21. Dani Frane Petrića / 21St Days of Frane Petrić

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21. Dani Frane Petrića / 21St Days of Frane Petrić Hrvatsko filozofsko društvo / Croatian Philosophical Society 21. Dani Frane Petrića / 21st Days of Frane Petrić 19. simpozij Od Petrića do Boškovića: Hrvatski filozofi u europskom kontekstu Sažetci 19th Symposium From Petrić to Bošković: Croatian Philosophers in the European Context Abstracts Cres, Hrvatska / Croatia, 26.-29. Rujna 2012. / 26-29 September 2012 Priredio / Edited by Ivica Martinović Objavljeno i u: / Published also in Ivana Zagorac, Ivica Martinović (ur. / eds), 21. Dani Frane Petrića / 21st Days of Frane Petrić (Zagreb: Hrvatsko filozofsko društvo, 2012), pp. 135-180. Erna Banić-Pajnić Institut za filozofiju, Zagreb, Hrvatska / Institute of Philosophy, Zagreb, Croatia »Amor – copula mundi«: renesansni traktati o ljubavi (Ficino, Petrić, Gučetić) Možda u nijednom drugom duhovno-povijesnom razdoblju ljubav nije bila toliko često tematizirana kao u razdoblju renesanse. Renesansni tekstovi o ljubavi svakako imaju svoje tematske preteče, ponajprije u trubadurskoj, a kasnije i u petrarkističkoj poeziji, no već i iz površnog uvida u renesansne traktate, napose one nastale sredinom 15. stoljeća i kasnije, jasno je da se oni u pristupu i u koncepciji bitno razlikuju od tih svojih srednjovjekovnih prethodnika. Ono što primarno čini razliku jest uvođenje Platonova nauka o ljubavi u zapadni kulturni krug. Naime, okosnicu renesansnog tematiziranja ljubavi uspostavlja upravo ponovno oživljavanje interesa za taj nauk što ga renesansi posreduje Marsilio Ficino svojim prijevodom i komentarom Platonova dijaloga Gozba. Ficino je svojim stavovima o ljubavi utjecao i na dvojicu hrvatskih renesansnih filozofa: Franu Petrića, koji ljubavi izričito posvećuje svoja djela L’amorosa filosofia i Il Delfino ovvero del baccio, te Nikolu Vitova Gučetića, koji temi ljubavi posvećuje svoj Dialogo d'amore detto Antos, ali o ljubavi piše i u drugom svom značajnom dijalogu Dialogo della bellezza detto Antos. Petrić i Gučetić svoje traktate o ljubavi pišu gotovo stoljeće nakon Ficina i u njihovim tekstovima o ljubavi, u kojima je nesporno prisutan Ficinov utjecaj, zamjetni su novi naglasci u obradi teme ljubavi. Upravo ćemo se time baviti u ovom izlaganju. Namjera nam dakle nije izložiti iscrpnu poredbenu analizu koncepcija ljubavi trojice renesansnih filozofa, 2 već u osnovnim crtama naznačiti ono novo u Petrićevu i Gučetićevu pristupu filozofiji ljubavi u odnosu na Ficina. Da bi se razumjeli ti novi naglasci, zahtijeva se uvid u značajke Ficinove koncepcije ljubavi, pa su u prvom dijelu izlaganja izloženi Ficinovi stavovi na temelju analize njegova komentara Platonove Gozbe, dok su u drugom dijelu izložene specifičnosti utjecaja što ga je izvršio na dvojicu naših filozofa te ono novo što oni unose u filozofiju ljubavi. Za razliku od Ficina, koji iznosi jednu ontologijski utemeljenu koncepciju ljubavi, u kojoj prorada određenih aspekata zemaljske manifestacije ljubavi logički slijedi iz temeljnog određenja ljubavi kao sveprisutnog božanskog počela, čija jedinstvenost dopušta da se poveže ono božansko i ono ljudsko, u Petrića i Gučetića izostaje takvo ontologijsko utemeljenje ljubavi (s tim da ćemo ontologijsku razradu ljubavi u Petrića naći tek u njegovu kasnijem djelu Novoj sveopćoj filozofiji), a naglasak se premješta na prikaz konkretnog utjelovljenja ljepote kao predmeta ljubavi u liku pojedinca, točnije ženske osobe. Pritom je iskazivanje divljenja prema tjelesnoj, moralnoj i intelektualnoj ljepoti ženskih likova na neki način ilustracija onoga što je izloženo u Ficinovu teorijskom izlaganju o ljubavi. I za Petrića i za Gučetića odredbeni su detaljistički prikazi ženske i to upravo tjelesne ljepote, premda je sve to ipak iznijeto u kontekstu platoničkog poimanja odnosa duhovnog i tjelesnog, tj. tjelesna ljepota još je uvijek sagledana primarno kao slika duhovne ljepote. S tim je u vezi i naglašena prisutnost fiziološkog tumačenja tjelesnih manifestacija ljubavnog čuvstva te astrologijsko tumačenje čovjekovih svojstava i njegova djelovanja, napose u ljubavi, u čemu se očituje prisutnost renesansnog stava o čovjeku mikrokozmosu kao slici makrokozmosa. Na temelju uvida u značajke filozofije ljubavi u trojice renesansnih filozofa pokušava se na kraju ponešto zaključiti o ljubavi kao jednoj od 3 središnjih tema renesansne filozofije te o nekim značajnim tendencijama renesansnog tematiziranja ljubavi. Sva se trojica obrađenih filozofa, naime, susreću s istim načelnim problemima – prije svega s problemom usklađivanja novoplatoničke i kršćanske koncepcije ljubavi, ali onda i s još od Platona naslijeđenim otvorenim pitanjima što ih je zaoštreno postavio novoplatonizam: s pitanjem horizma Platonove filozofije i mogućnošću njegova prevladavanja te napose s pitanjem odnosa i veze ljubavi kao čuvstva i ljubavi kao sveopćeg počela, iskazanim u dilemi ljubav – demon ili ljubav – bog. Središnju poziciju teme ljubavi u okviru renesansne filozofije treba razumijevati iz činjenice da je upravo renesansni novoplatonizam bitan segment renesansne filozofije, a ono što bitno određuje renesansni novoplatonizam jest sinkretizam koji se očituje primarno kao težnja za onim što povezuje. U skladu s tom tendencijom onda u novoplatonički koncipiranom ontologijskom sustavu ključnu poziciju ima ono ‘srednje’, ono ‘između’, što povezuje krajnosti i što zbog te povezujuće funkcije nužno mora biti dvojakog značaja. Takvu posredničku ulogu ima prije svega ljubav. Stoga se može zaključiti da renesansni sinkretizam kulmini- ra upravo u renesansnim traktatima o ljubavi. Ključne riječi: renesansna filozofija, filozofija ljubavi; Marsilio Ficino, Frane Petrić/Patricius, Nikola Vitov Gučetić/Gozze »Amor – copula mundi«: Renaissance tracts on love (Ficino, Petrić, Gučetić) In no other historical era has the love theme been given such prominence as in the period of the Renaissance. Indeed, Renaissance texts on love had their thematic predecessors, notably in the poetry of the troubadours, and 4 later in the Petrarchan verse, but a fleeting glimpse into the Renaissance tracts, especially those written in the mid-fifteenth century and later, makes it clear that in terms of approach and concept they greatly differ from their medieval forerunners. At the core of this difference lies the introduction of Plato’s doctrine on love into the Western cultural circle. Namely, the popularity of the Renaissance thematisation of love should be sought in the revival of the interest in Plato’s doctrine, rediscovered through the translation of Marsilio Ficino and his commentary on Plato’s dialogue Symposium. With his views of love, Ficino also influenced two Croatian philosophers of the Renaissance: Frane Petrić, who, explicitly to love, devoted his works L’amorosa filosofia and Il Delfino ovvero del baccio, and Nikola Vitov Gučetić, whose Dialogo d'amore detto Antos is devoted to the love theme, the latter also being discussed in his Dialogo della bellezza detto Antos. Petrić and Gučetić wrote their tracts on love almost a century after Ficino, and their texts on love, in which Ficino’s influence is undisputed, bring novel accents in the treatment of the love theme, which will be the focus of this paper. Our aim is not to present a thorough comparative analysis of the love concepts of the three Renaissance philosophers, but to outline the novel elements in Petrić’s and Gučetić’s approach to the philosophy of love in relation to Ficino. In order to understand these new accents, it is necessary to provide an insight into the features of Ficino’s concept of love. Therefore the first part of the paper deals with Ficino’s views as interpreted on the basis of his commentary on Plato’s Symposium, while the second discusses the specific characteristics of Ficino’s influence on the two Croatian philosophers, as well as the novelty that they introduce into the philosophy of love. 5 Unlike Ficino, who comes forward with an ontological foundation of the concept of love, in which the elaboration of some aspects of the worldly manifestation of love logically follows from the fundamental determination of love as an omnipresent divine principle, whose oneness allows the divine and the human to unite, Petrić and Gučetić fail to follow the ontological foundation of love (with Petrić, however, this concept will appear in his mature work Nova de universis philosophia), the accent being shifted towards the presentation of the concrete embodiment of beauty as love object in the form of an individual, more precisely, of a female person. In doing so, the expression of admiration for the physical, moral and intellectual beauty of the female characters is in a specific kind of way an illustration of what is expounded in Ficino’s treatise on love. Characteristic of both Petrić’s and Gučetić’s approach are the most detailed descriptions of female physical beauty, though still within the frame of the Platonic understanding of the relationship between the spiritual and the physical—that is, physical beauty being primarily viewed as an image of spiritual beauty. Coupled with this topic is also an accentuated presence of the physiological interpretation of the physical manifestations of the love emotions, as well as astrological interpretation of man’s characteristics and his activities, predominantly in love, reflecting the Renaissance view of man the microcosm as an image of the macrocosm. It may be concluded that all the three philosophers encounter the same problems of principle nature—first of all, the problem of harmonisation of Neoplatonic with the Christian concept of love, but also with some of the open issues since
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