CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN DONALD TRUMP‟S SPEECHES
THESIS Submitted to the Board of Examiners In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Literature Degree at English Literature Departement
by HUSNAYA SARAH AI150304
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC THE UNIVERSITY SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI 2019
MOTTO
ْ ً ْ َ ْ َيا َدا ُوو ُد إِ َّنا َج َعل َنا َك َخلِي َفة ِفي اْل ْر ِض َفا ْح ُكم َب ْي َن ال َّنا ِس ِبال َح ِّق َو ََل َت َّت ِب ِع ا ْل َه َو ٰى َف ُي ِضلَّ َك َعن َسبِي ِل َّ َِّللا ۚ إِ َّن الَّ ِذي َن َي ِضلُّو َن َعن َس ِبي ِل َّ َِّللا َل ُه ْم َع َذا ٌب َش ِدي ٌد ِب َما َن ُسوا َي ْو َم ا ْل ِح َسا ِب - 62:83
The meaning:
"O David, indeed We have made you a successor upon the earth, so judge between the people in truth and do not follow [your own] desire, as it will lead you astray from the way of Allah ." Indeed, those who go astray from the way of Allah will have a severe punishment for having forgotten the Day of Account.‖ (Q.S Sad: 26)3 ―Hai Daud, sesungguhnya Kami menjadikan kamu khalifah (penguasa) di muka bumi, maka berilah keputusan (perkara) di antara manusia dengan adil dan janganalah kamu mengikuti hawa anafsu ,karena ia akan menyesatkan kamu dari jalan allah. Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang sesat dari jalan Allah akan mendapat azab yang berat. Kaarena mereka melupakan hari perhitungan.‖ (Q.S Sad: 26)4
3 The Noble Qur’an. (2016). Qur’an.com (Also Known as The Noble Qur’an, Al Quran, Holy Quran, Koran). Retrieved from https://www.quran.com. Accessed on September, 19th 2019 at 00:10 am. 4 Al-Hikmah.(2010). Qur’an Hafalan dan Terjemahan. Bandung: Penerbit Diponegoro. p.454
DEDICATION
“In The Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful” Prophet Muhammad SAW, who brought us from the darkness to the lightness I wholehearted dedicate this thesis to:
I dedicate this thesis to my beloved ―Father‖ Suparno and ―Mother‖ Misnawati, thanks for your love and pray for my success and good life. Thank you so much because of both your hard work I can study I do love you My beloved brother Muhammad Yeyen and Sister Nuraniah thanks for your care and support. My beloved nephews Umar Abdurrahman As-Syafi‘i and Cantika Fajar. And also My beloved all family.
The last, for everyone who helps to finish my thesis, thank you so much May Allah SWT always blessed us all, Aamiin
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, the writer wants to say Alhamdullilahirabil’alamin, all the praise to Allah SWT the lord of all creatures, for His Blessing from the starting point of my study until now the end of my study. After that, Shalawat and salam be upon to our Prophet Muhammad SAW, hopefully we will get His syafa’at later at The Last Day. Secondly, the writer would like to say thanks a lot of people who helped the writer in writing this thesis. The writer wants to say thanks to my supervisors Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA and Adang Ridwan, SS., M.Pd who have helped, guided, supported, and suggested me in writing this thesis. The writer also wants to say thanks for all classmates ELITE 2015 who have given additional suggestion and support to finish this thesis. To accomplish this thesis, the writer had been given one great deal to many people. So, the writer would like to say thanks for their contribution, they are: 1. Prof. Dr. H. Su‘aidi Asy‘ari, MA,. Ph.D as the rector of the State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. 2. Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd. I as the dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty. 3. Dr. Alfian, S.Pd, M.Ed as the fisrt Dean of Academic. Dr. H. M. Fadil, M.Ag as the second Dean of Finance, and Dr. Roudhoh, S.Ag., M.Pd.I as the third Dean of University Student of Adab and Humanities Faculty. 4. The Head of English Literature Department, Ulfatmi Azlan, S.S., MA and the secretary Dian Mukhlisa, MA who have given great supervised. 5. My beloved supervisors, Ulfatmi Azlan, S.S., MA and Adang Ridwan, SS., M.Pd who have given me ideas and provided great input to me in finishing this thesis. 6. My parents and my family who always understand, support and pray for me.
ABSTRACT
Sarah, Husnaya. 2019 : Critical Discourse Analysis in Donald Trump‟s Speeches. The student of English Literature Department of Adab and Humanities, University of Islamic Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA Supervisor II : Adang Ridwan, SS., M.Pd
This thesis describes about critical discourse in Donald Trump's speech. CDA is a discourse analysis related to the study of language or language usage. How language is viewed in discourse analysis. The objectives of this study are (1) to find out the types of CDA elements found in Donald Trump's speeches, and (2) to find out about social cognitive that is in Donald Trump's speeches. The writer uses the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis from Teun A. Van Dijk (1998). This research uses qualitative methods and also uses descriptive techniques to describe and analyze data. Stages of data collection conducted by writer using the theory Sudaryono (2006), including downloading videos and scripts, next reading and listening, finally finding the data and categorizing it. As for the analysis phase conducted by writer, namely, identifying the data, classifying the data, analyzing and making a conclusion. This analysis focuses on analyzing critical discourse on Donald Trump's speech text. From this analysis there are five types of CDA elements found in Trump's speech, namely: First: (1) Thematic which only has 1 category (2) Syntactic style which is divided into 5 categories, namely: Persuasion Management Impression Management Attribution Cohesion Pronoun (3) style semantics which are divided into 2 categories, namely: Background and Detail, Presupposition (4) force style which is divided into 1 category, namely: lexical choice (LC) (5) rhetorical force which is divided into 2 categories, namely: Repetition and irony of hyperbole . Second: from several elements that build social cognitive found: (1) emotional attachment (2) mind control (3) Mitigation of evidence (4) glorification (5) creating enemy (6) rhetorical actions.
Keywords: Critical discourse analysis, language, types of CDA elements and social cognitive in CDA.
ABSTRAK
Sarah, Husnaya. 2019 : Analisis Kritik Wacana dalam Pidato Donald Trump. Jurusan Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Pembimbing I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA Pembimbing II : Adang Ridwan, SS., M.Pd
Tesis ini menggambarkan tentang analisis wacana kritis dalam pidato Donald Trump. CDA adalah analisis wacana yang berhubungan dengan studi mengenai bahasa atau pemakaian bahasa. Bagaimana bahasa dipandang dalam analisis wacana. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis elemen CDA yang ditemukan dalam pidato Donald Trump, dan (2) untuk mengetahui tentang kognitif sosial yang ada dalam pidato Donald Trump. Penulis menggunakan teori Analisis Wacana Kritis dari Teun A. Van Dijk (1998). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan juga menggunakan teknik deskriptif untuk menggambarkan dan menganalisis data. Tahapan pengumpulan data yang dilakukan penulis menggunakan teori sudaryono (2006), diantaranya download video and skrip, kemudian membaca dan mendengar, terakhir menemukan data dan mengkategorikanya. Adapun tahap analisis yang dilakukan penulis yaitu, identifikasi data, klasifikasi data, analisis dan membuat kesimpulan. Analisis ini berfokus pada analisis wacana kritis pada teks pidato Donald Trump. Dari analisis ini terdapat lima jenis elemen CDA yang ditemukan dalam pidato Trump, yaitu: Pertama: (1) Tematik yang hanya memiliki 1 kategori (2) Gaya sintaksis yang terbagi menjadi 5 kategori, yaitu: Persuasi Impression Management Attribution Cohesion Pronoun (3 ) gaya semantik yang terbagi menjadi 2 kategori, yaitu: Latar Belakang dan Detail, Presuposisi (4) gaya yang terbagi menjadi 1 kategori, yaitu: lexical choice (LC) (5) gaya retorika yang terbagi menjadi 2 kategori, yaitu: Pengulangan dan ironi hiperbola. Kedua: dari beberapa elemen yang membangun kognitif sosial ditemukan: (1) kelekatan emosional (2) kontrol pikiran (3) Mitigasi bukti (4) pemuliaan (5) kraming musuh (6) aksi retorika.
Kata kunci: Analisis wacana kritis, Bahasa, jenis elemen CDA dan kognitif sosial dalam CDA.
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ...... APPROVAL ...... ii LETTER OF RETIFICATION ...... iii ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT ...... iv MOTTO ...... v DEDICATION ...... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vii ABSTRACT ...... viii ABSTRAK ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENT ...... x ABBREVIATIONS ...... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem...... 1 B. Formulation of the Problem ...... 6 C. Limitation of Problem ...... 7 D. Purpose of the Research ...... 7 E. Significane of the Research ...... 7
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Discourse Analysis ...... 8 B. Critical Discourse Analysis ...... 11 C. Kinds of CDA Based on Van Dijk‘s Theory...... 13 1. Macrostructure of the Text ...... 13 2. Microstructure of the Text ...... 14 3. Superstructure of the Text ...... 20 D. Social Cognitive ...... 21 1. Emotional Attachment ...... 21 2. Mind Control ...... 21 3. Mitigating Evidence ...... 22 4. Glorifications ...... 22 5. Negative self-representation ...... 22 6. Rhetoric Act ...... 22 E. Review of Related Research ...... 23 CHAPTER III: METHOD OF THE RESEARCH A. Design of Research...... 26 B. Sources of the Data ...... 27 C. Technique of Data Collecting ...... 28 D. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 29
CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND ANALYSIS A. Finding ...... 31 B. Analysis ...... 31 1. Kinds of CDA Elements are reflected in Donald Trump‘s Speech ...... 32 2. Socio Cognitive Approach that emerge in Donald Trump‘s Speeches ...... 57
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ...... 67 B. Suggestion ...... 68
REFERENCES APPENDIX I APPENDIX II APPENDIX III APPENDIX IV
ABBREVIATIONS
CDA : Critical Discourse Analysis
LC : Lexical Choice
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Problem
In society, certainly people communicate with others around them. In conducting a communication, people use something as a medium called language which can be used through two ways. The two ways of communication are directly and indirectly. Directly means that there is no mediator between the users or it is simply called spoken language. Their activity that related language as medium to exchanging information and connect each other is called communication.5 Spoken language also means a form of communication from one person to another where the language is produced by the organs of human voice and released through the mouth so producing a series of words which arranged systematically, called utterance. One form of example from spoken language is a face to face conversation by people around us. While indirectly means that there is something as a bridge between the users or it is called written language which usually the users communicate through a certain device. A written language also means the representation of a language by means of a writing system.
Speech is the one of verbal communication that also used as means of producing a discourse. Speech is the way to express one thoughts by words were arranged and delivered in public.6 Speech has many functions, one of them is to create a conducive situation in which only need a person who commits a speech so as can give a positive impression to those who heard that speech. In practice, there are some examples of speech such as graduation speech, leadership speech, religious speech, oration and
5Victoria, B. (2008). Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. New York: Oxford university press, p. 84 6Crystal. (1985). A Dictionary on Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Brasil Blackwell, p. 15
president official speech. At the time, the president‘s speech Donald Trump about Jerusalem issue. The writer choose the speech because it explain about recognizes Jerusalem as Israel‘s Capital because want to give to author about how the impact beside from his speech by Donald Trump. And there are two speech other to discuss in this proposal.
Public Speaking as literally viewed can be divided into two words, they are public and speaking.7 Generally, public means in mass and which deals with a lot of people while speaking means talk or say about something and as one of communication methods. Thus, when it is described generally, public-speaking can be interpreted as a method of communication to talk or to say about certain things which is intended for the people. Although there are a lot of definitions about public speaking other than the previous term itself, but a wide range definition about public speaking is only one that is speaking in front of public. Speaking in public at this time can be said that has become a necessity for most people, because in a competition era that is completely fast as now, all professions require us to be able to speak in public and presenting well as in teaching and learning activities, promoting something, presenting the show and others. Because writing is just not strong enough to speak, that is why the ability to speak (public speaking) becomes very important, because it can strengthen the sense of writing. In addition, through public speaking, people can learn a person‘s conceptual framework, know the future concept of a person, and his wonderful ideas. That means in public speaking can be found the "change" as it is initiated by a person.
Donald Trump becomes popular among US citizen in 2016 election. According to the polling that held by USA today, in February 23rd the result for national amount Trump get 33, 6 % voters. This nominal is much bigger than Ted Cruz that get 20, 4 % voters. His charismatic and
7Dick, K. (2008). Image & Reality in Society. Greatham: United Kingdom TELL Journal, Volume 5, Number 2, September 2017 ISSN: 2338-8927, p. 12
powerful message in every rally had been the formula for political success. Sometimes he is wrong, but the matters that he uses always sound right. Furthermore, Becoming candidate of President make someone must have great speech in every rally to attract as much as possible volunteers. This technique will smoothing their way to become elected. In speech, there are many interesting things which become political strategies. Therefore, Trump with all of his controversy makes his speech adorable to analyze. Although makes many mistakes in his thought, in fact, he is the most popular President candidate today. He criticized many Obama policy, immigrant, and many more things that can be categorized into political discourse. Therefore, this research will analyze trump‘s speech that related to the political discourse in order to find his aims in doing it.
Politic is always relates to activities that makes influence actions and policies in government or society. One of the aim of politics is involves the use of power to another by affecting their behavior. In politics, people needs political strategy and the method to do it is varies depend on the purpose. Political strategy deals with many perspective strategies where the basic strategy is the way of the purpose invented and used to obtain the objective8. Political strategy is crucial tools for campaign and election. Political strategy proposes a pathway to success when the society understands the background of candidates and reasons for them to vote for. Basic way to do it is use speech campaign because society will knows personality of candidates by sharing their thought. By using speech, society feels that the candidate stand beside them and have the same thought. This strategy can gain society sympathy. When they are able to obtain sympathy, the succession in gaining power soon come through.9
Trump has a characteristic in leadership, which is to create subtle strategies to produce success according to what he wants. Seen in several of
8Dick, K. (2008). Image & Reality in Society, p. 2 9Van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 85
his speeches, the first was the merit of nationality security speech. In this speech, it discusses strategies that are built to deter terrorists from threatening the security of their country, through approaches that will trump with military forces in their country. Use all the tools in the United States to destroy all terrorists who want to destroy the country. Trump's strategy is very interesting, attracting the attention of the entire US community with his speech about the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of the United States on 6 th December 2017, President Trump formally recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and stated that the US Embassy would be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. In his statement Donald Trump did not mention East Jerusalem as the capital of the Palestinian State in the future, but he said that the recognition of the United States could not solve the dispute over the Jerusalem border. President Trump explicitly stated his support for maintaining the status quo of holy places in the Old City of Jerusalem. After this announcement was announced, Trump signed a statement of abandonment that delayed the transfer for at least six months after the signing of the letter.
In this speech, Trump have recognize Jerusalem as an Israel capital, he talked there is much a reason why him like that. One of them:
Donald Trump: ―However, through all of these years, president representing the United States have declined to officially recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital. In fact, we have declined to acknowledge any Israel capital at all. But today, we finally acknowledge the obvious: that Jerusalem is Israel’s capital. This is nothing more or less than a recognition of reality. It is also the right thing to do. It is something that has to be done.”10 In this research, the writer explained the structure of the text. Trump's announcement, the United States Embassy in Turkey, Jordan, Germany and the United Kingdom issued a security warning to the people
10Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital. Duration: 04.00 – 04.35
of the United States who visit or settle in these countries. The United States also issued a general warning to the people of the United States abroad regarding the possibility of demonstrations accompanied by violence. The United States Consulate in Jerusalem limited the visit of government officials to the Old City of Jerusalem. The United States Embassy in Jordan prohibits employees from leaving the capital and children from embassy employees are asked not to go to school and continue to inhabit their homes.11 The third speech about the nationality speech also discussed the vision and mission that will be in the government of Donald Trump. The trump's desire to maintain sovereignty in his country, trump always reviews the past that has happened. Compare work programs with past government. Trump tries to divert people's thinking about the majesty that is in the trump.
Some recent studies have focused on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), where it generally discusses political discourse. The numerous discussions about political discourse itself mostly caused by the correlation among social context, speaker‘s idea and linguistics strategies are oftentimes found in some case rather than organization discourse or education discourse studies. CDA researches specifically consider how language works within institutional and political discourse for instance in education, organization, media and government in order to covert social inequality in a social relationship. There are some features of CDA such notion as power, dominance, hegemony, ideology, class, gender, race, discrimination, 'social structure or social order. 12 So the basic notion in CDA is differentiation or inequality. Each social context that deals with inequality is possible to cause discrimination. Indeed, discrimination appears because of inequality of social construction that treated by the dominant group to a person or a group
11Teguh Firmansyah, ―warga AS diminta hati-hati menyusul keputusan Trump‖ diakses dari https://internasional.republika.co.id/berita/internasional/palestina-israel/17/12/07/p0kepx377- warga-as-diminta-hatihati-menyusul-keputusan-trump Thursday 7th Dec 2917. 12Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Critical Discourse Analysis. Deborah Schifrin & Heidi Hamilton (Eds.). University of Illinois Press, p. 71
of people. In Donald J Trump‘s speeches, there are some inequalities implied in some policies that he announced. Even more in each political interaction, there will always include discrimination that will affect a person or certain group of people in their social interaction. Go along with it, hegemony and ideology could be explored trough inequality and power of the dominant group toward the minority.
The researcher aims to explore the CDA in Donald Trump‘s utterances in his speech. Go along with it, the research wants to know what are the elements of CDA structure that used by Donald Trump to convey the real meaning of his speech. This research served serial answers of what are the CDA structure of the text including macrostructure, microstructure of Donald Trump speech and what is the element of the superstructure of the speech that emerge based on socio cognitive approach.
B. Formulation of the Problem
Based on some reasons explained in the background of the study above and to make this research easier to solve, the writer studies the particular problems as stated below:
1. What kinds of critical discourse analysis are reflected in Donald Trump‘s speeches? 2. What are the elements of social cognitive found in Donald Trump‘s speeches?
C. Limitation of the Problem
In this research, the writer examines Donald Trump‘s Speeches. There are many Donald Trump‘s speeches that have been analyzed, but in this study focused on the structure of CDA such as structure of the text in three speeches. The research condensed the analysis using Van Dijk theory that divide the CDA structure into macrostructure, microstructure and superstructure of the text. The writer restrict the investigation of political
discourse that uttered by Donald Trump when he was positioned as the presidential candidate and as the president of the United States. Speeches of Donald Trump entitled: 1.Terrosim National Security Speech13 2. Recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel14 3. Nationality speech by Donald Trump15.
D. Purpose of the Research Based on limitation of problem above, the purpose of this research is: 1. To find out the kinds of Critical Discourse Analysis which are Macrostructure and Microstructure in the text speech of Donald Trump. 2. To know out about the element of social cognitive contained in Donald Trump's speech.
E. Significane of the Research
The research is expected to be useful for writer and readers in general, the results of this research are expected to have following benefits. The writer wants to enrich the knowledge about the Critical Discourse Analysis especially in political discourse. In other words, the writer will give contribution to anyone who is interested in discourse structure that expressed in political discourse in Donald Trump‘s utterance. The writes also to hopes that the results of his research could give some message for the audience especially to the English Literature in Adab Faculty of University of Islamic Studies Sultan Thaha Saifuddin (UIN STS) Jambi.
13N.H, national security speech. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/transcript-donald- trump-national-security-speech-224273. Accesed on 13 june 2016 03:06 PM 14Novi Christiastuti, script pidato lengkap dolad saat mengakui yerusalem ibukota Israel https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-3758317/ini-pidato-lengkap-trump-saat-mengakui- yerusalem-ibu-kota-israel, accessed on 7 December 2017 05:35 WIB 15Agregasi VOA, transkrip lengkap pidato kenegaraan Donald trump, https://news.okezone.com/read/2019/02/14/18/2017711/begini-transkrip-lengkap-pidato- kenegaraan-donald-trump accessed on 14 February 2019 08:47 WIB
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Discourse Analysis
There are several definition of discourse that explained in many theory books, each definition has its aim to clarify the exact meaning of discourse. Meanwhile, the definition of discourse is dissimilar depending on the perspective theory that used by each researcher. A discourse is a set of meanings through which a group of people communicate about a particular topic. Discourse usually mean of communication in the medium of language.16 In linguistics, discourse is language units larger than a sentence which is a reaction of the form of formal linguistic units that concern to the words, phrases, or sentences looking at the relationship between these elements17, either written or spoken delivered. ―Written or spoken communication or debate‖ or ―a formal discussion or debate.‖18 Discourse is sequence of harmonious sentences which is connecting proposition with other propositions, sentence with other sentence, forming a unity. Hawthorn stated that:
―Discourse is linguistic communication seen as a transaction between speaker and hearer, as an interpersonal activity whose form is determined by its social purpose. Text is linguistic communication (either spoken or written) seen simply as a message coded in its auditory or visual medium‖.
16Barbara, J. (2000). Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher, p. 2 17Eriyanto. (2001). Analisis WacanaPengantarTeks Media. Yogyakarta: LkiS, p. 230 18Compact Oxford Dictionary. (2001) Thesaurus and Wordpower Guide. New York: University Press, p. 17
The word stems from the Medieval Latin word „discarder¸ which means, to circulate. Literally it means, to run to fro or „to run o.17 Discourse was then appointed as linguistic terms. The terminology of discourse has the distinction of meaning due to the differences in disciplines that use it. Lull defines discourse as communication is not only linearly one way. Discourse can be discussed. It produced comprehend response and is widespread, in which there could be many encounters.18 So that, the meaning of discourse is the most complete language unit of the phoneme, morpheme and clauses, sentences with coherence and high cohesion and sustainable, which is able to have a real beginning and end both spoken and in written. Van Dijk used the term ―text analysis‟ which is known as the discourse analysis today. Discourse analysis continuously develops, which in the past, that the discourse only limited in the analyzing of the text itself that has such meaning and structure only, now some discourse analyst such as van Dijk focuses the analyzing on the function of both textual and contextual (cognitive, social), Fairclough and Foucault maintain the text with the power relationships and ideologies.19 Another definition of discourse is often defined in two different ways: according to the formalist or structuralism paradigm, discourse is language above the clause‘20. This approach to discourse focuses in the form which ―language above the sentences‖ takes, looking at structural properties such as organization and cohesion, but playing little attention to the social ideas that inform the way people use and interpret language. The social aspect of language is emphasized by the second, so called functionalist paradigm, which states that discourse is language in use21. According to the functionalist paradigm, the analysis language cannot be divorced from the
17Alex, S. (2001). Analisa Teks Media. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, p. 70 18Lull, J. (1998). Media Komunikasi Kebudayaan; Suatu Pendekatan Global, Terj. A Seriawan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, p. 225-226 19Paul, B. (2011). Key Term in Discourse Analysis. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 52 20Michael, S. (1983). Discourse Analysis: the sociolinguistic analysis of natural language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, p. 14 21Brown, G. and Yule, G. (1983). Discourse Analysis. Cambridge/London/New York, p. 98 21 analysis of the purpose and functions of language in human life. Discourse is therefore seen as culturally and socially organized way of speaking. Researches who adopt this definition of discourse ‗assume that language is used to mean something and to do something‘ and that this ‗meaning and doing‘ is linked to the context of its usage. If we want to interpret a text properly we need to work out what the speaker or writer is doing through discourse, and how this doing is linked to wider interpersonal, institutional, socio-cultural and material context. Text refer to the observable product of interaction, whereas discourse is the process of interaction itself. This view of language as action and social behavior is emphasized in CDA. A different view of discourse that has also been incorporated into the theoretical framework of CDA. Especially the one developed by Fairclough is by Foucault. This is because he offers important theoretical concepts for understanding institutions as sites of discursive power. Discourse analysis might, for example paragraph structure, the organization of the whole text, and typical in conversational interactions, such as the way speakers open, close, and take turns in a conversation. They might also look at vocabulary pattern across text, words that link sections of text together, and the ways items such as ―it‖ and ―they‖ point backward or forward in a text. Discourse analysis (DA) is the analytical framework which was created for studying actual text and talk in the communicative context. It is often considered as a general methodology, theory or merely critique tied to social constructionist or social power. Some discourse analysts are linguists or applied linguists and such as they try to analyze texts (textual and verbal) in terms of their grammatical structure, other draw mainly on conversational analysis (CA) and speech act theory. Discourse emphasizes the good evidence and appropriate norms depending on the given situation the communicators talked, this is known as the met theoretical discourse which refers the standard concept of argument in individual used in
conversation.22 Other discourse analysts many have no specific procedure of rigorous analysis. Instead, they search for patterns of language use that may be linked to social or power structure and ideological colorings. This is another branch of DA, which is called Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and which combine linguistic analysis, ideological critique and cognitive psychology. CDA has now become one of the most widely used DA models in modern linguistics .its aim is to uncover ideological and power relations and it has mainly been applied for the analysis of political discourse. The following will provide a general introduction to the field of CDA and describe one of the CDA framework in detail.
B. Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance and inequality are enacted, reproduced and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. With such dissident research, critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose and ultimately to resist social inequality.23 CDA is ‗a theory and method analyzing the way that individuals and institutions use language‘. A critical perspective on discourse analysis, then, explores the connections between language use and the social and political context in which it occurs. It does this in a way that deals critically with the norms and expectations of particular discourse communities, raises issues of social, economic and political concern, yet aims to provide students with the tools they need to succeed. CDA is not so much a direction, school, or specialization next to the many other ―approaches‖ in discourse studies. Rather, it aims to offer a different ―mode‖ or ―perspective‖ of theorizing, analysis, and application throughout the whole field. We may find a more or
22Littlejohn. (2005). Stephen. Theories of Human Communication, Eight Edition. Canada: Thomson, p. 67 23Van Dijk. T.A Critical Discourse Analysis , second draff,1998, hlm 1, retrieved from: http://www.mfsd.org/debate/vandijk.pdf tanggal 8 Maret 2011
less critical perspective in such diverse areas as pragmatics, conversation analysis, narrative analysis, rhetoric, stylistics, sociolinguistics, ethnography, or media analysis, among others.24
Critical discourse needs some requirement realize its aims, such as:
1. As is often the case for more marginal research traditions, CDA research has to be ―better‖ than other research in order to be accepted. 2. It focuses primarily on social problems and political issues, rather than on current paradigms and fashions. 3. Rather than merely describe discourse structure, it tries to explain them in terms of properties of social interaction and especially social structure. 4. More specifically, CDA focuses on the ways discourse structure an act, confirm, legitimate, reproduce or challenge relation of power and dominance in society.
Those four aims of CDA can be said it is not only to describe the structure of discourse but also to uncover certain meaning in a discursive event which primarily about the social problem and political issues in society. On the background of study above, the researcher have mentioned that this research will adopt a single theory. The theory mentioned above is critical discourse analysis (CDA) that is rigorously developed by Van Dijk which actually first developed by Lancaster school of linguistics which Fairclough. According to Norman Fairclough:
―CDA is it is not analysis of discourse in itself as one might take it to be, but of dialectical relations between discourse and of the object, elements or moments as well analysis of the internal relations of discourse.‖25 Theory formation, description, and explanation, also is discourse analysis, are socio-politically ―situated,‖ whether we like it or not.
24Van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Critical discourse analysis. In D. Tannen, D. Schiffrin, & H. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook of discourse analysis. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 532 25Norman, F. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis the Critical study of Laguage. Taylor&Francis: British Library, p. 16
Reflection on the role of scholars in society and the polity thus becomes an inherent part of the discourse analytical enterprise. This may mean, among other things, which discourse analysis conduct research in solidarity and cooperation with dominated groups. An important perspective in CDA is that it is very rare for the text to be work of any one person.
C. Kinds of Critical Discourse Analysis Based on Van Dijk‟s Theory Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is obviously not a homogenous model, nor a school or a paradigm, but at most a shared perspective on doing linguistics, semiotic or discourse analysis.26 In a simple explanation, Critical Discourse Analysis studies the connection between textual structures and social context then explores it in wider social structure. Go along with it, Van Dijk clearly restricted that Critical Discourse Analysis focused on the relationship between discourse, power, dominance and social inequality.27 There are three levels of discourse structure that emphasized by Van Dijk which are macrostructure, microstructure, and superstructure. 1. Macrostructure of the text a. Thematic Van Dijk in his book Macrostructures determine thematic as the main part of macrostructure levels, it refers to word theme.28 Eriyanto states that thematic is the most important structure to examine in macrostructure analysis of Van Dijk. He also elaborates the etymology of thematic that is derived from Greek terms Tithonian which means to locate. Whereas the textual meaning theme is the main point that the writer or the speaker wants to convey. The theme is often related with the topic because it exposes the most important information that transferred by the speakers. The
26 Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Discourse and society. London: Sage Publication, p. 131 27 Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Discourse and society, p. 189 28 Van Dijk, T. A. (1980). Macrostructures. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Publishers, p. 99
theme shows the aim, the dominant concept and the speaker intention within the discourse. Thus, to find the theme of the text, the researcher needs to understand the whole text. Each discourse/text has its own theme to represent what the speaker going to deliver to the addresses in public discourse. In order to get the correct understanding of the text, the researcher also obliged to know the social context that emerge the speeches.29 Each simple sentence has a theme. The theme is what the sentence is about. It is usually a starting point of utterance and everything else that follows in the sentences which consist of ―what the speaker states about‟ is called theme‖. 2. Microstructure of the text a. Syntaxes Styles Syntax explains the words in relationship with other words or other elements as statement unit.30 According to the result of several researches that used Van Dijk theory. Syntaxes styles are used in politic manipulation by using sentence form through the use of active and passive sentence, coherence and pronoun.31 The use of coherence used by the speaker to give understanding to the audience about the idea that conveyed within the discourse. For example the use of conjunction ‗therefore, the government persuaded employers to hire more minorities‘ can be implied that Immigrant have less job opportunities. Another element is a pronoun that used to manipulate language by creating imaginative community. Another example that oftentimes found as the result of Critical Discourse Analysis research is the pronoun ‗us‘. The speaker uses the pronoun ‗us‘ to show where the position of the object is belongs to the community. There are some kinds of syntaxes style that need to be analyzed and explored by
29Van Dijk, T.A. (1980). Macrostructures, p. 109 30Abdul, C. (2012). Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, p. 206 31Safitri, D. (2015). A Critical Discourse Analysis of Racism in Nbc News Online Mass Media of Michael Brown‘s Case in Ferguson,Missouri. Surabaya:UINSA, p. 78
Critical Discourse Analysis researcher which are sentence form, cohesion and pronoun. 1) Sentences Form The analysis of sentences form divided into three parts of analysis that are persuasion, attribution and impression management of discourse. a) Persuasion The form of persuasion sentences could be identified by the use of passive sentences in discourse, but need to be noticed that not all of the passive sentences has the aim to persuade the addressee. Another persuasion strategy is repetition which it could be an indication of the importance of the text because it will affect the hierarchical structuring of topical information. It often signaled by repeated information in discourse. Each the text gas its own aim to inform and meaning in the way the speaker deliver it, the persuasion used to know what exactly the thoughts are, how and where it represented. The use of persuasion not only appear in the repetition of the direct sentences but also can be noticed from the outline of the text. For instances when the speaker pointing out the same case but delivered text in a different way. b) Impression Management Some impression management research deals with the discursive antecedents, such as the presence of positive self- description, or the performance of kind verbal acts, such as greeting of self-disclosure.32 This phenomenon encounter in interview about minorities and political debate. The speaker often express moderate views, for example by avoiding delicate issue, for instance by withdrawing of changing the
32 Skënderi, E. (2014). We the Balkanians: A Critical Analysis of the Political Discourse. Norway: University of Bergen, p. 112
topic. However, a negative evolution of speaker does not always lead to less persuasion. This also depend on the social characteristics of the speaker. People who are more credible or powerful, for example, because of knowledge or status, may be more aggressive in defending their points of view than less impressive speakers. c) Attribution Attribution as a form of excuse is part of strategies of positive self-presentation such as in the analysis of conversation about minorities. The idea of attribution also can be noticed by negative perception and representation of another group of people. The way of doing attribution can be recognized through recall the past case that related to another group based in the speaker‘s knowledge and perspective. Many experiment are based on information about action and actors that is presented to experimental subject in the form of discourse, for example, stories. This self-serving aspect of attribution not only holds for individuals but generally for group members, when they explain negative actions or failures members in a situation of intergroup conflict. 2) Cohesion A paragraph has good cohesion when each sentences is clearly linked to the next. The use of sentences must be coherent in the text and meaning. Cohesion as the part of Syntaxes structure in Critical Discourse Analysis has a function in case the correlation of each sentences in one paragraph. The term cohesion continuously related to the use of conjunction in the text. Conjunction used to unite two sentences or two paragraphs. The use of conjunction designated how speaker‘s shape mental model of their society. In Critical Discourse Analysis, the use of conjunction must be noticed because it emphasizes the sentence
before or the opposition of the first sentence. Besides that, the use of conjunction is the key to analyze the cohesion in Critical Discourse Analysis, because each conjunction has its own function. The common coordinating conjunctions are: 'and', 'but', 'or', 'yet', 'nor'. There are also subordinating conjunctions. It establishes the relationship between a dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. A few common examples are: 'as', 'because', 'whereas', 'in order that', 'since', 'although'. The form of the sentence also must be considered in the analysis, the use of passive voice is the second key to understand the coherence in the text. The use of passive voice can determine the staging of the context of text itself, which sentence that placed as the object or subject of the sentence. 3) Pronoun Pronoun is use to manipulate language by creating imaginative community. The pronoun refers to the people itself, people as members of the community and has its implicit meaning in it. The speaker uses a pronoun to show where the position of an individual or community for example, the pronoun ‗us‘ and ‗our‘ usually use for positive representation of the speaker‘s community. Another function of the pronoun is to show the social power and hegemony in the social structure. The pronoun ‗I‘ and ‗you‘ often times used to show the speaker‘s intention. The pronoun ‗I‘ used as a personal attribute that shows the subjective approach of the speaker in speech, while ‗you‘ could be influential pronoun to show the concern of the speaker towards the audience.33
33Memon, N, Bughio, Faraz ali & Gopang, Illahi Bux. (2014). Critical Analysis of Political Discourse: A Study of Benazir Bhutto’s Last Speech. Balochistan University, p. 92
b. Semantic Styles
Semantic is study about meaning in the written or spoken. M.A.K Halliday explains about semantic concept in Language as Social Semiotic.
―There is a concept of a text as a kind of super- sentence, something that is larger than a sentence but of the same nature. But this is to misrepresent the essential quality of a text. Obviously one cannot quarrel with the use of the term „text‟ to refer to a string of sentences that realize a text; but it is important to stress that the sentences are, in fact, the realization of text rather than constituting the text itself. Text is a semantic concept.‖34 Semantic always deal with meaning, Van Dijk recognizes the terms Semantic as the categorizing of local meaning; sentences, proportions that build particular meaning in a text- which called superstructure. Each sentence of each word proportion could be analyzed semantically. Deals with it, there are explicit and implicit meaning in discourse analysis. Semantics analysis aims to find the meaning of the text. The meaning of the text can be seen from the kind of semantic style which are background details and presupposition.
1) Background and details
Background refers to the additional information of each perception of the speaker. Backgrounds are able to influence the meaning of the text. The background that choose by the speaker determined the tendency of the speech
.
34Halliday, M.A.K. (1978). Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold Publisher, p. 135
2) Presupposition The other device in microstructure is the use of presupposition. The presupposition is the statement of the speaker that requires or implying as an antecedent condition, and effect presupposes a cause.
c. Stylistic Styles
Stylistic is style of writing. Teun A. van Dijk explains in News as discourse about the style.
―Style was defined as an indication or marker of social properties of speakers and of the sociocultural situation of the speech event. Thus, age, gender, status, class, or ethnic backgrounds were the social factors that also determine language use variations. Variations were examined primarily at the levels of surface structure, such as phonology, morphology, syntax, and the lexicon. Depending on various social dimensions, language users may have recourse to different sound patterns, sentence patterns, or words to express a given meaning.‖35 Stylistic style is the particular way of the speaker to convey their intention by using language as their tool. Stylistic style has relation with the rhetoric that uses by the speaker particular style (metaphor, alliteration). The example of stylistic style can be seen through the use of word ‗thug‘ that used rather than ‗demonstrator‘ to express the author opinion, also the use of words ‗black‘, ‗West Indian‘, ‗‘Asian‘ to refer people from their ancestors.
d. Rhetoric Styles
Rhetoric is a way to persuade and strengthen the particular information that wants to be shown to the reader or hearer by using language style. The use of rhetoric is signed by hyperbole,
35Van Dijk, T, A. (1988). News as Discourse. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 72-73
alliteration, metaphor, repetition, irony and metonymies. In textual analysis, the author expresses the things that would be stressed to the public, usually in form of graphic, pictures, raster or table to support or hidden another part to be shown. The author is not merely conveying the main information, but it shows the metaphor to ornate the text. It used as the main thought to support the particular idea to the public.
3. Superstructure of the text a. Schemata Schema or superstructures of the text is similar to the outline of the text. Most of the previous studies are analyzed the schema used the structure of headline, main topic, and then explain the event since most of them analyzed the news report. Whereas this research adopts the theory of Socio Cognitive Approach by Van Dijk to explore more the scheme of the speech. Although the method of analysis is different, analyzing the schema of the speech has the same function as another text which is to establish the ideological implication of the news report. Generally there are two published categories big. First, a general summary is marked with a title and also lead the news. And, the second is the story that is the content of barista. And fill in this news hypothetical also has two subcategories. Where, first consists of events, namely the process or event of the road. Though, that is second is the comment completed in the text.36
Based on explanation CDA Van Dijk theory, there are three element to know about the structure of the text. The research tried to found meaning the speech based on the structure. Kind the element such as: Macrostructure, Microstructure, and Superstructure. It‘s will help to
36Eriyanto. (2001). Analisis Wacana: Pengantar analisis teks media. Yogyakarta: LKiS, p. 231
answer from the formulation of the problem and to know about the meaning from the speech by Donald Trump.
D. Social Cognitive CDA argues that one of the vital fundamentals in the analysis using Socio Cognitive Approach is the affiliation between power and discourses in the prototype of the access to community discourses for different social groups.37 Thus Socio cognitive approach aimed to show the relationship between power and discourses. According to the result of the previous study shown that there is an explicit manner how knowledge, attitudes, ideologies and social factors are involved in a discourse to make the social mind of an individual.38 This Socio Cognitive approach follows two levels of analysis: macrostructure and microstructure since both the levels of structure are the part of socio cognitive approach in Critical Discourse Analysis. The micro level of the social context includes language use, verbal interaction and communication. Whereas power, dominance, inequality among different social groups belong to the macro level of analysis. The analysis of socio cognitive approach has two main part which is heading and Subheading.
The stages of analysis Socio cognitive approach of political speech are:
1) Emotional attachment A form of speech to start a conversation in a text or communication, by combining several opening words and the purpose of what will be delivered. To find that, researchers usually look at the context with the language used. Emotional attachment also affects the listener, because a text will be accepted if the delivery is good and meaningful.
37Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Discourse and society. London: Sage Publication, p. 96 38Memon, N, Bughio, Faraz ali & Gopang, IllahiBux. (2014). Critical Analysis of Political Discourse: A Study of Benazir Bhutto‘s Last Speech. Balochistan University, p. 91
2) Mind control A form of strategy by the speaker so that listeners receive what is conveyed. The speaker also tries to control the audience's thoughts and attention. This strategy is done by connecting past events that have occurred and are real so that the text is organized in terms of thought. 3) Mitigating evidence Mitigation is an expression of hope to reduce a damage. In this study, the form of mitigation carried out by the speaker is to provide hope or guarantee to listeners based on the context presented. This strategy occurs after the speaker gets the attention point from the past statement that happened. 4) Glorification of the party and grasping the audience After the speaker gives a promise or hope to the audience, then it is to give the final assessment conveyed by the speaker so that the audience knows what the core meaning of the context is. In this assessment, the speaker takes the breeding context so that the topic is at a high level as a form of defending the argument. 5) Negative self-representation In this strategy, the speaker represents himself positively and negatively. Through provoking expressions. The aim is to build an emotional sense to the listener. 6) Rhetoric art of speaking (persuasive strategies and the use of pronoun) The art of rhetoric is used to defend the argument to the end, with a beautiful language of choice. This strategy is done at the end of the speech so that the audience accepts the whole context. Based on explanation above it, I can be conclude that there are six social cognitive, they are: 1. Emotional attachment 2. Mind control 3. Mitigating evidence 4. Glorification of the party and grasping the audience 5. Negative self-representation 6. Rhetoric art of speaking. On the discussion can be concluded that social cognitive discussion about the how to know way the produce of the text and description social value in
society. CDE not to discuss about discourse but method and result its very important. This story to find out the answer from third formulation of the problem.
E. Review of Related Research
In this research, the writer found some thesis and journal, but they have differences between this research such as subject of the research, the formulation of the research and the theory of the research. Firstly, Rifqi Nugraha, University Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta‘s student, (2014).39 The title is A Critical Discourse Analysis on Hillary Clinton‘s Speech‖ American for Marriage Equality‖. This research discusses about Hillary Clinton‘s speech titled ―American for Marriage Equality‖. The objectives of this research are finding the text structure and the ideology that described on Hillary Clintons Speech. The analysis focused on the critical discourse analysis on Hillary Clinton speech text. This research conducted Van Dijk Critical Discourse Analysis method and qualitative method. This research not only discusses text structure of the speech, but also the ideology of Hillary Clinton. According to Van Dijk, in discourse analysis frameworks there need study of study related ideology of discourse. It is important to understand discourse meaning. To dismantle hidden meaning from discourse text needs ideology analysis. Secondly, Andhita Rachman , University of Muhammadiyah Surabaya, (2017) the title is Critical Discourse Analysis in Donald Trump Speech Presidential Campaign to Win American‘s Heart.40 Political strategy proposes a pathway to success when the society understands the background of candidates and reasons for them to vote for. Basic way to do it is use speech campaign because society will knows personality of candidates by sharing their thought. By using speech, society feels that the candidate stand
39Nugraha,R. (2014). A Critical Discourse Analysis on Hillary Clinton’s Speech. Jakarta: University Negri Syarif Hidayatullah 40Rachman,A. (2017). Critical Discourse Analysis in Donald Trump Speech Presidential Campaign to Win American’s Heart. Surabaya: University of Muhammdiyah Surabaya
beside them and have the same thought. This strategy can gain society sympathy. When they are able to obtain sympathy, the succession in gaining power soon come through.
Thirdly, Ahmad Syamwiel, State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, (2018).41 The title is Discourse Analysis of Propagandas on Donald J. Trump Inaugural Speech. This thesis examines Donald Trump‘s speeches using Van Dijk‘s Critical Discourse Analysis Theory. It investigates the structure of Critical Discourse Analysis that emerges in Donald Trump speeches and the elements of Socio Cognitive Approach that emerge in Donald J Trump‘s speeches. The writer mainly utilizes the structure Critical Discourse Analysis theory by Van Dijk which consists of three structure of analysis consisting of macrostructure and microstructure. Afterwards, the writer adopts Socio Cognitive Approach to analyze the schema of the speech which included in superstructure analysis. Under descriptive-qualitative method, this research significantly gives a wider understanding about how linguistic features emerges trough Critical Discourse Analysis structure. As the result, there are totally 64 expressions that were noticed as linguistic features from three chosen speeches of Donald J Trump.
Fourthly, Mudofar, a student of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah,(2009). The tittle is A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Jakarta Post Text.42 The purpose of the research is develop a research between socio-linguistic science with mass communication in critical discourse analysis which based on discourse theory about social problem (Chinese discrimination) news in mass media which is especially laded in Jakarta Post text. Van Dijk Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) applied in this research.
41Syamwiel,A. ( 2018). Discourse Analysis of Propaganda on Donald J.Trump Inaugural Speech. Yogyakarta: University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta 42Mudofar. (2009). A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Jakarta Post Text. Jakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
Power, Language, And Ideology of Obama‘s Speech (A Critical Discourse Analysis) by Andrea Eka, 2011in this thesis, he concerned with the language , power, and the ideology in the aspect of speech because she assumed that speech can influence to human‘s life and change the way someone‘s think. The speech came from The President of United States of America, Barrack H. Obama which can be said as the powerful person in the world who has a power, language, and ideology to influence many people around the world which at the time was make a visit to several places in Indonesia, one of them was at University of Indonesia. In the end of his analysis, language used by speaker can minimize distance between speaker and audience. Speaker‘s power make the audience watch the speech enthusiastically, and his ideology can create imaginations and persuade audiences. From the review related above, the researcher also discussed the CDA in his research this time. There are similarities and differences made by researchers. The similarity is like a big scope about CDA and the people who are the subject of discussion. The difference is the object of the study carried out by the researcher in this paper focus in the structure of the text to find out the meaning written in the scrip of the speech being examined.
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Design of Research Taylor stated that ―Qualitative research refers in the broadest sense to research that produces descriptive data people‗s own written or spoken words and observable behavior‖.43 In this thesis, method is really needed and important which are used to find and to get closer to the answer of the problem. In a research, method becomes an important part to find the answer and to analyze the result. In writing the research uses any type of data collection method, focus on qualitative research in descriptive this research. Because it can be describe systematically the fact and characteristic of the data. Qualitative methods is a broad term that can be applied to a range of research approaches that have their theoretical origins in a range of disciplines including anthropology, sociology, philosophy, and linguistics.44 Qualitative research studies conducted by the process also have to be careful against an issue. According to Hill Way in Kaelan‘s Book. ―Penelitian tindak dari suatu proses studi yang di lakukan seseorang melalui penyelidikan yang hati-hati sempurna terhadap suatu masalah”.45 In this research the writer should be requires to analyze a problem with the correct data in accordance with the existing problem. According Fuchan and Arief ―Qualitative research is multi method in focus, involving an interpretative naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative research study in their natural setting, attempting to make sense of interpret phenomena in terms of the meaning the people bring to them.‖46
43Taylor, Steven J. (2016). Introduction to Qualitative Research Method. New Jersey: Jhon Wiley & Sons Inc, p. 7 44Jo, Moriaty. (2011). Qualitative Methods Overview. London: school for social care Research, p. 56 45Kaelan. (2012). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Interdisiliner. Yogyakarta: Paradigma, p.101 46Arief, F. (1992). Pengatar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Surabaya: penerbit Usaha Nasional, p. 34
Moh Nazir stated that ― ―Metode deskriptif adalah ini bertujuan untuk membuat deskripsi, gaambaran atau lukisan secara sistematis, faktual dan akurat mengenai fakta-fakta, sifat-sifat serta hubungan antar fenomena yang diselidiki.”47 It means the aim of descriptive method is to describe the facts systematically in accurate figure that related to the observed phenomena‘s. Based on quotations above, qualitative descriptive is a appropriate method to be implicated in this research. The writer decided to use this method after observed the condition of the object that will be analyzed. The characteristics of the data that shown by the object is matched with the characteristics that mentioned by this method. Which is in this research, the data is in words and pictures form. In qualitative research, the writer use descriptive research. According to Nyoman Kutha Ratna, ―Metode descriptive analisis dilakukan dengan mendeskripsikan fakta-fakta yang kemudian di susul dengan analisis.‖48 It makes easy the research to get the right data. It means that qualitative research is analyzing about descriptive data are used documentations in this research, by using this qualitative research, the writes felt to analyze the script from video speech. Based on statements, it can be concluded that qualitative research is analyzing about descriptive data that is collected is in the form of the situations of the natural object. Where descriptive data such as writer of spoken, by using qualitative research the writer will get answer about the question in analyzing Critical Discourse Analyze in Donald Trump‘s speech.
B. Sources of The Data In this research, the source of data of this research was the textual transcript of Donald J Trump‘s speeches. There are three chosen speeches of
47Moh. Nazir. (2011). Motode Penelitian. Bogor: Penerbit Gh alia Indonesia, p. 54. 48Nyoman Khuta Ratna. (2004). Teori, Metode dan Teknik Penelitian Satra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, p. 53
Donald J Trump entitled: National Security Speech on June 13th 2016 03:06 PM , Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel issued on December 6th 2017 with duration 14:40, the last Nationality speech by Donald Trump on February 14th 2019 08:47 WIB. The script of the data were taken from the official website. The data of this research were in the form 9 of clauses, phrases and sentences that uttered by Donald Trump in the transcript of the speech. The researcher used the whole text to explore the linguistics features through CDA theory. The first research question is discourse structure that takes several utterances since the researcher has to identify and classify each linguistics feature that emerge in the speeches. Meanwhile, the data that needed for answering the second research question were the entire data since it explores the schema or the outline of Donald Trump‘s speeches.
C. Technique of Data Collecting Sudaryono stated that ―kegiatan dokumentasi adalah ditujukan untuk memperoleh data langsung dari tempat peneitian, meliputi buku, laporan kegiatan, foto, film dan data yang relevan penelitian‖.49 It means that documentation is an effort to get data that related to the object of the research. The data can be get trough do directly observation toward the object or books, reports, pictures, and films that directly related to the object. Data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcripts, field notes, and others materials that you accumulate to increase your own understanding of them and to enable you to present what you have discovered to others.50 The data which is used in this research comes from Donald Trump‘s speech as the president US. In the way of collecting the data, research uses documentation. Which some step is mentioned and explained as follows:
49Sudaryono. (2006). Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, p. 219 50Yusuf, A. Muri. (2013). Qualitative, Quantitative, and Combinations Method. Padang: The State University Padang Press, p. 403
1. Searching the script The first step of collecting the data, researcher used script observation. It was look for the script of Donald Trump‘s speech from the network. The researcher looked for the script of the speech and check. 2. Downloading the script After the data found script, the researcher downloads them both. Door the script especially, it used for the main data to be analyzed. 3. Reading The researcher reading the script in Donald Trump‘s speech. 4. Finding the data Have we read the script we will found the data from the script by Donald Trump speech‘s. 5. Categorize the data The researcher made some classified the kind Critical Discourse Analysis and after describe all the data. The categorizing was divided into three types of analysis instead Macrostructure, Microstructure, and Superstructure.
D. The Techniques of Data Analysis Technique data analysis is a way to analyze the data or information that has collected, in order to finish the research. The data used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data as part of middle process. The purpose of data collection is to get more information. According to Cathrine Marshall and Gretchen B.Rossman stated that: ―the fundamental met researched for gathering information are participation in the setting, direct observation, in depicter viewing, document review.‖51 It means that in the qualitative research there are some technique to collect data as information to analyze and support the result to be better in this research. In this study, the writers used descriptive techniques to analyze data. By using descriptive
51Sugiono. (2012). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: Alfabet statement, p. 309
techniques, the writers hope to be able to easily analyze the data obtained by the writers. After collecting data, the authors analyze the data clearly. In qualitative research, data analysis techniques are used to answer the problem formulation in data analysis. This statement is appropriate with the aim of data analyzing and show a way of how the writer analyzed the data. After gathering and collecting the data, the researcher did some steps to analyze the data as follows: 1. Identifying the data The writer identified some element CDA in the script speech by Donald trump. 2. Classifying the data that have been collected The first step that did by researcher is classified the data in order to make the data easier to be analyzed. 3. Analyzing, describing, explaining The writer analyzed, described and explained the kind of element CDA, the data about the speech Trump for script. 4. Making the conclusion After all the data have been analyzed, described and explained in the research, the writer made the conclusion of the research.
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
A. Findings In this research, the writer findings some data in Donald Trump‘s Speech about CDA element and social cognitive. The writer presented the finding CDA by Van Dijk Theory and found the data after reading speech transcript, watching the video, look at the context, then has been collected and selected will be explained clearly in this chapter. This chapter outlines the findings and discussion of the results. In this part, the writer will describe found formulation of the problem in Donald Trump‘s Speech. The first, about kinds of CDA elements. The writer found three elements CDA in Donald Trump‘s Speech. They are Macrostructure, Microstructure, and Superstructure. The writer found five kinds of CDA elements in Donald Trump‘s Speech; they are thematic, syntaxes style, semantic style, stylistic style, and rhetoric style. Those kinds of CDA elements which indicated thematic there were 4 data, syntaxes style there were 23 data and divided into 5 categories, semantic style 6 data and divided into 2 categories, stylistic style 4 data and divided into 1 categories, and rhetoric style 5 data divided into 2 categories these kinds of CDA elements data are from Donald Trump‘s Speech. And the second formulation is Social Cognitive. In the speech, the writer also found 6 categories in social cognitive based on Van Dijk's theory, namely emotional attachment, mind control, mitigating evidence, glorifications, creating enemy images, and rhetoric art of speaking. The author uses 3 speeches for the findings of this analysis in 6 social cognitive categories. First speech, there are 3 data from 6 categories. Second speech, there are 8 data from 6 categories. Third speech, there are 6 data from 6 categories. B. Analysis In this study, the author will analyze the speech delivered by Donald Trump based on the overall context in the speech. In Van Dijk's theory there are
3 CDA elements namely Macrostructure, Microstructure, and Superstructure. In this study, the author will discuss three CDA elements based on the structure of the text. And the writer also examines the social cognitive state that occurs between text and speaker by looking at 6 categories. In this analysis, the authors identify data taken from Donald Trump's speech. Data that has been taken step by step will be analyzed in this section. The data can be seen in the following table below.
1. The Kinds of Critical Discourse Analysis Elements are Reflected in Donald Trump‟s Speech Table kinds of CDA element: Kinds of CDA Part of kinds Structure of part CDA No Total element CDA element element
Macrostructure Thematic 4 1. Thematic Total 4 Persuasion 3 Impression Management 4 Attribution 4 Syntaxes Style Cohesion 2 Pronoun 10 Total 23 Background and Detail 3 2. Microstructure Semantic Style Presupposition 2 Total 5 Lexical Choice (LC) 4 Stylistic style Total 4 Hyperbola 2 Rhetoric Style Repetition and irony 3 Total 5 TOTAL DATA 41
Donald J Trump's Speech This section describes the findings of a Critical Discourse Analysis of structures that include macro and micro structures. Macro structure contains the thematic structure of the text, while the micro structure of the text contains the linguistic features of the text which are syntactic structures, semantic structures, force structures and rhetorical structures.
a. Macrostructure of the text Macrostructure element of the text is the fundamental element that needed to analyzes the text. The basic concept of macrostructure is that this structure cannot be determined by each sentences but need to be explored in a whole understanding of the text in order to get the exact point that delivers by the speaker. In the analysis of macrostructure, there is main point that should be elaborated which is thematic structure of the text. 1. Thematic The first is National Security speech the topic was to make Americans became aware of the enemies. This topic is shown by the representation of enemy that demonstrates by the speaker. According to the schema of the speech, Donald J Trump tries to create the enemy images trough the fact that most people are unaware of. Along with the speech, Donald Trump also persuades the addressee to be in accord with his argument by using the logical facts and emotional attachment.
Datum 1: ―The killer whose name I will not use, or ever say, was born to Afghan parents who immigrated to the United States...‖52
“Radical Islam is anti-woman, anti-gay and anti-American. I refuse to allow America to become a place where gay people,
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Christian people, and Jewish people, are the targets of persecution and intimidation by Radical Islamic preachers of hate and violence...‖53
―The male shooter in San Bernardino – again, whose name I won't mention -- was the child of immigrants from Pakistan... programs.‖54
―Hillary Clinton says the solution is to ban guns. Her plan is to disarm law abiding Americans, abolishing the 2nd amendment, and leaving only the bad guys and terrorists with guns. She wants to take away Americans‘ guns, then admit the very people who want to slaughter us...‖55
In this speech, Donald Trump tries to convey to his people that there are many enemies out there and need to be careful. In this speech scheme, Trump defines enemies as murderers, radical Islam and shooters. The words are chosen to represent negative thoughts about the enemy. Trump also expressed Hillary Clinton's negative self-representation who wanted peace between Islam and America with some of Hillary's highly irrelevant programs. Of all the sentences, trump intends to bring his people to accept these logical facts with some of their negative statements and representations of Terrorism. The second speech Jerusalem as the capital of Israel issued on 6th December 2017. This speech delivered the main theme Israeli glorification that makes this country deserve Jerusalem as the capital city which shown by the schema of this speech. The researcher found the topic that noticed in this speech which refers to this theme. The theme of the speech is supported by the topics that the speaker‘s uttered.
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Datum 2: ―Israel is a sovereign nation with the right, like every other sovereign nation, to determine its own capital. Acknowledging this is a fact is a necessary condition for achieving peace. It was 70 years ago that the United States under President Truman recognized the state of Israel. Ever since then, Israel has made its capital in the city of Jerusalem, the capital the Jewish people established in ancient times.‖56
―Today, Jerusalem is the seat of the modern Israeli government. It is the home of the Israeli Parliament, the Knesset, as well as the Israeli Supreme Court. It is the location of the official residence of the prime minister and the president. It is the headquarters of many government ministries.‖57
The topic that supported the theme is the notoriety of Israel in Jerusalem. Those sentences can be recognized as the first sentence and the topic that going to deliver by the speaker because this uttered after the speaker‘s greeting. The speaker began the topic by recalling the past act toward Israel that done by the United States over 70 years ago before his administration. The speaker recognizes the legitimacy of the occupation of Israeli citizen in Jerusalem over 70 years by ignoring the fact that Jerusalem is legal dispute region. Then as the background and details, the speaker adds more information about Israel population and glorification in Jerusalem that has to be recognized. Afterwards, the speaker continues to talk about the three religions that cannot be separated from Jerusalem and Israeli citizens that lived in. The speaker demonstrates his view by changing the political issue into religion issue. Such as the quotation of the speech below:
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Datum 3: ―Jerusalem is today and must remain a place where Jews pray at the Western Wall, where Christians walk the stations of the cross, and where Muslims worship at Al Aqsa Mosque. However, through all of these years, presidents representing the United States have declined to officially recognize Jerusalem as Israel‘s capital. In fact, we have declined to acknowledge any Israeli capital at all.‖58
Trump explained three religions as opinions that would support the statement of the Capital City Jerusalem approach, this would have negative social impacts from the people, because all would be united. The last speech was nationality speech. Donald Trump tried to build people's trust in him. In this speech, Trump explained the vision and mission he had succeeded in making America a sovereign nation. Such as a quotation:
Datum 4: ―This year, America will celebrate two important warnings that show us how great the American mission is and the strong influence of American pride.‖59 ―Together, we can break the political deadlock in recent decades. We can bridge old disputes, heal old wounds, build new coalitions, form new solutions, and unlock the extraordinary promise of America's future. The decision is in our hands.‖60 ―We must choose between glory or deadlock, results or resistance, vision or revenge, amazing progress or futile destruction.‖61 In this speech, Trump invited his people to work well together by uniting the forces so that all the vision and mission and strategies that had been designed by Trump were realized so as to create the
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number one country from other states. In this speech Trump also shared some of the successes that he had made during his administration. Mentioned several people who were involved in its success. The goal is to make his people believe and enthusiasm to build America into a sovereign country. That way, the trump easily move the entire army of his people to carry out his plan. And this is one of the trump strategies.
b. Microstructure of the text In this part of the invention, the authors describe linguistic features which is used by the speaker to manipulate the language. There are four types of structures as the main parts which are syntactic structures, semantic structures, force structures and rhetorical structures. 1. Syntaxes Style The analysis of the microstructure stage started with syntaxes style analysis which has four main contents those are persuasion, attribution, impression, cohesion and pronoun. The types of structure elaborated syntactically, which means the researcher needs to be focused on the sentences without considering another social content and context that occurred behind the case. a) Persuasion Persuasion deals with the persuasive strategies used by the speaker. The writer found that Donald J Trump tends to use persuasive strategies for each plan and argument. The persuasion is done by the speaker has its own background and details also the context. Some persuasion that uttered is mostly emotional persuasion that delivered by recall the past event, such as the first data below:
Datum 1:
―Yet, for over 20 years, every previous American president has exercised the law‘s waiver, refusing to move the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem or to recognize Jerusalem as Israel‘s capital city.
Presidents issued these waivers under the belief that delaying the recognition of Jerusalem would advance the cause of peace. Some say they lacked courage but they made their best judgments based on facts as they understood them at the time. Nevertheless, the record is in. After more than two decades of waivers, we are no closer to a lasting peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians. It would be folly to assume that repeating the exact same formula would now produce a different or better result.”62
In the first data, the indication of persuasive strategies can be found in the context of the sentence. The speaker tries to persuade the addressee by recall the past even that has been done by their previous president. In this stage, the speaker tries to deliver the persuasive strategies by mentioning the fact that has not known by the addressee to convey their logical thought. Then in the last of the sentence, the speaker defends his idea by using direct sentence „It would be folly to assume that repeating the exact same formula would now produce a different or better result‟ for ensure the addressee about his final decision to change the strategies of peace agreement between Israel and Palestinians.
Datum 2: “So today we call for calm, for moderation, and for the voices of tolerance to prevail over the purveyors of hate.”63
The second persuasive strategies that found in the first speech is the repeating the same word in discourse. The other way that used by the speaker to persuade the addressee is by repeating the similar idea that has mentioned before. The first statement the speaker use word ‗calm‘ then continued with ‗moderation‘ and then ‗ the vices of tolerance‘ which actually has the same positive idea The speaker
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uses this kind of persuasive strategies to appeal audience‘s emotion. This persuasive strategy is not based on proof, but on the emotions that a person feels.
Datum 3: ―We have an incompetent administration, and if I am not elected President that will not change over the next four years -- but it must change, and it must change now.‖64 ―I will use this power to protect the American people. When I am elected, I will suspend immigration from areas of the world when there is a proven history of terrorism against the United States, Europe or our allies, until we understand how to end these threats.”65
The last persuasive strategy found in this speech was about national security. This persuasion is similar to the previous persuasion which repeats similar ideas that have been mentioned previously to get the emotional involvement of the audience. The speaker uses the facts of the past that have been passed by America to get sympathy and understanding from the recipient to get his argument. There is a repetitive word 'we' at the beginning of each line of speech that has the function of being the unit that the speaker wants to show. The pronoun 'we' refers to the speaker himself and all the audience, which means they have the same history and feelings to share. the speaker also tried to explain all of his strategies to be able to add to the emotional sense of the listener so that what was conveyed by the trump was received and his people felt confident in the presence of trump to become president in America. Based on the previous analysis, this kind of persuasion is not based on scientific evidence and methods, but on the emotions felt by someone experiencing past events. In this persuasion, the speaker tries to build
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the trust and confidence of the audience that he will rebuild America and America and his history can be great again.
b) Impression Management Impression management simply can be identified as the positive self-representation. The impression management usually is shown by the speaker to take the trust and influenced the audience to agree with the speaker‘s argument. The speaker often expressed moderate views by avoiding delicate issues, for instance by withdrawing or changing the topic.
Datum 1: ―Thank you. When I came into office, I promised to look at the world‟s challenges with open eyes and very fresh thinking. We cannot solve our problems by making the same failed assumptions and repeating the same failed strategies of the past. Old challenges demand new approaches.‖66
The sentence above can occur in the expression of impression management since it occurred in the first thing that the speaker said after his greeting as the first impression that conveyed to the addressee. Donald Trump starts the speech with the thankful for the audience to build the first impression. He also uses the pronoun ‗I‘ to show his power. Then he continued with the sentence ‗When I came into office, I promised to look at the world‘s challenges with open eyes and very fresh thinking‘ which means that he would like to be better and better person for everyone when he inaugurated as the president. This sentence uttered to give the audience trust him and his power.
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Datum 2: ―Some say they lacked courage, but they made their best judgments based on facts as they understood them at the time. Nevertheless, the record is in. After more than two decades of waivers, we are no closer to a lasting peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians.”67
The next impression management that uttered by Donald J Trump has the different way of delivering with the previous data. Another way to impress the addressee that used by Donald J Trump is the way he defends his argument. After explaining the probability of the previous president to choose their judgments he related it with his own point of view ‗After more than two decades of waivers, we are no closer to a lasting peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians‘ which means that he would be wiser than the previous president by choosing another judgment of Israel and Palestine.
Datum 3: ―Jerusalem is not just the heart of three great religions, but it is now also the heart of one of the most successful democracies in the world.‖68
“Through all of these years, presidents representing the United States have declined to officially recognize Jerusalem as Israel‟s capital. In fact, we have declined to acknowledge any Israeli capital at all.”69
The impression management above expresses moderate views, to avoiding delicate issues. Trump avoids talking about Palestine by withdrawing or changing the topic after talking about the identity of Jerusalem and its religion that exist in this town. Donald J Trump only considering and talking about Israel condition.
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Datum 4: ―This is nothing more or less than a recognition of reality. It is also the right thing to do. It‟s something that has to be done.”
―This will immediately begin the process of hiring architects, engineers and planners so that a new embassy, when completed, will be a magnificent tribute to peace.‖
―I intend to do everything in my power to help forge such an agreement.‖70
At the beginning of the sentence, Trump repeated the same information through the sentence ‗It is also the right thing to do. It‘s something that has to be done‘ to emphasize his final judgment for Israel and Palestine. Trump also uses the word ‗thing, something‘ to represent his judgment to defend his argument also to clarify which one is the right ‗thing‘ and the wrong one. In the last sentence ‗I intend to do everything in my power to help forge such an agreement‘ uses to impress the audience toward his power. The most possible reason the speaker uses the power to show his impression management because most of the people respond favorably to those they think are in power.
c) Attribution The way of doing attribution can be recognized trough recall the past case that related to another group based on the speaker‘s knowledge and perspective. This self-serving aspect of attribution not only holds for individuals but more generally also for group members, when they explained negative actions or failures of other in group members in a situation of intergroup conflict.
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Datum 1: In 1995, Congress adopted the Jerusalem Embassy Act urging the federal government to relocate the American Embassy to Jerusalem and to recognize that that city, and so importantly, is Israel‟s capital.71
Yet, for over 20 years, every previous American president has exercised the law‟s waiver, refusing to move the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem or to recognize Jerusalem as Israel‟s capital city.72
Self-attribution that emerges in Donald Trump‘s speeches was found in the first speech. Before elucidating his argument, Donald Trump delivered the past event to remain the audience about the previous agreement of the United States government toward Israel. Then Donald Trump continuing with the persuasive expression to emerge the attribution through the sentence „Yet, for over 20 years, every previous American president has exercised the law‟s waiver, refusing to move the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem or to recognize Jerusalem as Israel‟s capital city‟ which means that he is the only leader that takes the commitment over 20 years passed. The speaker chooses to talk about the past unrealized agreement to show the addressee the negative representation of the previous president. Then relate it with his judgment to realize an old agreement between the United States and Israel. This act obviously did not affect the Americans citizen but trough those sentences above the speaker wants to attract the addressee‘s shipmates by mentioning the act that never been realized by the previous president.
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Datum 2: ―This was going to be a speech on Hillary Clinton and how bad a President, especially in these times of Radical Islamic Terrorism, she would be.‖73
―Even her former Secret Service Agent, who has seen her under pressure and in times of stress, has stated that she lacks the temperament and integrity to be president.‖74
“Hillary Clinton can never claim to be a friend of the gay community as long as she continues to support immigration policies that bring Islamic extremists to our country who suppress women, gays and anyone who doesn‘t share their views.‖75
Hence, another way to emerge self-attribution is to use the negative perception of a certain group or another people. Donald J Trump tries to creating Hillary‘s images among the addressee trough the word „Hillary Clinton and how bad a President, especially in these times of Radical Islamic Terrorism, she would be‘. Donald Trump clearly stated that Hillary Clinton can be a bad president for the United States. This sentence implied as self-attribution to show that he has been being the good man and can be a good president by taking another way of national security. Furthermore, Trump also described Hillary Clinton in another negative way such as ‗lacks of temperament and integrity‘. From all those sentences Hillary Clinton identified as the bad and has a negative self-representation toward American citizen. On the contrary with it, Donald Trump being the one who has the positive self-attribution because he creates the bad images of his enemy.
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d) Cohesion The next stage to analyze is the use of conjunction in Donald Trump speeches. The writer elaborates on the use of conjunction through the transition of the exact topic that uses by the speaker. Van Dijk explained that the transition of changing topic in one paragraph should have the orientation of initial topic.76 The cohesion can correctly found the illustration of the point by taking a ‗text‘ which exhibits the usual conditional relations, and even other relations of local coherence.
Datum 1: ―There will, of course, be disagreement and dissent regarding this announcement. But we are confident that ultimately, as we work through these disagreements, we will arrive at a peace and a place far greater in understanding and cooperation. This sacred city should call forth the best in humanity...‖77
―So today, let us rededicate ourselves to a path of mutual understanding and respect. Let us rethink old assumptions and open our hearts and minds to possible and possibilities.‖78
“And finally, I ask the leaders of the region political and religious, Israeli and Palestinian, Jewish and Christian and Muslim to join us in the noble quest for lasting peace. Thank you. God bless you. God bless Israel. God bless the Palestinians and God bless the United States.‖79
In the first sentence, Donald Trump talks about the final judgment of peace agreement between Israel and Palestine that take by United States Administration. It can be seen through the sentence ‗my administration‘s longstanding commitment to a future of peace and security for the region‘. So in another statement thus sentence
76Van Dijk, T. A. (1980). Macrostructures. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Publish, p. 40 77Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, p. 3/7 78Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, p. 4/4 79Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, p. 4/4
implied as the declaration of the government of the United States about the peace agreement, then it means the initial topic is about a political issue. But in the last sentence, Trump avoid to continue about the political issue using conjunction ‗finally‘ then he continued with another issue trough sentence ‗I ask the leaders of the region political and religious, Israeli and Palestinian, Jewish and Christian and Muslim‘. It clearly identified that Trump tries to switch the initial topic which is a political issue in religion issue, it was the cause of the incoherencies of the speech.
Datum 2: ―A radical Islamic terrorist targeted the nightclub not only because he wanted to kill Americans, but in order to execute gay and lesbian citizens because of their sexual orientation.”80
The next coherence analysis deals with the use of conjunction ‗not only‘ and ‗but‘ that aimed to create the bad images of Islamic radical terrorist. The conjunction ‗not only‟ and „but‟ has the function to addition and emphasis. At the beginning of the sentence, Trump uses ‗Radical Islamic terrorist‘ as the subject to represent the terrorist in America then he continues the sentence ‗not only because he wanted to kill Americans, but in order to execute gay and lesbian citizens because of their sexual orientation‘. Trump tries to defend his argument using two conjunctions to emphasis his logical thought. In three chosen speech, trump intend to use the conjunction to defend his point of view, in another hand, Trump has the incoherence sentence to avoid certain issue to get wider. e) Pronoun Each pronoun uses to refer the people itself and has implicit meaning on it. The use of pronoun can be noticed as the strategies of
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the speaker to manipulate language by creating an imaginative community such as unity and equality. Another function of the pronoun is to show the social power and hegemony in the social structure81.
Datum 1: “We cannot solve our problems by making the same failed assumptions and repeating the same failed strategies of the past.‖82
The underlined pronoun above has the function as the equality between the speaker and the addressee, between president and citizen. Donald Trump uses pronoun „we‟ to make the addressee feels the equality, feels that they can share any problem with their president. It also indicates that the citizen has the opportunity to have the role of the administration‘s strategies.
Datum 2: ―Today, I am delivering. I‟ve judged this course of action.‖83 ―I also want to make one point very clear. We want an agreement that is a great deal for the Israelis and a great deal for the Palestinians. We are not taking a position of any final status issues‖84
The most frequently uttered pronoun is ‗I‘ which has the categorical meaning to represent the power of the speaker. The sentence ‗I am delivering. I‘ve judged this course of action‘ reflect the power that appears. Based on its context, Trump wants to show that he has been made the decision for Israel and Palestine. As the leader that take control of any decision. Then the pronoun ‗we‘ in the
81Memon, N, Bughio, Faraz ali & Gopang, IllahiBux. (2014). Critical Analysis of Political Discourse: A Study of Benazir Bhutto‘s Last Speech. Baluchistan University, p. 92 82Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, p. 1/1 83Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, p. 2/1 84Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, p. 2/2
next sentence has the similar function as the previous explanation which is to make the addressee feels the equality. The sentence ‗We want an agreement that is a great deal for the Israelis and a great deal for the Palestinians‘ has the pronoun we that refers to the President himself and the American Fellow, Israelis and Palestinians. Trump chooses the pronoun ‗we‘ because he wants to show to the audience that his judgment is what the people want, his judgment is not for him but for all of the people that connected into this case.
Datum 3: ―So today, let us rededicate ourselves to a path of mutual understanding and respect. Let us rethink old assumptions and open our hearts‖85
Then another pronoun that symbolizes the unity and equality between the speaker and addressee is pronoun ‗us‘. The pronoun ‗us‘ has the positive representation for both speaker and addressee, this pronoun use for the emotional attachment of the addressee. The pronoun ‗us‘ determined that the speaker identified the addressee in the same unity same nationality, share the same history and share the same thought. The positive influential word such as ‗rededicate ourselves‘ and ‗rethink old assumptions‘ intended to attract the emotional involvement of the addressee. Then another pronoun that included in this data is ‗our‘. The possessive pronoun ‗our‘ used to show where the position of an individual or community.86 The speaker uses the possessive pronoun ‗our‘ as the positive strategies. It also has the function to delicate the addressee by using their faith to appeal them, and to the speaker‘s argument.
85Donald trump‘s speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, p. 4/5 86Memon, N, Bughio, Faraz ali & Gopang, IllahiBux. (2014). Critical Analysis of Political Discourse, p. 92
2. Semantic Style There are two main points that elaborated which are background and detail and presupposition. The meaning of the text can be seen from the kind of semantic style which is background details and presupposition. a) Background and Detail Backgrounds are able to influence the tendencies of the text. While detail refers to the statement after the background emerged. The writes found that Donald Trump uses background and detail to defend his argument in order to make the addresses trust his judgment and the fact he has been clarifying.
Datum 1: ―Our leaders engaged in nation-building abroad, while they failed to build up and replenish our nation at home. They undercut and shortchanged our men and women in uniform with inadequate resources, unstable funding, and unclear missions. They failed to insist that our often very wealthy allies pay their fair share for defense, putting a massive and unfair burden on the U.S. taxpayer and our great U.S. military.‖87
The paragraph above shows the background and details that the speaker utters to clarify self-attribution of his arguments about their previous leader. Trump uses Irony to describe the previous leader such as ‗engaged in nation building abroad, while they failed to build up and replenish our nation‘. Thus, to support his statement about past failure that was done by the previous leader, Trump gives the background and detail. As follow the initial sentence, the background and details are elaborated using negative perception word representation such as ‗inadequate‘ ‗unstable‘ ‗unclear‘. Those negative word
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representations easily will influence the addresses that have not known the background and the fact before. Additionally, in order to persuade the addressee toward his attribution, Trump uses background and detail to make the first point get wider. Moreover, the background and detail that use by Trump to express his disappointment of the past failure have the main aimed to give the negative representation of the previous president. This strategy often used by Trump to impress the addressee toward his action and regulation.
Datum 2: ―the bottom line is that Hillary supports the policies that bring the threat of Radical Islam into America, and allow it to grow overseas.”88 ―In fact, Hillary Clinton‘s catastrophic immigration plan will bring vastly more Radical Islamic immigration into this country, threatening not only our security but our way of life.”89
At the beginning of the first sentence, Trump explained Hillary's intentions and wishes about the immigration plan. Hillary's policy carries a radical Islamic threat to the American nation. And it greatly threatens the welfare of the American people. The use of the word "radical Islamic immigration policy" is used by trump to express negative representations of Hillary, because the plan made by Hillary is very threatening to the American state, not only in terms of its security but the survival of Americans. In the word "threatening", there is a negative meaning to Hillary and building a positive argument to Trump about the much better planning that Trump will make, and it has a very positive impact on Trump's leadership.
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b) Presupposition The other notion in microstructure after background and detail is the use of presupposition. In this stage of analysis, the researcher explored the staging of each presupposition.
Datum 1: ―After a full, impartial and long overdue security assessment, we will develop a responsible immigration policy that serves the interest and values of America.‖90
In that sentence, Trump tries to build a statement by supporting the immigration system. Developing ‗immigration policies‘ so that no outsiders can just enter America. Because it's all for the sake of preserving the security of the American government. Trump's assumption, can be well received by his people because positive constructive arguments will be thought well by the people for America's benefit.
Datum 2: “In addition, our strategy calls for us to confront, discredit, and defeat radical Islamic terrorism and ideology and to prevent it from spreading into the United States. And we will develop new ways to counter those who use new domains, such as cyber and social media, to attack our nation or threaten our society.”91
The writers found the tendencies of the staging in the sentence above. The speaker gives the tendencies in the first sentence through the use of provocative words such as ‗confront‘, ‗discredit‘ and ‗defeat‘ to provoke the addressee. The first sentence has the aim to remain the audience or addressee
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that the big enemy of United States is radical Islamic terrorism. Through the first sentence Trump also proclaimed to the citizen of the United States to confront terrorism. While in the next sentence Trump stated ‗we will develop new ways to counter ... our nation or threaten our society‘, this sentence intentionally placed as the last word because Trump wants to enhance the confrontation toward terrorism. Thus, the initial topic of the second sentence is about the ‗develop new ways to counter those who use new domains ... to attack our nation or threaten our society‘. Here Trump ignores the fact that the ‗society‘ also includes Muslims and Islam believer. There is improper National Strategies that enhance by Donald Trump since the Muslim society that lived in the United States are take the blame for the fault and failure that they have never done. On the contrary with it, rather than solve the intern conflict between the Americans who put the blame to the Muslims community that has no interfere on terrorism, Trump precisely tries to solve the external conflict that have not come yet.
3. Stylistic Style In this Stylistic style analysis includes lexical choice and figure of speech that is used by the speaker. Some lexicon is used to show positive self-presentation and negative other presentation which influence the self-judgment of the addressee toward the speaker.
a) Lexical Choice (LC) Lexical choice does not merely exist in word, but also can be a phrase or utterance to name a subject, object or situation. The writer found that the use of lexical choice often represent the negative self-perception that described by Donald J Trump.
Datum 1: ―I repeat the message I delivered at the historic and extraordinary summit in Saudi Arabia earlier this year: The Middle East is a region rich with culture, spirit, and history. Its people are brilliant, proud and diverse. Vibrant and strong. But the incredible future awaiting this region is held at bay by bloodshed, ignorance and terror.”92
According to the context, the region is referred to the Middle East. Trump uses the word ‗rich with culture, spirit and history‘ to represent the greatness of the Middle East. In contrary with it, Trump selected the words ‗bloodshed‘, ‗ignorance‘ and ‗terror‘ to represent the frightening possibilities of the future of the Middle East. Thus, the lexicon that chosen by the speaker to deliver his speech has the aim to remain the American fellow that the greatness of the country can be destroyed by terror. Here Trump tries to show the aphorism to provocative American fellow to prevent the misery future that may happen to the United States. Trough aphorism and the bad words such as ‗bloodshed‘ Trump tries to build the nationalism toward American fellow to prevent their own country from terror.
Datum 2: “The killer, whose name I will not use, or ever say, was born to Afghan parents who immigrated to the United States.”93
In the next lexical choice, Trump gives the bad and misery images of the fact to provoke the addressee. It can be seen through the use of the word ‗the killer‘ rather than ‗the doer of bombing‘ to express his argument. This lexical choice has the
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similar aim and function with the analysis before. Trump tries to build nationalism of American fellow by selected the bad words to provoke them.
Datum 3: ―Altogether, under the Clinton plan, you'd be admitting hundreds of thousands of refugees from the Middle East with no system to vet them, or to prevent the radicalization of their children.‖94 ―The burden is on Hillary Clinton to tell us why she believes immigration from these dangerous countries should be increased without any effective system to screen who we are bringing in.‖95
Based on the context that showed in the paragraph above, the lexical choice ‗dangerous country‘ use as the pronoun of Middle East country. Trump selected the bad words to represent the negative self-perspective toward Middle East country. This is one of the explanations of his argument to prevent the United States from terrorism. Related with it, the Middle East as the identity of many Muslims lived and migrate into the United States. The term ‗dangerous‘ use since the doer of bombing and terrorism is Muslim. Here, Trump tries to defend his argument for National Security of United States, the administration needs to carefully choose the right judgment which is limited the refugees from the Middle East.
4. Rhetoric Style Thus there are only two parts of analysis which are hyperbole and repetition and irony.
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a) Hyperbola Hyperbole is the kind of expression about fact that Donald Trump only uses a few utterances of hyperbole, these are the explanation;
Datum 1: ―Our leaders in Washington negotiated disastrous trade deals that brought massive profits to many foreign nations, but sent thousands of American factories, and millions of American jobs, to those other countries.”96
The use of word ‗thousands‘ and ‗millions‘ are regarded as the use of hyperbole in language. The meaning of those words deals with the quantity of the job that lost in the past event based on the speaker‘s argument. This use of quantity is to symbolize the ‗great amount‘ that can be representing trough the word ‗thousands and millions‘.
Datum 2: ―when it comes to Radical Islamic terrorism, ignorance is not bliss – it‟s deadly.”97
The use of the word 'ignorance is not bliss' is included in hyperbole. The purpose of the word is, thoughts that are not actual and irrelevant will lead to negative impacts that are very fatal. Will harm many parties who are very concerned. 'It‘s deadly', the form of words that clarifies negative representations of Hillary's opinion.
b) Repetition and Irony The use of repetition and irony mostly targeted to provoke and persuade the addressee to going along with the speaker‘s
96Donald Trump‘s Speech: Nationality speech, p. 6/8 97Donald Trump‘s Speech: National Security, p. 3/2
argument. Some repetition and irony were uttered in a high level of sound by the speaker to build up the emotion of the addressee. The strategies of using repetition and irony are mostly used the citizen involvement and emotional attachment of the addressee.
Datum 1: “America will be a tolerant and open society, America will also be a safe society.”98 “We will protect our borders at home, we will make America rich again, we will make America safe again, we will make America Great again.”99
The repetition spoken by Donald J Trump aims to provoke US citizens to approve him in his assessment of national security. Follow the topic of the discussion that has been analyzed previously, namely rebuilding the trust and trust of American citizens. Trump is trying to excite Americans to feel safe or not afraid to live in their own country again. This is part of the speech delivered by Trump after he stated his plans for national security. The irony used in every sentence such as 'make America rich again, make America safe again' is the irony of the United States voiced by Donald Trump. This irony has a function as a positive impression of Donald Trump because he shows a new national security as a solution to every irony he mentioned and turns America into a country that is much better than the previous government.
Datum 2: “We must maintain the primacy of America in our heart. We must maintain the freedom of life in our
98Donald Trump‘s Speech: National Security, p. 5/6 99Donald Trump‘s Speech: National Security, p. 6/8
souls. And we must remain confident in American‟s destiny that one nation, under God.”100
The next repetition of words used by Trump in irony is 'maintaining America's superiority in the hearts of its people'. This irony means that to maintain the American state that they should be united and the most important is the intention in their hearts, fostering a feeling that the people have an American state. Indirectly, trump unites emotional feelings so that people accept his leadership.
2. Socio Cognitive Approach that emerge in Donald J Trump‟s speeches
Table: Social Cognitive in Donald Trump‘s Speech
No Elements of Social Cognitive Total
1 Emotional attachment 3
2 Mind control 3
3 Mitigating evidence 3
4 Glorification 3
5 Creating enemy 3
6 Rhetoric act 2
TOTAL DATA 17
a. Emotional Attachment In this research, the writer found emotional attachment in three speeches. The sentence is an opening greeting, combining the opening
100Donald Trump‘s Speech: Nationality Speech, p. 9/7
sentence and the purpose of what was said. Emotional attachment used by trump aims so that the listener can accept it well. Datum 1: “Thank you for joining me today.”101 “But today there is only one thing to discuss: the growing threat of terrorism inside of our borders. The attack on ... country‟s history. So many people ... such a disgrace.”102
In the emotional attachment stage, Trump starts the conversation with greetings and thanks with the aim that the recipient feels appreciated for coming to hear Trump's speech. This will cause emotional closeness between the giver and the recipient. it starts by talking about the problem of terrorism and victims of bombings. Then to increase the emotional involvement Trump expressed sympathy for the victims' families. Then he mentioned the country of origin of terrorists that most people do not know according to the truth he got.
Datum 2: “Thank you. When I came into office, I promised to look at the world‟s challenges with open eyes and very fresh thinking.”103
Emotional attachment begins with greetings and expressions of hope when Trump is elected president he hopes to see the challenges of the world with open eyes and healthy thinking. This is the opening word from Trump, so that people are carried away in the emotional level of the trump. That way, the recipient can hear well what the trump is conveying. Datum 3:
“We meet tonight when our potential is infinite. As we begin this new congressional session, I stand here ready to work
101Donald Trump‘s Speech: National Security, p. 1/1 102Donald Trump‘s Speech: National Security, p. 1/2 103Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, p. 1/1
with you to achieve historic breakthroughs for all Americans.”104
Emotional attachment begins with an opening greeting that Trump uses to provide comfort and calm to the listener so that what is conveyed by Trump can be accepted by his listeners. In that sentence, Trump shows his position as a president who is ready to exist for his people with the aim of making reforms with a strategy that will create a new history among the American people.
b. Mind Control
Datum 1: “We cannot solve our problems by making the same failed assumptions and repeating the same failed strategies of the past. Old challenges demand new approaches.”105
The second stage is mind control, with mind control over speech beginning with recalling past evidence of Israel and Palestine. It is an old challenge that is the main point in the American program. Trump tries to get into the middle of the recipient's thoughts so that what is delivered is correct. In the mind control stages, the speaker tries to control the attention and minds of the audience by quoting the example from the past that most people are unaware of the facts.
Datum 2: “In 1995, Congress adopted the Jerusalem Embassy Act urging the federal government to relocate the American Embassy to Jerusalem and to recognize that that city, and so importantly, is Israel‟s capital. This act passed congress by an overwhelming bipartisan majority. And was reaffirmed by unanimous vote of the Senate only six months ago. Yet, for over 20 years, every previous American president has
104Donald Trump‘s Speech: Nationality Speech, p. 1/2 105Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, p. 1/1
exercised the law‟s waiver, refusing to move the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem or to recognize Jerusalem as Israel‟s capital city.”106
In this stage of schemata, Donald Trump tries to attract people attention by recall the history of Jerusalem since 1995. It is about the past agreement of the United States administration to move the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem and recognize the Jerusalem as the capital city of Israel that have not done yet until now.
Datum 3:
―In June, we commemorate 75 years since the start of what General Dwight D. Eisenhowers called the "Great Crusade" - the liberation of Europe in the World War by the Allied Forces. On the D-Day of June 6, 1944, 15 thousand American youths plunged from the sky, and another 60,000 stormed in from the sea, to save our civilization from tyranny. Together with us here tonight are three of these extraordinary heroes: First Private Joseph Reilly, Corporal Chief Irving Locker, and First Corporal Herman Zeitchik. Please. Gentlemen, we want to pay homage to you.‖107 Mind control over speech begins by recalling the evidence of the past that occurred in the great magical war of 1944 and celebrating the victory so that listeners can recall the glorious days of America. And in the 20th century of America's successful victory for its people. In this schematic stage, Donald Trump tried to attract people's attention by remembering American history in 1944 about the Great Crusade. The war occurred when Europe was still in a state of colonialism. Thousands of young Americans descended to free Europe in World War and save European civilization from Tirani. After talking about past unresolved events, the speaker continues the next stage of the scheme that mitigates evidence. This stage can be identified when the speaker tries to give new hope and the speaker puts himself into it.
106Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, p. 1/3 107Donald Trump‘s Speech: Nationality speech, p. 1/7
c. Mitigating evidence After talking about the past event that unresolved then the speaker going to the next stage of schemata which is mitigating evidence.
Datum 1: “My announcement today marks the beginning of a new approach to conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.”108
Mitigation evidence is pronounced with an announcement in advance about the official proof of the capital city of Jerusalem. This stage can be identified when the speaker tries to giving new hopes and the speaker put himself into it.
Datum 2: “Therefore, I have determined that it is time to officially recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. While previous presidents have made this a major campaign promise, they failed to deliver.”
In this stage, Trump started to elucidate his final judgment toward peace between Israel and Palestine. Go along with it, Trump demonstrates about Jerusalem and its history.
Datum 3:
“As a candidate for President, I strongly promised a new approach. Great countries do not fight endlessly. When I took office, ISIS controlled an area of more than 20 thousand square in Iraq and Syria - it was only two years ago. Right now, we have freed almost all of the territory from the grip of this bloodthirsty monster.‖
108Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerussalem as Idrael’s Capital, p. 1/2
At this stage, Trump began to reiterate himself as an American President who would appease the American people and promised a new approach that would strengthen the defense of the American nation. Trump explained that the big country did not struggle endlessly. Trump as if me, give encouragement to his people by promising all of them so that his country became a sovereign country.
d. Glorifications Then the next part of the schemata that takes place, is the glorification of Israel. That can be proven as follows:
Datum 1: “I refuse to be politically correct. I will do ... America Great Again. The days of deadly ignorance will end, and they will end soon. As President I will ... to get the job done.”
As the last part of the scheme, American glorification was declared after Trump created an enemy image. Part of American worship largely talks about facts that American citizens need to be aware of. Trump uses many positive words such as 'strong', 'big' and 'strength' to represent America's positive representation.
Datum 2: “Jerusalem is not just the heart of three great religious, but it is now also the heart of one of the most successful democracies in the world.”109 “But today, we finally acknowledge the obvious: that Jerusalem is Israel‟s capital…. It‟s something that has to be done.” 110
Then the next section of schemata that occurred, is glorification of Israel. Trough those sentences, the initial topic that wants to deliver
109Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, p. 2/5 110Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, p. 2/8
by Donald Trump is about the right that needs to give to Israel to get the Jerusalem as the capital city.
Datum 3:
―The United States is now the number one oil and natural gas producer in the world. And now, for the first time in 65 years, our country is a net exporter of energy.‖ “After 24 months of rapid progress, our economy is now making the world jealous, our military is undoubtedly the most powerful on Earth so far, and America continues to excel again every day.‖111 Through these sentences, the initial topic to be delivered by Donald Trump is about American superiority and rapid progress, especially in terms of economics. After that, the next process in this final speech was making an Enemy Image. In this section, the speaker begins to present his argument in which positive self-representation and negative representations of other groups are expressed.
e. Negative self-representation After that, the next process in the first speech is Creating Enemy Images. In this section, the speaker starts to utter his argumentations where the positive self-representation and the negative representation of another group is stated.
Datum 1: “Yet, Hillary for month and despite so many attacks…. Still has no clue what Radical Islam She is in total denial… the enemy broadcast weakness across the world.” 112
This step is to give an overview of the enemy. Donald Trump tries to give recipients that there are many enemies and they must be careful. In this speech scheme, Donald trump defines the enemy as a
111Donald Trump‘s Speech: Nationality, p. 4/2 112Donald Trump‘s Speech: National Security, p. 2/9
killer, radical Islam, and gunman. Trump also expressed Hillary Clinton's negative self-representation that wants America to maintain unity with Muslims and Islam.
Datum 2: “The Middle East is a region rich with culture, spirit, and history. Its people are brilliant, proud and diverse. Vibrant and strong. But the incredible future awaiting this region is held at bay by bloodshed, ignorance and terror.”113
Here the negative representation pointed at Middle East civilization. Trump recognizes the future of the Middle East as ‗bloodshed, ignorance and terror‘. Meanwhile, the researcher found that the strategies of creating enemy images used by Trump to provoke American fellow to prevent the misery future that may happen to the United States. Then going to the next stages, Trump used the rhetoric art of speaking that emerges at the end of the speech.
Datum 3:
―One of the most complex challenges we face, and we face for years, is in the Middle East. Our approach is based on principled realism, not a despicable theory that has failed for decades to make progress. For this reason, my government recognizes the true capital of Israel, and proudly opens the American Embassy in Jerusalem.‖114 The Middle East is an area rich in culture, passion and history. Its residents are brilliant, proud, and diverse. Enthusiastic and strong. That is the challenge for America to fight to become the only country. Trump has taken several approaches in his strategy to defeat the Middle Eastern nation, theories and applications have been carried out. And finally, recognition of the Israeli capital would make it easier to defeat something that would hamper the triumph of the United
113Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, p. 3/8 114Donald Trump‘s Speech: Nationality speech, p. 6/8
States of America. Researchers found that the strategy of creating enemy images was used by Trump to provoke the Middle East to unite the spirit of the American people.
f. Rhetoric Art of Speaking After the trump conveys the meaning and purpose with the various strategies above, the next step Trump used the art of rhetoric of speech that appeared at the end of the speech. The art of speech rhetoric used by Donald Trump at the end of his speech is a persuasive strategy.
Datum 1: “America will also be a safe society” “we will defeat ISIS overseas. We will ensure every parent can raise their children in peace and safety. We will make America rich again. We will make America safe again. We will make America great again.” 115
According to the rhetorical art used by trump in his speech. He tried to get his people to join forces to unite to make America a very better country. After what was said before, this is the final goal of the statement. Bring listeners to invite and accept well.
Datum 2: “It is time for the many who desire peace to expel the extremists from their midst. And it is time for young and moderate voices all across the Middle East to claim for themselves a bright and beautiful future.”116
The last stage is the art of rhetoric used by Trumps that is persuasive. He invites his people to think of a future together and unite for the sovereignty of the American nation, and make America the best country of any other country.
115Donald Trump‘s Speech: National Security, p. 5/6 116Donald Trump‘s Speech: Recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, p. 4/3
Datum 3:
―We must maintain the primacy of America in our hearts. We must maintain the freedom of life in our souls. And we must remain confident in America's destiny that one nation, under God, must be hope and promise, and light and glory, among all nations in the world.”117 In the last speech, the sentence above is included in the art of rhetoric because the trump positions itself in a positive representation and invites its people to maintain American sovereignty and restore the American state to a country free from their lives. The sentence that trump uses is very actual, because it really helps him as a president to end his speech. That way, the people will accept all the statements that they convey.
117Donald Trump‘s Speech: Nationality speech, p. 9/6
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion 1. Kinds of Critical Discourse Analysis in Donald Trump‟s Speech The researcher focuses on the structures of Critical Discourse Analysis in Donald J Trump speeches. In CDA structure, the writer condensed the analysis using Van Dijk theory that divides the CDA structure into Macro structures, Micro structures and Super structure of the text. The first structural analysis, namely the macrostructure found in this research is Thematic, the second analysis of microstructure elaborated in detail since this part of the analysis contained 4 kinds those are: syntactic style, semantic style, stylistic style and rhetoric style. While the superstructure which deals with the schemata. Based on the first results, Trump uses linguistic features to manipulate his language in order to persuade and provoke recipients. This can be demonstrated by every topic presented by Donald J Trump. The first topic presented was to make Americans aware of enemies, the second topic of Israel's fame in Jerusalem, the last speech was to rebuild the confidence of American citizens. Microstructure results show that Donald J Trump consistently uses irony to involve emotional attachment to the intended. While the use of repetition is largely conveyed about the past failures of the United States, this strategy aims to attack the recipients' attention and persuade them to agree with their arguments using logical facts and emotional attachment. Positive self-description also occurs in every argument he conveys, but researchers also find that Trump tends to make negative representations of groups or other people to get positive representations. In addition, the use of pronouns mostly aims to show the unity represented by the pronouns 'us' and 'ours', but Trump also expresses strength by using the
pronouns 'I'. In fact, in the use of lexical choices, Trump also states negative self-representation of others by choosing bad words. 2. Social cognitive in Donald Trump‟s Speech Then the secondary Socio Cognitive Approach used to explore the schema as the part of Superstructure of the text. The structure of Critical Discourse Analysis that use in this research need to be explored. It is seen that the first speech includes 3 parts of 6 social cognitive elements consisting of emotional attachment, creating a bad image of the enemy and American worship. Then the second speech consisted of emotional attachment, mind control, mitigating evidence, glorification, creating an enemy image and the art of rhetorical speech. In this speech, an indication of the topic was demonstrated by a strategy of creating an enemy image used by Trump to provoke Americans to prevent a miserable future that might occur in the United States. And the last speech also has 6 stages of scheme namely mind control, emotional attachment, mitigating evidence, constructing arguments as Miseries of the past, glorification and art of rhetoric of speech.
B. Suggestion Based on the conclusion before, the writer would like to give a suggestion as follows: 1. The writer hopes the readers can receive information from phrases such as speeches. Because speech are formal delivered in general. 2. The writer suggests for further research that wants to explore Critical Discourse Analysis to develop research by carrying out further investigations to reveal different, and be actual. 3. The writer also suggests to other researchers, if you want to discuss not only in speeches but use a lot of other media so that more variation data, such as newspapers, advertisements, film transcripts, and others. 4. Based on this study the writer hope, this thesis can be a good reference for linguistic students and inspire them to carry out further analysis.
Especially, students in Adab and Humanities faculty, State Islamic the University of Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
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APPENDIX I
Donald John Trump or better known as Donald Trump is the son of Fred Trump, a Real Estate development and marketing expert in New York. Donald Trump was born in New York City, United States on June 14, 1946. Donald Trump has three brothers, namely two women and one man. Donald Trump's eldest sister Maryanne Trump Barry is a federal judge. The Kew-Forest School in Forest Hills, Queens was home to Donald Trump's school, but when 13-year-old Trump was in turmoil there and he was finally sent to the New York Military Academy. Trump's parents hope that Donald Trump is able to become a formidable figure. That became a reality, Trump received several academic awards and was able to become the captain of the baseball team in 1964.
For 2 years Donald John Trump attended Fordham University, then he moved to the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1968, he graduated with a degree in economics with a concentration in finance, then he joined his father's real estate company. Donald Trump began his career at a company owned by his father The Trump Organization, a middle class home rental. The first project Trump handled was in Cincinnati, Ohio to renovate the Swifton Village apartment complex. The Trump Organization achieved a profit of US $ 6 million after Donald Trump succeeded in changing 1200 units of the apartment complex by raising the tariff 66% to 100%.
In 1977, Trump married Ivana Zelnickova but in 1992 they divorced. From his marriage to Ivana, Donald Trump has three children named Donald Jr, Ivanka and Eric. In 1992, Donald Trump married Marla Maples and had one child named Tiffany. In 2004, Donald Trump developed his career in television. Donald Trump is the host of the NBC reality show and executive producer. In the same year, Trump proposed a woman named Melanija Kanvs and married in 2005, from the results of his marriage, he was blessed with a son. A very long career in the
property business world that has built various office buildings, casinos, hotels, golf courses, and other branded facilities throughout the world. His career in the television field continued to develop rapidly until Donald Trump finally entered the world of politics. In June 2015, Trump announced his candidacy as president of the Republican Party and immediately became the pre-eminent candidate. In May 2016, his Republican rivals stopped their respective campaigns. In July 2016, he was officially nominated as president at the 2016 Republican National Convention. Trump was elected as the 45th president of the United States in the 2016 presidential election, he defeated the Democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton. Then, Trump was appointed on January 20, 2017. Trump is the oldest person who served as president of the United States at the age of 70 years. According to Forbes magazine in 2016, Donald Trump's wealth when he became president was around 3.7 billion dollars or around 49.3 trillion rupiah.
APPENDIX II
A. Terrorism National Security Speech on June 13th 2016 03:06 WITA
Thank you for joining me today.
This was going to be a speech on Hillary Clinton and how bad a President, especially in these times of Radical Islamic Terrorism, she would be.
Even her former Secret Service Agent, who has seen her under pressure and in times of stress, has stated that she lacks the temperament and integrity to be president. There will be plenty of opportunity to discuss these important issues at a later time, and I will deliver that speech soon. But today there is only one thing to discuss: the growing threat of terrorism inside of our borders. The attack on the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was the worst terrorist strike on our soil since September 11th, and the worst mass shooting in our country‘s history. So many people dead, so many people gravely injured, so much carnage, such a disgrace.
The horror is beyond description. The families of these wonderful people are totally devastated. Likewise, our whole nation, and indeed the whole world, is devastated. We express our deepest sympathies to the victims, the wounded, and their families. We mourn, as one people, for our nation‘s loss – and pledge our support to any and all who need it. I would like to ask now that we all observe a moment of silence for the victims of the attack.
Our nation stands together in solidarity with the members of Orlando's LGBT Community. This is a very dark moment in America‘s history. A radical Islamic terrorist targeted the nightclub not only because he wanted to kill Americans, but in order to execute gay and lesbian citizens because of their sexual orientation. It is a strike at the heart and soul of who we are as a nation. It is an assault on the
ability of free people to live their lives, love who they want and express their identity. It is an attack on the right of every single American to live in peace and safety in their own country. We need to respond to this attack on America as one united people – with force, purpose and determination. But the current politically correct response cripples our ability to talk and think and act clearly. If we don't get tough, and we don't get smart – and fast – we're not going to have a country anymore -- there will be nothing left.
The killer, whose name I will not use, or ever say, was born to Afghan parents who immigrated to the United States. His father published support for the Afghan Taliban, a regime which murders those who don‘t share its radical views. The father even said he was running for President of that country. The bottom line is that the only reason the killer was in America in the first place was because we allowed his family to come here.
That is a fact, and it's a fact we need to talk about. We have a dysfunctional immigration system which does not permit us to know who we let into our country, and it does not permit us to protect our citizens. We have an incompetent administration, and if I am not elected President, that will not change over the next four years -- but it must change, and it must change now. With fifty people dead, and dozens more wounded, we cannot afford to talk around the issue anymore -- we have to address it head on.
I called for a ban after San Bernardino, and was met with great scorn and anger but now, many are saying I was right to do so -- and although the pause is temporary, we must find out what is going on. The ban will be lifted when we as a nation are in a position to properly and perfectly screen those people coming into our country. The immigration laws of the United States give the President the power to suspend entry into the country of any class of persons that the President deems detrimental to the interests or security of the United States, as he deems appropriate.
I will use this power to protect the American people. When I am elected, I will suspend immigration from areas of the world when there is a proven history of terrorism against the United States, Europe or our allies, until we understand how to end these threats.
After a full, impartial and long overdue security assessment, we will develop a responsible immigration policy that serves the interests and values of America. We cannot continue to allow thousands upon thousands of people to pour into our country, many of whom have the same thought process as this savage killer. Many of the principles of Radical Islam are incompatible with Western values and institutions.
Radical Islam is anti-woman, anti-gay and anti-American. I refuse to allow America to become a place where gay people, Christian people, and Jewish people, are the targets of persecution and intimidation by Radical Islamic preachers of hate and violence. It‘s not just a national security issue. It is a quality of life issue. If we want to protect the quality of life for all Americans – women and children, gay and straight, Jews and Christians and all people – then we need to tell the truth about Radical Islam.
We need to tell the truth, also, about how Radical Islam is coming to our shores.
We are importing Radical Islamic Terrorism into the West through a failed immigration system -- and through an intelligence community held back by our president. Even our own FBI Director has admitted that we cannot effectively check the backgrounds of the people we are letting into America.
All of the September 11th hijackers were issued visas. Large numbers of Somali refugees in Minnesota have tried to join ISIS. the Boston Bombers came here through political asylum.
The male shooter in San Bernardino – again, whose name I won't mention -- was the child of immigrants from Pakistan, and he brought his wife – the other
terrorist - from Saudi Arabia, through another one of our easily exploited visa programs.
Immigration from Afghanistan into the United States has increased nearly five- fold in just one year. According to Pew Research, 99% of people in Afghanistan support oppressive Sharia Law. We admit many more from other countries in the region who share these same oppressive views. If we want to remain a free and open society, then we have to control our borders.
Yet, Hillary Clinton – for months and despite so many attacks – repeatedly refused to even say the words ―radical Islam,‖ until I challenged her yesterday to say the words or leave the race. However, Hillary Clinton – who has been forced to say the words today after policies she supports have caused us so much damage – still has no clue what Radical Islam is, and won‘t speak honestly about what it is. She is in total denial, and her continuing reluctance to ever name the enemy broadcasts weakness across the world.
In fact, just a few weeks before the San Bernardino slaughter, Hillary Clinton explained her refusal to say the words Radical Islam. Here is what she said: ―Muslims are peaceful and tolerant people, and have nothing whatsoever to do with terrorism.‖
Hillary Clinton says the solution is to ban guns. They tried that in France, which has among the toughest gun laws in the world, and 130 were brutally murdered by Islamic terrorists in cold blood. Her plan is to disarm law-abiding Americans, abolishing the 2nd amendment, and leaving only the bad guys and terrorists with guns. She wants to take away Americans‘ guns, then admit the very people who want to slaughter us. I will be meeting with the NRA, which has given me their earliest endorsement in a Presidential race, to discuss how to ensure Americans have the means to protect themselves in this age of terror.
The bottom line is that Hillary supports the policies that bring the threat of Radical Islam into America, and allow it to grow overseas.
In fact, Hillary Clinton‘s catastrophic immigration plan will bring vastly more Radical Islamic immigration into this country, threatening not only our security but our way of life. When it comes to Radical Islamic terrorism, ignorance is not bliss – it's deadly. The Obama Administration, with the support of Hillary Clinton and others, has also damaged our security by restraining our intelligence-gathering and failing to support law enforcement. They have put political correctness above common sense, above your safety, and above all else. I refuse to be politically correct. I will do the right thing--I want to straighten things out and to Make America Great Again. The days of deadly ignorance will end, and they will end soon.
As President I will give our intelligence community, law enforcement and military the tools they need to prevent terrorist attacks. We need an intelligence-gathering system second to none. That includes better cooperation between state, local and federal officials – and with our allies. I will have an Attorney General, a Director of National Intelligence, and a Secretary of Defense who will know how to fight the war on Radical Islamic Terrorism – and who will have the support they require to get the job done. We also must ensure the American people are provided the information they need to understand the threat.
The Senate Subcommittee on Immigration has already identified hundreds of immigrants charged with terrorist activities inside the United States since September 11th. Nearly a year ago, the Senate Subcommittee asked President Obama's Departments of Justice, State and Homeland Security to provide the immigration history of all terrorists inside the United States. These Departments refused to comply.
President Obama must release the full and complete immigration histories of all individuals implicated in terrorist activity of any kind since 9/11. The public has a right to know how these people got here. We have to screen applicants to know whether they are affiliated with, or support, radical groups and beliefs. We have to
control the amount of future immigration into this country to prevent large pockets of radicalization from forming inside America.
Even a single individual can be devastating, just look at what happened in Orlando. Can you imagine large groups? Truly, our President doesn't know what he is doing. He has failed us, and failed us badly, and under his leadership, this situation will not get any better -- it will only get worse. Each year, the United States permanently admits more than 100,000 immigrants from the Middle East, and many more from Muslim countries outside the Middle East. Our government has been admitting ever-growing numbers, year after year, without any effective plan for our security.
In fact, Clinton's State Department was in charge of the admissions process for people applying to enter from overseas.
Having learned nothing from these attacks, she now plans to massively increase admissions without a screening plan, including a 500% increase in Syrian refugees. This could be a better, bigger version of the legendary Trojan Horse. We can't let this happen. Altogether, under the Clinton plan, you'd be admitting hundreds of thousands of refugees from the Middle East with no system to vet them, or to prevent the radicalization of their children.
The burden is on Hillary Clinton to tell us why she believes immigration from these dangerous countries should be increased without any effective system to screen who we are bringing in. The burden is on Hillary Clinton to tell us why we should admit anyone into our country who supports violence of any kind against gay and lesbian Americans. The burden is also on Hillary Clinton to tell us how she will pay for it. Her plan will cost Americans hundreds of billions of dollars long-term. Wouldn't this money be better spent on rebuilding America for our current population, including the many poor people already living here?
We have to stop the tremendous flow of Syrian refugees into the United States – we don't know who they are, they have no documentation, and we don't know
what they're planning. What I want is common sense. I want a mainstream immigration policy that promotes American values. That is the choice I put before the American people: a mainstream immigration policy designed to benefit America, or Hillary Clinton's radical immigration policy designed to benefit politically-correct special interests. We've got to get smart, and tough, and vigilant, and we've got to do it now, because later is too late.
The media talks about ―homegrown,‖ terrorism, but Islamic radicalism, and the networks that nurture it, are imports from overseas. Yes, there are many radicalized people already inside our country as a result of the poor policies of the past. But the whole point is that it will be much, much easier to deal with our current problem if we don‘t keep on bringing in people who add to the problem. For instance, the controversial Mosque attended by the Boston Bombers had as its founder an immigrant from overseas charged in an assassination plot. This shooter in Orlando was the child of an immigrant father who supported one of the most repressive regimes on Earth. Why would we admit people who support violent hatred?
Hillary Clinton can never claim to be a friend of the gay community as long as she continues to support immigration policies that bring Islamic extremists to our country who suppress women, gays and anyone who doesn‘t share their views. She can‘t have it both ways. She can‘t claim to be supportive of these communities while trying to increase the number of people coming in who want to oppress them. How does this kind of immigration make our life better? How does this kind of immigration make our country better?
Why does Hillary Clinton want to bring people here—in vast numbers—who reject our values? Ask yourself, who is really the friend of women and the LGBT community, Donald Trump with his actions, or Hillary Clinton with her words? Clinton wants to allow Radical Islamic terrorists to pour into our country—they enslave women, and murder gays. I don‘t want them in our country. Immigration
is a privilege, and we should not let anyone into this country who doesn‘t support our communities – all of our communities.
America has already admitted four times more immigrants than any country on earth, and we continue to admit millions more with no real checks or scrutiny.Not surprisingly, wages for our workers haven‘t budged in many years. So whether it‘s matter of national security, or financial security, we can‘t afford to keep on going like this. We owe $19 trillion in debt, and no longer have options.
All our communities, from all backgrounds, are ready for some relief. This is not an act of offense against anyone; it is an act of defense. I want us all to work together, including in partnership with our Muslim communities. But Muslim communities must cooperate with law enforcement and turn in the people who they know are bad – and they do know where they are. I want to fix our schools, roads, bridges and job market. I want every American to succeed. Hillary Clinton wants to empty out the Treasury to bring people into the country that include individuals who preach hate against our own citizens. I want to protect our citizens – all of our citizens.
The terrorist attack on the Pulse Night Club demands a full and complete investigation into every aspect of the assault. In San Bernardino, as an example, people knew what was going on, but they used the excuse of racial profiling for not reporting it. We need to know what the killer discussed with his relatives, parents, friends and associates. We need to know if he was affiliated with any radical Mosques or radical activists and what, if any, is their immigration status. We need to know if he travelled anywhere, and who he travelled with. We need to make sure every single last person involved in this plan – including anyone who knew something but didn't tell us – is brought to justice. If it can be proven that somebody had information about any attack, and did not give this information to authorities, they must serve prison time .
America must do more – much more – to protect its citizens, especially people who are potential victims of crimes based on their backgrounds or sexual orientations. It also means we must change our foreign policy. The decision to overthrow the regime in Libya, then pushing for the overthrow of the regime in Syria, among other things, without plans for the day after, have created space for ISIS to expand and grow. These actions, along with our disastrous Iran deal, have also reduced our ability to work in partnership with our Muslim allies in the region. That is why our new goal must be to defeat Islamic terrorism, not nation- building.
For instance, the last major NATO mission was Hillary Clinton's war in Libya. That mission helped unleash ISIS on a new continent. I've said NATO needs to change its focus to stopping terrorism. Since I've raised that criticism, NATO has since announced a new initiative focused on just that. America must unite the whole civilized world in the fight against Islamic terrorism, just like we did against communism in the Cold War.
We've tried it President Obama's way. He gave the world his apology tour, we got ISIS, and many other problems, in return. I'd like to conclude my remarks today by again expressing our solidarity with the people of Orlando who have come under attack.
When I am President, I pledge to protect and defend all Americans who live inside of our borders. Wherever they come from, wherever they were born, all Americans living here and following our laws will be protected.
America will be a tolerant and open society. America will also be a safe society.
We will protect our borders at home. We will defeat ISIS overseas.
We will ensure every parent can raise their children in peace and safety.
We will make America rich again. We will make America safe again.
We will make American Great Again. Thank you.
B. Recognize Jerusalem as Israel‟s Capital Speech on December 6th 2017
Thank you. When I came into office, I promised to look at the world‘s challenges with open eyes and very fresh thinking. We cannot solve our problems by making the same failed assumptions and repeating the same failed strategies of the past. Old challenges demand new approaches.
My announcement today marks the beginning of a new approach to conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
In 1995, Congress adopted the Jerusalem Embassy Act, urging the federal government to relocate the American embassy to Jerusalem and to recognize that that city — and so importantly — is Israel‘s capital. This act passed Congress by an overwhelming bipartisan majority and was reaffirmed by a unanimous vote of the Senate only six months ago.
Yet, for over 20 years, every previous American president has exercised the law‘s waiver, refusing to move the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem or to recognize Jerusalem as Israel‘s capital city.
Presidents issued these waivers under the belief that delaying the recognition of Jerusalem would advance the cause of peace. Some say they lacked courage, but they made their best judgments based on facts as they understood them at the time. Nevertheless, the record is in. After more than two decades of waivers, we are no closer to a lasting peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians. It would be folly to assume that repeating the exact same formula would now produce a different or better result.
Therefore, I have determined that it is time to officially recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. While previous presidents have made this a major campaign
promise, they failed to deliver. Today, I am delivering. I‘ve judged this course of action to be in the best interests of the United States of America and the pursuit of peace between Israel and the Palestinians. This is a long-overdue step to advance the peace process and to work towards a lasting agreement.
Israel is a sovereign nation with the right like every other sovereign nation to determine its own capital. Acknowledging this as a fact is a necessary condition for achieving peace.
It was 70 years ago that the United States, under President Truman, recognized the State of Israel. Ever since then, Israel has made its capital in the city of Jerusalem — the capital the Jewish people established in ancient times. Today, Jerusalem is the seat of the modern Israeli government. It is the home of the Israeli parliament, the Knesset, as well as the Israeli Supreme Court. It is the location of the official residence of the Prime Minister and the President. It is the headquarters of many government ministries.
For decades, visiting American presidents, secretaries of state, and military leaders have met their Israeli counterparts in Jerusalem, as I did on my trip to Israel earlier this year.
Jerusalem is not just the heart of three great religions, but it is now also the heart of one of the most successful democracies in the world. Over the past seven decades, the Israeli people have built a country where Jews, Muslims, and Christians, and people of all faiths are free to live and worship according to their conscience and according to their beliefs.
Jerusalem is today, and must remain, a place where Jews pray at the Western Wall, where Christians walk the Stations of the Cross, and where Muslims worship at Al-Aqsa Mosque.
However, through all of these years, presidents representing the United States have declined to officially recognize Jerusalem as Israel‘s capital. In fact, we have declined to acknowledge any Israeli capital at all.
But today, we finally acknowledge the obvious: that Jerusalem is Israel‘s capital. This is nothing more, or less, than a recognition of reality. It is also the right thing to do. It‘s something that has to be done.
That is why, consistent with the Jerusalem Embassy Act, I am also directing the State Department to begin preparation to move the American embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. This will immediately begin the process of hiring architects, engineers, and planners, so that a new embassy, when completed, will be a magnificent tribute to peace.
In making these announcements, I also want to make one point very clear: This decision is not intended, in any way, to reflect a departure from our strong commitment to facilitate a lasting peace agreement. We want an agreement that is a great deal for the Israelis and a great deal for the Palestinians. We are not taking a position of any final status issues, including the specific boundaries of the Israeli sovereignty in Jerusalem, or the resolution of contested borders. Those questions are up to the parties involved.
The United States remains deeply committed to helping facilitate a peace agreement that is acceptable to both sides. I intend to do everything in my power to help forge such an agreement. Without question, Jerusalem is one of the most sensitive issues in those talks. The United States would support a two-state solution if agreed to by both sides.
In the meantime, I call on all parties to maintain the status quo at Jerusalem‘s holy sites, including the Temple Mount, also known as Haram al-Sharif.
Above all, our greatest hope is for peace, the universal yearning in every human soul. With today‘s action, I reaffirm my administration‘s longstanding commitment to a future of peace and security for the region.
There will, of course, be disagreement and dissent regarding this announcement. But we are confident that ultimately, as we work through these disagreements, we will arrive at a peace and a place far greater in understanding and cooperation.
This sacred city should call forth the best in humanity, lifting our sights to what it is possible; not pulling us back and down to the old fights that have become so totally predictable. Peace is never beyond the grasp of those willing to reach.
So today, we call for calm, for moderation, and for the voices of tolerance to prevail over the purveyors of hate. Our children should inherit our love, not our conflicts.
I repeat the message I delivered at the historic and extraordinary summit in Saudi Arabia earlier this year: The Middle East is a region rich with culture, spirit, and history. Its people are brilliant, proud, and diverse, vibrant and strong. But the incredible future awaiting this region is held at bay by bloodshed, ignorance, and terror.
Vice President Pence will travel to the region in the coming days to reaffirm our commitment to work with partners throughout the Middle East to defeat radicalism that threatens the hopes and dreams of future generations.
It is time for the many who desire peace to expel the extremists from their midst. It is time for all civilized nations, and people, to respond to disagreement with reasoned debate –- not violence.
And it is time for young and moderate voices all across the Middle East to claim for themselves a bright and beautiful future.
So today, let us rededicate ourselves to a path of mutual understanding and respect. Let us rethink old assumptions and open our hearts and minds to possible and possibilities. And finally, I ask the leaders of the region — political and religious; Israeli and Palestinian; Jewish and Christian and Muslim — to join us in the noble quest for lasting peace.
Thank you. God bless you. God bless Israel. God bless the Palestinians. And God bless the United States. Thank you very much. Thank you.
END
C. Nationality Spech on February 14th 2019 08:47 WIB
"The Chairperson of the House of Representatives, the Deputy President, Members of Congress, the First Lady of the United States of America, and Gentlemen,
We meet tonight when our potential is infinite. As we begin this new congressional session, I stand here ready to work with you to achieve historic breakthroughs for all Americans.
Millions of people are watching us now, gathering in this large room, hoping that we will rule not as two parties, but as one nation.
The agenda that I will present tonight is not the agenda of the Republican Party or the agenda of the Democratic Party. This is the agenda of the American people.
Many of us have campaigned with essentially identical promises: to maintain employment in America and demand fair trade for American workers; to rebuild and revitalize our country's infrastructure; to reduce health care costs and medicines that require doctor's prescriptions; to create a safe, legal, modern and guaranteed immigration system; and continue foreign policy that prioritizes American interests.
Now there are new opportunities in American politics, if only we had the courage, together, to hold them. Such a victory is not a victory for our party. Such a victory is a victory for our country.
This year, America will celebrate two important warnings that show us how great the American mission is and the strong influence of American pride.
In June, we commemorate 75 years since the start of what General Dwight D. Eisenhowers called the "Great Crusade" - the liberation of Europe in the World War by the Allied Forces. On the D-Day of June 6, 1944, 15 thousand American youths plunged from the sky, and another 60,000 stormed in from the sea, to save our civilization from tyranny. Together with us here tonight are three of these extraordinary heroes: First Private Joseph Reilly, Corporal Chief Irving Locker, and First Corporal Herman Zeitchik. Please. Gentlemen, we want to pay homage to you.
In 2019, we also commemorate 50 years since brave young pilots flew a quarter of a million miles through space to plug an American flag on the surface of the moon. Half a century later, with us here is one of Apollo 11's spies who stuck the flag: Buzz Aldrin. Thank you, Buzz. This year, American astronauts will return to space using American rockets.
In the 20th century, America saved freedom, transformed science, redefined the middle class, and if seen as a whole, none in this world could compete with America. Now we must bravely step into the next round of a brilliant adventure. This America, and we must create a new standard of living for the 21st century. The amazing quality of life for all our citizens is now almost affordable.
We can make our community safer, families in our country have stronger ties, our culture is richer, our faith is deeper, and our middle class is bigger and more prosperous than before.
But we must reject the politics of revenge, resistance, and reward, and embrace unlimited potential in the fields of cooperation, compromise, and common good.
Together, we can break the political deadlock in recent decades. We can bridge old disputes, heal old wounds, build new coalitions, form new solutions, and unlock the extraordinary promise of America's future. The decision is in our hands. "
We must choose between glory or deadlock, results or resistance, vision or revenge, amazing progress or futile destruction.
Tonight, I ask you to choose glory. In the past two years, my government has moved seriously at a historical pace to deal with problems that were ignored by leaders from both parties for (many) decades. In just two years since the election, we have made unprecedented economic growth - a growth rarely seen before. Nothing like that. We have created 5.3 million new jobs and, more importantly, added 600 thousand new jobs in manufacturing - something that almost everyone says is impossible. But in fact, this is just the beginning.
Wages are now increasing at the fastest rate in decades and are increasing for workers, which I promise I will fight for. Wages grow faster than what was previously thought impossible. Nearly 5 million Americans no longer need food assistance. The US economy is growing almost twice as fast now than when I took office. And the American economy is considered the fastest in the whole world. There is no economy anywhere like this.
Unemployment reached its lowest level in more than half a century. Unemployment of African Americans, Hispanics and Asians has all reached the lowest level on record. Unemployment among Americans with disabilities has also reached an all-time low. More people work now than at any time in the history of our country - there are now 157 million people working.
We have authorized large-scale tax deductions for families who work and double child tax credit.
We no longer impose land taxes - or death taxes, as they are often called - for small businesses of farmers and also family-owned agriculture.
We remove tax penalties for people who do not have individual compulsory health insurance based on the very unpopular Obamacare. And to provide access to life-saving treatments for critically ill patients, we validate things, which are very important, namely the Right to Try.
My government has cut more regulations in a short period of time than other governments during their tenure. Companies are now returning to our country in large numbers thanks to historic cuts in taxes and regulations.
And we have made a revolution in American energy. The United States is now the number one oil and natural gas producer in the world. And now, for the first time in 65 years, our country is a net exporter of energy.
After 24 months of rapid progress, our economy is now making the world jealous, our military is undoubtedly the most powerful on Earth so far, and America continues to excel again every day.
Our country is now brilliant and our economy continues to grow, like never before.
Last Friday, it was announced that our country added 304 thousand jobs last month alone - almost double the original estimate. An economic miracle is now happening in the United States, and the only thing that can stop it is stupid war, politics, or ridiculous investigations in the American Congress led by the Democratic Party.
In order to have peace and legislation, there should be no war and investigation. It can't be like that.
We must unite domestically to defeat our enemies abroad. A new era of collaboration could begin with the inauguration of the positions of more than 300 highly qualified candidates who are still held in the Senate. In some cases, up to years of waiting. Such treatment is not true. The Senate has failed to act on this nomination, and it is unfair to the candidates and very unfair to our country.
Now is the time to act cross-party. Believe it or not, we have proven that it is indeed possible.
In the previous Congress, the two parties united to ratify unprecedented legislation to deal with the opioid crisis, a new agricultural bill, historic reform (UU) in the VA or the Department of Veterans Affairs. And after rejection in four decades, we passed the Veterans Department Accountability Law so that we can finally dismiss those who persecute our great veterans. And just a few weeks ago, the two parties united to start criminal justice reform. They say it can't be done.
Last year, I heard from friends, the story of Alice Johnson. I am very touched. In 1997, Alice was sentenced to life in prison as a non-violent drug convict for the first time. During the next 22 years, he became a prison minister, inspiring others to choose a better path. He had a huge impact not only on the prison population, but also on others.
Alice's story highlights the imbalances and injustices that can occur in punishing convicts, and the importance of correcting this injustice. He served his sentence for almost 22 years and should have remained in prison for the rest of his life.
In June, I reduced Alice's sentence. When I saw a happy family Alice greeted her at the prison gate, hugged her and kissed her and cried and laughed, I knew I had done something right.
Alice is here with us tonight, she is a great woman. Great. Alice, thank you.
Alice, thank you for reminding us that we always have the power to determine our own destiny. Thank you very much, Alice. Thank you very much.
Inspired by stories like Alice, my government worked closely with members from both parties to pass the FIRST STEP Act. Big deal. This is a big thing.
This legislation reforming the Law in imposing penalties that have been wrong and unfair has harmed the African American community. The FIRST STEP Law provides an opportunity for nonviolent convicts to return to society as productive
and law-abiding citizens. Now states throughout the country are following in our footsteps. America is a country that believes in justification. "
I will never forget, and I will struggle to remember Gerald and Sharon, and that it cannot happen again. None of the lives of Americans are floating because our nation has failed to control its very dangerous border. "
Both parties must be able to unite to rebuild America's destroyed infrastructure.
I know that Congress wants to pass the infrastructure bill, and I want to work with you about the law to provide new and important infrastructure investments, including investments in the latest industries in the future. This is not an option. This is a must.
"Two weeks ago, the United States officially recognized the legitimate Venezuelan government - and its new President, Juan Guaido.
We stand with the Venezuelans in their noble efforts for freedom, and we condemn the brutality of the Maduro regime, whose socialist policies have transformed the country from the richest in South America to a poor and desperate country.
Here, in the United States, we are surprised by the new call to implement socialism in our country.
America was founded on the basis of freedom and independence, not coercion, domination and government control. We are born free and we will remain free.
Tonight, we renew our determination that America will never be a socialist country.
One of the most complex challenges we face, and we face for years, is in the Middle East. Our approach is based on principled realism, not a despicable theory that has failed for decades to make progress. For this reason, my government recognizes the true capital of Israel, and proudly opens the American Embassy in Jerusalem.
Our valiant forces have been fighting in the Middle East for almost 19 years. In Afghanistan and Iraq, nearly 7,000 American heroes have sacrificed their lives. More than 52,000 Americans were seriously injured. We have spent more than $ 7 trillion fighting in the Middle East.
As a candidate for President, I strongly promised a new approach. Great countries do not fight endlessly.
When I took office, ISIS controlled an area of more than 20 thousand square in Iraq and Syria - it was only two years ago. Right now, we have freed almost all of the territory from the grip of this bloodthirsty monster.
Now, when we work with our allies to destroy the remnants of ISIS, it's time to give a warm welcome home to our brave fighters in Syria.
I have also accelerated negotiations to achieve - if possible - a political settlement in Afghanistan. The opponent is also very happy to be able to negotiate. Our troops have fought with unparalleled courage. And thanks to their courage, we can now continue the possibility of a political solution to this long and bloody conflict.
In Afghanistan, my government held constructive talks with a number of Afghan groups, including the Taliban. As we make progress in these negotiations, we will be able to reduce our troop presence and focus on counterterrorism. And we will indeed focus on counterterrorism.
We don't know yet whether we will reach an agreement, but we know that, after two decades of war, the time has come to at least try peace. And the other party wants to do the same. It is time.
Most importantly, friends and enemies must not doubt the strength and willingness of this nation to defend our people. Eighteen years ago, cruel terrorists
attacked USS Cole. And last month, American troops killed one of the leaders of the attack.
We are honored to be together tonight with Tom Wibberley, whose son, Kelasi Chief of Navy Craig Wibberley, is one of 17 tragically missing sailors. Tom, we vowed to always remember the USS Cole heroes. Thank you, Tom.
My government has acted decisively against the main sponsoring state of terror in the world: a radical regime in Iran. That's a radical regime. They do bad things. To ensure this corrupt dictatorship never gets nuclear weapons, I withdraw the United States from the devastating Iran nuclear deal. And last fall, we imposed the heaviest sanctions we have ever given to a country.
We will not take our eyes off the regime that chants "Death to America" and threatens genocide against Jews. We must not ignore these evil poisons from anti- Semitism, or those who spread the creed's creed. With one voice, we must face this hatred wherever and wherever it occurs.
Only a few months ago, 11 American-Jews were brutally murdered in an anti- Semitic attack on the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh. SWAT officer Timothy Matson ran towards the shot and was shot seven times after the killer. And he survived. Timothy has just undergone his 12th surgery, and he will undergo more. But he traveled to be here with us tonight. Matson Officer. thanks. We are forever grateful. Thank you very much.
Tonight, we also joined a survivor from Pittsburgh, Judah Samet. He arrived at the synagogue when the massacre began. But not only did Judah escape death last fall, more than seven decades ago, he also managed to escape the Nazi concentration camp. Today is Judah's 81st birthday.
(Audience sings "Happy Birthday.")
They won't do that for me, Judah.
Judah said he could still remember that moment right, almost 75 years ago, after 10 months in the concentration camp, when he and his family took the train and were told they would go to another camp. Suddenly, the train brakes and stops very strong. A soldier appears. Family Judah prepares for the worst. Then, his father exclaimed with delight, "American! American!" Thank you.
The second Holocaust victim here tonight, Joshua Kaufman, is a prisoner in Dachau. He remembered seeing through a hole in the wall of a cattle train when American soldiers arrived with tanks. "For me," Joshua recalled, "American soldiers are proof that God exists, and they descend from heaven." They descended from Heaven.
I started tonight by honoring the three soldiers who fought on D-Day in the Second World War. One of them is Herman Zeitchik. But there is more to Herman's story. A year after he invaded the Normandy coast, Herman was one of the American soldiers who helped free Dachau. He is one of the Americans who helped save Joshua from hell on Earth.
Nearly 75 years later, Herman and Joshua are together in the gallery tonight, sitting side by side, here in the home of American freedom. Herman and Joshua, your presence tonight is very appreciated. Thank you very much. thanks.
When American troops departed under the dark skies of the English Channel in the early hours of D-Day, 1944, they were only young men aged 18 and 19, who glided on fragile landing craft to the most important battles in the history of war.
They did not know whether they would survive at that time. They don't know whether they will grow up. But they know that America must win. That's for the sake of this nation and the generation that hasn't been born at that time.
Why did they do it? They do it for America. They do it for us.
Everything that has happened since - our victory over communism, our great leap in science and discovery, our unrivaled progress towards equality and justice - all
that is possible thanks to blood and tears and the courage and vision of the American people who existed before.
We must maintain the primacy of America in our hearts. We must maintain the freedom of life in our souls. And we must remain confident in America's destiny that one nation, under God, must be hope and promise, and light and glory, among all nations in the world.
Thanks. God bless you. And God bless America. Thank you very much. Thank you."
APPENDIX III
1. Kinds of CDA Elements on Donald Trump‟s Speech
Parts of Structure Kinds of CDA Kinds of Part No Name of Speech Utterance Element CDA CDA Element Element Donald Trump‘s Speech: ―Radical Islam is anti- Terrorism woman, anti-gay and anti- National Security American.‖ (p.1/5) Speech. June 13th, 2016 ―Israel is a sovereign nation with the right, like every other sovereign nation, to determine its own capital. Acknowledge this is a fact is Donald Trump‘s a necessary condition for Speech: achieving peace. It was 70 Recognize years ago that the United Jerusalem as States under President Trump 1. Israel‘s Capital. Macrostructure Thematic Thematic recognized the state of December 6th, Israel.‖ (p.2/2-3) 2017 ―Jews pray at the Western Wall, where Christians walk the stations of the cross, and where Muslims worship at Al Aqsa Mosque.‖ (p.2/5-6) ―Together we can break the political deadlock in recent Donald Trump‘s decades. We can bridge old Speech: disputes, heal old wounds, Nationality build new coalitions, form speech. February new solutions, ad unlock the 14th, 2019 extraordinary promise of America‘s future.‖ (p.2/6)
Donald Trump‘s ―It would be folly to assume Speech: that repeating the exact same 2. Microstructure Syntaxes Persuasion Recognize formula would now produce a Jerusalem as different or better
Israel‘s Capital. result.‖(p.1/4) December 6th, ―So today we call for calm, 2017 for moderation, and for the voices of tolerance to prevail over the purveyors of hate.‖(p.3/7) ―I will use this power to protect the American people. When I am elected, I will Donald Trump‘s suspend immigration from Speech: areas of the world when there Nationality is a proven history of speech. February terrorism against the United 14th, 2019 States, Europe or our allies, until we understand how to end these threats.‖ (p.2/1) ―When I came into office, I promised to look at the world‘s challenges with open eyes and very fresh thinking.‖ (p.1/1) ―we are no closer to a lasting peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians.‖ Donald Trump‘s (p.1/5) Speech: ―Through all of these years, Recognize Impression presidents representing the Jerusalem as Management United States have declined Israel‘s Capital. to officially recognize December 6th, Jerusalem as Israel‘s 2017 capital. In fact, we have declined to acknowledge any Israeli capital at all‖ (p.2/7) ―It is also the right thing to do. It‘s something that has to be done.‖ (p.2/8)
―Government to relocate the Donald Trump‘s American Embassy to Speech: Jerusalem and to recognize Recognize that that city, and so Attribution Jerusalem as importantly, is Israel‘s Israel‘s Capital. capital.‖ (p.1/3) December 6th, ―Yet, for over 20 years, every 2017 previous American president
has exercised the law‘s waiver, refusing to move the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem or to recognize Jerusalem as Israel‘s capital city.‖ (p.1/3) ―Hillary Clinton can never Donald Trump‘s claim to be a friend of the gay Speech: National community as long as she Security Speech. continues to support June 13th, 2016 immigration‖ (p.4/3) Donald Trump‘s ―And finally, I ask the leaders Speech: of the region political and Recognize religious, Israeli and Jerusalem as Palestinian, Jewish and Israel‘s Capital. Christian and Muslim to join December 6th, us in the noble quest for Cohesion 2017 lasting peace. (p.4/4) ―not only because he wanted Donald Trump‘s to kill Americans, but in Speech: National order to execute gay and Security Speech. lesbian citizens because of June 13th, 2016 their sexual orientation.‖(p.7/3) ―We cannot solve our problems‖ (p.1/1) ―I am delivering. I‘ve judged Donald Trump‘s I also want to make one point Speech: very clear. We want an Recognize agreement. We are not taking Pronoun Jerusalem as a position.‖ (p.2/2) Israel‘s Capital. ―let us rededicate ourselves to December 6th, a path of mutual 2017 understanding and respect. Let us rethink old assumptions and open our hearts‖ (p.4/5) ―Engaged in nation-building Donald Trump‘s abroad, while they failed to Speech: build up and replenish our Nationality nation at home.‖ (p.6/7) speech. February Semantic Background 14th, 2019 Style and Detail Donald Trump‘s Hillary supports the policies Speech: National that bring the threat of Security Speech. Radical Islam into America, June 13th, 2016 and allow it to grow
overseas.‖ (p.3/1) ―Islamic immigration into this country, threatening not only our security but our way of life.‖ (p.3/2) Donald Trump‘s ―impartial and long overdue Speech: National security assessment, we will Security Speech. develop a responsible June 13th, 2016 immigration‖ (p.2/2) ―confront, discredit, and defeat radical Islamic Presupposition Donald Trump‘s terrorism and ideology and to Speech: prevent it from spreading into Nationality the United States. And we speech. February will develop new ways to 14th, 2019 counter those who use new domains‖ (p.7/5) ―The Middle East is a region Donald Trump‘s rich with culture, spirit, and Speech: history. Its people are Recognize brilliant, proud and diverse. Jerusalem as Vibrant and strong. But the Israel‘s Capital. incredible future awaiting this December 6th, region is held at bay by 2017 bloodshed, ignorance and terror.‖ (p.3/9) Donald Trump‘s ―The killer, whose name I Speech: National will not use, or ever say, was Stylistic Security Speech. born to Afghan parents who Lexical choice style June 13th, 2016 immigrated to the United States.‖ (p.1/6) ―you'd be admitting hundreds of thousands of refugees from the Middle East with no system to vet them, or to prevent the radicalization of their children.‖ (p.3/7)
―dangerous countries should be increased without any effective system‖ (p.3/8) Donald Trump‘s ―but sent thousands of Speech: American factories, and Rhetoric Hyperbola Nationality millions of American jobs, to Style speech. February those other countries.‖ (p.6/8) 14th, 2019
Donald Trump‘s ―ignorance is not bliss – it‘s Speech: National deadly.‖ (p.3/2) Security Speech. June 13th, 2016 Donald Trump‘s ―America will be a tolerant Speech: National and open society, America Security Speech. will also be a safe society.‖ June 13th, 2016 (p.5/6) ―We will protect our borders at home, we will make America rich again, we will make America safe again, we Repetition and will make America Great Irony again.‖ (p.6/8) Donald Trump‘s ―We must maintain the Speech: primacy of America in our Nationality heart. We must maintain the speech. February freedom of life in our souls. 14th, 2019 And we must remain confident in American‘s destiny that one nation, under God.‖ (p.9/7)
2. Social Cognitive in Donald Trump‟s Seech
Elements of No Name of Speech Utterance Social Cognitive
―Thank you for joining me today.‖ (p.1/1)
Donald Trump‘s Speech: Terrorism ―But today there is only one thing to discuss: Emotional National Security the growing threat of terrorism inside of our 1. Attachment Speech. June 13th, borders. The attack on ... country‘s history. So
Convivial 2016 many people ... such a disgrace.‖ (p.1/2)
Donald Trump‘s ―Thank you. When I came into office, I Speech: Recognize promised to look at the world‘s challenges with
Jerusalem as Israel‘s open eyes and very fresh thinking.‖ (p.1/1) Capital. December 6th, 2017 ―We meet tonight when our potential is infinite. Donald Trump‘s As we begin this new congressional session, I Speech: Nationality stand here ready to work with you to achieve speech. February 14th, historic breakthroughs for all Americans.‖ 2019 (p.1/2) ―We cannot solve our problems by making the same failed assumptions and repeating the same failed strategies of the past. Old Donald Trump‘s challenges demand new approaches.‖ (p.1/1) Speech: Recognize
Jerusalem as Israel‘s ―In 1995, Congress adopted the Jerusalem Capital. December 6th, Embassy Act urging the federal government to 2. Mind Control 2017 relocate the American Embassy to Jerusalem and to recognize that that city, and so importantly, is Israel‘s capital….‖ (p.1/3) Donald Trump‘s ―On the D-Day of June 6, 1944, 15 thousand Speech: Nationality American youths plunged from the sky, and speech. February 14th, another 60,000 stormed in from the sea, to save 2019 our civilization from tyranny.‖ (p.1/7) ―My announcement today marks the beginning of a new approach to conflict between Israel Donald Trump‘s and the Palestinians.‖ (p.1/2) Speech: Recognize ―Therefore, I have determined that it is time to Jerusalem as Israel‘s officially recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Capital. December 6th, Israel. While previous presidents have made 2017 this a major campaign promise, they failed to Mitigating 3. deliver.‖ (p.1/6) Evidance
―As a candidate for President, I strongly Donald Trump‘s promised a new approach. Great countries do Speech: Nationality not fight endlessly.‖ (p.7/1) speech. February 14th,
2019
Donald Trump‘s ―I refuse to be politically correct. I will do ... Speech: Terrorism America Great Again. The days of deadly National Security ignorance will end, and they will end soon. As Speech. June 13th, President I will ... to get the job done.‖ (p.3/2) 4. Glorifications 2016 Donald Trump‘s ―Jerusalem is not just the heart of three great Speech: Recognize religious, but it is now also the heart of one of Jerusalem as Israel‘s the most successful democracies in the world.‖ Capital. December 6th, (p.2/5)
2017 ―But today, we finally acknowledge the obvious: that Jerusalem is Israel‘s capital…. It‘s something that has to be done.‖ (p.2/8)
Donald Trump‘s ―After 24 months of rapid progress, our Speech: Nationality economy is now making the world jealous‖ speech. February 14th, (p.4/2) 2019 ―Yet, Hillary for month and despite so many attacks…. Still has no clue what Radical Islam She is in total denial… the enemy broadcast weakness across the world.‖ (p.2/9)
―The Middle East is a region rich with culture, Donald Trump‘s spirit, and history. Its people are brilliant, proud Negative self- Speech: Recognize and diverse. Vibrant and strong. But the 5. representation Jerusalem as Israel‘s incredible future awaiting this region is held at Capital. December 6th, bay by bloodshed, ignorance and terror.‖ 2017 (p.3/8)
―One of the most complex challenges we face, Donald Trump‘s and we face for years, is in the Middle East. Speech: Nationality Our approach is based on principled realism, speech. February 14th, not a despicable theory that has failed for 2019 decades to make progress.‖ (p.6/8) ―America will also be a safe society‖ Donald Trump‘s ―we will defeat ISIS overseas. We will ensure Speech: Terrorism every parent can raise their children in peace National Security and safety. We will make America rich again. Speech. June 13th, We will make America safe again. We will 2016 make America great again.‖ (p.5/6) Donald Trump‘s ―It is time for the many who desire peace to Rhetoric Art of Speech: Recognize expel the extremists from their midst. And it is 6. Speaking Jerusalem as Israel‘s time for young and moderate voices all across
Capital. December 6th, the Middle East to claim for themselves a 2017 bright and beautiful future.‖ (p.4/3) ―We must maintain the primacy of America in our hearts. We must maintain the freedom of Donald Trump‘s life in our souls. And we must remain confident Speech: Nationality in America's destiny that one nation, under speech. God, must be hope and promise, and light and glory, among all nations in the world.‖ (p.9/6)
APPENDIX IV
HUSNAYA SARAH
E-mail : [email protected]
Adress : Jalan Baru Lrg. Gotong Royong RT.41 Kec. Kumpeh Kab. Muaro Jambi
Number Phone : 082352647706
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2002 – 2008 Elementary School 168/IX Tanjung Nangko Kec. Kumpeh Ulu Kab. Muaro Jambi
2008 – 2011 Islamic Junior High School Jambi Timur
2011 – 2014 Islamic Senior High School 3 Jambi City
2015 – 2019 State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
(English Language and Literature)
WORK EXPERIENCE
2014 – 2015 Work at Electronic Store in Jelutung City
2015 – 2017 Work at Jewelry Store in Rawasari
2017 – now Teaching at SMP&SMA IT Ashiddiqi Boarding Islamic School in Pemayung Batang Hari
ORGANIZATION EXPERIENCE
2016 – 2018 Student Associaton of English Department