los Alamos National Security, LLC, the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees make any warranty, express or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, the U.S. Government, or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of Los Alamos National Security, LLC, the U.S. Government, or any agency thereof. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher’s right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness. LA-14312-T Thesis Issued: December 2006 Communal Spaces: Aggregation and Integration in the Mogollon Region of the United States Southwest Jennifer E. Nisengard* Copyright © 2006 by Jennifer E. Nisengard * Non-Laboratory Author Affiliations (Staff Research Assistant) (University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019.) Acknowledgments Data collection and analysis was funded by multiple sources; these include grants from the University of Oklahoma’s Graduate Student Senate, the University of Oklahoma’s Graduate College, the Oklahoma Archeological Survey, and generous contributions from Dr. Russell Nisengard. Drs. John S. Isaacson, Denny Hjeresen, Tori George, Bradley J. Vierra, Joyce Ortega-Tapia, Charles Richardson, Christine Serrano, Mark Swoboda, and Steve McKee with NMT at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) provided me with the financial support and encouragement needed to complete this project. Hector Hinojosa from the Ecology group at LANL provided editorial advice and support. I would never have completed this thesis without the efforts of John Isaacson, Joyce Ortega-Tapia, and Christine Serrano, all of whom stressed the importance of finishing and made sure I had time to work on it. John was particularly helpful throughout this process, providing editing suggestions, asking difficult but provocative questions, and letting me talk through my ideas. The staff of Laboratory of Anthropology in Santa Fe, particularly Robyn Richards, Tim Seaman, Scott Geister, Dee Dee Snow, and Louanne Haecker, were very helpful in answering my questions and providing me with space to work with their files. Ricky Karl at the University of Arizona gave me access to AZSite and provided some additional information about several of the Arizona sites in my study. Drs. Joy Kolb, Alan LaFlamme, and Alvin Morrison at SUNY Fredonia provided me with my initial well-rounded anthropological education and encouraged my interests in teaching and archaeology. Dr. Margaret Nelson gave me my first opportunity to do v fieldwork. Dr. J. Jefferson Reid at the University of Arizona taught me a great deal about how to conduct research. He helped me to develop my writing skills and forced me to become a better scholar. Dr. Bruce Masse of Los Alamos National Laboratory continually reminded me that this project would be done. At UC Denver, Dr. Tammy Stone was, and continues to be, both an advisor and a friend. Tammy’s knowledge of statistics and the Mogollon region in general has been a great help to me and an asset to this dissertation. Several other professors and scholars have helped to bring me to the place I am today. I thank them for their contributions. Roger Anyon always made it a point to ask me how my research was going. Dr. Darrell Creel is one of the most supportive and helpful people I have ever met. Dr. Robert Hard is a mentor and a person who has given me many opportunities to challenge myself as an archaeologist. Dr. John Isaacson has shown great interest in my success and never stopped urging me to continue my research and to complete my dissertation. Ellen McGehee, M.A. always helped me to laugh at situations I found myself in. Dr. Brad Vierra provided me with a great job and field opportunities in a part of the Southwest in which I had never worked. Dr. Elaine Davis provided statistical consultation for sections of Chapter 5 and worked through the questions regarding significance of my results. John Roney, M.A., one of the most knowledgeable archaeologists I know, provided information that was difficult to find. I look forward to working with Drs. Robert L. Brooks, Patricia A. Gilman, and Paul E. Minnis in the future. All three of them provided advice, guidance, and sometimes food. Their doors were open to me, and they were willing to listen to my ideas and to vi help me develop them. These professors provided opportunities for fieldwork, funding, and teaching that I would not have had at many universities and for this, I am grateful. Drs. Morris Foster and Robert Rundstrom participated in the final stages of this research and contributed some alternative perspectives on ways to consider my ideas. I also thank my ANTH 1113 students, as they challenged me to become a better instructor and reminded me why I was in graduate school. Dr. Marjy Duncan has provided unwavering support and has kept me on target in many of aspects of my life. I thank Dr. John Duncan who is always willing to engage me in philosophical talks about my research. I learned so much from John, and my dissertation would not be what it is, were it not for his thought provoking questions. Throughout the years, conversations with fellow graduate students and others have greatly improved this research. I cannot possibly thank all of them individually, but I hope they know how important they are to me. Special thanks to Aaron Gonzales, Debby Green, Dr. Valli Marti, Tim Martinez, Karin Rebnegger, Beau Schriever, Dr. Robert J. Stokes, and Steven J. Swanson for their questions, comments, and advice about this research. Steven was instrumental in providing access to environmental and location data for sites in my analysis. He helped coordinate some last minute data acquisition and created figures for me when I was at a loss! Steven also provided me with one last opportunity to excavate a communal structure as part of the Blue River Archaeological Project. It was a great experience and great fun to work with him again. vii My experience as a field crew member on the El Proyecto Archaico Tardío del Chihuahua with Bob Hard and John Roney contributed a great deal to my ideas about aggregation and integration in the desert borderlands. Bob and John gave me roles and responsibilities that encouraged my success. The people I had the privilege to work with on this project included Elizabeth Bagwell, Jorge Bencomo, Kevin Hanselka, Dr. Art MacWilliams, Todd Pitezel, Gerry Raymond, Rudi Roney, Kari Schmidt, José Zapata, and Bridget Zavala. They are wonderful friends and taught me a great deal about archaeology, scholarship, and friendship. Dr. Peter J. McCormick is a wonderful friend and an inspiration. I sat with him many evenings discussing my data and my ideas about human behavior. He is always able to provide an alternative view – some other way to think about an issue. Kari M. Schmidt is so many things to me it is difficult to know how to thank her. She is a friend, sister, roommate, co-worker, and traveling companion. She has always been there to listen, and to provide insight into both personal and professional concerns. viii Table of Contents Page Number Acknowledgments iv Table of Contents x List of Figures xii List of Tables xv Abstract xviii CHAPTER 1. BUILDING TIES: COMMUNITY FORMATION, AGGREGATION, AND INTEGRATION 1 The Mogollon Case Study 4 Defining Aggregation and Integration 5 Communal Architecture, Aggregation, and Integration 12 Chapter Summaries 20 CHAPTER 2. AGGREGATION AND INTEGRATION: BACKGROUND RESEARCH ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN THE MOGOLLON REGION 21 Previous Research: Aggregation and Integration 22 Aggregation and Integration: Exploratory Models 23 Architecture, Aggregation, and Integration 34 Archaeological Examples of Communal Architecture, Population Aggregation, and Social Integration 39 Chapter Summary 45 CHAPTER 3. AN ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND FOR THE MOGOLLON REGION
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