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Sout Africasaving Past Traditions IMELESS £�.�� • ��$��.�� • ���$��.�� • ���$��.�� • ��$��.�� Autumn 2018 FOR LOVERSravels OF TRAVEL, ARCHAEOLOGY AND ART Sout AfricaSaving past traditions Postcard from... The Netherlands Hadrian’s Wall Connecting with Escher L ar e o c n arts ws, n xh ions JAPAN · ITALY · SOUTH AFRICA · ENGLAND · CHINA · GERMANY INTREPID TRAVELLER INTREPID TRAVELLER MARIA SIBYLLA MERIAN Maria Sibylla Merian was a woman ahead of her time. Artist, scientist and adventurer, she was one of the first women to study the life cycles of insects – and even travelled to the Dutch African colony of Suriname to pursue her studies – in the 17th century. Theresa Thompson tells her story portrait made in 1717 by Jacobus Houbraken shows a middle-aged woman in a plain green dress, As a successful artist, scientist, explorer, red shawl and black headdress, who sits stiffly upright in a room. businesswoman, wife and mother, Merian would SheA is staring impassively out at the viewer, and be considered exceptional in any age – but her with her arm resting on a stone ledge gestures story is truly amazing for a woman living and towards a potted plant. Her firm jaw and closed mouth perhaps suggest a determined personality; working in late 17th-century Europe. otherwise, so far, so unremarkable. Yet the truly remarkable nature of this woman is coded in the array of objects around her: books, an inkwell, quill, paintbrush, magnifying glass, drawings of insects, flowers and sea shells, and Left: Kenneth a butterfly hovering above the flowering plant. Cecil Gandar- What is more, the two statuettes behind her are Dower: sportsman, emblematic, one personifying Fame, the other the aviator, explorer, Dutch Republic. pacifist and war The portrait is of Maria Sibylla Merian (1647 - correspondent 1717), one of the most celebrated natural scientists Above: Gandar- of her age – and a woman far ahead of her time. Dower's sporting An astonishingly talented naturalist, achievements entomologist and botanical artist, she was one celebrated in a of the first to study insects and their life cycles – 1939 R. & J. Hill and to describe butterfly metamorphosis – nine Ltd Celebrities of Sport cigarette years before the first accurate descriptions were card published. As a thirteen-year-old in 1660, she noted, “All caterpillars, as long as the butterflies Top right: Gandar-Dower, have mated beforehand, emerge from their eggs.” the consummate Fascinated from a young age by the flies, sportsman spiders and caterpillars she collected, she soon Right: Sportsman was challenging accepted wisdoms such as Gandar-Dower Aristotle’s theory of spontaneous generation (of showing an living creatures). early interest in There are other firsts for Merian. She was one transport 24 Timeless • Reproduced from Autumn 2018 Timeless • Reproduced from Autumn 2018 25 Travels Travels INTREPID TRAVELLER INTREPID TRAVELLER lifetime, she made 318 studies of different insects, and countless drawings of them in various stages of development, plus other animals. Page 24: An Watching silkworms change from egg to larva occupational portrait of Maria to cocoon to moth captivated the young girl. She Sibylla Merian made a surprising decision: “I set aside my social (c. 1700, Copperplate life. I devoted all my time to these observations by Jacobus [of insects] and to improving my abilities in the Houbraken from a art of painting, so I could both draw individual portrait by Georg specimens and paint them as they were in nature.” Gsell) The seeds of a life of adventure and scientific Page 25: Cardinal’s discovery were sown. Guard with Marrying the artist Johann Andreas Graff in 1665 Idomeneus Giant Owl Butterfly and - first met in her step-father’s studio, when she was Paper Wasp from The twelve - with whom she had daughters Dorothea Insects of Surinam and Johanna, they moved to Nuremberg where she by Maria Sibllya had a garden to grow flowers and collect insects Merian to paint. Life settled into a pattern of painting, Left: Duroia eriopila, studying, family, and business. To augment the plate XLIII from family’s income she took in students, the daughters Metamorphosis of wealthy families, for flower painting was insectorum expected of refined young women. Surinamensium The couple bought a printing press for Graff’s Right: Portrait of engravings (architectural and city scenes) and Maria Sibylla Merian this enabled Merian to produce her first book of by Jacob Marrel, 1679. Kunstmuseum flowers for her students to copy and paint. Basel / Photo Martin Other books and prints followed, made for P. Buhler sale, including one with the splendid title, Caterpillars, Their Wondrous Transformation and Peculiar Nourishment from Flowers, published in 1679. This was a scientific book, she explained, “where by means of an entirely new invention of the first female scientific explorers; the first to paintings. Thus, Merian grew up surrounded by [the magnifying glass] the origin, food, and present the life cycle of insects in all stages, in full fine illustrated books from the Merian publishing development of caterpillars, worms, butterflies, full of people who could afford to buy art, but also size and colour within a single painting; to picture house, by artists, and the dried flowers used in her moths, flies and other such little animals... are women there had the legal right to own premises insects on the plants they lived on; to record stepfather’s workshop. diligently examined, briefly described, and painted and run businesses. predatory behaviour in insects; and made the first In the 17th- to 18th century still life painting from nature...” Selling her drawings, which were by now prized scientific observation of camouflage in insects... commonly involved a vase filled with flowers, and After a move to Holland, by way of a six-year stay for their accuracy, and trading in preserved exotic As a successful artist, scientist, explorer, sometimes ‘summer birds’ (butterflies) or animals in Friesland at a strict religious community where animal specimens brought into the country by businesswoman, wife and mother, Merian would were added to the composition as decoration. her older half-brother was living, Merian once Dutch merchants and seamen occupied her. Her be considered exceptional in any age – but her story But Merian was not content to paint dead again changed her life completely. This time she daughters were also now earning an income from is truly amazing for a woman living and working in insects. Curious about their lives, she began to moved with her daughters (but minus Graff; they their paintings. Together they visited the city’s late 17th-century Europe. But I jump ahead. collect caterpillars, bring them home to watch divorced in 1690) to Amsterdam, then the third Hortus Medicus (botanic garden) and saw curious Born in Frankfurt, her father was the renowned develop, and record her observations in books – largest city in Europe - and crucially, a centre for and colourful tropical plants. illustrator Matthaeus Merian, who died when she always accompanied by full colour paintings. art, science and publishing. Many of the specimens she traded in were was three; her mother Johanna married again to Making thorough notes and copying them into Amsterdam was perfect for her. Not only was it destined for scholarly or wealthy individuals the artist Jacob Marrel, who specialised in flower study books became a lifelong habit. Over her a bustling city of trade and commerce and so was collections across Europe – and often displayed 26 Timeless • Reproduced from Autumn 2018 Timeless • Reproduced from Autumn 2018 27 Travels Travels INTREPID TRAVELLER INTREPID TRAVELLER / Shutterstock Far left, top: St Peter's church in R.A.R. de Bruijn Holding BV Holding Bruijn de R.A.R. “Many are amazing things © Paramaribo is made of wood which have never been seen Image: Image: Far left, bottom: before,” she wrote of her Many of the colonial houses still exist travels to Suriname today in the capital of Paramaribo. The historic inner city has been a UNESCO world heritage site About Suriname, since 2002 South America Left: Gun Powder Storage building (1778) of Fort New nown today as the Republic of Suriname, Amsterdam (1734) on Kthe country is a sovereign state on the the riverbank where north-eastern coast of South America. It is the Commewijne bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, River and Suriname River meet, near French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the Paramaribo, west and Brazil to the south. It is the smallest Suriname, South- country in South America. America Suriname was inhabited by an indigenous population before being explored and contested by European powers from the 16th / Shutterstock in ‘cabinets of curiosities’ ('wonder rooms' or But what treasures were there once they landed. century, eventually coming under Dutch rule ‘wunderkammer’) which could comprise everything And what treasures she brought back when two in the late 17th century. During the Dutch and anything from rocks and minerals to corals or years later illness forced her return. Her dazzling colonial period, it was primarily a plantation relics, to glassy-eyed animals. watercolour paintings of insect, animal and economy dependent on African slaves and, But the animal specimens that most interested plant life in Suriname brought the wonders of following the abolition of slavery, indentured her came from Suriname, a Dutch colony on the South America and the rainforest to 18th century servants from Asia. In 1954, Suriname R.A.R. de Bruijn Holding BV Holding Bruijn de R.A.R. northeast coast of South America. The combined European eyes. Reproduced in countless prints and became one of the constituent countries © effect of all this was to galvanise her imagination books her works made her famous in her day, and of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. On 25 Image: Image: and her actions. She wanted to see these ‘amazing accurate as they were (give or take a few mistaken November 1975, the country of Suriname left things’ not in their dulled dead colours, but to study identities) went on to influence generations of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to become an and paint them from life in their natural habitats.
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