LE CORPS ET LE LIEU Nouveaux Terrains

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LE CORPS ET LE LIEU Nouveaux Terrains LE CORPS ET LE LIEU Nouveaux terrains Sous la direction de Simona Bealcovschi Laboratoire d’anthropologie visuelle (LAV) éditions@anthro Université de Montréal. Département d’anthropologie LE CORPS ET LE LIEU Nouveaux terrains LE CORPS ET LE LIEU Nouveaux terrains Sous la direction de Simona Bealcovschi Laboratoire d’anthropologie visuelle (LAV) Département d'anthropologie Université de Montréal 2018 © Université de Montréal. Département d’anthropologie, 2018 éditions@anthro Montréal ISBN 978-2-9800881-5-5 Illustration de couverture : L’ici et l’ailleurs© Photo Georgia Campan, 2014 Le corps et le lieu i TABLE DES MATIÈRES Avant-propos / iii Simona Bealcovschi Le corps dans l’espace domestique à Samoa / 1 Silvia Paggi Les foules et leurs lieux d’attente au temps de la dictature socialiste / 19 Simona Bealcovschi The one-man band: Imagining bodies and imaginary spaces / 35 Julian Whittam The birth of the basketball court: Bodies in time and space /53 Craig Cook « C’est ta perception à toi » : la guerre des perceptions et le dessin phénoménologique dans une ville minière au Québec / 91 Rafael Simões Lasevitz Somatising Rome Eternal: The bourgeois body politic / 103 Guy Lanoue Transformations du corps et du chronotope dans la « possession » himalayenne / 125 John Leavitt Image-mediated diffusion and body shift in the cult of St Eustace in the western Caucasus / 141 Kevin Tuite Disappearing dhatu: Corporeal relics and the presence of absence in Sri Lankan Buddhism / 155 Melanie Dean Voir l'ethnographie. La recherche de terrain et la pratique photographique / 171 Laurence Messier-Moreau ii Le corps et le lieu Le corps et le lieu iii AVANT-PROPOS Simona Bealcovschi Laboratoire d’anthropologie visuelle Université de Montréal De multiples paradigmes approchent le rapport corps-lieu dans les sciences sociales1. Protagoniste dans l’imaginaire humain, mais également lieu de luttes symboliques, le corps est le site où s’affrontent la majorité des conflits entre la complaisance politique et l’affirmation de l’identité individuelle, obéissant autant aux aspects relationnels que symboliques. Le corps humain est vu dans ce volume comme étant institué par une double nature, à la fois matérielle et transcendante, s’engageant dans une multitude de rapports autant intérieurs qu’extérieurs, tant dans des lieux réels qu’imaginés. En même temps, le corps agit également sur le paysage par son gestuel, ses pratiques et sa présentation de soi porteuse des traces de son emplacement. Il est un trope de l’imaginaire social, une intersection entre la nature et la culture et un siège pour l’ancrage identitaire individuel et communautaire. Le lieu, pour sa part, institue dans le volume de nombreuses perspectives géopoétiques qui soulignent cette relation symbiotique existante entre le corps et la spatialité2. Note de l’éditrice : L’idée de réaliser ce volume a émergé après le colloque « Le corps et le lieu », organisé en 2016 à Montréal, par le Laboratoire d’anthropologie visuelle qui mène des projets documentant des rapports qui se nouent entre le sujet humain, son imaginaire et la spatialité. 1 Par exemple. Mauss, « Les techniques du corps », 1934; M. Douglas, Purity and Danger, 1966; Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, 2002; David le Breton, Corps et sociétés, Anthropologie du corps et modernité, 1985, 2008; Jeanne Favret-Saada, Les Mots, la mort, les sorts. La sorcellerie dans le Bocage, 1977; M. Godelier et M. Panoff, « Le corps et le lieu », 1988; Marc Augé, Non-Lieux, 1992; E. Goffman, “Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings”, 1963; E.T. Hall, La dimension cachée, 2014; S. Feld and K. Basso, Senses of Place, 2006; S. Low and D. Lawrence- Zuňiga, The Anthropology of Space and Place, 2003; F. Héritier et M. Xanthakou, Corps et Affects, 2004. 2 Dans la tradition de la pensée occidentale, l’espace a été perçu généralement comme une structure physique extérieure, a priori en dehors des êtres. Dans cette vision, l’espace ne serait jamais conçu comme un lieu lui-même. Dans la tradition anthropologique l’espace est approché comme territoire ou iv Le corps et le lieu Les auteurs de ce volume situent leurs enquêtes dans des centres urbains, dans la campagne ou dans des lieux de culte. Ces derniers endroits qui fusionnent dans un même lieu les dimensions du profane et du sacré ont des frontières spatiales à la fois visibles et invisibles car les projections de l’imaginaire humain (mythologies, croyances, visions, associations, glissements sémiotiques) coexistent et renforcent même dans certains cas les perceptions du réel. L’image photographique du lieu avec sa « surabondance de significations » (Pinney 1992) est présentée dans le volume par les photographies que L. Messier-Moreau avait exposées au colloque Le corps et le lieu organisé à l’Université de Montréal par le Laboratoire d’anthropologie visuelle, les 7 et 8 avril 2016. Dans la série « Siel » réalisée après le séisme de 2010 à Port-au Prince, Haïti, les images captent l’espace ravagé d’une cathédrale devenue tombeau pour les fidèles venus assister à la messe le jour du tremblement de terre. Des espaces déserts et abandonnés reviennent dans les images de la ville fantôme de Détroit dans la série « Après » censée porter une réflexion sur l’exploration spatiale et l’esthétique du déclin. D’autres perceptions du déclin marquent la ville minière de Malartic au Québec où un nouveau projet minier se présente avec la promesse de transformer la situation socio-économique de cette petite localité (Lasevitz). L’article centre la production des perceptions des résidents dans une quotidienneté marquée par des épisodes de dynamitage et l’appréhension normalisée de l’espace ébranlé. Dans l’Himalaya, le corps sera perçu à travers son lien à un cadre spatio-temporel, le « chronotope » et la fusion de la triade corps- espace-temps (Leavitt). L’être humain peut alors construire un espace avec sa propre corporalité où un dieu peut venir s’y installer. Cette possession du corps qui enrichit l’humain devient une cohabitation. L’assimilation d’une autre entité dans le corps se présente comme naturelle parce qu’elle s’articule avec la compréhension du concept hindou d’individu vu comme personne composée de plusieurs parties dont certaines peuvent le quitter pour s’incorporer à autrui. Les limites du corps, selon Leavitt, peuvent alors se fondre dans l’espace-temps dont ils font partie. Le corps absent de Bouddha au Sri Lanka (Dean) est représenté par des simulacres ou par des fragments corporels qui deviennent en quelque sorte le corps-même du saint. Ces reliques transforment les environnement cartographié, inventorié et théorisé à travers les rapports qu’il entretient avec la temporalité et les structures sociales qui l’investissent de multiples significations. Dans cette vision il devient place, espace relationnel et lieu où siègent les sociétés. Le corps et le lieu v temples en points névralgiques qui permettent la création d’un espace imaginé du sacré. Dans ces espaces du sacré, les parties du corps dispersées partout sur le territoire sont censées former un seul corps et une seule matrice qui trace les parcours des pèlerins. Dans l’article de Tuite, les représentations de Saint-Georges, le guerrier et de Saint-Eustache, le chasseur, sont incorporées dans le système des croyances de plusieurs communautés ethniques du Caucase, en même temps que les dynamiques historiques du premier millénaire émergent et mènent à un nouvel arrangement géopolitique qui réaligne les frontières de la région. Saint-Georges sera alors associé à des hommes qui quittent la communauté pour aller défendre les frontières, au même moment que Saint-Eustache sera adopté dans les communautés montagnardes. Le corps est aussi perçu dans ce volume comme véhicule d’une idéologie (Bealcovschi, Cook), ou comme agent transformateur des usages sociaux (Lanoue, Whittam), ou encore comme marqueur de l’espace personnel, social ou public dans les approches proxémiques des usages de l’espace (Bealcovschi, Paggi) ou des représentations officielles de la normalisation et du biopouvoir (Cook, Lanoue, Bealcovschi). Pour Cook, l’utilisation du basketball américain est une pratique qui discipline le corps et la discipline corporelle est un véhicule nécessaire pour la colonisation des Philippines tandis que Whittam voit la « discipline » corporelle du musicien, « l’homme-orchestre » nord- américain, comme une métaphore pour la libération et l’autonomie du soi. Pour Paggi qui étudie les techniques du corps à Samoa, les relations proxémiques marquent l’espace et les gestes banals qui parsèment le quotidien comme s’asseoir, manger, parler, sont ritualisés pour transformer le lieu (le village) en structure culturelle. Pour Bealcovschi, le corps et le lieu seront indissolublement liés aux pratiques de survie normalisées qui s’agencent dans la mini- communauté éphémère qui est la queue pour aliments à l’époque socialiste. Dans ces lieux d’attente quotidienne, le citoyen met en place toute une suite de stratégies incorporant en fait les traits des actes de résistance déguisée contre l’État totalitaire et ses biopolitiques (gestes, mimiques, regards, langage dissonant). Lanoue analyse comment la discipline corporelle pratiquée à Rome par les descendants de la vieille bourgeoisie au service des Papes avant l’unification du pays définit les mœurs et l’identité d’une Rome imaginaire qui se transforme en communauté alternative et surtout antiétatique pour plusieurs groupes italiens. vi Le corps et le lieu Les contributions que nous avons choisies de présenter dans ce volume nous invitent à revisiter certaines visions du corps et du lieu où se croisent plusieurs approches et taxonomies des sciences sociales. Explorant autant les pratiques sensorielles que l’impact de l’idéologie et de la religion dans la structuration des représentations, ces contributions rendent compte de multiples couches d’interprétation contemporaine, mais aussi d’une somme de concepts qui pourraient engager de nouvelles réflexions et dialogues sur le rôle du corps et du lieu dans la culture.
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