DIE ANDERE SEITE DER MEDAILLE Hintergründe Der Tragödie Von 1915 in Kleinasien

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DIE ANDERE SEITE DER MEDAILLE Hintergründe Der Tragödie Von 1915 in Kleinasien DIE ANDERE SEITE DER MEDAILLE Hintergründe der Tragödie von 1915 in Kleinasien. Materialien aus europäischen, amerikanischen und armenischen Quellen. Ali Söylemezolu 1 2 Über das Foto auf dem Umschlag: Die Armenier haben über acht Jahrhunderte als treue Untertanen der osmani- schen Sultane in einem engen Verhältnis mit den Türken zusammengelebt Eines der Zeugnisse davon ist diese armenische Kirche und die Moschee in Is- tanbul, Stadtteil Kuzguncuk, die Seite an Seite stehen. Die Kirche des heiligen Gregori des Erleuchters (Surp Krikor Lusavoriç) wurde von dem Hofarchitekten des Sultans, Ohannes Amira gebaut und am 11.5.1835 eingeweiht. Die Moschee ist wahrscheinlich älter. Die Synagoge steht etwa 50 m weiter. In der Türkei ist das etwas alltägliches, kaum jemand nimmt Notiz davon. 1 In Europa, wo man nicht einmal eine katholische und eine evangelische Kir- che so nah beinander findet, wurde etwas vergleichbares erst Ende 2002 mög- lich, als in Wuppertal eine Synagoge neben einer Kirche eingeweiht wurde. In Sachen Glaubensfreiheit waren die Türken weit voraus Schon im 15. Jahrhundert konnten der griechische Patriarch, der armenische Patriarch und der israelitische Oberrabbiner nicht nur eigene Schulen und kari- tative Einrichtungen sowie ihre eigenen Glaubensstätten völlig autonom verwal- ten, sie hatten auch das Recht, für die Angehörigen ihrer Gemeinde eigene Ge- richte zu unterhalten, in denen nach den jeweils eigenen Gesetzen Recht erkannt wurde.2 Der griechische Patriarch und der armenische Patriarch verfügten über eigene Kerker, in die sie ihre eigenen Gemeindemitglieder einsperren lassen konnten. Darüber hinaus verhängten sie empfindliche Geldstrafen oder Verban- nungsstrafen.3 Es kam dennoch oft vor, daß Christen und Juden lieber zu den islamischen Gerichten gingen.4 Es ist keineswegs übertrieben zu sagen, daß der armenische und der griechische Partriarch nie zuvor und nie danach über eine solche Machtfülle wie im osmanischen Reich verfügten. Das gilt auch für den jüdischen Oberrabiner. Zum Vergleich: In Griechenland war selbst im Jahre 2000 die katholische Kirche nicht als juristische Person anerkannt. Die katholische Kirche hatte z. B. nicht einmal das Recht, in eigener Sache vor griechischen Gerichten zu klagen!5 Deswegen wurde Griechenland 1996 von dem europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte verurteilt.6 1 Den Hinweis auf diese Kirche und die Moschee verdanke ich Prof. Cengiz Bekta 2 Josef Matuz, Das Osmanische Reich. Grundl. s. Gesch. Darmstadt, 1985, S. 113. Vgl. auch Pars Tulacı, Armenian Churches of Istanbul, Istanbul 1991, S. 77. 3 Siehe z. B. Cyrus Hamlin, Among the Turks, New York, 1878, S. 30 und 73. 4 P. Mansel, Constantinople. City of the World’s Desire, London, 1998, S 56 5 Vgl.: Religious Liberty: The Legal Framework In Selected OSCE Countries, , S. 59 6 Urteil 143/1996, http://www.dhcour.coe.fr/eng/canea%20catholic%20church%20e.html 3 Inhalt: DIE RAHMENBEDINGUNGEN................................................................... 11 I) ARMENIER UND TÜRKEN ................................................................ 15 A) WER IST EIN TÜRKE? ............................................................................. 17 B) BEMERKUNGEN ZUR GESCHICHTE ....................................................... 21 1) Die Einwanderung der Armenier in Ostanatolien .......................... 21 2) Deportationen der Armenier durch Ostrom .................................... 22 3) Christen verfolgen Christen! ............................................................ 23 4) Armenier auf der Seite der Moslems................................................ 27 C) DIE HERRSCHAFT DER TÜRKEN BEENDET DIE VERFOLGUNG ............ 27 1) Positionen der Armenier im osmanischen Reich: ........................... 28 2) Selbstverwaltung auf demokratischer Basis.................................... 30 3) Der kulturelle Beitrag der Armenier................................................ 33 4) Die wirtschaftlich-gesellschaftliche Position.................................. 35 a) Armenier leiteten die Münzpräge................................................. 36 b) Armenier leiteten die Schießpulverwerke ................................... 36 c) Chefarchitekten des Sultans ......................................................... 37 d) Sultane bei armenischen Familien zu Besuch ............................. 38 D) TERRORISMUS FÜR EIN UNABHÄNGIGES ARMENIEN: ......................... 39 1) Ein Missionar warnt 1893 vor dem geplanten Blutbad:................. 40 2) Die erste große Umsiedlung............................................................. 43 3) Die Kehrtwende des Armenischen Patriarchen .............................. 43 a) April 1877: Patriarch bekennt sich zum osmanischen Reich..... 44 b) Türkische Regierung ruft die Armenier zu den Waffen ............. 45 c) Pro russische Orientierung nach dem Fall der Festung .............. 45 d) “Koexistenz der Armenier und der Moslems unmöglich” ......... 47 4) Nalbandian: Terrorismus für Unabhängigkeit: .............................. 48 a) Russischer Konsul als Ausbilder im Gebrauch von Waffen:..... 49 b) Terrorismus als Programm ........................................................... 49 c) Die Daschnak-Partei rühmt sich ihrer Mordtaten ....................... 52 d) Provozierung von Massakern ....................................................... 52 5) Systematische Provokationen ........................................................... 53 a) Ein amerikanischer Historiker über Terrorismus........................ 54 b) Bestialische Verbrechen ............................................................... 55 c) Wie wird ein Aufstand angezettelt?............................................. 58 d) Britische Konsularberichte ........................................................... 66 6) Beispiele für Terroranschläge armenischer Revolutionäre ........... 71 a) Istanbul: bewaffneter Marsch auf den Regierungssitz................ 71 b) Überfall auf die osmanische Bank ............................................... 72 c) Mutmaßliche Verbindung mit russischen Invasionsplänen........ 74 d) Lepsius bestätigt russische Invasionspläne ................................. 75 e) Bombenattentat gegen den Sultan................................................ 75 4 f) Van: Kirchen und Kloster als Munitionsdepot............................ 76 7) Berichte westlicher Reisender .......................................................... 78 8) Lepsius: «armenische Frage» Ergebnis europäischer Politik....... 79 E) VERMITTLUNGSVERSUCH ZURÜCKGEWIESEN ..................................... 79 F) TERROR GEGEN DIE ARMENISCHE KIRCHE .......................................... 80 1) Der Vorfall von Erzurum im Jahre 1890......................................... 80 2) Attentate auf den armenischen Patriarchen .................................... 81 3) Ermordung weiterer armenischer Geistlicher................................. 81 4) Ermordung des armenischen Erzbischoffs ...................................... 82 G) TÄUSCHUNG DER EUROPÄISCHEN ÖFFENTLICHKEIT .......................... 83 1) Britischer Vizekonsul über Falschmeldungen ................................. 83 2) Ein armenischer Bischoff dementiert............................................... 84 3) “Vergiftung armenischer Kinder” ................................................... 84 H) DIE ARMENIER BILDETEN LEDIGLICH EINE MINDERHEIT ................... 85 II) ERSTER WELTKRIEG UND DIE DEPORTATION...................... 87 A) ERSTER WELTKRIEG: DIE AUSRADIERUNG DER TÜRKEI WAR VEREINBART ....................................................................................................... 87 B) GEMEINSAME SACHE MIT FEINDLICHEN MÄCHTEN............................ 88 C) EIN BRITISCHER AUTOR SCHREIBT 1916:............................................. 92 D) ZUSAMMENARBEIT MIT DEM BRITISCHEN GEHEIMDIENST................. 93 E) ARMENISCHE AUTOREN ZUR UNTERSTÜTZUNG DER RUSSEN DURCH DIE ARMENISCHEN REVOLUTIONÄRE ............................................................... 93 F) DER BESCHLUß ZUR DEPORTATION DER ARMENISCHEN BEVÖLKERUNG.................................................................................................100 G) ZUM VERLAUF DES I. WELTKRIEGES IN OSTANATOLIEN .................102 1) Über die interne Situation in Ostanatolien....................................104 2) Die Deportation aus der Sicht eines amerikanischen Historikers106 3) Die osmanische Regierung traf Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Deportierten Armenier ................................................................................108 H) ARMENISCHE FLÜCHTLINGE...............................................................109 I) VON ARMENISCHEN BANDEN VERÜBTE MASSAKER.........................110 1) Spuren der Untaten der armenischen Banden bei Hovannisian..110 2) Ein amerikanischer Bericht über die Massaker ............................111 3) Massaker der armenischen Banden in Kilikien.............................113 4) Massaker der armenischen Revolutionäre im südlichen Kaukasus 115 5) Der Bericht eines deutschen Generals...........................................116 6) Die Verantwortlichen der Massaker ..............................................121 7) Die Verluste der Moslems größer als die der Armenier...............121 8) Die Einschätzung eines britischen Offiziers und Diplomaten......125 5 III) HOVANNISIAN: “ARMENIER WAREN DIE TÖLPEL” .......126 IV) BRITEN: KEINE GRUNDLAGE FÜR ANKLAGEERHEBUNG 129 A) BRITEN VERHINDERN UNTERSUCHUNG DURCH NEUTRALE STAATEN! 131 B) KEIN
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