Aggregation and Integration in the Mogollon Region of the United

LA-14312-T Thesis Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Communal Spaces: Aggregation and Integration in the Mogollon Region of the United States Southwest This thesis was accepted by the Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology. The text and illustrations are the independent work of the author, and only the front matter has been edited by the IRM-CAS Staff to conform with Department of Energy and Los Alamos National Laboratory publication policies.

Funding provided by the University of Oklahoma Graduate College, University of Oklahoma Graduate Student Senate, Los Alamos National Laboratory, & Dr. Russell J. Nisengard.

Los Alamos National Laboratory, an Affirmative Action/ Equal Opportunity Employer, is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396.

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither Los Alamos National Security, LLC, the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees make any warranty, express or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, the U.S. Government, or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of Los Alamos National Security, LLC, the U.S. Government, or any agency thereof. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher’s right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness. LA-14312-T Thesis Issued: December 2006

Communal Spaces: Aggregation and Integration in the Mogollon Region of the United States Southwest

Jennifer E. Nisengard*

* Non-Laboratory Author Affiliations (Staff Research Assistant) (University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019.)

Acknowledgments

Data collection and analysis was funded by multiple sources; these include grants

from the University of Oklahoma’s Graduate Student Senate, the University of

Oklahoma’s Graduate College, the Oklahoma Archeological Survey, and generous

contributions from Dr. Russell Nisengard. Drs. John S. Isaacson, Denny Hjeresen, Tori

George, Bradley J. Vierra, Joyce Ortega-Tapia, Charles Richardson, Christine Serrano,

Mark Swoboda, and Steve McKee with NMT at Los Alamos National Laboratory

(LANL) provided me with the financial support and encouragement needed to complete

this project. Hector Hinojosa from the Ecology group at LANL provided editorial advice

and support. I would never have completed this thesis without the efforts of John

Isaacson, Joyce Ortega-Tapia, and Christine Serrano, all of whom stressed the importance

of finishing and made sure I had time to work on it. John was particularly helpful

throughout this process, providing editing suggestions, asking difficult but provocative

questions, and letting me talk through my ideas.

The staff of Laboratory of Anthropology in Santa Fe, particularly Robyn

Richards, Tim Seaman, Scott Geister, Dee Dee Snow, and Louanne Haecker, were very

helpful in answering my questions and providing me with space to work with their files.

Ricky Karl at the University of Arizona gave me ac