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Women in Malaysia Have Been Involved in Politics Since the Pre

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Women in Malaysia Have Been Involved in Politics Since the Pre LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 10 : 10 October 2010 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. K. Karunakaran, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. Representation of Malaysian Women in Politics Usha Devi Rajaratnam, M.A. The Focus of This Paper This paper examines how the traditional and online media portray the role of women in power, whether ruling or the opposition party who are either politicians or women behind the scenes in the 2008 General Elections. The investigation of the present study is undertaken using the theoretical framework of Framing. According to Tuchman (1978) mass media actively set the frames of reference that readers or viewers use to interpret and discuss public events. A qualitative analysis using Content Analysis ((Neuendorf, 2000) will be used to look into the issues that are discussed by the women politicians and women behind the scenes that are highlighted by the media as reflected in the news articles through out the campaign period. (24th February – 7th March 2008). A comparative study of the news articles extracted from the traditional media , The Star and online media Malaysiakini will be analysed. Introduction Malaysia recently concluded its 12th General Election in 2008. The ruling coalition, National Front (Barisan National) has been in power for the past 50 years, since Language in India www.languageinindia.com 390 10 : 10 October 2010 Usha Devi Rajaratnam, M.A. Representation of Malaysian Women in Politics independence in 1957. However this election proved to be a „political tsunami‟ as the party lost its two – third majority in parliament as well as lost its control in five out of the thirteen states in the country to the opposition, People‟s Alliance (Pakatan Rakyat), something unprecedented in the history of political development in Malaysia. Women in Malaysia have been involved in politics since pre independence. From the time of independence, Malaysian women have had the right to vote and to hold office. Women though active members of political parties continue to be loyal supporters of political parties. Thus the growth of women politicians and decision makers are still lagging behind in comparison to their male counterparts. In this general elections a total of 222 parliamentary seats and 405 state seats were contested whereby 130 women candidates contested for the parliamentary and state seats, out of which fewer than 50 were successful. This is still far from the Women, Family and Community Development Ministry‟s proposed 30% target of women at decision making positions in the public sector levels in the 9th Malaysia Plan but it is definitely an improvement from the total of 80 women candidates that contested in the 2004 General elections.( Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development, 2008) Media Coverage of General Elections Media coverage of the recent 12th General elections has been extensive ranging from mainstream media to online media. The varied representations of the General elections have undoubtedly created certain impressions in the minds of the mass media audience. This paper examines how the traditional and online media portray the role of women in power, whether ruling or the opposition party who are either politicians or women behind the scenes in the 2008 General Elections. Online media is popularly held to have influenced the results of this election. While mainstream media has existed since colonial administration, online media is still rather new as it came about in the 1990‟s. News articles in the traditional media, such as The Star newspaper will be compared alongside and online media Malaysiakini, the country‟s first commercial online newspaper. Background: Political and Legal Status of Women The rights of Malaysian women as citizens to participate in the political and public life of the nation are recognized and guaranteed under the Federal Constitution. Article 8(1) state “all persons are equal before the law and entitled to equal protection of the law”. To ensure there would be no laws that discriminate women, Article 8(2) has been reviewed and amended by the Parliament in August 2001 to include the word “gender”. Language in India www.languageinindia.com 391 10 : 10 October 2010 Usha Devi Rajaratnam, M.A. Representation of Malaysian Women in Politics Therefore, Article 8(2) now reads: “except as expressly authorised by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion, race, descent, or place of birth and gender in any law or in the appointment to any office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of any property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment”. The establishment of the Ministry of Women and Family Development in 2001 marks the culmination of efforts to assign women‟s development and issues to a specific ministry. It also signifies a positive move to strengthen the national machinery for women‟s progress. (APEC: 2004) A Slow Upward Trend The involvement of Malaysian women in power and decision-making positions in politics and the economy has been on a slow upward trend since independence After independence, the number of female candidates elected to Parliament has increased at a moderate rate. In the 1959 elections, only 3.1 per cent (three candidates out of 104) of the candidates elected to office in the Lower House were female. This increased to 3.9 per cent in 1986, 7 per cent in 1995 and 10 per cent in 2000. The number of women elected to the various State Assemblies during this period also increased, rising from a mere 2.7 per cent in 1986 to 4.8 per cent and 6 per cent in 1995 and 2000 respectively. After the 2004 general election, there are three women ministers in the Cabinet out of a total of 33 full cabinet ministers, three women Deputy Ministers out of a total of 38 and six women Parliamentary Secretaries out of a total of 22. In the Lower House (Dewan Rakyat), there are 22 women out of 219 members and 19 out of 57 members of the Upper House (Dewan Negara/Senate) are women. (APEC : 2004). TABLE 1 : WOMEN CANDIDATES IN GENERAL ELECTIONS Source: Rashila Ramli. 2000. "Political Modernization: Gender Equality in Political Participation?” In Abdul Rahman Embong (ed.), Country, Market and Modernization. Bangi: UKM Press, pp. 198-213 Women constitute over 50 percent of Malaysia‟s population. (Wan Azizah: 2002). Nevertheless, the presence of women in decision making process is still far from Language in India www.languageinindia.com 392 10 : 10 October 2010 Usha Devi Rajaratnam, M.A. Representation of Malaysian Women in Politics satisfactory. Currently women still find themselves under-represented in Malaysia‟s political institutions. Methodology The investigation of this study is undertaken using content analysis of the traditional media The Star and online media Malaysiakini. According to Van Dijk (1988) contextual analysis focuses on the cognitive and social factors, circumstances, limitations and consequences of textual structures, as well as their economic, cultural and historical backgrounds. As defined by Neuendorf (2002), content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from data to their context. For this paper a latent coding method is used (also called semantic analysis). Here the underlying implicit meaning in the content will be analysed (Babbie, 2004). The coding system is based on the issues mentioned below to guide the interpretation of the text. This method is best used for tapping underlying meaning of communication, because people communicate meaning in many implicit ways that depend on content, and not just in specific words (Neuman, 2003). This paper examines how the traditional and online media portray the role of women in power, whether ruling or the opposition party who are either politicians or women behind the scenes in the 2008 General Elections. So, how does the media frame women in politics? It asks whether women have improved in terms of the quantity of coverage, in relation to Tuchman‟s (1978) omission concept, and whether the coverage has improved in relation to condemnation and trivialization. Has the representation of women improved as they have increased political participation? Is there any evidence that as women‟s political power has increased, their media representation has similarly improved? A qualitative analysis will be used to look into the issues that are discussed by the women politicians and women behind the scenes that are highlighted by the media as reflected in the news articles through out the campaign period. (24th February – 7th March 2008). Framing theory and gender Gitlin (1980, p 7) defines frames as „persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation and presentation, of selections, emphasis and exclusion by which symbol handlers routinely organize discourses. Tankard (1991) defined media frame as the central organising idea for news content that supplies a context and suggests what the issue is through the use of selection, emphasis, exclusion, and elaboration. Similarly, Gamson and Modigliani (1989) refer to frames as „interpretative packages‟ that give meaning to an issue. By virtue of emphasizing some elements of a topic above Language in India www.languageinindia.com 393 10 : 10 October 2010 Usha Devi Rajaratnam, M.A. Representation of Malaysian Women in Politics others, a frame provides a way to understand an event or issue. According to Cappella & Jamieson, media can be said to frame events and issues in the same way as a photographer frames a photograph, choosing what aspects to highlight or draw attention to, and what parts to leave out (cited in Fountaine 2002).
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