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Seven Decades of Torah Life in the State of Israel 1988–1997 Ben Keil Fellow, YU Israel Kollel OPERATION SOLOMON n the decades since the founding community of Ethiopia had been Usually in Tanach, the land of Kush of the State of Israel, the Jewish relocated to Israel. The record they set seems best identified as a part of community has witnessed many for passengers in an airplane — 1,088 Africa; in particular, the area South of Iof the prophecies of redemption in an El Al 747 with its seats removed, Egypt, and the historical location of recorded in the Nevi’im Achronim. according to Guinness — remains the the ancient Kingdom of Kush (circa. One such notable occasion was in late world record, and includes two babies 800 BCE-350 CE). Understanding the May of 1991, when, in a clandestine born in flight. verse this way, it would seem that, in military action called Operation Many excited witnesses were the evacuation of the Ethiopians, this Solomon, the Israeli Defense Forces confident that they were seeing element of Yeshayahu’s prophecy was evacuated over 14,000 Ethiopian the actualization of the words of coming true. Jews from Addis Ababa to Israel Yeshayahu, 11:11: However, when it comes to this in the course of two days. While particular reference, the Targum והיה ביום ההוא יוסיף ה’ שנית ידו לקנות operations Moses and Joshua in the Yehonasan seems dissatisfied with את שאר עמו אשר ישאר מאשור וממצרים 1980s had already initiated the mass this typical approach. While through ומפתרוס ומכוש ומעילם ומשנער ומחמת ,influx of Ethiopian Jews to Israel most of Tanach the Targum doesn’t ומאיי הים. the impressive nature of the 1991 actually translate Kush and just And it will be on that day, Hashem will operation captured the attention of transliterates it, a number of times he again increase His hand, to acquire the global Jewish community. At the instead translates it as Hodu or India the remnant of His nation which is left, . conclusion of the operation, when the (See Isaiah 18:1 and Tzephania 3:10.) from Assyria, and from Egypt, and from Israeli government revealed the details That there would be confusion about Pasros, and from Kush, and from Elam, of the endeavor, the world stood in the term is not surprising, since there and from Shinar, and from Chamas, and awe; after forty flights in thirty-five were two different kingdoms, on from the islands. planes, almost the entire Jewish opposite sides of the Ancient world, 25 Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary • The Benjamin and Rose Berger CJF Torah To-Go Series • Yom Haatzmaut 5778 with very similar names. Toward the Targum to deviate from his usual swayed by the latter half of the verse, the twilight of the African Kingdom identification of Kush as African. which lists Elam, Shinar, and Chamas, Rabbi ofDavid Kush, Aaron, Rabbi the Elie Abadie, Asian Yehuda LeibKushan Abberbock, Rafi Empire Abraham, Professor Abraham S. Abraham, Jed H. Abraham, Aaron Abramson, Rabbi David Abuchatzeira, Nina J. Ackerman,locations Ms. Malka Adatto, in Rabbi Mesopotamia Elchanan Adler, Rabbi Yosef and Adler, Rabbi Central Moshe Adler, Rabbi Aharon Adler, Dana Adler, Rabbi Yitzchok Adlerstein, AlHaTorah.org, Judy Alkoby, Rabbi Jason Allen,The Rabbi Nisson dispute Lippa Alpert, regarding Shiri Alpert, Rabbi William the Altshul, location Alon Amar, Rabbi Shlomo Amar, Professor Zohar Amar, Joshua Amaru, Claudia Esther Amzallag, Rabbi Hayyim Angel, Ashleysprung Ansel, Shira Apfel, up Rabbi for Howard a Apfel,few Dr. centuries Stuart Apfel, Pamela Apfel,in whatDr. Maryln Applebaum, Rabbi Yaakov Ariel, Rabbi Yosef Leib Arnest, Various Artists, Dr. Adrienne Asch, Sam Ash, RabbiAsia, Pinchas to Ashen, identify Rabbi Dovid Asher, Kush Dr. Shawn with Zelig Aster, those Shayna Aster, Abigail Atlas, Dr. Gil Atzmon, Rabbi Kenneth Auman, Rabbi Avrohom Ausband, Professor Nathan Aviezer, Rabbiof Shlomo Kush Aviner, Chaimis even Axelrod, Dr.recorded Harvey Babich, Rabbi in Elisha the Bacon, Dr. Joshua Bacon, Dean Karen Bacon, Rabbi Asher Balanson, Rabbi Hanan Balk, Rabbi Yehuda Balsam, Rabbi Yisrael Balsim, Rabbi Moshe Bamberger, Rabbi Natan Bar-Haim, Yonah Bardos, Dalia Barenboim, Rabbi Noah Baron, Dr. Sara Barris, Rabbi Simon Basalely, Rabbi Tzvi Basch, Rabbi Shalom Baum, Dr. Steven Bayme, Rabbi Mordechai Becher, Rabbi Yosef Gavriel Bechhofer, Katie Becker, Rabbi isAssaf now Bednarsh, northern Cantor Bernard Beer, India Yitzchak Editor and Beis, RabbiPakistan, Binyomin Beiser, Rabbi Eli Belizon, Mrs. Rebecca Belizon, Rabbi Shmuel Belkin, Gurion Prime Minister David Ben, Rabbilocations Eliyahu Ben-Chaim, instead.Geulah Ben-David, Eitan Ben-David, Rabbi Hanan Benayahu, Rebecca Benhaghnazar, Diana Benmergui, Rabbi Moshe Benovitz, Mr. Ronald Benun, Rabbi Simon Benzaquen,Gemara Dr. Michael Berger, (Megillah Rabbi David Berger, 11a). Ari Berger, RabbiRegarding Gedalia Berger, Dovi Bergman, Rabbi Moshe Bergman, Rabbi Ozer Bergman, Rabbi Ari Bergmann, Retter Aliza Berk, Netanel Berko,including Dr. Jay R. Berkovitz, Rachel the Berley, mountain Cantor Moshe Berlove, range Rabbi Todd still Berman, Rabbi Etan Moshe Berman, Rabbi Ari Berman, Rabbi Saul Berman, Reuven Berman, Rabbi Dr. Joshua Berman, Rabbi Julius Berman, Sara Bermish, Dr. Moshe Bernstein, Ayelet Bersson, Rabbi Yedidya Berzon, Rabbi Azarya Berzon, Rabbi Chananya Berzon, Rabbi Abraham Besdin, Mrs. Rachel Besser,the Rabbi Donnyfirst Besser, pasuk Rabbi Joseph of Beyda, Esther, Rabbi Ezra Bick, which Rabbi Jack Bieler,notes Rabbi Richard WhenBieler, Rabbi Jonathan we lookBienenfeld, at Rabbi history, Marvin Bienenfeld, however Amanda Bier, Rabbi Avi Billet, Nun Rabbiknown Elchanan Bin, as Nun the Rabbi HinduYoel Bin, Mrs. Malke Kush, Bina, Rabbi on Aaron the Bina, Rabbi Gidon Binyamin, Pnina Birman, Kaganoff Mrs. Miriam Birnbaum, Rabbi Elichai Bitter, Rabbi Mendel Blachman, Rabbi Josh Blass, Rabbi Yitzchak Blau, Rabbi Binyamin Blau, Rabbi Yonason Blau, Dr. Rivkah Blau, Rabbi Yosef Blau, Rabbi Benjamin Blech, Rabbi Dr. J. David Bleich, Dr. Judith Bleich,that Rabbi Moshe Achashverosh Bleich, Rabbi Michael Bleicher, ruled Professor “From Gerald J. Blidstein, Rachel Blinick, Rabbimiraculous, Akiva Block, Mrs. Dena it Block, is Elli comfortable Bloom, Dr. Norman Blumenthal, for Chaimus toBlumenthal, Tova Bodoff,Pakistan-Afghan Faygie Bomzer, Rabbi Herbert border.Bomzer, Rabbi Yehuda The Dovid EmpireBorenstein, Dr. Abba Borowich, Yitzchak Brand, Ms. Miryam Brand, Rabbi Reuven Brand, Rabbi Kenneth Brander, Rabbi Asher Brander, Tehilla Brander, Hilda Brandwein, Rabbi Baruch Dov Braun, Rabbi Shmuel Brazil, Professor Marshall J. Breger, Rabbi Yitzchak Breitowitz, Rabbi Mendel Breitstein, Edward Breuer,Hodu Rabbi Alan to Brill, Kush,” Rabbi Dov Aaron Rav Brisman, and Rabbi ShlomoShmuel Brody, Dr. Baruch A. Brody, Rabbifit David modern Brofsky, Mrs. Malievents Brofsky, Rabbi into Avrohom the Bromberg, prophecies Rabbi Moshe Bromberg, Rabbi Abba Bronspeigel, Rabbi Yosef Bronstein, Rabbi Chaim Brovender, Dr. Jeremy Brown, Rabbi Moshe Brown, Dr. Erica Brown, Rabbi Michael Broyde, Rabbi Eli Brudny, Rabbi Ephraim Z. Buchwald, Rabbi Reuven Buckler, Rabbi Ephraim A. Buckwold, Irving Bunim, Rabbi Ahron Dovidorganized Burack, Fay Burekhovich, at Rabbi about Steven Burg, the Rabbi year Mordechai zero, Burg, Robin and Burger, Dr. Edward Burns, Esther Burns, Rabbi Menachem Burshtien, Rabbi Yaakov Busel, Rabbi Asher Bush, Rabbi Dr. Nathan Lopes Cardozo, Rabbi Yosef Carmel, Rabbi Shalom Carmy, Rabbi Yigal Chabshush, Rabbi Nachum Chaimowitz, Rabbi Yoni Chambre, Professor Jerome Chanes, Rabbi Zevulundisagree. Charlop, Rabbi One Yaacov Moshesays Charlop, that Rabbi Kush Alexander wasCharlop, Rabbi Yechiel Michelwe Charlop, have Rabbi preserved Leon Charney, Isaac Chavel,for Magazinemillennia, Journal: Chavrusa, but Rabbi Yuval Cherlow,had Allan Chernikoff,influence Mrs. Sarah inCheses, Asia Yehuda forChinskey, almost Nechama Citrin, 400 Rabbi Nachman Cohen, Rabbi Dovid Cohen, Rabbi Shear-Yashuv Cohen, Rabbi Mordechai Cohen, Rabbi Aaron Cohen, Michal Cohen, Rabbi Zev Cohen, Rabbi Aryeh Cohen, Stuart A. Cohen, Rabbi Yitzchok Cohen, Rabbi Yehoshua Cohen, Rabbi Chaim Cohen, Rabbi Tanchum Cohen, Rabbi Jonathannear Cohen, Hodu, Ariella Cohen, apparently Rabbi Alfred Cohen, Mrs.identifying Suzanne Cohen, Cohen, Mrs. Shulamithoften, Cohn, Rabbi in Menachem our Copperman,haste Rabbito Eytanconnect Coren, Mrs. Miriamour Coren, Ronald Cranford,years. 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    David Bashevkin JEWISH THOUGHT

    David Bashevkin Rabbi Bashevkin is the director of education for NCSY and an instructor at Yeshiva University. He recently published Sin·a·gogue: Sin and Failure in Jewish Thought. JEWISH THOUGHT: A PROCESS, NOT A TEXT am deeply uncomfortable with the term “Jewish thought.” Its sibling, “mahshava” and its more formal uncle, “Mahashevet Yisrael,” make me Ifeel no better. Allow me to ignore altogether their uneducated cousin “hashkafa,” a term so vacuous it barely deserves our attention. There are several reasons I do not like these terms. First of all, they divorce these texts from the larger body of Jewish literature from which they arise. Cordoning off ideas with philosophical import was not practiced by the Talmud, nor by Maimonides in his Mishne Torah, and the idea of doing so was explicitly lamented by Rabbi Shmuel Eidels, known as Maharsha, in the introduction to his talmudic commentary.1 “I regret my initial decision to divide up my commentary into two separate works,” he writes, “namely, one on aggada and one on halakha.” Classifi cations and specialization, while often necessary and commonly accepted in academic circles, strips the fl avor and richness away from Jewish ideas. Jewish thought divorced from halakhic and, more broadly, talmudic discourse, can feel like caging a wild animal. A tiger in a zoo may be majestic, but it is clearly not in its natural habitat. The context in which ideas emerge, Jewish or otherwise, is part of what nourishes their signifi cance. Philosophical ideas cannot be taken out of context. Whether it is a consideration of the broader talmudic context, the larger work in which they appear, or the historical framework—context matters.