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Periodistas Y Magnates Una investigación del Instituto Prensa y Sociedad (IPyS) Periodistas y Magnates Estructura y concentración de las industrias culturales en América Latina Guillermo Mastrini y Martín Becerra (Directores) Equipo de investigación: Andrés D’Alessandro (Argentina); Oscar Ordoñez y Raúl Peñaranda (Bolivia); James Görgen (Brasil); Carlos Eduardo Huertas (Colombia), Claudia Lagos (Chile); Gabriela López (México); Carolina De Andrea, Adriana León y Jenny Cabrera (Perú); Alexandra Dans (Uruguay); Andrés Cañizáles (Venezuela) Este trabajo se realizó gracias a los aportes de la Fundación Ford y el Instituto Prensa y Sociedad. La publicación fue posible gracias al Open Society Institute. © De esta edición, Prometeo Libros, 2006 Av. Corrientes 1916 (C1045AAO), Buenos Aires Tel.: (54-11) 4952-4486/8923 / Fax: (54-11) 4953-1165 e-mail: [email protected] http.www.prometeolibros.com Diseño y diagramación: Colaboración en el cuidado de los textos: ISBN: 987-XXXXXXXXXX Hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Prohibida su reproducción total o parcial Derechos reservados Índice Introducción ........................................................................................................... 27 Marco Teórico y Metodológico ....................................................... 37 Argentina .................................................................................... 77 Bolivia ...................................................................................... 107 Brasil ........................................................................................ 121 Chile ........................................................................................ 149 Colombia .................................................................................. 171 México ...................................................................................... 197 Perú .......................................................................................... 221 Uruguay .................................................................................... 241 Venezuela .................................................................................. 271 Conclusiones ............................................................................. 291 Referencias ................................................................................ 327 A los lectores Este libro es un esfuerzo para aportar información a un debate nece- sario, aunque incipiente: el de la pluralidad informativa en América La- tina. Conviene, ante todo, decir por qué es necesario. Existen indicios de que el nivel de la concentración de la propiedad de los medios de comu- nicación podría afectar una de las condiciones básicas de la democracia en la región: la deseable diversidad de fuentes para conocer los asuntos públicos. Las referencias más recientes están en el informe anual para 2004 del Relator para la Libertad de Expresión de la OEA, Eduardo Ber- toni. La Relatoría ha recibido continuas denuncias sobre prácticas mono- pólicas y oligopólicas en algunos Estados miembros que limitarían la expresión diversa de los distintos sectores sociales. Pero, a la vez, el debate es embrionario. Para comenzar, ¿de qué nive- les de concentración estamos hablando? El dato, para América Latina, no existía hasta antes de que la investigación que hoy ofrecemos estuviera concluida. En noviembre de 2002, el Consejo Regional del IPYS, que integran doce periodistas de nueve países, abordó el problema de la concentra- ción como una amenaza potencial para la libertad de expresión. Sin embargo, al grupo le ocurrió lo que a otras reuniones de periodistas y especialistas en comunicación latinoamericanos: la sensación de estar discutiendo en el aire, sin andamios que sostuvieran argumentos de uno y otro lado. El IPYS decidió entonces desarrollar un estudio regional, para contribuir con indicadores válidos al debate. Medir la concentración no es una empresa fácil. Había que diseñar un método que permitiera analizar no sólo el mercado de los medios de comunicación sino el del resto de las industrias culturales –cine, vídeo, telefonía y edición de libros–, pues no de otra forma el fenómeno puede estudiarse cabalmente. Había que buscar datos de difícil acceso en nueve países, con un equipo especializado. Por otra parte, era necesario asegu- 10 A LOS LECTORES rar fondos para la investigación. Objetivo arduo, tratándose de un estu- dio inédito y de un tema tan propicio para la lucha ideológica como el de la tenencia de los medios. Es pertinente decir que el estudio no parte objetando el fenómeno mismo de la concentración, en muchos casos inevitable. Tampoco ali- menta una alternativa económica, política y cultural al llamado neolibe- ralismo, ni propone políticas estatales de comunicación, ni está inspira- do en el informe Mac Bride de la UNESCO. La iniciativa es nada ambi- ciosa en un sentido ideológico, aunque fundamental para una etapa pre- via a la definición de políticas públicas. En esencia, busca demostrar formas de concentración de la propiedad de medios que pueden afectar la libertad de expresión. Lo cual obedece a la naturaleza del IPYS, una pequeña sociedad de periodistas de distintas convicciones, que hacen frente común para promover las libertades informativas. Los investigadores crearon un índice midiendo la cuota de mercado acaparada por el primer operador y luego por los cuatro primeros, utili- zando un método llamado Four Firm Concentration Ratio. Y resultó que el primer operador acapara, en promedio, más del 30% del mercado, mien- tras que los cuatro primeros superan el 80%. El medio con mayor índice de concentración es la TV abierta, con 85%, seguido por la TV por cable (84%) y la prensa (62%). La radio es el medio menos concentrado, con 31% de cuota de mercado para los cuatro primeros operadores. El ha- llazgo superó con creces los niveles de concentración previstos. Ahora bien, para demostrar que estos procesos violan indirectamente la libertad de expresión, no sólo basta medir la concentración, pues los sectores concentrados actúan editorialmente de manera muy distinta. En algunos podrá apreciarse la pauta del interés monopólico, pero si el di- rector periodístico de cada medio del grupo ejerce independencia edito- rial, no cabría hablar de parametraje corporativo. Es preciso analizar los contenidos, cuestión que presenta grandes retos metodológicos. La información que se ofrece corresponde al año 2000, pues la dispa- ridad de fechas de los datos disponibles obligó a escoger un año igual para todos los países. El IPYS realiza actualmente un estudio más com- pleto, que abarque más países de la región y ofrezca versiones actualiza- das. Al mismo tiempo, se esforzará por estudiar el comportamiento infor- mativo de los medios de industrias periodísticas concentradas, por lo menos en lo que toca al cubrimiento de los asuntos públicos más rele- vantes. Por último, hará un estudio legislativo regional sobre las conce- siones del espacio radioeléctrico para medios de comunicación. Con es- tos elementos, esperamos contribuir a una reflexión más profunda y do- Periodistas y Magnates 11 cumentada sobre la diversidad informativa en las democracias latinoa- mericanas. De modo que éste es un primer paso, pero un gran paso. Fue exitoso ante todo por la incorporación al proyecto de dos académicos argenti- nos, los investigadores Guillermo Mastrini y Martín Becerra, reconocidos expertos en el estudio de la economía de medios latinoamericanos. Ellos diseñaron la matriz de análisis, dirigieron el equipo de investigación, y analizaron los datos que dieron vida al novísimo Índice de Concentra- ción de la Propiedad de los Medios (ICPM) que hoy presentamos. Al mismo tiempo el IPYS debe agradecer a los investigadores de cada país: Andrés D´Alessandro (Argentina), Andrés Cañizález y Luisa Torrealba (Venezuela), Alexandra Dans (Uruguay), James Görgen (Brasil), Claudia Lagos y Raúl Rodríguez (Chile), Adriana León, Carolina De Andrea, Hum- berto Coronel Noguera, Gabriel Chávez Tafur y Jenny Cabrera (Perú), Gabriela López y José Carlos Lozano Rendón (México), Carlos E. Huertas (Colombia) y Oscar Ordóñez y Raúl Peñaranda (Bolivia). Como se leerá en la Introducción, los directores de la investigación fueron apoyados por otros académicos y colegas que allí son mencionados, y a los que se extiende nuestro agradecimiento. Por otra parte, fueron valiosos los co- mentarios de Jaime Abello (Colombia), Gerardo Albarrán (México), Mar- celo Beraba (Brasil), Gustavo Gorriti (Perú), Juan Pablo Cárdenas (Chi- le), Ignacio Gómez (Colombia), Santiago O´Donnell (Argentina), Miguel Rivadeneira (Ecuador), Raúl Peñaranda (Bolivia), Susana Oviedo (Para- guay), Gerardo Reyes (Colombia), Ignacio Rodríguez Reyna (México) y Ewald Scharfenberg (Venezuela), todos miembros del Consejo Regional del IPYS. Ellos se reunieron en tres oportunidades, entre el 2002 y 2005, para evaluar los avances del trabajo. Finalmente, debemos reconocimiento a la Fundación Ford, que apoyó el último año de la investigación y la continuidad de la misma, así como a Open Society Institute, que apoyó la publicación de este estudio. Lima, enero de 2006 Ricardo Uceda Director Instituto Prensa y Sociedad Por una nueva ecología de la comunicación La concentración no es una novedad. Lo atestigua la historia de la prensa, del cine o de las agencias de prensa. La entrada de las lógicas industriales en las grandes empresas periodísticas a fines del siglo dieci- nueve ha prefigurado modelos de organización oligopolística. La figura de Rupert Murdoch recuerda las
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