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Constitution and Genesis of the Central Part of the Sierra Nevada Batholith, California

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Constitution and Genesis of the Central Part of the Sierra Nevada Batholith, California DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Constitution and Genesis of the Central Part of the Sierra Nevada Batholith, California by Paul C. Batemanl/ This report supplements Open File Report 87-670, Pre-Tertiary bedrock geologic map of the Mariposa 1* by 2* quadrangle, California. It provides expanded descriptions of the features shown on the map and interpretations of their significance and origin. It does not include the map. Open-File Report 88-382 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S, Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS. Park, California Note for New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report . Constitution and genesis of the central part of the Sierra Nevada batholith, California, by Paul C. Bateman. This publication supplements Open File Report 87-670, Pre-Tertiary bedrock geologic map of the Mariposa 1° by 2° quadrangle, California by providing descriptions and interpretations of the rocks and structures shown on the map. Summarizes the results of more than 35 years of study by members of the Geological Survey of the bedrock geology of the central part of the Sierra Nevada batholith between 37° and 38° N. Lat. CONTENTS Page Abstract 12 Introduction 16 Stratigraphic and structural setting 17 Hetamorphism 18 Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic strata of the White and northern Inyo Mountains 19 Wyman Formation, Reed Dolomite, and Deep Spring Formation 19 Campito Formation 20 Poleta, Harkless, Saline Valley, and Mule Spring Formations 20 Monola Formation and Bonanza King and Tamarack Canyon Dolomites 20 Emigrant (?) Formation 21 Cambrian strata, undivided 21 Al Rose, Badger Flat, Barrel Spring, Johnson Spring, Palmetto, and Sunday Canyon Formations 21 Perdido Formation, Rest Spring Shale, and Keeler Canyon Formation 21 Paleozoic strata in roof pendants of the eastern Sierra Nevada 21 Mesozoic strata in roof pendants and in the White Mountains 22 Koip sequence and other Triassic (?) and Jurassic metavolcanic rocks 23 Dominantly pyroclastic strata of Early Cretaceous age 25 Dana sequence 25 Minarets sequence 25 Metavolcanic rocks, undivided 26 Kings sequence 27 Strata east of the Melones fault zone within and adjacent to the western metamorphic belt 28 Quartzite of Pilot Ridge 30 Phyllite and chert of Hites Cove 30 Phyllite of Briceburg 30 Greenstone of Bullion Mountain 31 Strata in roof pendants south of the western metamorphic belt 31 Mariposa Formation and adjacent strata west of the Melones fault zone -31 Structures in the country-rock sequences 32 Structures in the White and northern Inyo Mountains 33 Structures in roof pendants of the eastern Sierra Nevada 35 Structures in the Kings sequence 36 Structures within the western metamorphic belt 37 Tectonic episodes 39 Mississippian (Antler? ) orogeny 39 Early Triassic (Sonoman?) orogeny 39 Late Triassic deformation 39 Late Jurassic Nevadan orogeny 40 Late Early Cretaceous deformation 40 Mid-Cretaceous deformation 40 Late Cretaceous (and Tertiary?) deformations 41 Hierarchial organization of granitic units 41 Plutons 42 Lithodemes 42 Intrusive suites 43 Roof pendants, septa, and inclusions 44 Sampling, analytical proceedures, and reporting of data 44 Chemical analyses 44 Modal analyses 45 Isotopic ages 46 I-type and S-type and magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitoids 46 Physical features of the granitic rocks 47 Minerals 47 Quartz 47 Alkali feldspar 47 Alkali-feldspar megacrysts 48 Plagioclase 50 Biotite and hornblende 50 Accessory minerals 51 Texture 52 Texture in undeformed granitoids 52 Texture in deformed granitoids 52 Foliation and lineation 53 Primary magmatic foliation and lineation 53 Disturbed primary foliation 54 Ductile foliation and lineation 54 Deformation attributed to regional stress 54 Shear zones in the eastern Sierra Nevada 55 Deformation associated with emplacement of intrusions 56 Deformation associated with emplacement of the Ward Mountain Trondhjemite 57 Deformation associated with intrusions in the White and northern Inyo Mountains 58 Mafic inclusions 59 Schlieren 61 Comb layering and orbicules 62 Joints and microfaults 63 Magma emplacement and solidification 64 Depth of erosion since plutonism 64 Physical constitution of Sierran magmas 65 Mode of emplacement (the space problem) 67 Foreible emplacement 67 Stoping 69 Regional extension 69 Erosion and volcanism 70 Sequence of crystallization of minerals 70 Crystallization in relation to the salic tetrahedron 72 Low-Or Fine Gold Intrusive Suite 73 Medium-Or Tuolumne Intrusive Suite 74 High-Or Soldier Pass Intrusive Suite 74 Interpretation of modal plots 75 Fine Gold Intrusive Suite 75 Tuolumne Intrusive Suite 75 Soldier Pass Intrusive Suite 76 Magma mixing 76 Regional age patterns 77 History of isotopic dating in the central Sierra Nevada 77 Ages of intrusive suites and unassigned units 78 Triassic intrusive rocks 79 Jurassic intrusive rocks 79 Cretaceous intrusive rocks 80 Rate of eastward migration of plutonism during the Cretaceous 80 Duration of magmatism in the formation of intrusive suites 81 Compositional patterns 81 Patterns within intrusive units 81 Tuolumne Intrusive Suite 81 Shaver Intrusive Suite 8A Mount Givens Granodiorite 85 Palisade Crest Intrusive Suite 86 Tinemaha Granodiorite 87 Granodiorite of McMurry Meadows 88 Regional patterns 88 Modal variations 89 Variations of major oxides 89 Variations in the alkali-lime (Peacock) index 90 Variations of minor elements 91 Isotopic variations 91 Strontium 91 Neodymium 93 Oxygen 93 Relations of volcanism and plutonism 9A Shifts in the loci of magma t ism - ---- _____ 95 Subsurface structure 96 Seismic data 97 Gravity data 98 Magnetic data 98 Heat generation and heat flow 99 Xenoliths in Tertiary volcanic rocks 99 Water composition in springs and wells 101 Composition, age and origin of the Sierran root 102 Westward tilting and uplift of the Sierra Nevada 103 Ore deposits 10A Gold 104 Copper 107 Tungsten skarn deposits 107 General features of skarns 108 Structural and stratigraphic setting 108 Mineralogical and chemical relations 109 Donut ore body of the Pine Creek mine 109 Pine Creek mine 109 Strawberry mine 112 Skarns in the Mount Morrison roof pendant 113 Working model for the origin and emplacement of the batholith 113 Previous proposals 11A Present reconstruction 116 Descriptions of the plutonic rocks 121 Western slope of the Sierra Nevada 121 Fine Gold Intrusive Suite 121 Tonalite of Ross Creek (Kro) 122 Bass Lake Tonalite (Kbl) 122 Granodiorite of Arch Rock and other small plutons of biotite granite and granodiorite (Kar) 124 Ward Mountain Trondhjemite (Kwt) 124 Knowles Granodiorite (Kkn) 125 Intrusive suite of Yosemite Valley 126 El Cap it an Granite (Kec) 126 Granite of Rancheria Mountain (Krm) 127 Taft Granite and leucogranite of Ten Lakes (Kt) 127 Shaver Intrusive Suite 127 Dinkey Creek Granodiorite (Kdc, Kdcp) 128 Granodiorite of McKinley Grove (Kink) 129 Granodiorite of Pick and Shovel mine area (Kps) and granite of Ordinance Creek (Ko) 129 Granite of Shuteye Peak (Ksp) 129 Granites of Dinkey Dome, Short Hair Creek, Sheepthief Creek lower Bear Creek, Mushroom Rock, and north of Snow Corral Meadow (Kdd) 129 Possible additional units of the Shaver Intrusive Suite: Granodiorites of Whisky Ridge and Stevenson Creek (Kwr) 130 Intrusive suite of Buena Vista Crest 131 Quartz diorite dikes in El Cap it an (Kqe) 131 Granodiorites of Illilouette Creek and Tamarack Creek, tonalite of Crane Creek, and Leaning Tower Granite (Ki) 131 Granodiorite of Ostrander Lake (Kol) 132 Granodiorite of Breeze Lake (Kbz) 132 Bridalveil Granodiorite and granodiorite of Horse Ridge (Kbd) 132 Granite of Chilnualna Lake (Kcl) 132 Intrusive suite of Merced Peak 132 Granodiorite of Jackass Lakes (Kja) 133 Leucogranites of Timber Knob and Morris Creek (Ktk) 133 Intrusive Suite of Washburn Lake 133 Granodiorite of Red Devil Lake (Krd) 133 Granite of Turner Lake (Ktl) 134 Granite porphyry of Cony Crags (Kcc) 134 Relations of the intrusive suites of Buena Vista Crest, Merced Peak, and Washburn Lake to one another and to the Minarets sequence 134 Tuolumne Intrusive Suite 134 Granodiorites of Kuna Crest and Grayling Lake, and tonalites of Glen Aulin and Glacier Point (Kk) 135 Half Dome Granodiorite (Khd, Khdp) 135 Cathedral Peak Granodiorite (Kcp) 136 Johnson Granite Porphyry (Kj) 137 Possible earlier units of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite 137 Granodiorite of Yosemite Creek (Kyc) 137 Sentinel Granodiorite (Kse) 138 John Muir Intrusive Suite 138 Lamarck Granodiorite (Klk) 138 Mount Givens Granodiorite (King, Kmgp) 139 Lake Edison Granodiorite (Kle) 140 Granite of Rock Creek Lake (Krd) 141 Round Valley Peak Granodiorite (Krv) 141 ^*w»lvJ vsL C61v xTJ/O-ili v?6 \ xxXlivJ / ««». »«««»«..«« «. __. «« M» « «.«»*»«.»»«.» «.»«.«.«.«.«. A *r t Evolution Basin Alaskite (Kev) 142 Small intrusions west of the Mount Givens Granodiorite 144 Granodiorites of Red Lake, Eagle Peak, ^Mnnrt *V* RIPL* A£) Wl»rVoelr v^ XV xfVr-1 XVI. A /\ ______________ __ _____ _ __________ __ 1A "T"TAA Leucogranite of Bald Mountain (Kbm) 146 Leucogranites of Big Sandy Bluffs and Lion Point, and leucogranodiorites of Burrough and Black Mountains& * W V* I A V> d- A I A 0 flfbb^\ IX \J%Jf ________________________________«-«-«- » ««__« _________» » « « « «_ « » «_ 1^ A&«^ ^j Granitic rocks of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada not assigned to intrusive suites 146 Granitoids of Jurassic age in the northwest corner of t^lPi IT13.C &1769. - ' ' ' ' - ' - « ' - - - - - - - - - - - - -^ «_ .. 1 A 6 Tonalite of Granite Creek (Jgc) 146 \yl/cUl JL t-C w » IW WOS JC\ JLU^6 ^ *j iVL / *"~ ~ ~~ ~~ - "- «.«.«.«_«. «.«.«.«.«.«.^c| j Tonalite of Millerton Lake (Kml) 147 Unassigned granitic rocks of the Yo Semite area 147 Granite Porphyry of Star Lakes Ksl) 147 Tonalite of Aspen Valley (Kav) 148 Quartz diorite of Mount Gibson (Kgi) 148 Granodiorite of Bearup Lake (Kbu) 148 Granitoids at the northwest end of the Mount Givens fZt^onnrf\7i. ^UA%J%&AV^1» \ r\Y*\ JL i"o\+^Z «- «-«-«-«-«- _ «~ _ _^.«_ .« « « _«.« « _«.«_«_«.« __ _ «.«.«__ _ __ M-.
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