sign in sign up
<<
Home , Acromyrmex, Acropyga, Adela (moth), Ademosynidae, Aenetus, Aglia

CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 733 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX

12S rDNA, 32, 228, 269 Aenetus, 557 91; general, 57; inclusions, 57; menageries 16S rDNA, 32, 60, 237, 249, 269 Aenigmatiinae, 536 in, 56; Mexican, 55; in, 57; 18S rDNA, 32, 60, 61, 158, 228, 274, 275, 285, Aenne, 489 preservation in, 58; resinite, 55; sub- 304, 307, 335, 360, 366, 369, 395, 399, 402, Aeolothripidae, 284, 285, 286 resin, 57; symbioses in, 303; taphonomy, 468, 475 Aeshnoidea, 187 57 28S rDNA, 32, 158, 278, 402, 468, 475, 522, 526 African rock crawlers (see Ambermantis wozniaki, 259 Mantophasmatodea) , 274, 278 A Afroclinocera, 630 Amblyoponini, 446, 490 aardvark, 638 , 573, 616: fossil, 423 Amblypygida, 99, 104, 105: in amber, 104 : function, 131; structure, 131–136 Agaoninae, 423 Amborella trichopoda, 613, 620 Abies, 410 Agassiz, Alexander, 26 Ameghinoia, 450, 632 Abrocomophagidae, 274 Agathiphaga, 560 Ameletopsidae, 628 , 283 Agathiphagidae, 561, 562, 567, 630 American Museum of Natural History, 26, 87, acalyptrate Diptera: ecological diversity, 540; Agathis, 76 91 , 540 Agelaia, 439 Amesiginae, 630 Acanthocnemidae, 391 ages, using , 37–39; using DNA, 38–40 ametaboly, 331 Acari, 99, 105–107: diversity, 101, fossils, 53, Ageniellini, 435 amino acids: racemization, 61 105–107; in- amber, 105, 106 Aglaspidida, 99 ammonites, 63, 642 Aceraceae, 413 Aglia, 582 Amorphoscelidae, 254, 257 Acerentomoidea, 113 Agrias, 600 , 270 Acherontia atropos, 585 Agrilus (Staphylinidae), 14 , 147, 468: defining Achias rothschildi, 541 , 540, 623 features, 548; general, 548; stem-group, Acontiinae, 590 Agrotis, 590 548, 549 Acontistoptera, 538, 539 Aix-en-Provence, France (), 89 Amphizoidae, 367 , 127, 205, 210 Albertus Universität, 88 , 451 , 210 Alcides, 585 Amydria, 557 , 516, 521 alderflies (see , Sialidae) Anabrus simplex, 209 Acrolophidae, 575 Aleochara, 374 Anacanthotermes, 244 Acrolophus, 575 , 374 Anactinothrips gustaviae, 283 Acromis, 394 Alepidophora peali, 525 Anagyrinus, 367 Acromyrmex, 446 Aleuropteryginae, 352 anal veins, 129 Acropyga: fossil, 302, 303 Alexander, Charles P., 498 analogy (in characters), 28 acrotergite, 121 Aleyrodidae, 290 anamorphosis, 108, 131 Actias, 582 Aleyrodoidea, 290–292, 295: in Cretaeous Anania, 578 , 415, 427, 429–463: defined, 429; amber, 292; structure, 291 Anaplectidae, 231 phylogeny, 431; sting, 429–431 Alleculidae, 389 Anareolatae, 213 Adamsiana, 349 allopatry, 26 Anartioptera, 147 Adela, 557 Alloraphidiidae, 336, 338 Anaximander, 16 , 293, 295, 302 Alsophila pometaria, 587 , 409, 412: Cretaceous, 413 Adelpha, 601 Alticinae, 394 ancestry, 29 Ademosynidae, 361, 363 Amauris, 603 Anchineuridae, 172 , 630, 361, 363, 366–70: defining amber, 55–61, 76, 86, 166, 270, 303, 387, 476: ancient DNA, 60–61 features, 366; hind coxae, 366 14C dating, 55, 57; ages, 55; amino acids, Ancistropsyllidae, 480 , 390, 391: Cretaceous, 390 61; ancient DNA ultrastructural Ancopteridae, 172 Adicophasma, 226 preservation in, 58, 60; behaviors captured Ancylocheira, 382 Adicophasma spinosa, 226 in, 57, 58; botanical origins, 55; Cenozoic Ancyluris inca, 598 Adiheterothripidae, 284 deposits, 53, 55; chemistry/composition, Andersen, Nils Møller, 317 Adventathrips inquilinus, 283 55; copal, 55, 57; Cretaceous deposits, 53, Andesianidae, 572 aedeagus, 134 54, 77–82; dating, 55; deposits, 55; Andrenelia, 419 Aedes, 503, 504 destructive sampling, 61; Dominican, 59, Andreneliidae, 419

733 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 734 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

734 INDEX

Andrenidae, 455 anthophily, 454, 521, 540: earliest , 148, 150 Andricus vectensis, 422 specialized, 523; fossil , 619; aquatic : as ancestral habit, 159; in Anelosimus, 467 generalized, 620, 621; in , 618, Coleoptera, 360, 366–71, 381, 397; in Aneuretellus, 446 619; in Diptera, 616, 618; longest Diptera, 499, 502–8; in , 317, 319, , 446 proboscis, 521; venation and hovering, 521 321; in , 478; in paleopterans, Aneuretopsyche, 472 Anthrax, 521 160–66, 178–87; in , 193, Aneuretopsychidae, 472 Anthrenus, 387 194–6; in Trichoptera, 548–555 Angaragabus, 367 , 396 Arabic teachings, 17 Angarixyela vitimica, 410 (see , Myrmeleontidae) Arachnida, 99, 101–7 Angarogyrus, 367 Antliophora, 147, 468–70: defined, 468; Arachnocampa, 511 Angarosphecidae, 452, 453 phylogeny, 469 Arachnocoris, 323 Angarosphex magnus, 453 (see Formicidae) Arachnomorpha, 93, 98–107: defined, 98 angiosperms, 607: ANITA group, 613; Apachyidae, 220 : Cretaceous, 326, 328, 329 compression fossils, 609; Cretaceous apatite, 42 Aradus, 329 flowers, 609; Cretaceous fossils, 609–10; Aphelopinae, 433 Araneae, 102, 103 diversity, 607; DNA phylogeny, 609; Aphelopus, 433 Araneomorphae, 102 earliest fossil, 609; early growth forms, 610; , 89, 293, 294, 295, 301, 302: Araripogon axelrodi, 522 , 609; evolution as trees, 611; features, 294 , as hosts, 302, 393, 627 fusainized flowers and fruits, 609; Aphidocallis caudatus, 295 Araucariaceae, 76, 396, 625, 627, 628: as fusainized remains, 609; molecular clock Aphidoidea, 290–295, 467, 642: Buchnera hosts, 630; distributions, 627 estimates, 38, 609; most basal , 611; bacteria symbionts, 293; classification, Araucarioxylon arizonicum, 71 phylogenetics, 609; phylogeny, 612, 613; 292; cornicles, 293; fossils, 54, 89, 293, 295; Araucarius, 630 record, 610; radiations, 5, 76, 330, galls, 293; heteroecy, 293; oviparae, 293; Archaefructus sinensis, 611 302, 607, 610; relationships to other seed reproduction, 292; siphunculi, 293; Archaemiopteridae , 607 , 293; stem-group, 293; viviparae, Archaeochlus, 504 angiosperm radiations, significance to 293 Archaeocynipidae, 422 insects: Coleoptera, 363, 393–5, 399; (see Aphidoidea) , 12, 148–150, 628: Diptera, 512–3, 523; Hemiptera, 290, 298, Aphis maidiradicis, 301 classification, 148; defining features, 148; 302–3; Thysanoptera, 287 Aphodiinae, 378 diversity, 148; fossils, 148, 154; mating Aniferella, 302 Aphodius holderei (Scarbaeidae), 61, 642 behavior, 148 Anisembiidae, 198 , 308 Archaeolepis mane, 556–60 , 494, 498, 507, 513, 517: Aphroteniinae, 627 , 160, 277 Cretaceous, 514 Apicotermitinae, 248 Archaeopteryx lithographica, 74 Anisopodinae, 513 , 442, 454–458: extinct, 466 Archaeoscoliinae, 437 Anisoptera, 180, 184, 185–187: Cretaceous, Apiformes (see Anthophila) Archaeostephanus corae, 416 187; defining features, 185 , 467: nests, 457, 458 Archaeprepona, 596 Anisozygoptera (see Anisoptera) Apini, 457, 466 Archearadus burmensis, 328 anlage (see imaginal discs) Apioceridae, 521, 630 Archecoleoptera, 361, 362, 365 Annelida, 93 Apiomerini, 323 archedictyon, 129 Annulipalpia, 550, 551 Apionidae, 396 Archegocimicidae, 319 Anobiidae, 386, 431 Apis (honey ), 9–12, 429, 454, 456, Archeorhinotermes rossi, 247, 249 Anomalopsychidae, 554 461, 466, 541: armbrusteri, 461; Archescytinidae, 288 Anopheles gambiae complex, 11 cerana, 9; dorsata, 9, 457; cerana Archescytinopsis, 295 Anophelinae, 506 nuluensis, 11; florea, 10, 458; henshawi, archetypes, 28 Anoplura, 274–5 461, 463; koschevnikovi, 10, 11; mellifera, Archexyela, 410 , 208 9, 10, 54; mellifera capensis, 10; Archexyelinae, 410 Ansorgius, 501 nigrocincta, 11; relationships, 10; species Archicnephia ornithoraptor, 506 crickets (see Myrmecophilidae) concepts, 9–12 Archiconiopteryx, 352 ant mimics (see myrmecomorphs) Apocephalus, 533 Archidermaptera, 218, 220 Antarctoperlaria, 194, 195: defining features, , 333, 409, 414, 415, 417, 463: Archiglossata, 417 195–96 mesosoma, 414; metasoma, 414; Archihymenoptera, 410 anteaters and tamanduas, 638 ovipositor, 430; parasitoid, 420; phylogeny, Archimylacridia bertrandi, 233 anteaters, as host, 272, 274 415; propodeum, 414 Archimylacrididae, 229, 233 antecostal suture, 121 apodemes, 120 Archiphora, 632: patagonica, 633; pria, 633; : development, 123; structure, 123 Apoditrysia, 560, 577 robusta, 633 Antero Formations, Colorado (Oligocene), 88 Apoglaesoconis ackermani, 353 Archips, 578 Antheraea: assamensis, 584; mylytta, 584; Apoica, 438 Archipsyllidae, 269 pernyi, 584 , 430, 451–463: Cretaceous, 453; Archisargidae, 637 , 391 defined, 451 Architarbus rotundatus, 101 Anthoboscinae, 434 apomorphy, 27 Archithemistidae, 187 , 326, 329 apophysis, 120 Architiphia rasnitsyni, 434 Anthonomus grandis, 397 aposematism, 202, 385, 390, 603: in Archizelmiridae, 509, 511, 637 Anthophila (bees), 50, 454–563, 467, 618, , 603 Archizygoptera: defined, 183 619, 638: cleptoparasitism, 458; corbicula, Appalachian - Asian disjunction, 237 , 170 461; Cretaceous, 462; bees, 458; Appalachian mountains, 235 Archoglossopteridae, 332 defining features, 454; eusocial, 461; fossil, Apteropanorpa, 476 , 358, 360–365: features, 362; 458, 461; fossil nests, 50, 51; phylogeny, , 469, 476 fossil record, 361, 362; relationships 460, 461 Apterostigma, 278 among families, 363, 364 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 735 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 735

Archotermopsis, 247 , 288; relationships, 304–7; basalare, 128 Arctiidae: caterpillar, 589; toxic host plants, tymbal aoustic system, 304 bat, 257, 260, 272, 274, 326, 482, 583, 589, 589; tymbal organs, 589 Augochlora leptoloba, 461 615, 638–639, 640: and ears, 639; as Arctoperlaria: 194, defining features, 195 Augustine Saint, 16 hosts, 482; as pollinators, 615 ; avoidance Arctotypus sinuatus, 176 , 417 behavior, 583; echolocation, 639; area apicalis, 213 Aulacidea succinea, 422 ectoparasites, 641; flies, 544; fossil, 640; Arega, 557 Aulaciformes, 419 origins of, 639 Areolatae, 213 Aulacita, 578 bats, insect ectoparasites of: 640–1; in Areomerus, 220 Aulacothrips dictyotus, 283 , 326; in Dermaptera, 220; in Argasidae, 106 Auplopus, 435 Diptera, 543–45; in Phthiraptera (lack of), , 409, 410 austral , 628–631 272–4; in Siphonaptera, 482–490 Argyrotaenia, 578 austral disjunction, 41, 247, 284, 312, 313, Batesia , 601 arista, 167, 511: convergent origins, 167, 511 478, 485, 625 Bathyergidae, 465 Aristolochiaceae: as hosts, 604 austral distributions in insects: in Batkeniidae, 183 Aristotle, 16 Antliophora, 485, 537, 478; in Coleoptera, Batrachedridae, 577 Arixeniidae, 220, 490 363, 396; in , 416, 431, 458; in Batrachomyia, 540 Arkansas amber (), 55 Neuroptera, 341, 342, 345, 356; in Battus philenor, 605 armadillos, as hosts, 272 , 312–3; in Polyneoptera, 195, bauplan, 93, 119 Armania robusta, 449 209, 211, 244, 247; in Thysanoptera, 284 Bavaria, Germany (), 71 , 448, 449 Austral Region, 396, 625: defined, 625; beaded lacewings (see ) Arms, Jennie ., 137 depauperate African fauna, 628 , 220 army ants, 447 Australembiidae, 198 bed bug, 326 Artematopodidae, 363 , 542 Beecher’ trilobite beds, New York arthrodial membranes, 128 Australoplatypus incompertus, 397 (), 49 Arthropleona, 115 Austrobaileya, 613, 621 bees (see Anthophila) Arthropleurida, 109 Austrobaileyaceae, 613 (see Coleoptera) Arthropoda, 93–118: classification, 99; Austrochlus, 504 , 396, 398 defined, 97 ; invasion of land, 109–11; Austroconops, 504, 507, 508, 509, 630, 632: Bellicositermes, 241 major groups, 98–118; monophyly, 98; Cretaceous, 509; fossilis, 509; macmillani, Belmont, (), 69 relationships, 93, 107–8 508 Belmontidae, 469, 472 Articulata, 93 Austrocynipidae, 422 , 71, 268, 319, 321, 325: artiodactyls, 482 Austrogoniodes, 277 Cretacous, 325; fossils, 47, 319; Triassic, Arverineura, 260 poultoni, 476 325 , 336, 342, 346–7: in amber, 348; Austroniidae, 421 Bembridge Marls, Isle of Wight, (Eocene- , 347, 348; roosting, 346 Austroperlidae, 628 Oligocene), 48, 89, 244, 590 Ascencio Formation, Uruguay (/), 92 Austrophasmatidae, 226 Bennettitales, 607 Ascodipteron, 334, 485, 544 autapomorphy, 27 Beorn leggi, 97 Ascothoracida, 99 axillary sclerites, 129 Bergamo, Italy (Triassic), 71 , 492, 521, 522 , 508 Bering Land Bridge, 90 , 521, 523 Aysheaia, 94 Bermuda, 647 Asindulum, 511 Azar, Dany, 80 Bernaea neocomica, 290 Asiocoleidae, 362 Azteca, 302, 443, 451 Berothidae, 336, 348, 353, 356, 633 Asiopteridae, 187 Berothinae, 356 Asopinae, 327, 329 , 432 Aspidohymenidae, 172 Bethylonymidae, 430 Aspidothoracidae, 172 Baeonotus, 505 Betulaceae, 413 Aspidytidae, 367 Baetidae, 167 Bibiocephala, 501 , 526: Cretaceous, 529 bag worms, 575 , 86, 493, 508 Atelestites senectus, 529 Baisomyia incognita, 506 , 496, 507–514: Cretaceous, Atelocerata, 93, 98, 99, 107, 108: defined, 107 Baissa, (Cretaceous), 79, 80, 234, 247, 511; families, 508; fossil, 509, 510, 512–14; Ateluridae, 151 275, 380, 398, 472, 506 larvae, 508, 511; parasitic, 512; Atemeles, 377 Baissidae, 419 phytophagous, 512; sister group, 513; , 492, 522 Baissoferidae, 551 sister group to Brachycera, 507 Atheta, 374 Baissoptera brasiliensis, 339 Bicellonycha, 385 Atopetalura, 628 Baissopteridae, 336, 338, 339 biogeography, 40: ecological, 40; historical, Atractocerus, 387 Baltic amber (Eocene), 87–88, 215, 226, 235, 40; vicariance, 41 Atrichopogon, 504, 621 244, 271, 275, 285, 295, 302, 386, 391, 393, bioluminescence, 383–386, 512: in beetles, , 278, 443: symbiotic , 445 402, 403, 404, 406, 462, 463, 466, 476, 485, 383; in Diptera, 512; mechanism, 383; Attacus, 584 498, 504, 505, 520, 524, 536, 539, 547, 550, occurrence, 383 Attercopus fimbriunguis, 102 559, 572, 577, 581, 632, 633, 642 biostratinomy, 43 Atteva, 557 Bardohymenidae, 172 biphasic allometry, 379, 443 Attini, 277, 444: cospeciation with host bark beetles: 396–8; trace fossils, 398 , 4, 36, 160: dinosaur relatives, 36; fungus, 277; ectosymbionts of, 377; fossil, bark lice (see ) fossils, 42, 74, 81, 85; as hosts of insect 446 Baronia brevicornis, 597 ectoparasites: 266, 272–80, 326, 543, , 288, 303–12, 338: Baroniinae, 597 482–90, 506, 540, 543–4 antenna, 304; arista, 304; clypeus, 304; Barstow Formation, California (), Bishop Ussher, 23 defining features, 304; earliest fossil, 307; 45, 46 Bittacidae, 469, 475: nuptial feeding, 475, infraorders, 304; monophyly, 303, 307; Bartonella quintana, 272 476; pretarsus, 475 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 736 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

736 INDEX

Bittacomorpha, 499 evolution of adult diets, 519; flower Calonymphidae, 240 Bittacus, 475 feeding, 515, 519; honeydew and, 515, 523; Calopterygidae, 167, 184 Blaberidae, 231 infraorders, 516; , 516, 518; Calyptrata, 542–545; defining features, 542; , 409, 410 labellum, 515, 517; larval capsule, species diversity, 542 Blatella germanica, 231 514; larval predators, 516; maxillary palps, Explosion, 93 Blattabacterium, 237, 241, 242 515; monophyly, 514; origin of, 547; camel crickets, 209 Blattaria, 47, 147, 199, 227, 229, 230–238: parasitoid, 516, 540; phylogeny, 519; Campodea, 116 Cretaceous oothecae, 231; classification, predatory, 515, 523, 526, 529; Campodeidae, 117: in Miocene amber, 118 231; fossil record, 43, 47, 231; tegmina, pseudotracheae, 515; putative Triassic, Campodeomorpha, 116 233; phylogeny, 229 516; venation, 516 Camponotus, 440, 443, 451 Blattellidae, 231, 235 Brachycistidinae, 434 Canadaphididae, 295, 302 Blattidae, 231, 235 Brachypanorpa, 475 Canadian amber (Cretaceous), 295, 302, 329, , 12, 43, 47, 147, 207, 227 : larva, 384 403, 506, 516, 520 Blattogryllidae, 223, 224 , 420, 427: Cretaceous, 429; Canapone dentata, 446 Blattogryllus karatavicus, 224 larvae, 428 Cantharidae, 358, 359, 383, 384, 386 , 227 , 437 cantharidin, 390 Blattotermes, 244 Bradypodicola, 581 Cantharoidea, 383, 384: bioluminescence, Bledius, 374 Bradypophila, 490, 581 384–86; fossils, 386; photic organs, 384 , 493, 501 bradytely, 97 , 500 Blephariceromorpha, 496, 501 Brahmaea, 582 capitulum, 213 feeders, 489–491, 502, 504, 540: in Branchiopoda, 97, 99 Car, 398 Diptera, 499–507, 519, 522, 523, 540, 542, Branchitergalia, 162 Carabidae, 63, 358–59, 366, 368–70, 627, 631, 543, 545; evolution of, 489; homeothermic Branchiura, 99 643: ecological diversity, 368–9; fossil, 369, vertebrate hosts, 489; in Hemiptera, 323, Braula coeca, 544 370; in amber, 370; monography, 369; 326; mouthparts, 489; mycetomes, 489; , 541, 542, 544 pygidial glands, 369; subfamilies, 369; occurrence in insects, 489; in Phthiraptera, , 396, 398 Triassic, 369; relationships, 369 270–80; in Siphonaptera, 480–90; Tertiary bristletails (see Archaeognatha) Carapacea, 162, 163 origins, 523 Brodie, P. B., 137 Carayonemidae, 297 Bluewater Creek Formation of New Mexico, Brodiidae, 172 , 40, 67–68: continental 72 Brodiopteridae, 172 configurations, 68; insect fossil deposits, body plan (Bauplan), 28 Brongniart, Charles, 137 67 Bohartilla kinzelbachi, 405, 406 Brongniartiellidae, 336, 348 Carbonopteridae, 172 Bohartillidae, 405, 406 brown lacewings (see ) Carbotriplura kukalovae, 152 Bojophlebiidae, 163, 164 Brownimecia clavata, 446, 450 Carcinothrips, 283 , 522 Brues, Charles T., 140 cardo, 124 Bolitophilidae, 511 Brundin, Lars, 627–31 : Cretaceous, 398 boll , 397 Buckland, William, 23 carina, 120 bombardier beetles, 369 Buffon, Comte de, 23 Carinametra burmensis, 319, 324 , 466 bumble bees (see Bombus) Carinatermes nascimbeni, 246 Bombus: proavus, 461; vetustus, 461 , 358, 359, 381, 382, 415, 417: Carios jerseyi, 106 , 583, 584 larva, 381; fossil, 381 Cariridris bipetiolata, 449 , 492, 516, 517, 521, 523, Burmapygia resinata, 221 , 489, 540 525, 618, 619: fossil, 525; in amber, 525; Burmazelmira aristica, 509, 510 Carnus, 489, 490, 540 larva, 521 (Cretaceous), 81, 201, 234, Carpenter, Frank M., 69, 143 Bombylius, 521 247, 251, 269, 270, 290, 295, 317, 329, 387, Carpopodus difficilis, 311 Bombyx mori, 584: cultural significance, 584; 398, 390, 391, 403, 500, 506, 526 carrion beetles (see ) physiology, 584; silk industry, 584 Burmitembia, 199 Caryedes brasiliensis, 394 Bon-Tsagan, Mongolia (Cretaceous), 80 bursa copulatrix, 132 Cascade Mountains, 72, 235 book lice (see Liposcelidae) bush crickets (see , Cascadilar eocenicus, 353 Boopiidae, 274 Tettigonioidea) Cassidini, 394 Boreallodape, 461 butterflies (see Papilionoidea and Castniidae, 579 Boreidae, 426, 468, 469, 475, 478–480, 488, Rhopalocera) , 283 630: features, 478; fossil, 479; habits, 478; , 381 Cataglyphis, 443 Jurassic, 480; recent diversity, 478; , 381 Catiniidae, 363 relationship to fleas, 478, 479 Catocala, 582 Boreoscytidae, 295 Catopidius, 373, 490 Boreus, 478, 479 caddisflies (see Trichoptera) Catotricha mesozoica, 512 borings, 54 , 202, 203, 205, 210–211: Catotrichinae, 513 Börner, Karl, 137 classification, 210; defining features, 203; Caulopteridae, 172 Borrelia recurrentis, 272 fossil history, 210; in amber, 210; Caurinus, 478 , 386–7 phylogeny, 210 cave crickets, 209 Bostrychoidea: Cretaceous, 386 Caenocholax fenyesi, 402, 406 caviomorph , 274 , 389 Calcitro, 50 , 57, 426, 505, 511, 512, 623: Boudreaux, . Bruce, 144 Caligo, 600 basal subfamilies, 513; Cretaceous, 512; Brachinini, 369 Callipappus, 297 fossil, 512; hosts, 512; in amber, 512 Brachycentridae, 555 , 489, 490, 492, 542, 543, 640 Cecidosidae, 572 Brachycera, 514–547, 618: antenna, 516; Callirhipidae, 381 Cecropia, and ants, 302, 443 anthophily, 522; arista, 516; coxae and Calomantispinae, as hosts, 353 Cedar Lake, Manitoba (Cretaceous), 81 flight, 515; defining features, 514–516; Caloneurodea, 147, 191, 193, 217, 636 Celliforma (), 51 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 737 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 737

cellular/ultrastructural preservation, in Chloranthaceae, 613, 621 Cnesia, 505 fossils, 58, 60 Chlorion, 453 Cobboldia, 62 cellulose, 238 Chlorippe wilmattae, 594 , 296, 297, 299, 300, 426: feeding Cenozoic, 84–85: continental configurations, , 426, 540 stylets, 297 84; fossil insect deposits, 85–92; , 469, 476 , 388: chemical defenses, 388; significance of, 84 Choristotanyderus, 497 in amber, 388; larva, 388 centipedes (see Chilopoda) aquatica, 74, 193 Coccoidea, 295–301, 494: archaeococcoids, Central Park (New York City), 11 , 193, 637 297; classifications, 297; commercial uses, Centruroides, 101 Chresmododea, 193 297; features, 298; fossils, 299–300; Cephalocarida, 99 Chrysididae, 432, 630 hamulohalteres, 297; in Cretaceous amber, Cephalorhyncha, 94 , 430–433 299, 300; labium structure, 297; male eye , 412 Chrysiridia, 582, 585 reduction, 298; Mesozoic, 299; Cerambycidae, 359, 361, 392, 393, 415, 417, Chrysolina, 394 neococcoids, 298; parthenogenesis, 297; 440, 622, 637: diversity, 393; fossil, 393; Chrysomelidae, 359, 361, 392, 393–5, 622, paternal genome elimination (PGE), 298; habits, 393 637, 642: and toxins, 394; classifications, phylogeny, 298; stem-group, 300 Cerambycomima, 393 393; fossil records, 394; trace fossil, 394 cochineal dye, 297 , 412, 415, 417, 421, 426–27 Chrysopa, 301, 350, 351 Cockerell, Theodore . A., 140 , 318 Chrysoperla plorabunda, 350 coelacanth, 226 Ceratocombus, 318 , 336, 348, 349–351, 352, 426: in Coelolepida, 560, 567 , 480, 481 amber, 352; larval, 352 Coelophoridae, 576, 577 gallinae, 482 Chrysopilus, 522 Coenagrionidae, 184 , 38, 45, 489, 490, 504, 506, cibarium, 124, 288 coevolution, 277, 624 508, 509, 621, 630: in Cretaceous ambers, Cicadaprosbolidae, 308 Coleoptera, 12, 54, 60, 147, 357–399, 467, 506, 509; stratigraphic cladistic rank (see Cicadoidea) 630, 642: ant inquilines, 372, 374, 377, 387; correlation, 506 Cicadellidae, 57, 305, 308, 311, 312: aquatic, 360, 366–371, 381, 397; cerci, 131, 161 Cretaceous, 311 bioluminescence, 383–86; Cretaceous, , 305, 308, 310, 540 Cicadelloidea, 307, 308–12 363; cryptonephridic excretory system, Cercopionidae, 308 Cicadidae, 305, 307, 308, 310: acoustic 386; defining features, 357; diversification Cercopoidea, 308 system, 308; Cretaceous, 307; periodical, with angiosperms, 399; diversity, 357; , 391 308; tymbals, 308; tympana, 308 dung beetles, 378, 397; early fossils, 360; Cetacea, 482; hosts, 272 Cicadoidea: nymphs, 307, 308 ectoparasites, 372, 373, 380; edaphic, 371; Ceuthophilus, 209 , 304–8: defining features, 304 elytra, 357; features of social insect Chaeteessa, 254, 259, 260 Cicindelinae, 368, 369, 370 inquilines, 377; fossil borings, 54, 398; Chaeteessidae, 257, 259 , 391 hind wing folding, 357; horn growth, 379; Chaeteessites, 259 , 409, 410, 411 Jurassic, 363; largest size, 378; larvae, 359, Chagas’s disease, 323 Cimex lectularius, 326: phallus, 328 364, 365, 367, 368, 378, 384, 391, 399, 400, : 418, 423, fossil, 424 Cimicidae, 326, 328, 329, 490, 640 402, 406; male horns, 379; minute size, Chalcidoidea, 415, 423, 424: antennal , 326, 329 373; mycangia, 388, 397; oldest stem- sensilla, 424; defining features, 424 , 319, 321, 323, 328, 330, 622, group, 360; parental behavior, 373, 389, Chalcoela, 581 637: in Cretaceous amber, 328, 330 394; parthenogenesis, 374; Permian, 360, Chalicodomopsis (see Megachile) Citheronia, 584 362; phylogeny, 361; phytophagy, 393–96, , 426, 540 , 268, 304, 312 399; plastron, 370; prothorax, articulation, , 504 cladistic biogeography (see vicariance 357; relationships among suborders, 361; character polarity: ontogenetic criterion, 28; biogeography) semi-aquatic, 360, 370, 371, 381; social outgroup comparison, 28 cladistics: congruence (character), history, insect inquilines, 372; sociality, 397; charcoalified (fusainization), 49 27, 28 stridulation, 367, 378; suborders Charente-Maritime (France) amber Cladochaeta, 14, 135, 136 (reviewed), 360; Triassic, 363; urogomphi, (Cretaceous), 79 Cladochoristidae, 469, 548 372 Chathamiidae, 548 cladograms, 31, 37: general, 35; polytomies, , 288, 312–14: as sister group Chauliodinae, 341 37 to , 313; austral disjunctions, Cheirolepidiaceae, 76 Cladothrips, 465 313; defining features, 312; distribution, Cheiromeles, 220 Claiborne Formation, Arkansas (Eocene), 86 312, 313; fossils, 313; relationships, 313 Chelicerata, 98, 99, 100–107: defined, 100 , 381 Collembola, 12, 111, 113–116, 154, 628: Cheliceriformes, 99, 100 Clarkia, Idaho (Miocene), 60 classification, 114–16; defined, 113; spring Chiapas amber (Mexico) (Oligocene), 90 classification, 34 mechanism, 113, 114; fossil record, 116 Chilicola, 461 , 308 colleterial glands, 230 Chilopoda, 99, 108: , 109 Clatrotitan andersoni, 216 , 454, 455 Chimaeromyrma, 446 Cleistogaster, 417 Collocalliinae, 278 Chimaeropsyllidae, 480 cleptoparasitism, 277, 283, 284, 377, 540 collophore, 113 Chimeromyia, 40, 533, 536 Cleradinae, 327, 490 Coloburiscidae, 628 Chionea, 498 , 358, 359, 391 Colydiidae, 391 , 57, 489, 490, 493, 502, 504, , 387 Colymbothetidae, 367 505, 506, 507, 627: amber fossils, 505; click beetles (see ) Commentry, France (Carboniferous), 137, austral, 629; earliest fossils, 504, 505; in , 453 168, 172, 227 Cretaceous ambers, 506, 507 , 197 communal behavior, 464: in Embiodea, 191, Chironomus, 491 Clothonopsis miocenica, 198 197; in Hymenoptera, 435, 466; in Chiroptera (see bat) clypeus, 122 Thysanoptera, 283 Chiropteromyza, 490 Clystopsenella, 630 comparative method, 119 chitin, 43–4: composition, 43 Cnemidolestodea, 189 compression fossils, 43–44, 63 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 738 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

738 INDEX

Comstock-Needham system, 128 Cretaceous ambers, 77–82, 323, 329, 391, 503; most primitive, 506; oldest, 506; concretions, 44–45 498: Agapa River (Siberia), 80; Alava phylogeny, 506; proboscis, 504 condyle, 124 (Spain), 76; Canadian, 295, 302, 329, 403, Culicinae, 506 Condylognatha, 147, 262 506, 516, 520; Charente-Maritime Culicoides, 504: Cretaceous, 506; yoosti, 509 , 336, 348, 351–352, 426: (France), 79; Jordon, Kheta River(Siberia), , 489, 496, 502–507: ambers, Cretaceous, 352, 353 80; Lebanon, 80; Maimecha River(Siberia), 506; blood feeding, 502; fossil record, 505; Conoderinae, 395 80; Myanmar (Burma), 80–81; New Jersey, disease vectors, 502; in Cretaceous amber, , 492, 540, 541 82, 166, 234, 235, 246, 259, 285, 287, 290, 506, 507, 509; Jurassic, 505; malaria, 502; continental drift: Gondwana, 627; , 295, 300, 302, 329, 339, 381, 383, 398, 632; relationships, 504; Triassic, 505 627; sea floor spreading, 627 Paris Basin (France), 79; Taimyr Peninsula Cuneocoridae, 317 convergence, 31, 32 (Siberia), 80 , 363, 365: Cretaceous, 366; monster (see Cooloolinae) Cretamyzidae, 295 Triassic, 365 Cooloolinae, 207 Cretaphormia fowleri, 545 , 359, 361, 392, 396, 398, 422, Coope, Russell, 61 Cretatermes carpenteri, 250 637: in amber, 399 Copelatus, 369 Cretatermitinae, 247 Curculionoidea, 363, 393, 395–99, 622: Copepoda, 99 Cretephialtites kourios, 416 Cretaceous, 398; Cretaceous galleries, 398; Coprinisphaera, 50, 380 Cretevaniidae, 419 fossil record, 63, 397–99; Jurassic, 397, 398; Coptoclava longipoda, 368 Cretocar luzzii, 398 larvae, 395; rostrum of, 395 , 367, 368 Cretomyrma, 446 Curetis regula, 597 Coptopsyllidae, 480 Cretomyzidae, 302 Cuterebrinae, 543 copulation, 134, 135: in Cimicidae, 323; in Cretoperipatus burmiticus, 94, 95 Cuvier, Georges . C. . D., 23 , 256; in , 179, 182; in Cretophormia fowleri, 546 Cycadothrips, 284, 285, 287 , 212; and nuptial feeding, 476 Cretothrips antiquus, 285, 286, 287 cycads, 284, 608 corbiculate bees, 466 Cretotrigona prisca, 458, 461, 462, 466, 619 Cyclopes, 638 Cordaitales, 173 Cricetomys, 220 Cyclorrhapha, 514, 516, 528, 531–547: Cordulecerus, 346 crickets, 201 (see also Orthoptera, , ancestral adult diet, 522; and angiosperm Cordulegastroidea, 187 Gryllidae) radiations, 515; anthophilous, 522; basal Corduliidae, 628 criterion of continuation (homology), 29 families, 532, 534; cardia, 516; , 327, 329 criterion of position (homology), 29 circumversion of male terminalia, 532; , 329 criterion of special similarity (homology), 29 Cretaceous stem-group, 533; , 489, 490, 504 Crocinae, 342 development, 532; early, 536; fossil larvae, Coriophagus, 401 Crosaphis, 514 533; fossil record, 523; muscle plaques, , 319, 321 , 39 529, 533; oldest, 533; origin of, 547; Cornitermes, 247 relicta, 363 peritrophic membrane, 516; , 336, 340 Crowsoniellidae, 363, 364 pseudotracheae, 515; puparium, 532; Corydalinae, 341 Crustacea, 45, 98, 99, 467 saprophagous larvae, 514; saprophagy, Corydaloididae, 172 Crustaceomorpha, 93, 107: defined, 98; 514; stalk-eyed, 541; Tertiary radiation, Corydalus, 340 major groups, 99 526, 547 Coscinocera, 584 cryptobiosis, 97 Cyclotornidae, 580 Cosmopterigidae, 576 Cryptocephalinae, 51, 394: in amber, 393; Cydia deshaisiana, 572 cospeciation, 278, 277–80: of hosts and larva, 393 , 327, 329 parasites, 278; of lice with hosts, 278 Cryptocercidae, 231, 235–238 Cylindrachetidae, 211, 628, 630 Cossidae, 579 Cryptocercus, 228, 231, 235–238, 240, 241, , 498 Cossoidea, 579 252, 378, 476, 630: allogrooming, 237; Cynipidae, 422, 623 Cossoninae, 630 antenna, 237; behavior, 235–6; clevelandi, Cynipini, 422 costal vein, 129 236; cryptic species, 236; darwini, 236; , 415, 418, 421–422: Cretaceous, , Virginia (Triassic), distribution, 236, 237; garciai, 236; 422 72 monogamy, 237; parental care, 237; , 547 coxa, 125, 126 primarius, 236; proctodeal trophallaxis, Cyrenoberothinae, 356 coxopodites, 131 236; punctulatus, 235, 236; relationships to Cytochrome b (Cytb) gene, 32 , 451, 467 other Dictyoptera, 237; relictus, 236; social Cytochrome Oxidase (COI) gene, 32 Crampton, Guy C., 140, 142 behavior, 237; symbiotic bacteria in, 237; Cytochrome Oxidase II (COII) gene, 32 Cramptonomyia symbiotic protists in, 237, 241; wrighti, 236 Craneopsyllinae, 485 Cryptochaetidae, 540 D Cranothrips, 284 , 391 Daceton, 445 Cratomorphus, 385 cryptopleuron, 203, 224 Dacetonini, 444 Cratomyia macrorrhyncha, 83, 523, 617, 618 cryptorhynchine, 396 Dactylopiidae, 301 Cratosisyrops, 353 Cryptoses, 581 , 297, 301 Creaphis theodora, 292, 293 Cryptothelea, 576 Daiopterix olgae, 562 Creede Formation, Colorado (Oligocene), 88 Ctenocephalides felis, 482 Dakota Formation, Arizona (Cretaceous), 51, , 302, 443 Ctenophthalmidae, 481, 485 52 Cretaceogaster pygmaeus, 516 Ctenoplectrella viridiceps, 463 Dakulosphaira vitifolii, 293 Cretaceometra brasiliensis, 319 , 389, 391 Dalceridae, 579, 580 Cretaceous, 76–84, 448, 449, 607–37: , 361, 387–99 damselflies (see Odonata, Zygoptera) angiosperm radiations, 302, 330, 607–613; , 387–91: Cretaceous, 391; fossil, Danainae, 602, 604 continental configurations, 83; drift, 627; 391 Danaus plexippus, 601, 603 fossil insect deposits, 77–84; Gondwana Culex territans, 502 Dark Ages, 16 fragmentation, 627; K/T , 76, Culicidae, 490, 502, 504, 506: Cretaceous, Darlington, Philip ., 630, 631 635–7; modern families of insects, 607 506; earliest, 506; fossil, 506, 507; larva, Darwin, Charles ., 24–25, 137, 643 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 739 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 739

Dasyleptidae, 148, 149, 150 Diplolepidini, 422 Dominican amber (Miocene), 90, 91–92, 249, Dasyleptus, 149: brongniarti, 150; sharovi, Diplopoda, 99 271, 302, 319, 351, 386, 387, 391, 393, 406, 150 Diploptera punctata, 231 463, 464, 485, 536, 575, 590 Dasymutilla, 429 Diplura, 12, 111, 116–18, 154, 628: Donacia, 393 Dasypodidae, 638 development, 116; fossil record, 117–18; Dopa Decarboxylase (DDC) gene, 32 Daviscardia, 557 relationships, 116–17 Dorset, England (Jurassic), 556 DDT, 648–50 , 409, 410 , 238, 377, 446, 467, 638: deathwatch beetles (see Anobiidae) : 317, 318, 321 ectosymbionts in, 377 Declinidae, 381 Diptera, 12, 147, 491–547, 640, 642: , 443 Delitzschala bitterfeldensis, 170 anthophilous, 516, 521, 523, 529, 537; Dorythrips, 284 Deltotrichonympha, 240 antlered, 541; aquatic, 505; arista, 511, 515; dragonflies (see Odonate, Epiprocta) Dendroleon septemmontanus, 346 as disease vectors, 491; blood feeding, 496, Drepanicinae, 353 Dendrothripinae, 284 502, 522, 540, 542; carrion breeding, 542; Drepanidinae, 615 dengue, 502 cephalopharyngeal skeleton, 514; Drepanoidea, 583 Denmark Hill, Queensland (Triassic) cleptoparasitic, 540; crop, 516; dung , 295 Dennyus, 278 breeding, 542; earliest, 497; ecological Drilidae, 384 Depressaria, 557, 576 diversity, 491; ectoparasites, 543; evolution dromaeosaurs, 36, 277 , 494 of larval breeding sites, 541; extreme Dromopoda, 99 Dermaptera, 12, 147, 191, 217–222, 640, 648: sexual dimorphisms, 541; filtering larvae, Drosophila, 7–8, 26, 280, 334, 335, 491, 541, cerci, 218; Cretaceous, 218; defining 502; genetics, 491; halteres, 494; in 644: mauritiana, 7; melanogaster, 7; features, 217; fossils, 220–222; hind wings, experimental biology, 491; infraorders, melanogaster complex, 7, 8; paulistorum, 190, 217; in amber, 221, 222; Jurassic, 220; 497; labellum, 495, 515, 517; land crab 8; sechellia, 7; simulans, 7; species phylogeny, 221 commensals, 541; largest, 516; larvae, 493; concepts, 7–8; virilis, 541; willistoni Dermapteridae, 218 larval head capsule/evolution of, 514, 515; species groups, 8 Dermatobia hominis, 543 larval predators, 537, 540; leaf miners, 540; Drosophila melanogaster, 333, 491, 532, 540: Dermestes, 387 major evolutionary episodes, 547; major metamorphosis, 532 : Cretaceous, 386, 387 works, 491; malaria, 502; microbial , 135, 136, 334, 442, 540, 541, Dermodermaptera, 220 grazers, 516; molecular dating, 547; 643: ecological diversity, 540; Hawaiian, Dermoptera, as hosts, 274, 275, 482 mouthparts, 495; paraphyly, 644; species diversity, 540 desert (see gregaria) 496–497; neotenic, 505; parasites, 540; , 433, 537: fossil larva, 433; in Deuterophlebiidae, 501 parasitoids, 516, 517, 537, 540, 543; Dominican amber, 433 Devescovinidae, 240 Permian stem-groups, 497; planidium, Dryococelus australis, 647 Devonian, 66: insect deposits, 66–67; 517, 543; primitive venation, 497; , 540 significance of, 66, 152–4 torrenticolous, 501; Triassic, 497; see also , 381 Devonohexapodus bocksbergensis, 99, 111, 112 Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha Dunatothrips, 283 , 511 Dipterocarpaceae, 55 Dunbaria fascipennis, 170 diagenesis, 43 Discolomidae:in amber, 391 Duncanovelia extensa, 317, 323 Diamminae, 434 Dismorphiinae, 597 dung beetles, 378 diapause, 335 Ditaxineuridae, 183 Dunstaniidae, 308 , 147, 160, 169, 172–73 Ditomyidae, 511 dustywings (see Coniopterygidae) , 418, 420, 421, 630 Ditrysia 561, 565, 573–602, 637: defined, 573; Dynastinae, 379 , 296, 297, 299, 300, 301 tympanal organs, 583 Dyseriocrania, 557 Diathemidae, 169, 171 divergence via host plants, 624: ecological , 46, 62, 358, 359, 367: in amber, Diathemoptera, 170 significance, 636; host races, 624; major 369 Dichenotomidae, 269 lineages/groups, 628 Dicliptera, 147, 169, 170–71 divine origins of life, 21 , 147, 150 , 504, 505 (see Dermaptera) dicondylic mandibles, 150, 153 Dlusskyidris zherichini, 446 Eberhard, William ., 135 Dictyoptera, 12, 147, 188, 191, 207, 227–260: DNA lability, 60 Eccoptarthridae, 398 claval furrow in forewing, 228; ootheca, DNA sequences, 29–32: alignment, 30; ecdysial cleavage line, 120 230, 231; ovipositor, 230, 233; phylogeny, analysis, 30; codon structure, 30; Ecdysozoa, 93, 94 229; proventriculus, 228, 229; commonly sequenced genes, 31, 32; echidna, 638 relationships, 228; stem-group, 227, 228, deletions, 30; gaps, 30; insertions, 30; echinoderms, 642 231; stem-group roachoids, 233; tegmina, multiple substitutions (“hits”), 31; Echinophthiridae, 272, 273, 275 190 substitutions, 31 Eciton, 443, 447 Dicymdomia julianalis, 581 Doa, 582 Ecitoninae, 238, 377, 446: ectosymbionts in, digger (see Apoidea) Dobbertin, Germany (Jurassic), 560 377 Dignatha, 99, 108 Dobbertinia reticulata, 341 Eckfeld, Germany (Eocene), 87 Dilar septentrionalis, 353 dobsonflies (see Megaloptera, Corydalidae) Ectognatha, 99, 111 dilarid clade, 353 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 26 ectoparasites (of vertebrates), 489, 543, 638: , 336, 348, 353 Doidae, 587 and rediations, 488; ctenidia, Dilarinae, 353 , 302, 443, 446, 467, 638 486; defined, 489; evolution of, 489; Dinmore Formation, Queensland (Eocene), Dolichoderus, 302, 402, 443, 451 homeothermic vertebrate hosts, 489; 92 Dolichoformica helferi, 446, 449 Jurassic, 473; by Coleoptera, 372, 373; Dinmore, Queensland (Triassic) , 492, 517, 526, 529, 530: by Dermaptera, 220; by Diptera, 543–5; Diopsidae, 29, 30, 88, 492, 541, 632: fossil, Cretaceous ambers, 526; earliest, 529; by mecopteroids (extinct), 473, 479; 543 Microphorinae, 526 by , 106; by Phthiraptera, 270–80; Dioptinae, 587 domatia, 440 by Siphonaptera, 480–89. Diploglossata, 220 Dominibythus, 431 See also: bats CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 740 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

740 INDEX

ectosymbionts, 377, 533 entognathy, 111, 123 Erythrolychnia, 385 edentates, 482 , 16–27, 137–145 Escherich, Karl L., 140 Eichstätt, Germany (Jurassic), 42, 74 Eobelidae, 398 Eteoanisoptera, 185 Eickwortapis, 461 Eocene, 85–88, 637, 640: insect deposits, 637; Euaculeata, 430 Elachistidae, 576 significance for insects, 640 Eubleptidae, 172 elaiosomes, 213 Eodelopterum priscum, 333 Eubleptidodea, 172 Elasmini, 427 Eodermaptera, 218 Eubleptoptera, 169, 172 Elateridae, 358, 359, 382, 383: Eoditomyidae, 497, 511 Euchauliodes, 341 bioluminescence, 383 Eoichneumonidae, 429 Euchauliodidae, 336, 341 , 361, 380–86 Eomacropis glaesaria, 461 Eucheira socialis, 597 Elateroidea, 380, 382, 381–83: clicking Eomatsucoccus: andrewi, 299; casei, 299; Euchelicerata, 99 mechanism, 382; Cretaceous, 382; fossil sukachevae, 299 , 361, 381 record, 382 Eomerope, 476 Euclea, 578, 580 , 208, 210, 637 , 469, 476 : Cretaceous, 382, 383 Electrapis, 466 Eoprotoneura hyperstigma, 185 Eucoilidae, 420 Electribius, 633 Eoptychopteridae: Cretaceous, 499, 500 Eucrustacea, 99 Electrinocelliinae, 338 Eosentomoidea, 113 Euephemeroptera, 164 Electrococcidae, 299 Eotapinoma: E. macalpinei, 446, 449; E. Eugereonoptera, 170 Electrococcus canadensis, 299 zherichinius, 446 Eugeronidae, 173 Electrolictus antiquus, 461 Eotettigarcta, 308 Eugeropteridae, 174 Electromyrmococcus, 303 Eotrechus, 317 Eugeropteron, 174 Electrosania cretica, 537 Eoxenos laboulbeni, 401 moronei, 461 Electrotomidae, 409, 411 Ephedra, 608 , 456, 461, 466 Elektraphididae, 295, 302 Ephemeridae, 161, 271 Euherbstiinae, 455 , 406 Ephemeropsis melanurus, 165, 166 Euhoplopsyllus glacialis, 482 elephantiasis, 502 Ephemeroptera, 12, 63, 147, 157, 160–7, 628: Euhymenoptera, 409, 413–414, 463: defining Elias, Scott, 61 arista, 167; Branchitergalia, 162; features, 413 Elliidae, 508 Carapacea, 162; classification, 162; costal meriana, 456 Ellipsocidae, 270 brace, 160, 164; Cretaceous, 165, 166; Eulonchus, 521 Ellipura, 111, 112 defining features, 160; fossils, 63, , 427 (see Ulmaceae) 163–167; Furcatergalia, 162; naiad, 162, Eumaeus godarti, 597 , 381 166; Pannota, 162; phylogeny, 163; Eumalacostraca, 99 Elmo, Kansas (Permian), 69, 175, 362 Pisciforma, 162; Schistonota, 162; : 205, in amber, 210 Elongation factor 1 (EF1) gene, 32 Setisura, 162; stem-group, 163, 164; , 211 Embiidae, 198–99 subimago, 162 Eumegasecoptera, 169, 171, 172 Embiidina (see Embiodea) Ephialtitoidea, 415, 416: Cretaceous, 416; Eumeninae, 435, 437 Embiodea, 12, 147, 189–191, 196–199, 432: Jurassic, 416 , 147, 188, 192 blood sinuses, 196; classification, 196; epidemic typhus, 272 Euparagiinae, 437 communal behavior, 197; defining Epidermaptera, 218, 221 Eupatorium, 614 features, 196–97; earliest fossil, 198; in Epides, 582 Euphasmatodea: defining features, 213 amber, 198 Epimartyia, 557 Eupithecia, 586 (see Embiodea) epimeron, 125 Euplectoptera, 163, 164 , 433 epimorphosis, 116 Euptychia insolita, 601 Emeraldellida, 99 Epiophlebia: E. laidlawi, 185; E. superstes, 185 Eurrhyperia, 578 Emesinae, 323 Epiophlebiidae, 185 Eurybia patrona, 600 , 618: Cretaceous ambers, 530, Epiophlebioptera, 184 Eurypterida, 99, 100 531 epipharynx, 124 Euselasia, 598, 623 , 526, 621, 630: Cretaceous, 529, Epiphile, 601 , 238, 252, 283, 463, 464–467: in 530, 531; Jurassic, 526; sister group to Epipompilus, 630 , 283 Cyclorrhapha, 526 epiproct, 131 Eustheniidae, 196, 628 Empis, 529 Epiprocta, 175, 180, 184–187 Euthemistidae, 187 Empusidae, 257, 260 Epipyropidae, 580 eutherian , as hosts, 275 encephalatides, 502 episternum, 125 Euthymenoptera, 413 endangered insects, 647, 650: and epistomal sulcus, 120, 122, 224 Euzygentoma: defined, 151, 152 endangered , 648; and pesticides, Eptesicus, 639 , 417, 418, 419 647; carrion-feeding, 648 Erasipteridae, 174 Evaniiformes, 419 , 275 Erasipteroides valentini, 177 , 415, 417–419 (see Holometabola) Erasmia, 578 Evergestis, 578 Engisopteridae, 172 Eremiaphilidae, 254, 257 eversible vesicles, 117, 131, 132, 149 , 268: Cretaceous, 315–317 Eremochaetidae, 637 evolutionary stasis, 100 Enicocephalomorpha, 315–17, 321 Eremoneura, 526: earliest, 526; evolution of evolutionary success of insects (see species Enicocephalus, 317 adult diets, 528; evolution of larval diets, diversity in insects) Ennominae, 588 528; Mesozoic, 527; phylogeny, 528 exite, 159 Ensifera, 202, 203–205, 208–210, 215: Erinaceidae, 638 exoskeleton, 646 Cretaceous, 210; defining features, 203; , 296, 299 extensor muscles, 126 fossil history, 208; ovipositor, 210; Eriocraniidae, 568 extinctions, 36–37; modern, 647–650 phylogeny, 208 Eristalis, 540 rates, 636–8, 647 Entognatha, 12, 99, 111–118, 135: , 388 extrinsic muscles, 126 fertilization, 112; relationships, 112 Erwin, Terry, 12 eye structure, 124 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 741 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 741

F concretions, 44; coprolites, 50; Geometridae, 583, 585, 586: aptery, 587; Fabricius, J. C., 19, 21 encapsulation, 49; frass, 50; frozen fossil, 588; in amber, 568; larvae, 587 Fagaceae, 237, 422, 610 remains, 61; fusainization, 49; goethite, 46; Geometroidea, 585–89 Fagales, 422 gypsum, 46; ichnofossils (see trace fossils); Geomydoecus, 277, 280 Falkland Islands (Devonian), 67 marcasite, 49; mineralized replication, 45; Geomyidae, as hosts, 278, 279 Falsiformicidae, 437, 637 of chitin, 61; of epicuticular waxes, 44; of Geoscaphius, 237 Fatjanopteridae, 338 protein, 44; of spores/pollen in guts, 44 ; , 379 Fauriellidae, 284 Orsten preservation, 45; pack rat middens, Geranomyia, 498 Fedtschenkiinae, 435 61; permineralization, 45; Geraridae, 216 feeding damage, 52 phosphatization, 46; Pleistocene beetles, danielsi, 216 Felsenstein Zone, 32 63; proteins, 44; pyrite, 49; Germar, Ernst F., 137 female genitalia, 136 pyritization, 49 Gerocynipidae, 422 femur, 125 fossorial forelegs, 29, 31 Gerontoformica cretacica, 449 Feniseca tarquinius, 598 fossorial insects, 31 Geroptera: defining features, 147, 160, 174 (, Franklinothrips, 284 , 193, 268, 317, 324: fossil, 324 Triassic), 71 frog hoppers (see Cercopoidea) , 193, 317–19: families of, 317; Fergusoninidae, 540 frogs, 489, 540, 502 fossils, 324; monophyly, 317; pelagic, 317; Ficus, 283, 423 fruit bats, 615 phylogeny, 321; pretarsal structure, 317, Fideliinae, 455 fruit flies (see , Drosophilidae, 323 Fideliini, 630 Drosophila) giant lacewings (see Polystoechotidae) , 422 Fulgoroidea: Cretaceous, 306, 311, 312 Giebel, Christoph G. A., 137 figs, 616: fig wasps (Agaonidae), 616 Fulgoromorpha, 304, 306, 312: defining gigantism, 178 fire flies (see Lampyridae) features, 304 Gigantopteridaceae, 52 firebrat (see Petrobius) fungus gnats (see ) Gigasiricidae, 409, 413 Fisher, Sir Ronald, 26 , Denmark (Paleocene), 85, Gilboa, New York (Devonian), 66 fishflies (see Chauliodinae) 590 Gill Theory, 159 fleas (see Siphonaptera) Furcatergalia, 162, 163 Glabellula brunnifrons, 525 Fletcheriana triassica, 309 furculum, 114 Glaesoconis baliopteryx, 352 flexion lines, in wing, 131 Glaucopsyche xerces, 649 flexor muscles, 126 G glossa, 124 flies (see Diptera) galea, 124 , 29, 562–564: basal families, 564; flight, 155–157, 195: asynchronous flight Galerucinae, 394 oldest, 566 muscles, 157; indirect flight muscles, 156; gall wasps (see Cynipidae) Glosselytridae, 332 origins, 158–160, 195; synchronous flight Galleria, 581 , 147, 158–60, 331–333, 337, muscles, 157 Galloisiana, 222 360, 636 Florinemestrius, 523, 616 galls, 54, 283, 289: fossil, 49, 53, 54 Glossina oligocena, 544, 545 Florissant Formation, Colorado (Eocene- gall-making insects: in Diptera, 512–3, Glossinidae, 87, 326, 490, 492, 543, 544, 545, Oligocene), 86, 87, 139, 310, 339, 345, 540–1; in Hymenoptera, 422; in 632: and sleeping sickness, 5; fossil, 545 386, 393, 525, 545, 546, 590, 593, 594, Lepidoptera, 572; in , 289, Glossophaginae, 615 642 293; in Thysanoptera, 283–4 Glossopteridae, 332 flowers: fossils, 50 Gaspé Bay, Canada (Devonian), 66 Glossopteris seed ferms, 52 Folindusia kemaensis, 551, 554 Gasterophilinae, 543 Glossosomatidae, 549, 550 folk taxonomy, 15 , 417, 418, 630 glow worms, 511 fontanelle, 247 Gaston, Kevin, 13 gnathal pouch, 112 Fontecilla, 349 Gastrotheus, 628 gnathobase, 98 Foraminitermitinae, 248 Gastrotricha, 93, 94 Gnetales, 607, 609: Cretaceous, 611; Forcipomyia, 504, 507 Geadephaga (see Carabidae) pollinating insects, 608 Foremost Formation, Canada (Cretaceous), Geijera, 283 Gnetum, 608, 609 82 , 319, 321 Goliathus, 378 Forficulidae, 218, 222 Gelechiidae, 576 Gomphidae, 182 Formica, 300, 443, 451 Gelechioidea, 201–2: coumarins and, 576; Gomphoidea, 187 Formicidae, 18, 301, 437, 440, 467, 638: diversity, 576; fossil, 577; larval predators, gonangulum, 134, 229 castes, 443; chemical communication, 577; toxic host plants, 576 gonapophyses, 132, 177, 229 443; cocoon, 441; Cretaceous, 448, 450, Genaphis, 295 Gondwana, 41, 76, 627: continental 452; eusociality, 447; fossil, 85, 303, 446, genes, 32 configurations, 626; Cretaceous drift, 627 448; and Hemiptera, 300–2; metapleural genitalic structure: 132–136, complexity in, Goniodidae, 275 gland, 441; phylogeny, 447; proventriculus, 135–136 gonocoxae, 132, 135, 177, 229 301; structure, 441 , 327 gonoplac, 134, 229 , 302, 443, 446, 467, 638: Geocorisae, 319 gonoplacs, 229 Cretaceous, 451 geographical extinctions, 339, 345, 355, 466, gonopore, 133 fossil, 36–41, 63, 92, 523, 631: dating and 501, 545, 632, 633, 634: and competitive gonostyli, 132, 135, 161 ages, 62–65; defined, 62 exclusion, 634; and paleoclimatic change, Gracillaria, 557 fossil insect deposits, 65–92 634; and vertebrates, 634; in amber, 632; in Gracillariidae, 52, 573, 575: Cretaceous leaf fossil preservation, 43–63 Baltic amber, 632; in Quaternary insects, mine, 575; fossil mines, 575 fossilization, insect: amino acids, 61; 642 Gracillarioidea, 14, 575–76 calcium phosphate, 46; carbonates, 44; Geological Time Scale, 62, 64 Gramineae, 412 celestite, 45; cellular preservation, 48, 59, Geolothrips, 284 Grammosmylidae, 336 60; charcoalification, 49–50; Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale graptolites, 63, 642 compressions/impressions, 43; (GPTS), 65 grasses, 247, 638 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 742 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

742 INDEX

(see Orthoptera, Caelifera, Haptopoda, 99 , 87–88, 98, 99, 111: defined, 111; Acridoidea) Harpalinae, 368 early fossils, 111; hierarchical grasshoppers, 201 Hartigiini, 412 classification, 111 Grassy Lake, Alberta, 82 Harvestmen (see Opilliones) higher , 247 Grauvogelia arzvilleriana, 497 Hawaiian Islands, 643–44, 647: conveyor belt high-resolution CT scanning, 47, 259 Greeks (Ancient), 16 biogeography, 645; endemism, 643 Hilara, 529 green lacewings (see Chrysopidae) head segmentation: criteria, 123 : Cretaceous, 525 Green River Formation, U.S., 85, 590 head structure, 121–124 Hilarimorphites yeatsi, 525 Grès-à-Voltzia, France (Triassic), 71, 497 Hebridae, 317, 321 Hinton, Howard E., 142 Greya, 573 hedgehogs, 638 Hippeococcus, 301 griffenflies (see Protodonata) Hedylidae, 583, 590, 591: relationships, 590 , 272, 492, 543 Grimmen, Germany (Jurassic), 74, 560 Heer, Oswald, 89 Hispinae, 394 Grimmenaphis, 295 Heidea cretacica, 290 , 372 Gripopterygoidea, 195 Helenodora, 94 Hodotermes, 244 Gromphadorhina portentosa, 231 , 542 Hodotermitidae, 240, 242, 244, 246, 249, 250, Grube Messel, 44, 406 Heliconiinae, 277, 600, 604 251: alates, 250; diet, 244; fossils, 244, 246 , 205, 208, 209 Heliconius, 277, 602, 605, 624: cydno, 601; Hodotermopsis, 247 Gryllacridinae, 208 erato, 605; numata, 605; rings, Holcorobeus nigrimontanus, 380 Gryllida, 190 605; , 605 Holcorobeus, 380 Gryllidae, 204, 205, 209, 643: Cretaceous, Helicopsychidae, 550 Holcorpa, 475, 476 204, 209; foretibial tympanum, 204; mirror Heliozela, 557 Holodonata, 147, 174–75, 180 in wing, 204; wing, 204 hellgrammites (see Megaloptera, Holometabola, 12, 147, 188, 333–35: : 222, 223, washoa, 225 Corydalidae) adaptationist, 334; defined, 331; genitalic Grylloblattella, 222 Helodidae, 381 discs, 333; imaginal discs, 331; larva, 331; , 44 , 418, 421 larva control of development, 335; origin Grylloblattina, 222 hematophagy (see blood feeders) of, 333–335; pairs, 333; pronymph, 333; Grylloblattodea, 12, 147, 188, 191, 222–224, Hemerobiidae, 336, 348, 351, 426 similarities between, 334 225, 630: defining features, 222; fossils, , 336, 342, 348–356: Holoptilinae, 326 223; stem-group, 224 defined, 348 Homalocnemis, 526, 630 Grylloidea, 209 Hemeroplanes, 586 Homiopteridae, 173 Gryllotalpidae, 205, 208, 209, 628 , 220, 490 homology, 28–31: behavioral, 30; criteria, 29, gula, 123 Hemimerina, 220 30; molecular, 29; primary, 29; secondary, gypsy , 589 Hemimerus, 220 29; topological, 29 Gyrinidae, 358, 367 hemimetaboly, 331, 332 homoplasy (defined), 31 , 274 Hemiphlebioidea, 632 Homoptera, 287 Hemiptera, 12, 147, 193, 287–330, 622, 630, honey bees (see Apis) H 642: alimentary filter system, 288; feeding, honeycreepers, 615 Haeckel, Ernst, 137, 138 288; honeydew, 288; mouthparts, 264, 288; honeydew, 288, 289, 290, 293, 297, 300–2, 327 Haematobia, 489 Permian origins, 288; suborders, 288 honeyeaters, 615 , 273, 274: elephantis, 274: Hennig, Willi, 26, 27, 80, 143, 144, 145 Hooker, Sir Joseph, 626 hopkinsi, 274: porci, 274 Hennigmatidae, 499 Hoplocarida, 99 Haematopinidae, 273, 275 Hepialoidea, 569 Hoplopleuridae, 273, 275 Haetera macleannania, 600 Heptageniidae, 161 Hoploridium, 313 Hagen-Vorhalle, Germany, 67, 177 Heptapsogasteridae, 273, 275, 277 Hormaphididae, 467 Haglidae, 208 herbivory: see phytophagous insects , 293, 465 Hagloidea, 208, 209 Hermatobatidae, 317 hornets (see ) Haidomyrmex cerberus, 446, 449, 452 Hesperiidae, 591, 592, 595 (see Siricidae) Haldane, J. B. S., 26 Hesperoboreus, 478 host races: and cryptic species, 624; Halictidae, 453, 461, 463, 465, 614 Heterobathmiidae, 560, 561, 562 conditions for, 624; examples, 624 Halictinae, 2, 455, 467 Heterocephalus glaber, 465 hover wasps (see Stenogastrinae) , 401 , 381 hovering: ecological significance, 618 savenyei, 461, 465 Heterodoxus longitarsus, 275 human bot, 543 , 297 Heterogynaidae, 451 humans, as hosts, 274 , 367 Heterojapyx, 116 humeral plate, 129, 130 Hallucigenia, 94 Heteroneura, 560 hummingbirds, 615 Halobates ruffoi, 319 Heterophlebiidae, 187 Hyatt, Alpheus, 137 Halobates, 317 Heteroptera, 48, 288, 314–30, 622, 640: Hybophthiridae, 274, 275 halteres, 494: convergent origins, 494; blood-feeding in, 323, 326; defining hybrids, 8 function, 494 features, 314, 315; earliest fossils, 315; Hydradephaga, 361, 363, 366–68, 357–407: Halteria, 402 fossils, 315, 318, 320, 325–30; infraorders, Mesozoic, 368 Hamadryas, 602 315, 321; myrmecomorphy, 323; parental , 371, 372 Hamamelis, 237 care, 319, 323; phylogeny, 321; Hydrobiosidae, 550 Hamophthiriidae, 274, 275 phytophagy, 326, 330; relationships, 315; , 317, 319, 321, 324: hamuli, 408 scent gland, 314; spider-web Cretaceous, 324 Handlirsch, Anton, 137, 139 cleptoparasites, 328; traumatic , 363, 372 Hanidae, 172 insemination in, 326; wings, 268 , 372 , 397 Heterosarus eickworti, 461 Hydropsychoidea, 549, 551 Haplogleniinae, 346 Heterothripidae, 284, 285 Hydroptilidae, 549, 551 Haploridiidae, 313 Hexagenia, 162 Hydroscaphiidae, 370 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 743 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 743

Hygrobiidae, 367 Formicidae, 447; Heteroptera, 321; Japygomorpha, 116 Hymenaea (Leguminosae), 55, 91 Hymenoptera, 409; spindle phylogenies, Jarmilidae, 164 Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga, 427 636; Isoptera, 249, 251; Lepidoptera, 560, Jascopidae, 312 Hymenopodidae, 256, 257, 260 561; Mandibulata, 108; nematocerous Javelina Formation, 247 Hymenoptera, 12, 147, 407–409, 413, 463, Diptera, 496; Neuroptera, 150; Jeannel, René, 627, 631 623, 630, 642: cenchri, 408; defined, 408; , 336; Odonata, 163, 169; Jeholodens, 81 diversity, 407; ectoparasitoids, 408; , 180, 181; Orthopterida, Jersicoccus kurthi, 299 endoparasitoids, 408; hamuli, 408, 409; 202; Panarthropoda, 93; , 469; Jersimantis, 259 haplodiploid, 408; hyperparasitoid, 408; , 263; , 194; Jerusalem crickets, 209 parasitoidism, 409, 413; parasitoids, 408; Polyneoptera, 191; Symphytans, 409; Johnston’s organ, 137 phylogeny, 409; superparasitism, 426; Trichoptera, 544, 550; Thysanoptera, 286; Jordanian amber (Cretaceous), 80 Triassic, 410 , 199–201 jugal , 192 Hymenopterida, 147 insect sociality, 237, 238, 283, 293, 372, 377, Juglandaceae, 410 Hymenopus coronatus, 255 397, 464, 533 Juraconiopteryx zherichini, 352 hyperparasitoids, 408 insectivores, 482 Juraphis, 295 Hypoclinea cuspidatus, 301 Institut und Museum für Geologie und Jurassic, 73–76: continental configurations, Hypodermatinae, 543 Paläontologie, Göttingen, 88 73; insect deposits, 74–76; significance of, hypognathy, 121 Integripalpia, 548, 550 73 Hypoperlida, 44 intercalary segment, 123 Jurassic Park, 60 hypopharynx, 124 intertidal, 504 Jurina marginata (Jurinidae), 333 hypoproct, 132 intima: proctodeal trophallaxis, 240 Jurinidae, 332 hypotheses, 93 intrinsic muscles, 126 juvenile hormone (JH), 334, 379 Hyracoidea, 482 Introverta, 94 Hystricopsyllidae Iotatubothrips, 283 K Ips, 396 K/T event, 635: Chicxulub crater, 635; insect I Ipswich Series, Australia (Triassic), 72 survivorship, 637 , 422 Iridomyrmex ants, 443, 580 Kalligramma, 74 Icaronycteris index (Chiroptera), 85 Ironomyia, 536 Kalligrammatidae, 75, 336, 347, 348, 637 ice crawlers (see Grylloblattodea) , 536, 632 Kalotermes swinhoei, 247 , 418, 427, 630: larva, 428 , 274, 275, 277 Kalotermitidae, 238, 240, 242, 247, 248, 250, , 415, 418, 423, 427: fossils, , 481, 482, 640 251: Cretaceous fossil nest, 248; diversity, 428, 429; symbiotic viruses, 427 islands faunas, 647: and dispersal ability, 247; fossils, 247; pseudergates, 238 ichnofossils (see trace fossils) 644; and niche expansion, 645; fragility, Kaltanidae, 469, 472 Idea, 601 647; Galapagos Islands, 643; Hawaiian, Kansasiidae, 171 Idiogastra, 413 644; reasons for endemic diversity, 644–45 Karabasia evansi, 313 Idolothripinae, 283 Isle of Wight, UK (Eocene-Oligocene), 47: Karabasiidae, 313 Illacme plenipes, 109 Bembridge Marls, 47; marcasite, 49; pyrite, , 75 imaginal discs, 331, 333–334, 379 49; pyritization, 49 Karajassidae, 312 impression fossils, 43 Isophlebiidae, 187 Karanabis kiritshenkoi, 317 inchworms (see Geometridae) Isoptera, 12, 51, 55, 147, 238–251, 467, 638: Karataothrips jurassica, 285, 286 Incurvaria, 557 Alates, 250; ancestral, 252; and Karatau, , 74, 75, 220, 270, 380, Incurvarioidea, 371–99, 572 humification, 241; and mineralization, 397, 398, 416, 526, 560 Indriidae, as hosts, 275 241; arboreal nest, 249; biomass, 241; Karataublatta longicaudata, 233 Inka minuta, 299 castes, 238; cellulose consumption, 241; Karatawiidae, 187 Inkaidae, 299 Cretaceous fossil nest, 248; diet, 238; Karoophasma bielouwensis, 225 Inocelliidae, 336, 338 diversity, 242; ecological significance, 241; Karschielloidea, 218 inquilines, 326 evolutionary trends in, 250; fecundity, 238; katydids (see Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea) insect, 119, 144: classification, 147; defined, fossil nests, 51, 248; fossilized workings, Kazachothrips triassicus, 285, 286 137; ecological significance, 4–6; flight, 67; 55; fossils, 242; lower termites, 242; Keithia luzzii, 299 orders, 137; ordinal relationships, 146; methane production of, 241; mounds, 242; , 458 species diversity, 11–15, 650 nasute soldiers, 250; neotenic Kemperala, 189 insect diversification: end-Permian reproductives, 238; origins, 251; Kennedyidae, 183 extinctions, 636; families over time, 636; phylogeny, 249, 251; physogastry, 238, 240; , 511: Cretaceous, 512; larva, rates of first and last appearances, 636; sex-linked translocations, 238; sociality, 511 significance of Cretaceous, 636; taxic 238; soil excauation, 242; soil feeders, 241; Kerria lacca: historical significance, 297 analyses, 636 symbiotic bacteria of, 238; symbiotic Keuper Basin (Triassic), 71 insect fossilization, 42: cuticle, 43; protists of, 238, 240–1 king crickets, 209 epicuticular waxes, 44; gut, 44; of chitin, Isotomidae, 116 Kinorhyncha, 93, 94 43; of protein, 44; of spores and pollen, 44; isotope dating: 14C (carbon), 63; 40K-40Ar, 63; Kishenehn Basin, Montana (Oligocene), 88 Pleistocene elytra, 63 235U – 207Pb, 63 , 283, 467: harpophyllae, 284 , 119–137 , 2, 306 Klapálek, Franz, 143 insect phylogeny, 30, 31, 40, 146, 154: Issyk-Kul’, Kazakhstan (Triassic), 71 Klondike Mountain Formation (Eocene), Aculeata, 431; Anthophila, 460, 461; Ithomiinae, 614 86 Antliophora, 461; Apocrita, 415; Blattaria, , 336, 348, 349 Kojutellitinae, 419 231; Brachycera, 519; Caelifera, 210; Izarra, Spain (Miocene), 45 Kokiriidae, 555 Coccoidea, 298; Coleoptera, 361; Königsberg, 88 Culicidae, 506; Dermaptera, 221; J Koonwarra, Australia (Cretaceous), 84, 319, Dictyoptera, 229; Ensifera, 208; Jantarostylops kinzelbachi, 406 485, 487 Ephemeroptera, 163; Eremoneura, 528; Japygidae, 118 Koruga, 240 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 744 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

744 INDEX

Koshelevka Formation, 69 leaf-insects, 211 Leptychoptera, 500 Kotá Formation, India (Jurassic), 76 Lebanese amber (Cretaceous), 80, 247, 270, Leshmania: brasiliensis, 499; Kotujellitinae, 419 285, 295, 312, 317, 398, 499, 506 donovani, 499 Kovalevimyia lacrimosa, 505 Lebanophlebotomus, 499 leshmaniasis, 499 Krausse, Anton, 140 Lebiinae, 369 Lesotho, South (Stormberg Series: Kristensen, Niels P., 144 leg structure, 125–128 Triassic), 72 Krombeinictus nordenae, 453 Leidy, Joseph, 240 Lestidae, 184 Kukalová-Peck, Jarmila, 144 , 335, 371, 372 Lestremiinae, 513 Kyromyrma neffi, 446, 449, 451 Lemmatophora typa, 196 Leto, 557 Lemmatophoridae, 194, 195, 196 Letopalopteridae, 338 L lemurs, as hosts, 275 , 418, 423, 424 La Brea, California, 61, 62, 90 , 210 Levantine amber belt, 80 La Cabrua, Spain, 79 Lepiceridae, 370 Liadopsyllidae, 289 La Voulte-sur-Rhône, France (Jurassic), 49 Lepidodendrales, 173 Liadotaulius maior, 550, 554 Labandeira, Conrad, C., 52 Lepidophthirus macrorhini, 272 Liadytidae, 367 labial palpus, 124 , 332 Liassocicada, 308 Labiococcus joosti, 299 Lepidoptera, 12, 147, 333, 469, 548, 555–606, Liassophilidae, 469, 472 labium structure, 124 618, 622, 642: ant-enticing organs, 598; Liassophlebiidae, 187 labrum, 122, 123 aptery, 572, 583; aquatic, 578; austral Liassopsychodina, 497, 499 lacewings (see Neuroptea) distributions, 562, 572; basal relationships, Liayang Formation (Cretaceous), 77 , 270 558, 560–2; bat detection, 583, 589; blood Libanophlebotomus lutfallahi, 500 lacinia, 124 feeding, 590; brachypterous, 586; butterfly Libellulidae, 180, 182 Lacturidae: aposematic, 579 mimics, 576; caterpillar crochets, 570; Libellulium longialata, 187 lacustrine (deposits/preservation), 42 Cretaceous, 560, 562, 572; crochets, 565, Libelluloidea, 187 ladybugs (see Coccinellidae) 570; cyanide production, 579–580; Libytheinae, 600 , 274 detritivorous, 581; earliest fossil, 556; lice (see Phthiraptera) Laetilia coccidovora, 301, 581 ectvoparasitic larvae, 577; ectoparasitoid Lichanothrips, 283 Lagerstätten: Konservat, 42; Konzentrat, 42 larvae, 580; evolution of larval diets, 558; lignocellulose, 238, 241 Laiyang Formation, 81 external feeders on plants, 573; female ligula, 124 Lalacidae, 311, 312 reproductive systems, 569–71; fossil leaf Limacodidae, 579: caterpillar, 580 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste, 23 mine, 572; fossilized wing scales, 570; Limenitis archippus, 603 Lamproblatta, 237 frenulum, 572; galls, 572; head features, Limnephilidae, 550 Lampyridae, 383, 384, 386: bioluminescence, 567; Heteroneuran, 571; in Cretaceous Limnichidae, 381 384–385; femme fatale, 385; in amber, 386; amber, 563; Jurassic, 556, 560, 561; largest Limnoporus, 324 light signals, 385; photic organs, 385 in amber, 588; leaf mine fossil, 572; leaf Limonia, 494, 517 Languriidae, 490 miners, 558, 567; leaf-mining, 572; Limoniidae, 498 Laphria, 522 Mesozoic fossils, 556–61, 562, 566; mimics, Limothrips denticornis, 281 , 453 579; monographs, 556; monotrysian, Limulodinae, 374 larva, 331, 333–335: fossil, 346, 348, 352, 365, 570–2; most diverse phytophages, 556; Limulus polyphemus, 97, 100 377, 378, 381, 384, 386, 388, 391, 393, 533, myrmecophily, 599; parthenogenesis, 575; Lindroth, Carl, 61 566, 575, 581, 588; in Coleoptera, 359, 364; phylogeny, 558, 561; popularity, 555; lineages, 37: crown-group, 40; stem-groups, 394; in Diptera, 493, 503, 505, 511, 515, predators, 558, 598; primitively 40 521; in Lepidoptera, 565, 574, 580, 585, mandibulate, 561–62; proboscis functional Linnaeus, Karl, 17, 19 589, 595, 597–601; in Neuropterida, 342, morphology, 562; proboscis structure, 563, Linognathidae, 273, 275 344, 347, 349, 350; in Siphonaptera, 484; in 564, 567; prolegs, 563, 581; , 577; Liomopteridae, 194, 196 , 401; in Trichoptera, 551 pupae, 568; radiation with angiosperms, , 422 larval cases: fossils, 394 555; reproductive system structure, 569, Liposcelidae, 266, 267, 269, 270: as sister Las Hoyas, Spain (Cretaceous), 79 571; retinaculum, 571, 594; root borers, group to lice, 266, 269; Cretaceous, 269; Lasia, 521 579; scale structure, 567–9; silk habits, 266; structure, 269; wings, 269 Lasiocampa, 582 production, 584; silken galleries, 569; Liposcelis, 266, 267, 269: bostrychophila, 266, Lasiocampidae, 583 smallest, 572; snake mimics, 586; stem, 269; formicaria, 266; myrmecophila, 266; , 329 579; triungula, 580; tympanal organs, 586, prenolepidis, 266 Lasioglossum, 14 583, 585, 586; mimics, 579; wing Liquidambar, 237 Lasiohelea, 504 scale colors, 567; wing scale structure, 568, Lirimis, 582 Lasius neoniger, 301 569 Liriodendron, 237, 353 Lasius, 443: neoniger, 301 Lepidothrix pilifera, 151 Lithomantis carbonarius, 171 Latah Formation, Idaho (Miocene), 89 Lepidotrichidae, 150, 151 Lithoneura lameerei, 163, 164 Lathiceridae, 210 Lepiotaceae, 278, 444 Lithophotina, 260 Lathridiidae, 391 Lepismatidae, 151 Lithopsyche antiqua, 593 Latimeria, 97 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 648 Lithoserix, 437 Latreille, Pierre André, 21 Leptocola stanleyana, 255 Lithoserix williamsi, 413 Latrodectus, 103 Leptoconops, 504, 507 Litophlebiidae, 164 , 76 Leptopanorpa, 475 living fossils, 244 Laurhervasia setacea, 344 Leptophlebiidae, 628 Lobophasma redeling huysensis, 226 leaf beetles (see Chrysomelidae) Leptopodidae, 319, 326 Locusta migratoria, 206 leaf hoppers (see Cicadelloidea) , 319, 321, 326 Locustavidae, 210 leaf mines, 52, 575: fossil, 52 Leptosalda, 326 Locustopseidae, 210, 215, 637 leaf-cutter ants (see Attini) Leptosomidae, 634 (see Orthoptera, Caelifera, leaf-cutter bees (see Megachile) Leptospironympha, 240 Acridoidea) CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 745 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 745

Lomamyia, 356 Malacostraca, 99 Mastotermitidae, 242–245, 250, : Cretaceous, 532, 533, 534 Malaicoccus formicarii, 302 251:extinctions, 244; fossils, 242, 244, 245 Lonchopterites prisca, 534 malaria: sickle cell anemia, 502; sickle cell mating behavior, 8 Lonchopteromorpha asetocella, 534 trait, 502; vectors, 502 mating swarms, 530 London Clay (Eocene), 49 male genitalia (in insect), 9, 134, 228, 477 Matsucoccidae, 298, 299 long-horned beetles (see Cerambycidae) male genitalia complexity, 135 Matsuda, Ryuichi, 143 Lophioneurida, 285, 286, 287 , 274 maxilla structure, 124 Lophocoronidae, 560 Mallophorina, 522 maxillary palpus, 124 Lord Howe Island stick insect, 647 Malmopsyllidae, 289 Maxillopoda, 94, 99 Loricifera, 93, 94 mammalian radiations and insects, 638–42: maximum likelihood, 32–33 lorises, as hosts, 277 insectivores, 638; specialized ant and mayflies (see Ephemeroptera) Lorisicola, 277 feeders, 638 Mayr, Ernst, 26 Los Angeles Natural History Museum, mammals: fossils, 37; orders, 37 Mazon Creek, Illinois (Carboniferous), 44, 89 mandible, 124: articulation, 124; structure, 45, 67, 68, 118, 216, 335 Los Rastros Formations, Argentina (Triassic), 124 Mazothairos, 170 72 Mandibulata, 99, 107–18: phylogeny, 108 mealy bugs (see Coccoidea) cospeciation, 279 mandibulate hypothesis, 93 Mecoptera, 12, 147, 469, 470: Mesozoic, 472; Lucanidae, 379 Manidae, 638 nuptial trophallaxis, 476; recent diversity, Lucilia, 543 Manlayinae (see Baissidae) 474–480; relationship to Diptera, 472 Luteitermes prisca, 246 Mantidae, 257, 260: mimicry, 256 Mecopterida, 468, 469, 470–491, 547: Lutz, Frank, 11 (see Mantodea) Cretaceous, 470; defined, 474; early Lutzomyia, 499 Mantispa, 354 history, 470; in Permian, 472; larval eye, , 592, 593, 594, 597–99, 649: mantispid lacewings (see ) 475; Mesozoic ectoparasites, 472–4, Caterpillars, 597; extinct, 649; Mantispidae, 336, 348, 353–354: Cretaceous, 480–91; primitive features, 470 myrmecophily, 599; relation to 354; in amber, 354 Mecopteroidea, 468 Riodinidae, 597 Mantispidiptera, 355: henryi, 354 medial plate, 130 , 358, 359, 383, 384, 386 Mantispinae, 353 medial veins, 129 , 326 Mantodea, 12, 147, 193, 252–260: Medicine Hat, Alberta (Cretaceous), 81 Lyctocoris, 326 adaptations, 257; bat of, 257; Mediterranean floras, 78 Lyell, Sir Charles, 23, 24 camouflage, 255; Cretaceous, 229, 258, Medullosales, 173 , 327 259; diversity, 252, 253; ear function, 257; Megachile, 435, 458, 461: Chalicodomopsis, , 327, 329 ear structure, 257; eye, 255; flower mimics, 461; cut leaves, 461; glaesaria, 461; Lygistorrhinidae, 38, 39, 511 255; femoral brush, 254, 255; foreleg rotundata, 435 Lymantria dispar, 589 structure, 254; fossils, 257–260; in amber, , 454, 455, 456, 459, 463 Lymantriidae, 589 259; mating, 256; metathoracic ear, 257; Megachilinae, 435 Lyme disease, 272 polymorphisms, 256; pseudovein, 259; Megakhosaridae, 223 , 387, 402: Creaceous, 387; in raptorial fore legs, 254, 255; relationships, Megaleurodes megocellata, 304 amber, 387 229, 259; sexual cannibalism, 256; , 409, 412 structure, 254; Tertiary radiations, 260; Megalodontidae (see Megalodontesidae) M vision, 255 Megalopinae, 393 Maamingidae, 421 Mantoidea, 257, 252 Megaloptera, 147, 335, 336, 340–341; fossils, Macaranga, and ants, 302 Mantoididae, 257, 259 341 Macherotidae, 308 Mantophasmatodea, 12, 14, 147, 188, 191, Megalopyga, 578 Machiloides, 628 224–226, 628, 632: defined, 224: fossils, Megalyra troglodytes, 417 Machiloides group, 150 226 , 417, 630, 632 Macroglossinae, 615 Marattiales, 173 Megalyroidea, 415, 416 Macroglossum, 584 Marella, 98 Meganeura monyi, 176 Macrolepidoptera, 581 Marellomorpha, 98, 99 , 175, 176 Macromiidae, 187 , 296, 297, 298, 302: Meganeuropsis permiana (syn. americana), Macroscelidea, as hosts, 274 marsupium, 298 69, 175, 176 Macrosoma, 590–91 Margas Verdes Formation, Argentina, 92 Meganomiinae, 455 Macrotermes, 51, 241, 242: falciger, 242; Marquettia americana, 87 Megarhyssa, 427 mounds, 242 marsupials: biogeography, 274, 485, 486, 634 , 147, 160, 169, 171, 172: Macrotermitinae, 248 Martinssonia, 99 defining features, 171–72; nymphs, 172 , 317, 321 Martynov, Andreas ., 139, 140, 141 Megaselia (), 14, 538 Macroxyela, 410 Masarinae, 437, 454 Megasoma, 379 Macrozamia cycads, 284 mass extinctions, 37, 635: 24 my periodicity, , 426 Madygen Formation, 71, 497 635; and insects, 635; changes in sea Megathon zwicki, 501 Madygenius, 410 levels, 635; climate change, 635; Megatypus schucherti, 175, 178 Magicicada, 307, 308 conditions of determining, 635; defined, Megenicophalini, 317 Magnolia latahensis, 60, 237 635; drifting continents, 635; fern, 635; Meiatermes, 245, 246: araripina, 246; Magnoliaceae, 621 iridium layers, 635; K/T event, 635; bertrani, 245, 246 Magnoliidae, 621 microtektites, 635; shocked quartz, 635; Meinertellidae, 148 Magothy Formation, New Jersey spike, 635; volcanism, 635 Meioneurites spectabilis, 348 (Cretaceous), 82 Mastotermes, 89, 92, 229, 230, 242–245, 250: Melander, Axel L., 140 Maimetsha, 417 anglicus, 244; castes, 243; darwiniensis, , 391 , 150 230, 240, 243, 244,628; electrodominicus, Melanothripidae, 284 Malacopsyllidae, 480 60, 242, 244, 245; electromexicus, 242; Melieria calligrapha, 546 Malacosoma, 583 fossils, 89, 244, 245 Melikertes stilbonotus, 466 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 746 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

746 INDEX

Melinaea, 602 , 560, 562, 564, 568, 621, 623: Morgan, Thomas, H., 7, 26 Meliphagidae, 615 Cretaceous, 562; fossils, 562 Mormon (see Anabrus simplex) Meliponinae, 58, 464; nests, 465 Micropterix, 557, 583 Mormotomyia hirsuta, 489, 541, 542 Meliponini, 461, 466, 619 Microptysmatidae, 469, 548 Mormotomyidae, 489, 490, 541, 544, 640 Melissites , 466 Microsporidae, 370 Morphinae, 600 Melittia, 578 , 467 Morpho 600: achilles, 601 , 454, 455, 456 Microthoraciidae, 275 morphology, 119, 144: comparative, 119; melittophiles, 377 Micrura, 99 functional, 119 Meloidae, 390 Midco, Oklahoma (Permian), 69, 171, 175, Morphopsis, 594 , 387, 391 362 Morrison Formation (Jurassic: west. North Membracidae: 305, in amber, 310 Middlesex County, New Jersey (Cretaceous), Amer), 76 , 307 82 mosquitoes (see Culicidae) Menát, France (Paleocene), 85 (see Locusta migratoria) moth lacewings (see Ithonidae) Mengea tertiaria, 403, 404 , 58, 540 (see Lepidoptera) Mengeidae, 402 milkweed butterflies (see Danainae) Mount Flora, Grahamland, Antartica , 399, 401, 402 millipedes (see Diplopoda) (Jurassic), 76 , 274, 278 Milnesiidae, 97 mouthpart structure, 122–124, 646 Merian, Maria Sibylla, 19, 20 Milnesium, 96, 97: swolenskyi, 96, 97; Mt. Crosby in Queensland (Triassic), 73, meroistic overioles, 132 tardigradum, 96 497 , 476 Mimallonoidea, 583 multituberculates, 486 , 469, 471, 476 Mimetaster, 98 Munroessa, 578 Merothripidae, 283, 284, 285 Mimetica, 207 Musca vetustissima, 378 Mesaulacinus, 417 mimicry, 537, 602–606: aculeate wasp , 426, 490, 493, 542 Mesephemeridae, 164 models, 604; aposematism, 603; muscles, 126, 157 Mesithonidae, 336, 349 Batesian, 602, 603; butterflies, 603; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Mesochorista, 471 Diptera, 604–5; Lepidoptera, 601; University, 86, 87, 88, 139 Mesochria neotropica, 513 Müllerian, 602; Orthoptera, 605; , 429, 435 Mesococcus, 299 Pompilidae, 605; , 605; Mycetobiinae, 513 Mesohemerobius, 351 rings, 602; Vespidae, 604 mycetocytes, 242, 288 Mesopanorpa, 471 mineralized replication, 45–49 , 508, 511 Mesoplectopteridae, 164 Minyorussus luzzii, 414 Mydidae, 521, 630 Mesopsychidae, 469, 472 Miocene, 89–90 Mygalomorphae, 102 Mesoraphidia luzzii, 339; pterostigmalis, , 147, 331–333, 341, 636; as Myiodactylidae, 344 338 stem-group Paraneoptera, 332 Myiodactylus, 344 Mesoraphidiidae, 336, 338, 339 Miotermes, 244 Mylacrididae, 233 Mesorhopalosoma, 436 , 323, 326, 329 Mylothrites , 139 Mesorhyphus, 514 Mischocyttarus, 437 Mymaridae, 424 Mesorussus taimyrensis, 414 Mischoptera nigra, 172 Mymaromma (see Palaeomymar) Mesoserphus karatavicus, 421 Mischopteridae, 172 , 425: Cretaceous amber, Mesothaumalea, 505 Misthodotidae, 163, 164 425 Mesothelae, 102 mites (see Acari) , 415, 424 Mesotitanoptera, 215 Mitophlebiidae, 183 Mymarothrips, 284 : Cretaceous, 317, 321, 323 Mixotricha paradoxa, 240 Myodocopa, 99 Mesozoic, insect deposits, 70–84 Mnesarchaeidae, 569 Myriapoda, 98, 99, 108–9: relationships, Mesozoicaphididae, 295 Mo-Clay, Denmark 85, 317 108 Messel, Germany (Eocene), 87 Moegistorrhynchus longirostrus, 521, 618, , 429, 446, 630, 632 Metallyticidae, 257, 259 619 , 446, 447, 630 Metallyticus, 259 mole crickets (see Gryllotalpidae) , 638 metamerism, 119 molecular clock, 38, 237, 609: overestimation Myrmecobius, 638 Metapterygota, 147, 153, 158, 166: defined, of age, 38 Myrmecocystus, 443 158; defining features, 166–167 Molindusia variabilis, 554 , 402, 406 methanogens, 240 Molossidae, 220 Myrmecolax, 406 Metoecis, 581 Molothrus as hosts, 277 myrmecomorphs: 256, 323 fossilized, 440 Metopina goeleti, 536 , South Africa (Triassic), Myrmecophagidae, 638 Metriini, 369 72, 497 myrmecophiles, 377, 440 Mexican “jumping beans”, 572 Mongoloraphidia eklipes, 336 Myrmecophilidae, 207, 209 Mfwangano Island, Kenya (Miocene), 46 monocondylic mandibles, 124, 148 myrmecophytes, 440 Miastor, 331, 334 monographic revisions, 14 Myrmeleontidae, 336, 342, 345–346, 516: Michener, Charles D., 26, 584 monophyly, 27 Cretaceous, 346; larva, 346 Microcoryphia (see Archaeognatha) monotremes, as hosts, 272, 482, 486 336, 342–8: defining Microdiplatys campodeiformis, 220 Montceau-les-Mines, France features, 342 Microdontinae, 537 (Carboniferous), 67 Myrmicinae, 302, 443 Microhodotermes, 244 Montsec, Spain (Cretaceous), 79 Mystacinobia zelanica, 489, 490, 544, Micromalthidae: in Cretaceous amber, 365 , 149 640 Micromalthus debilis, 331, 334, 363, 364, 365: Moraceae, 423 Mystacocarida, 99 amphitokous females, 364; arrhenotokous Moravia grandis, 171 Mythicomyiinae, 517, 525, 618 females, 364; larvae, 364 Moravocoleus, 362 , 360, 361, 363, Microphor, 516, 517 Moravohymenidae, 172 370–71 Microphorinae: Cretaceous, 529 : Cretaceous, 389, 391 Myzus persciae, 648 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 747 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 747

N Nepticulidae, 52, 572: fossil mines, 572; Nymphomyia succina, 505 , 322, 329 fossil, 572 , 501, 505, 506: fossil, 505 NADH Dehydrogenase (subunit 1) (ND1) Nepticuloidea, 572 Nyrminae, 356 gene, 32 Nesomachilis, 628 , 453 Nadipteridae, 497, 499 Neuroptera, 73, 147, 335, 341–356: Nahecarida, 99 classification, 341–2; defining features, naked mole rat (see Heterocephalus glaber) 341; fossils, 149, 341–56; phylogeny, 336 Nallachiinae, 353 Neuropterida, 12, 147, 332, 335–357, 360: Oboriphlebiidae, 164 americanus, 353 defining features, 335; phylogeny, 336 Oboro, Czech Republic (Permian), 69 Namkungia, 222 Neuropteris seed ferns, 52, 233 Obrienia, 399 Namurodiaphidae, 172 , 336, 341, 342 Obrieniidae, 397 Namurotypus, 167, 177: sippeli, 177 Nevrorthiformia, 336, 341–2: fossil, 342; Obtectomera, 560, 577 Nannochorista , 472, 477, 479: neotropica, primitive features, 342 ocelli, 124 477 Nevrorthus, 341, 342: fallax, 342 , 319, 321 , 475, 477, 478: Cretaceous, New Jersey amber (Cretaceous), 166, 234, Ochteroidea, 319 478; fossil record, 478; recent diversity, 235, 246, 259, 285, 287, 290, 295, 300, 302, Ocoa chilensis, 522 478; relationships, 478 329, 339, 381, 383, 398, 632 Ocoidae, 522 Nannotanyderus, 499 New Synthesis, 26 Odonata, 12, 43–44, 147, 167, 174, 178–187, Nanoraphidia electroburmica, 338, 339 Newark Supergroup rift basins, 72, 75 628: arista, 167; classification, 183–7; Nanosella fungi, 373 Newcastle Coal Measures, Australia copulation wheel, 179; copulation, 131, nasutes, 249 (Permian), 69 134, 155; copulation, 179, 182; defined, Nasutitermes: 239, 240, 249 , 150 179; early history, 182–87; fossils, 162; electrodominicus, 250 Nicrophorus, 373, 650: americanus, 650; Jurassic, 184, 187; male genitalia, 182; Natal, South Africa (Beaufort Series, tomentosus, 373; vespillo, 373 naiads, 181; nymphal labium, 181; Permian), 69 Nitidulidae, 388, 391 phylogeny, 180; prehensile mask, 181; Natural History Museum, London, 81, 89, Nitidulina, 391 secondary genitalia, 182; subordinal 91 Niwratia elongata, 485 relationships, 180; venation, 181 natural selection, 25 Nocticolidae, 231 Odonatoptera, 147, 157, 173–187; defined, , 71, 319, 321: fossils, 71 Noctua, 582 174; gigantism, 178; phylogeny, 180, 181 Naupheta cinerea, 231 Noctuidae, 178, 589: tympanum, 583 Odontotermes obesus, 132 Necrotauliidae, 548 Noctuoidea, 560, 583, 587–90: monophyly, Oecophoridae, 576, 577 Necrotaulius tener, 549 587 Oecophylla ants, 46, 47: behavior, 46, 47; -feeding bats, 615 , 463 fossils, 46, 47 Nectarinidae, 615 , 458 , 390, 391 Necymylacrididae, 233 nomenclature: 34–36; author names, 34; Oedischiidae, 207 Neduba extincta, 648 combinations, 35; homonyms, 34; Oedoparena glauca, 540 Neelipleona, 115 International Code of Zoological, 34, 36; Oeningen, Germany (Miocene), 54, 89, 382 Nel, André, 144 principle of priority, 34; synonyms, 34; Oenosandridae, 587 Nemapalpus, 630 type species, 35; typification, 35; Oestridae, 492, 493, 543 nematocerous Diptera: evolution of blood- zoological ranks, 33 , 62, 543, 640: fossilized in hosts , feeding, 496; phylogeny, 496 Nosybinae, 356 62 Nematoda, 93, 94 notal wing processes, 128 Oiketicus, 576 Nematoida, 94 , 367 Okanongan Highlands, Bristish Columbia Nematomorpha, 93, 94 , 297, 562, 625, 626: as coccoid (Eocene), 86 , 516, 523, 616, 618, 619 hosts, 562; biogeography, 625; Okham’s Razon, 32 , 395, 398 distribution, 625 Olbiogaster perezi, 514 Nemoptera bipennis, 344 macrops, 446, 630, 632 Olbiogastrinae, 513 , 88, 336, 342, 344, 633 Notiophilus biguttatus, 369 Oligochlora eickworti, 461, 463 Nemopterinae, 342 Notiothauma reedi, 476 oligophagy, 283 , 461: electra, 461 Notocampa, 628 Oligophrynidae, 516 Neodermaptera, 218, 221 Notocupoides triassicus, 362 Omalisidae, 384 Neodiptera, 507 Notodontidae, 590: larvae, 589; larval, 589 Omalium, 374 Neohymenoptera, 409, 410 , 319, 321 Omamina, 365 , 560, 568, 569 Notonemouridae, 195 Omethidae, 384 Neolinognathidae, 274, 275 Notoneumouridae, 628 , 363 Neopanorpa, 475 , 222 Ommatidae, 363, 364 Neopetaliidae, 628 notum, 121 , 124 Neophyllaphis, 302 numbat, 638 , 210 , 564 nuptial feeding, 203, 529 onchocerciasis, 502 , 147, 157, 188–189: defining , 543, 640 Oncopeltus, 327 features, 188; evolutionary success, 188 Nymphaceae, 394, 621: as hosts, 622; Oncothrips, 283, 465, 467 Neorthophlebiidae, 475 , 621 Oniscigastridae, 628 neosomy, 485 Nymphaeales, 613, 621 Onthophagus, 378 neoteny, 505 Nymphalidae, 14, 583, 593, 594, 599–602, ontogenetic criterion (of character polarity), Neottiophilum, 540 614: caterpillars, 601; diversity, 600; major 28 , 319, 321 groups, 600 Onychomachilis fischeri, 150, 152 : airstraps, 319; families of, 319; , 344 Onychophora, 93, 94, 95, 98: fossils, 94; fossil record, 319, 320; predatory behavior, , 336, 342, 344 phylogenetic position, 94 319; relationships, 319, 321 Nymphitidae, 336, 348 Onychotrechus, 317 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 748 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

748 INDEX

oothecae, 83, 230, 231, 242: fossil, 83, 231, Palaeoboreus: baissicus, 479; zherikhini, paper wasps (see Polistinae) 235; in Dictyoptera, 230, 231, 252 479, 480, 488 Papilio: dardanus , 603, 604; glaucus, 605; operculum, 193, 212, 213, 226, 262 Palaeocynipidae, 422 polyxenes, 596 Opetia , 532, 533, 630: nigra, 534 , 147, 170: defining Papilionidae, 556, 595: caterpillar, 596; major Opetiala shatalkani, 533 features, 170 groups, 597; osmeterium, 595, 596 , 532, 533 Palaeodictyopterida, 147, 157, 168–173, Papilioninae, 597 Opiliones, 99, 103 623: classification, 169; defining features, Papilionoidea, 555, 556, 591, 594, 618: ant- opisthognathy, 121 170; nymphs, 169; herbivory, tended caterpillars, 599, 600; chrysalis, Opisthothelae, 102 173 596; color genetics, 605; color pattern, 605; Opostegidae, 572 Palaeogryon musesebecki, 426 cremaster, 594; families, 594; faunistic Opsiphanes, 601 Palaeokoenenia mordax, 104 treatments, 595; field guides, 594; fossil, Orapa, Botswana (Cretaceous), 83 Palaeoleon ferrogeneticus, 346 592, 594, 595; in amber, 594, 595; mimicry, orb webs, 102 Palaeoleontidae, 346 604 ; predatory larvae, 598 orchid bees (see Euglossini) Palaeomymar, 424 Parabasalea, 240 orchids, 615: and orchid bees, 616; and Palaeomyrmecolax, 406 Paracolletinae, 455 pseudocopulation, 615; pollination, 615 Palaeopsylla: baltica, 485; dissimilis, 485; in Paracolletini, 630 orders (insect), phylogeny, 146; Baltic amber, 485; klebsiana, 485 Paradixa, 504 classification, 147 , 157–187 paraglossa, 124 Oreadomyia, 505 Palaeotis, 634 Parahemiphlebia mickoleiti, 187 Oreopteridae, 187 Palaephatidae, 572 Parahygrobia natans, 368 Örsten preservation 45, 96 Paleocene: insect deposits, 85, 637; insects, Parahygrobiidae, 367 Ornithoptera, 595 637 parallel cladogenesis (see cospeciation) Orstenocarida, 99 Paleoculicis minutus, 506 Paralogidae, 176 , 296, 297, 298, 299 paleoentomology, 144 Paramegasecoptera, 172 Orthophlebia, 471 Paleomelitta nigripennis, 461 parameres, 134, 135 Orthophlebiidae, 470, 471, 475 Paleontinidae, 309 Paraneoptera, 12, 147, 160, 188, 261–330; Orthoptera, 12, 147, 189, 191, 201, 202–211, Paleontological Institute, Moscow, 71, feeding habits, 261, 263; monophyly, 261; 622, 628, 642: Aposematic coloration, 202; 74 mouthparts, 261, 264; phylogeny, 263; calling behaviour, 203–4; crypsis, 206–7; paleontology, 36–41; 144 relationships among orders, 261; wing cryptopleuron, 203; defining features, 203; paleopterous, 157 coupling mechanisms, 261, 265; wing fossils, 208–11; plague locusts, 206; Paleotermopsis, 247 venation, 268 tympana, 203, 204 Paleozoic: insect deposits, 3, 38, 45, 53, 63, paranotal lobes, 158 Orthopterida, 147, 188, 202: defining 65–6, 69; significance of, 65 Parapamphiliidae, 412 features, 193; phylogeny, 191, 202 Paleozoic roachoids, 36–7, 231 Paraphrynoveliidae, 317, 321 , 409, 411, 413, 630 Paleuthygramma tenuicornis, 217 paraphyly, 27 Orussoidea, 412 Paleuthygrammatidae, 217 Paraplecoptera, 193, 196 Orycteropus afer, 638 , 540 clavata, 430, 446 Osmia, 455 Palophagus, 393 Paraponerini, 446 osmylid lacewings, 348 Palpigrada, 99 paraprocts, 131 , 336, 348, 349 , 210 Parasialidae, 336, 341 Osmylitidae, 336 Pamphagodidae, 210 parasitic wasps (see Apocrita) Osmylops, 344 , 409, 411, 412 parasitism, 413 Osmylopsychopsidae, 336, 344 , 412 parasitoids, 79, 204, 301, 323, 371, 543: in Osmylus fulvicephalus, 349 Panamanian Land Bridge, 92 Coleoptera, 374, 377, 380, 389, 390; in Ostracoda, 99 Panarthropoda, 93, 94: phylogeny, 93 Diptera, 516–7, 521, 536, 537, 540, 543; in Otitidae, 30, 541: fossil, 546 , 107, 108: defined, 107 Hymenoptera, 408, 413–29; in outgroup comparison (of character polarity), Pandermaptera, 218 Lepidoptera, 558, 572, 577, 580; in 158 Panesthia, 237 Mantispidae, 354; in Strepsiptera, 399–406 ovary structure, 132 Panesthiinae, 241 Parasphaeria boleiriana, 241 ovarioles, 132 pangolins, 638 Parastizopus armaticeps, 389 ovipositor, 127, 132–134, 137: evolution, 133 Panhexapoda, 99, 111 Parastylotermes, 247 oviscapt, 133 Pannota, 162 Parategeticula, 572, 573 ovoviviparity, 230 panoistic ovarioles, 132 parental care, 325, 330; in Arachnida, 101; in Owen, Richard, 26 , 475, 476 Blattaria, 237, 252; in Coleoptera, 373, 378, owlflies (see Ascalaphidae) Panorpida, 147: ancestral, 468; defined, 468; 394; in Dermaptera, 217; in Diptera, 507; Oxymonadidae, 240 monophyly, 468; mouthparts, 495; in Hemiptera, 312, 319, 323, 325; in Oxymonas, 240 phylogeny, 469; relationship to Mantodea, 252 Hymenoptera, 407, 468 Paris Basin amber (Cretaceous), 79 P : fossil, 469, 475, 476; male Parnassiinae, 597 Pachyneuridae, 508 terminalia, 475; nuptial Paroryssidae, 409, 414 Pachysandra, 237 feeding/trophallaxis, 475 Parotermes, 247 Pachysystrophus rohweri, 619 Panorpodes, 475 parsimony: 32 Camin-Sokal, 32; Dollo, 32; Pachytrochidae, 270 , 469, 475 general, 32; Wagner, 32 pack rat middens, 62 panorpoid orders, 468 parthenogenesis, 266, 290, 297 paederin, 374 , 516 Paskapoo Formation, Alberta (Paleocene), , 374 Pantopoda (Chelicerata), 45 85 Paederus, 374 Paoliidae, 147, 160, 188, , 378 paedogenesis, 331 189 Passiflora, 277 paedomorphosis, 220, 252 Papaipema, 582 Passifloraceae: as hosts, 604 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 749 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 749

passion vine butterflies (see Heliconius) Petaluroidea, 187 phylogenetic analyses, 31: Bayesian Pauliniidae, 210 Petrified Forest, Arizona (Triassic), 72 methods, 38; general, 31; taxon Paurometabola (see Polyneoptera) Petrobius, 148 completeness, 31 Pauropoda, 99, 108, 110 Petromantis, 471 phylogeny, 15, 27, 31, 40: defined, 31, 32; Paussinae, 368, 369 Petropsychops superba, 344 general, 31, 32; significance of fossils, 40 Paussini, 369 Phaetempis lebanensis, 530 Phymatinae, 323 Pearman’s organ, 265, 266 Phalangiotarbida, 99 Physalaemus pustulosus, 206 Pecaroecidae, 275 phallomeres, 228 Physocephala, 541 Pedicia, 498 Phallothrips, 283 Phytalmia, 541 Pedicinidae, 275 Pharnacia kirbyi, 211 Phytophaga, 361, 392–399, 622, 637: Pediculidae, 275 Phasmatodea, 12, 147, 189–191, 211–215, Monophyly, 393 Pediculus humanus, 62, 270–272, 274, 275, 622: aptery, 212; area apicalis, 213; phytophagan Beetles, 393 280; on mummies, 62 classification, 213; defining features, 211; phytophagous insects, 622–25, 642: and pedipalps, 135 eggs, 214; fossils; 215; in amber, 215; allopatric divergence, 625; and Pelecinidae, 421 mimicry, 211; operculum, 212, 213; angiosperms, 623; Paleozoic, 173; and , 522 parthenogenesis, 213; vomer, 211 toxins, 624 Peloridiidae, 312, 317, 630; See also Phasmida (see Phasmatodea) phytotelmata, 317 Coleorrhyncha Phasmomimidae, 208 Piagetiella, 274 Peloridora, 312 Pheidole, 14, 443 Pieridae, 592, 597: and Brassicaceae, Pemphiginae, 54, 293, 295, 465, 467 Phenacoleachia, 297 597 penguins, as hosts , 277 , 296, 297, 298 Pieris, 596: brassicae, 597; rapae, 597 penis, 132, 134, 135 phenetics, 26 , 329, 330 Pentastomida, 45, 93, 99 , 383, 385 Pinaceae, 55, 88, 410 , 268, 327, 329, 330 Philopotamidae, 550 Pincombea, 295 , 327, 329 , 275 Pincombeidae, 295 Pentatomorpha, 321, 326–330, 622, 637: , 280, 283, 284, 285, 286, Pinites succinifer, 297 Cretaceous, 330 287 pinnipeds, 482: as hosts, 272 Pentoxylon, 607 Phlaeothripine, 467 Pinus, 410 Pepsis, 429 Phlebotominae, 490, 500: as disease vectors, , 540 Peradeniidae, 421 499; Cretaceous, 499; earliest, 499 , 537, 539 , 409, 410, 411, 630 Phlebotomites, 499 Pisciformia, 162, 163 period gene, 8 , 327 Piscindusia, 52, 551 Peripatidae, 94 Pholidota, 482, 638 Plagiocephalus latifrons, 30, 541 Peripatopsidae, 94 Phoridae, 538–540: ecological diversity, 534; plague, 480, 482: and flea proventriculus, Peripatus, 94 fossil, 539; in Cretaceous amber, 539; 482; bubonic, 482; historical significance, americana, 231 Megaselia, 534, 538; parasitoid, 533, 536; 480; pneumonic, 482; Yersinia, 482 Perissomatidae, 508, 630 Prioriphora, 536, 539; species diversity, planidia, 517, 543 Perlidae, 195 533; stem-group, 536 Planivora, 512 Permaeschnidae, 183 Phormia, 491 planktonic foraminiferans, 63, 642 Permagrionidae, 183 phosphatization, 46, 47, 96 Planoneoptera, 192 Permaleurodes, 299 Phosphatocopida, 99 plant feeding (see phytophagous insects) Permelcanidae, 208, 210 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase plant galls: fossils, 50, 52, 53 Permembia, 199 (PepCk) gene, 32 plant lice (see ) Permepallagidae, 183 Photinus, 385 Plasmodium falciparum, 502 Permian, 44, 53, 68–70: fossil insect deposits, Photuris, 385 Plastoceridae, 384 65, 77, 79; significance of, 68, 70, 178; phragma, 120 , 327 paleomap, 70 Phrixothrix, 385 Plattenkalke deposits, 74, 82 Permila, 497 Phryganeidae, 555 Platycoelostoma, 297 , 420 Phryganopsychidae, 555 , 425 Permithonidae, 336, 341 Phthiraptera, 12, 62, 147, 270–280, 490, 640: , 415, 425–6: Cretaceous, 426; Permoberotha villosa, 333 ages, 276–77; as disease vectors, 272; defining features, 425 Permoberothidae, 332, 336, 337 classification, 274–5; hosts, 277; Platypedia primigenia, 310 Permocentropidae, 469, 472 cuckoo hosts, 277; dispersal, 272, 280; , 532: Cretaceous, 537 Permochoristidae, 469, 471, 472, 479 effects of host extinctions on, 277; egg platypodid, 58 Permocupedidae, 362 laying in, 272; eggs, 272; fossils, 275–76; Platypodinae, 387, 396, 397, 467: fossils, 387; Permocupoides, 362 founder effects, 280; high rates of in amber, 397 Permolestidae, 183 nucleotide substitutions, 280; host age Platypsyllus castor, 373, 490 Permopanorpidae, 469, 472 estimation, 276; host colonization in, 276, Platystoechotes, 349 Permoplectoptera, 163, 164 277; host use patterns, 277; hosts, 272–74; , 541 , 269, 285 on mummies, 275; Pleistocene remains, pleasing lacewings (see Dilaridae) Permopsocidae, 269 275; putative Cretaceous, 276 , 457, 465 Permoraphidiidae, 208, 338 phyletic gradualism, 11 Plecoptera, 12, 147, 188, 191, 194–196, 554, Permotanyderidae, 469, 472, 497 Phylloblatta gallica, 227 628: classification, 194; defining features, Permothemistida, 169, 170 Phylloblattidae, 227, 229, 233 194; fossils, 195–96; nymphs, 195; Permotipula, 497 Phyllobrotica, 624 phylogeny, 194 Permotipulidae, 469, 472, 497 Phyllocarida, 99 Plecopterida, 192–201: defining features, 192 Permo-Triassic Extinctions (End Permian Phyllopoda, 99 Plectrotarsidae, 555 Event), 69, 71 Phyllostomidae, 615 , 319, 321 Petaluridae, 182, 628 , 293, 295 Pleistocene dispersal, 642–43 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 750 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

750 INDEX

Pleistocene insects, 61, 90 Ponopterix axelrodi, 235 , 390: Cretaceous, 390 Pleotomus, 385 Pontomyia, 548 Prosyntexis gouleti, 413 Plesiometa argyra, 427 Populus (poplars), 52 Protanisoptera: defined, 183 plesiomorphy, 27 Porotermes, 247, 628 protein: fossilization, 42 pleural coxal process, 125 Porphyry: Tree of, 16 Proteinus, 374 pleural wing process, 128 Porrerus dominicanus, 346 Protelencholax, 406 pleuron, 125 Porricondylinae, 513 , 192, 220, 221 plica orales, 112 postmentum, 124 Protembia permiana, 198 Pliny the Elder, 16 postnotum, 121 Protembiaria, 198 Pliocene, 90 postoccipital suture, 122 Protembiidae, 198 Plokiophilidae, 323, 328 Postopsyllidium, 289 Protempis antennata, 526, 527 Plumariidae, 430, 632 Potrerillos Formation, Argentina (Triassic), 72 Protereisma, 167: americanum, 165; Plusiotes resplendens, 378 potter wasps (see Eumeninae) permianum, 164 Plutella xylostella, 648 Praeaulacidae, 419 Protereismatidae, 163, 164 Pneumoroidea, 210 Praeichneumon, 429 Protobiellinae, 356 pocket gopher-louse cospeciation, 278 Praeichneumonidae, 429 Protobombus, 466: indecisus, 462 pocket gophers, as hosts, 277, 279 Praemordella, 389 , 361, 362 Podocarpus, 302, 625: as hosts, 302 preantennal segment, 123 Protodermaptera, 218, 221 Podonominae, 627 Praesiricidae, 409 Protodiplatyidae, 218, 220 Poduridae, 114 Period, 93 Protodonata, 147, 174–178 Pogonomyrmex, 443 prehalter, 499 Protohymenidae, 172 Polanskiella, 450, 632 prementum, 124 Protohymenoptera, 169, 171, 172 , 429 Premnoxylon, 53, 54 Protolepis cuprealata, 575 Polistinae, 437, 438 pretarsus, 125, 127, 475 Protoligoneura limai, 165 pollination, 5, 540, 613–622; age of Priapula, 93 Protolithurgus, 461: ditomeus, 461 specialized pollination, 616; ages of insect Priapulida, 94 Protomelecta brevipennis, 458 pollinators, 616; amount by insects, 615; primates, 482 Protomeropeidae, 548 and fossilized pollen meals, 616; and principle of connections (St. Hilaire), 28 Protomyrmeleontidae, 183 hovering, 617; and long proboscis, 616; Prionoglariidae, 269, 270 Protonemestrius, 616 and origins of bees, 619; , 619; by bats, , 450, 632 Protoneuroptera, 332 615; by birds, 615; chronology of Prioriphora, 40, 536, 539: casei, 539; in Protoperlaria, 194, 196 pollination features, 616; defined, 613; Cretaceous amber, 539 Protopleciidae, 508 droplets, 620; earliest pollinators, 621; Priscaenigmatidae, 336, 338 Protopone, 446 ecological advantages, 615; examples of Priscaenigmatomorpha, 338 Protopsyllidiidae, 289, 290, 637 specialized, 615, 616; faunas of pollinators, Pristapenesia, 431 Protoptera, 188 621; fossil evidence, 616–20; fossilized Probnidae, 196 Protoreogeton, 526 pollinators, 619; in basal angiosperms, Proboscidea, 482 Protorhyphidae, 514 620; in cycads, 620; in gnetaleans, 620; in Procelariiformes, as hosts, 278 , 147, 173, 188: Paleozoic grasses, 621; in primitive living Procercopoidae, 308 herbivory, 173 angiosperms, 620–22; insect, 613, 614 ; Prochaerododis enigmaticus, 260 Protoscelis, 394 pollination features, 616; pollinators, 618; Prochoristella, 472 Protosceloides, 394 significance of Brachycera, 618; Procramptonomyiidae, 508, 509 Protosolpuga carbonaria, 103 specialized floral structures, 616; proctodeal trophallaxis, 235 Protozygoptera (see Archizygoptera) syndromes, 615; wind, 615 Proctorenyxidae, 421 Protura, 12, 111–113, 154 , 272, 326, 329, 490, 640 , 421 proventriculus, 228, 237, 474, 479: in Polycytellidae, 332 , 415, 421: Jurassic, 421 Dictyoptera, 228; in fleas, 474, 479; plicae, , 427 Proctotrupomorpha, 415, 418, 419–427: 228; structure, 228 Polyergus, 442, 443 defining features, 421 Psacodromeus guttata, 367 Polyneoptera, 147, 188–260: defining Prodoxidae: diets, 572; evolution of Psaronius tree ferns, 53 features, 189; orders of, 191; phylogeny, monoelectric, 573; monophagy, 573; Pselaphidae, 627 191; wing venation, 190 pollination of yuccas, 572–73; specialized Pselaphinae, 374 Polyorthoptera, 193 maxillae, 573 Pselaphognatha, 99 , 371–99, 630: diversity, 371; Prodoxus, 573 Psephenidae, 359, 381 infraorders, 371; monophyly, 371 Prodryas persephone, 87, 590, 593 Pseudococcidae, 296, 298–303: and nomadic Polyphagidae, 231, 235, 237 prognathy, 121 ants, 301–2 polyphagy, 283 Progonocimicidae, 313, 314, 637 Pseudococcites eocaenicus, 406 polyphyly, 27 Progonophlebiidae, 187 Pseudohymen, 171 Polystoechotes, 349 Promantispa similis, 355 Pseudolarix, 88 Polystoechotidae, 336, 342, 348, 349, 633 Promegalomus, 351 Pseudomacromia sensibilis, 187 polytene chromosomes, 8 pronymph, 333, 334 Pseudomegamerus, 394 polytrophic overioles, 132 Propalosoma, 436 Pseudomorphinae, 368 Pompilidae, 429, 433, 434, 435, 604, 630: Proparagryllacrididae, 215 , 446 Cretaceous, 435 Proplebeia dominicana, 60, 461, 464 Pseudoperla, 215 Pompilopterus, 435 propodeum, 414 Pseudophengodes, 385 pond skaters (see Gerromorpha) Proscolia, 437 Pseudophyllinae, 207 , 446 , 203, 205, 211, 224, 628 , 469, 637: arista, poneroid grade of ants, 449, 450: Cretaceous, Proscorpius osborni, 101, 102 472; halteres, 472; in Burmese amber, 472; 435 Prosoeca, 523 long proboscis, 472; possible diet, 472; Pongidae, as hosts, 275 Prosphyracephala, 543 vestigial labial palps, 472 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 751 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 751

Pseudopolycentropus, 471, 472, 494, 617 pyritization, 49 Rhinotermitidae, 242, 247, 249, 250, 251: Pseudopsis, 14 Pyrochroidae, 390 diversity, 247; fossils, 247; oldest, 249 Pseudoregma bambucicola, 293 Pyrocoelia, 385 Rhipidoblattina katavica, 234 Pseudoscorpionida, 99, 103 Pyrophorinae, 384 Rhipiphoridae, 390, 391, 402: in amber, 390, Pseudosphinx, 603 Pyrophrous, 384 403 Pseudostigmatidae, 184 , 327, 329 Rhipipterygidae, 211 Pseudotettigonia amoena, 206 Rhodites vetus, 422 , 270 Rhodnius, 323 Psocidiidae, 269 Rhombocoleidae, 362 quartz, 45, 635 , 147, 261–3, 276, 332 Rhopalocera, 590, 591: Eocene, 590; fossil, Quaternary Period, 642 Psocoptera, 12, 147, 199, 261–270, 332: 590; in amber, 590; Paleocene, 590; Queensland, Australia, 92, 244 antennal rupturing mechanism, 266; recency of, 590 Quercus (), 52, 53, 353 aptery, 266; brachyptery, 266–67; Rhopalopsyllidae, 485, 486 Quercy, France (Eocene), 46 cibarium, 266; classification, 266; feeding Rhopalopsyllus, 485 Quinarians, 21 habits, 266; in Cretaceous amber, 269; in , 433, 436 quinoline, 213 Permian, 269; mating behavior, 266; Rhyacophilidae, 550 nymphal stages, 332; oldest fossils, 270; Rhynchosciara, 491 Paleozoic paraphyly, 269; paraphyly of, R Rhyncophthirina, 274 266; parthenogenesis, 266; Pearman’s races, 9 Rhynie Chert, 49, 66, 116, 152 organ, 265; sister group to lice, 266; radial veins, 129, 183 Rhynie, Scotland, 49, 66, 116, 153 sitophore sclerites, 263; structure, 265, radiations (evolutionary), 37, 53–54 Rhyniella praecursor (Collembola), 66, 116, 266; viviparity, 266; water vapor Radoboj, Croatia (Miocene), 89 152, 154 absorption, 263 Rangomaramidae, 511 hirsti, 40, 66, 152–154, 160, Psychidae, 572: fossil cases, 575; larval cases, Ranzovius, 323 646: phylogenetic position, 154 576 Raphidia funerata, 339 , 327 , 489, 492, 498, 500: Cretaceous, , 336, 338, 339 Rhysodinae, 368, 369, 370: in amber, 500 Raphidiomimidae, 229, 234, 637 368 , 496, 498–501 Raphidiomimula, 234 Riciniidae, 274, 306 Psychomorpha, 582 Raphidiomorpha, 338 Ricinulei, 99, 106 , 85, 336, 342, 633 Raphidioptera, 75, 147, 335, 336, 337–340, Rickettsia prowazekii, typhi , 272 Psychotanyderus, 500 633: classification, 337–8; Cretaceous, 339; Riodinidae, 594, 597, 598, 623: caterpillars, , 270 defined, 337; fossils, 338; Jurassic, 338 599–600; myrmecophily, 599 Psylloidea, 268, 291 Rapisma, 349 Riversleigh, Queensland (Miocene), 46 pteralia, 128, 129 Rapismatidae, 336, 349 RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) gene: calcium , 420 Raptophasma, 226 phosphate, 46 Pteropinae, 615 raptorial forelegs, 254, 255, 367: convergence roaches (see Blattaria) Pteroptyx, 385 in, 356 roachoids, 227 pterosaurs, as hosts, 276 Rasnicynipidae, 422 Robinjohnia, 497 pterostigma, 131 Rasnitsyn, Alexandr, 144 Robinjohniidae, 469, 472, 497 pterothorax, 128 Ratemiidae, 275 Robopus, 385 , 147, 155, 157: defining features, Ray, John, 17, 19 rock crawlers (see Mantophasmatodea) 155 Redbank Formation, Queensland Rodentia, 465 Pthiridae, 275 (Paleocene), 92 Rohdendorf, Boris B., 37, 74, 143 pubis, 274 Redivivini, 456 , 210 , 373 Reduviidae, 268, 323, 327, 329 Roman Empire, 16 Ptilocerus ochraceus, 326 Regiata scutra, 258 Ronheim, Germany (Oligocene), 46 , 381 Remane, A., 29 Rophalis, 342 Ptinidae: fossils, 62 Remipedia, 99 , 421 Ptininae, 386 Renova Formation, Montana (Oligocene), Rosa, 422 , 492, 498, 499 88 Rosaceae, 412 Pulex, 485, 486: in amber, 485; irritans, 481; repugnatorial glands, 109 Rothsehild, Miriam, 480 larimerius, 485, 486; Miocene, 486 resilin, 470, 482, 563 Rothschildia, 584 , 480, 481 resinite, 55, 57 Rott, Germany (Oligocene), 463 Puliciphora, 540 Reticulitermes flavipes, 240 Roussyana, 466 Pulicoidea, 485 Rhachibermissa splendida, 355, 634 Rubielos de Mora, Spain (Miocene), 89, punctuated equilibrium, 11, 26 , 336, 348, 355–356, 634: 465 Pupipara, 490 Cretaceous, 355, 634 Ruby River Basin (Oligocene), 88 , England (Cretaceous), 78 Rhaetomyiidae, 505 Purbeck, 533 Rhagio, 522 S , 296, 297, 298, 299 , 489, 490, 492, 516, 522, 523, Saint-Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy, 23, 28 Pycnogonida, 99, 100 524: blood feeding, 522; Cretaceous, 524 Sakhalin Island amber (Paleocene), 85 , 221 Rhagoletis pomonella, 624 , 319 Pygidicranoidea, 218, 221 , 384 Saldonia, 319 pygidium, 131 Rhagovelia, 317, 323 Salicaceae, 413 pygmy grasshoppers (see Tetrigoidea) Rhamphomyia, 529 salivarium, 124 Pyralidae, 301, 569, 580–81, 608 , 208, 628 salivary canals, 288 Pyrearinus termitilluminans, 384 Rhetinothripidae, 285 , 391 Pyrgomorphoidea, 205, 210 Rheumatobates, 317 Samia cynthia, 584, 585 , 540 , 543 Sanctacarida, 99 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 752 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

752 INDEX

Santana Formation (Crato member), Brazil, Scolytus, 398 482; in amber, 485, 486; larva, 482, 484; life 47, 48, 83, 152, 165, 166, 185, 187, 235, 380, scorpionflies, 468 histories, 482; monophyly, 482; 381, 382, 398, 449, 523, 562, 611, 617, 618: scorpions, 99, 101–102, 319, 474, 642: mouthparts, 483; neosomy, 485; pygidium, assorted fossils, 46; diversity, 53; general, Cretaceous, 102; , 102 482; sensilium, 482, 486; species diversity, 82–83; preservation, 46 , 391 480; stem-group, 486; subcutaneous, 485 Santanmantis axelrodi, 258, 259 Scudder, Samuel H., 85, 137, 139 sirenians, as hosts, 272 Sapyga, 435 Scutellaridae, 327 Siricidae, 409, 411, 412 Sapyginae, 435 scutellum, 125 Siricinae, 412 Sarcophagidae, 493, 543 scutum, 125 , 412 , 584, 585 Scydmaenidae, 372: Cretaceous, 372 sister groups, 40, 237: general, 40; Saurodectes vrsanskyi, 275, 276 Scyphindusia, 551 immediate, 40; living, 40, 237 Saurophthirus longipes, 472, 473 Scytohymenidae, 172 Sisyridae, 336, 341, 348, 352 Savage Canyon Formation, California sea birds, as hosts, 278 Skaracarida, 99 (Miocene), 90 sea scorpions, 100 skippers, 592 sawflies (see Symphyta) seabirds, 279 sleeping sickness, 545 Saxonagrionidae, 184 secondary segmentation: in insects, 120 Sminthuridae, 115, 628 Scala Naturae, 16 Seitz, Adalbert, 555 Smith, William, 23 scale insects, 297 Sematuridae, 585 Smith, John B., 140 Scalidorhyncha, 94 Semenoviolidae, 218 Smithsonian Institution, 86, 91 , 374 semiaquatic insects, 499 snakeflies (see Raphidioptera) Scaptomyza, 644 semisocial, 464 Sneath, Peter, 26 , 378, 490: dung rolling, 378; semi-species, 8 Snodgrass, Robert E., 140, 142 significance among Egyptians, 378 , 409, 412 social behavior, 397 Scarabaeiformia, 377: monophyly, 377 sericulture, 584 social insect ectosymbionts, 533 Scarabaeinae, 378 Serphitidae, 424–425, 637 sociality, in Aphidoidea, and galls , 293 , 358, 359, 361, 377–380: Serphitoidea, 415, 424–425 Sojanoraphidiidae, 338 Cretaceous, 380; fossil, 380; larva, 378; Serritermitidae, 247, 250 Sokal, Robert, 26 male horns, 379; monophyly, 377 ; Sesiidae, 579 Solenopsis, 443 relationships in, 377, 424 Sesioidea, 579 Solenoptilidae, 336 scarabs (see Scarabaeoidea) Setisura, 162 Solfugida, 99, 103, 104, 437 , 492, 542 Seward Peninsula, Alaska (Pliocene), 90 Solnhofen, Germany (Jurassic), 42, 43, 74, , 500 sexual cannibalism, 103 184, 187 Scatopsoidea, 501, 500 sexual dimorphism, 379, 542, 644, Soyana, Russia (Permian), 69 Scelionidae, 425 sexual selection, 136, 379 Spania, 522 Sceliphron, 48 Shaanxi Province, 71 Spaniidae, 522 , 521, 618 Shangu Formation, 71 Spanish (Alava) amber (Cretaceous), 79, 271, Scheuchzer, Johann J., 22, 23 Shanwang Formation, (Miocene), 89 518, 527 Schistocerca gregaria, 206 Sheimiodea, 198 Spanish fly, 390 Schistonota, 162 Sialidae, 340 Spargotermes limai, 92, 244 schistosomiasis, 540 Sialis, 340 specialized pollinators, evolution of Schizocoleidae, 361, 362, 365 Siberia, 80, 398 speciation rates, ultimate causes, 573 , 208 Siberian amber (Cretaceous), 270, 293, 295, species concept: biological, 6, 9; Schizomida, 99, 106 299, 391, 572 evolutionary,, 6; phylogenetic, 6 , 539–547, 637: acalyptrates, 539; siderite, 44 species diversity in insects, 3–4, 6–15: and compression fossil, 545, 546; defined, 539; Sidneyiida, 99 age, 1–3, 646; and amber fossils, 642; and fossil, 545; in amber, 547; origin of, 547; Sierolomorpha, 434 design, 646; extinction rates, 636, 637; ptilinum, 539; sexual dimorphisms, 542; , 434 flight, 646; larva, 646; metamerism, 646; Tertiary radiation of, 546 Sikhotealinidae, 363 prospects, 650; rate of increase, 647; Schizophoridae, 363 silkworms (see Bombyx) redundant appendages, 646; significance , 317, 318 silkworm moths (see Bombycoidea) of exoskeleton, 646 Schizoramia, 93, 107 silky lacewings (see Psychopsidae) species lifespans in insects, 642–43 schizoramian hypothesis, 93 Silphidae, 358, 372, 373: parental care, 373 species, 6–15: concepts, 6–11, 15; cryptic, 8; Schizura, 589 Silphopsyllus, 373 defined, 6, 9; described numbers Schlee, Dieter, 80 silverfish (see ) (Table 1-1), 12; named hexapods, 12; Schlettereriinae, 416 Simpson, George Gaylord, 26 rarity, 14; semi-, 8; sibling, 8; undescribed Sciadocera rufomaculata, 537 Simuliidae, 84, 489, 490, 493, 502, 504, 505: numbers, 12–14 Sciadoceridae, 533, 536, 630 Cretaceous amber, 506; labral fans, 505; sperm pump, 468 , 511 larva, 505 , 270 Sciaroidea, 508, 511: Cretaceous, 509 Simulimima grandis, 505 Sphaerotermes, 248 , 540 Simulium damnosum complex, 11, 502 Sphaerotermitinae, 248 , 363, 381 Sinicorussus luzhongensis, 414 , 451 , 380 Siphlonuridae, 628 spheciform wasps (see Apoidea) Sciuridae, as hosts, 274 Siphonaptera, 12, 147, 468, 469, 480–490, Sphecocorydaloididae, 172 sclerites, 120 640: and plague, 480; classification, 485; Sphecoidea, 454 , 432 cocoon, 484; Cretaceous stem-group, 487, , 40, 82, 446: canadensis, 446; , 431, 630, 632: Cretaceous, 432 488; Cretaceous, 485; ctenidia, 486; freyi, 446, 448; reconstruction, 448 , 437 distributions, 480, 484; eggs, 485, 489; , 36, 446 Scolytinae (bark beetles), 54, 387, 396, 397: families, 480, 485; features, 482, 483; sphecophiles, 377 fossils, 387, 396; in amber, 397 feeding, 482; fossil record, 486–8; hosts, Sphecopteridae, 172 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 753 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 753

Sphenisciformes, as hosts, 278 Stomoxys, 489, 545: calcitrans, 542 Syssphinx, 582 , 454 stoneflies (see Plecoptera) Systelloderes, 316 Sphingidae, 583, 584, 586 Stormberg Series, 72 systematics: defined, 15; history of 16–27; Sphyracephala : fossils, 88 Strashila incredibilis, 473, 474 molecular, 289–32 Spicipalpia, 550 stratigraphic-clade rank correlation, 38 Systolosoma, 366 spiders (see Araneae) , 492, 493, 516 spiderweb cleptoparasites, 590 Stratiomyomorpha, 516, 519 T Spiloconis, 352 , 545, 640 Tabanidae, 489, 490, 492, 522, 523: spiracles, 125, 178 Strepsiptera, 12, 201, 331, 390, 399–406, 494: Cretaceous, 523; fossil, 523, 524 spirochetes, 240, 272 adult mandibles, 469; and long-branch , 519, 522, 523 spittle bugs (see Cercopoidea) attraction, 402; biology, 399; cephalotheca, , 492, 543 split-footed lacewings (see Nymphidae) 399, 401; classification, 402; Cretaceous Tachinus caelatus, 61 spongillaflies (see Sisyridae) male, 404; diversity, 402; features, 400; Tachyglossus aculeatus, 638 , 220 females, 399, 401; fossils, 403–6; high DNA Taeniopterygidae, 196 spoon-winged lacewings (see Nemopteridae, substitution rates, 402; hosts, 400; larval Taeniothrips, 283 Nemopterinae) internal defense, 400; male halteres, 399; tagmata, 119 springtails (see Collembola) relationships, 399, 402; reproduction, 400; tagmosis, 97 Srokalarva, 53, 335 structure, 402, 403; triungula, 400 Taldycupedidae, 362 St. Helena , 648 stridulation, 367: in Lepidoptera, 599; in Tallahatta Formation, Mississippi (Eocene), Staatlichen Museum für Naturkunde in Orthoptera, 203–4; in , 215–6 86 Stuttgart, 91 Sturtevant, Alfred, 26 Tamandua, 638 stalk-eyed flies, 30, 541, 543 styli, 117, 131, 132, 149 Tanaoceridae, 211 Stantoniella, 235 , 402 Tanaoceroidea, 210 Staphylinidae, 71, 358, 363, 372–377: Stylopidia, 402, 406 Tanaorrhinus, 582 classification, 374; diversity, 374; fossils, Stylotermes, 247 , 424 375–7; habits, 377 ; in amber, 375; Jurassic, subalare, 128 Tantulocarida, 99 374; oldest, 376; Triassic, 374; world subcostal vein Tanychora, 429 catalogue, 374 subcoxal theory, 125 , 498, 499: Cretaceous, 499 , 371–77: diversity, 372; subimago, 128 Tanypyscha, 499 ectoparasites, 373 subsocial behavior, 283, 464 taphonomy, 42 , 361, 372, 399, 630 subspecies, 9 Tapinoma, 443 Statiomyidae, 618 Subulicornia, 167 tarantulas, 102 Steblidae, 543 Succinapis, 466 Tardigrada, 45, 93, 94, 96, 97: Cambrian, 96; Steingelia cretacea, 299 sulcus, 120, 122 cryptobiosis, 97; fossils, 96, 97; general, 96; Steingeliidae, 298, 299 sunbirds, 615 in Cretaceous amber, 97 stem group, 39, 51, 73, 81, 94, 96, 100, 107, Sunchal, 92 tarsomeres, 127 137, 163, 176: general, 40 Sundance Formation, Wyoming (Jurassic), Tarsophlebia, 183 stemmata, 124, 331 76 Tarsophlebiidae, 183 Stenodictya lobata, 168 Suntrana, Alaska (Pliocene), 90 Tarsophlebioptera, 183, 184 Stenogastrinae, 437, 438 suture, 120–122 tarsus, 125 , 207, 208, 209, 628 swallowtails, 595 Tarwinia australis, 485–488 Stenopelmatoidea, 208 Swammerdam, Jan, 17, 18 taxic analyses, 37, 623, 636: criticism, 636 (see Colletidae) swiftlets as hosts, 278 Taxodiaceae, 76 Stensham, Forthampton, UK (Triassic), 71 Switzerland, 89 Taxodium, 60 , 417 Swofford, David, 33 taxon cycle, 631 , 481, 485 Sycorinae, 490 taxonomy, 33: general, 35 Stephanocircinae, 485 Syllepte, 578 Taymyraphididae, 295, 302 Stephanogaster magna, 416 Sylvacoleus sharovi, 362 Tegeticula, 572, 573, 616: corruptrix, 573; Stephanoidea, 414–415 Sylvicola, 494, 517 intermedia, 572 Sternorrhyncha, 288, 289–303, 338, 341: and Symphoromyia, 489, 522 tegula, 129, 130 angiosperm radiations, 302–3; and ants, Symphrasinae, 353 Telchin, 578 300–302; and domatia, 302; and Symphyla, 99, 108, 109 Telmatogeton, 504 myrmecophytes, 302; classification, 289; Symphypleona, 115 telotrophic ovarioles, 335 defense by ants, 301; early fossils, 289; Symphyta, 409, 411 telson, 131, 132 features, 289; fossilized symbioses, 302; symplesiomorphy, 27 Tenebrionidae, 358, 359: fossil, 389, 391; in infraordinal features, 304; mouthparts, Symplocarpus, 237 arid habitats, 389; parental behavior, 389 289; population growth, 289; prepupae, Sympycnites primaevus, 529 Tenrecidae, 638 290; pupae, 290; tending by ants, 289; Synalphaeus, 467 tenrecs, 638 see also: honeydew Synanthedon, 579 tent caterpillars, 583 sternum, 121 synapomorphy, 27, 29 , 409, 410 Stichotrema, 406 Synchlora, 587 , 410–412 stick-insects (see Phasmatodea) Syndixa, 505 tentorium, 123, 137 Stigmaphronidae, 415, 417, 426, 637: in synonyms (taxonomic), 14 Tephritidae, 492, 541, 624 Cretaceous ambers, 427 Syntermitinae, 248 , 541, 623: Eocene, 546 sting, 429–30, 457 Syntexis libocedrii, 412 , 198 stingless bees (see Meliponini) Syntonopteridae, 163, 164 Terebrantia, 284 stipes, 124 Syntonopterodea, 163 , 326, 329: fossil, 329 , 453 Syrphidae, 426, 492, 493, 537, 540, 618: fossil, Termitaradus: fossil, 329 Stolotermes, 228, 240, 247, 628 541 termite inquilines, 326 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 754 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

754 INDEX

Termitella, 377 Tien Shan mountains, 71 , 273, 275, 276, 277, termites (see Isoptera) Tillyard, Robin J., 139, 140 280 Termitidae, 238, 239, 240, 242, 247, 250, 251, Tillyardembia antennaeplana, 223 Tricholepidion gertschi, 151 377, 467, 638: classification, 248; diet, 238, Tillyardembiidae, 223 Tricholomataceae, 248, 278, 444 244; diversity, 247; ectosymbionts of, 377; Tillyardipteridae, 499 Trichomatinae, 356 nasutes, 249; nests, 51, 240, 242; soldiers, Timema, 189, 213, 215, 630 trichomes, 377 239, 249; symbiotic fungi of, 248 Timematidae, 213 Trichomonadidae, 240 Termitinae, 248 Timematodea, 195, 213: defining features, Trichonympha, 240, 241 Termitomyces, 248, 249 213 Trichonymphidae, 240 termitophiles, 377 tinamous, as hosts, 277 Trichophaga, 574 Termopsidae, 238, 240, 242, 244, 247, 250, Tinaphis, 295 Trichophilopteridae, 275 251, 628: distribution, 242; diversity, 247; Tinea, 574 Trichoprosopon, 507 fossils, 247 Tineidae: fossil cases, 51 Trichoptera, 12, 51, 147, 469, 548–555: adult Termopsis, 247 Tineoidea, 574–575 structure, 549; biogeography, 552; bipolar terrestrialization, 109 Tineola, 574 distribution, 555; burrowing, 549; case Terrindusia, 554 , 319, 326, 329, 330 building behavior, 549; classification, 550; Tertiary radiations, 528, 539, 637 Tingoidea, 328 corema, 550; earliest fossil, 550; ecological Testajapyx thomasi, 118 , 434, 630: Cretaceous, 434, 498 groups, 548; features, 560, 563; fossil cases, Tetraphalerites, 365 Tipulidae, 492: fossils, 71, 498, 620 51, 76, 86, 552, 555; fossils, 51, 554; free- , 363, 365 , 494, 496, 498, 517: Cretaceous, living, 549; gills, 548; haustellum, 549; in , 205, 210 470, 472, 475, 476, 485; fossils, 469, 470 Cretaceous amber, 555; larval features, Tetrigoidea, 210 preservation in fossil insects, 59, 60 552; larval cases, 548, 550; life histories, Tettigarcta, 308, 630 titanic crawlers (see Titanoptera) 548, 555, 569; marine, 548; net spinners, , 308 Titanoptera, 147, 191, 193, 215–216; 549; number living species, 545; oldest, , 312 stridulatory structures, 216 555; phylogeny, 553; predators, 549; , 127, 178, 205–7, 208: Titanus, 379 prolegs, 548; purse case, 549; retreat camouflage, 206, 207; nuptial feeding, 203; Toldito Formation, New Mexico (Jurassic), makers, 549; saddle-case makers, 549; Tettigonioidea, 209 76 tube-case makers, 549; world species, 548 Thasus, 327 Tolgoy Formation, Kazakhstan, 71 Tricoleidae, 363 , 504, 505 Tongchuan Formation, 71 Tridactylidae, 205, 210, 211: Cretaceous, 211 Thaumastobombus, 466 , 370 , 203, 211 Thaumastocoridae, 326, 329, 330 Tortricidae, 572: fossil, 581 Trigonalyidae, 417, 418 Thaumatoxena, 377 , 418, 420 Trigonalyoidea, 415, 417 Thecostraca, 99 Toxorhynchites, 506 Trigonopterygidae, 211 Theope, 599 Toxorhynchitinae, 506 Trigonopterygoidea, 211 Therea, 237 Trabutina mannipara, as source of manna, Trigonotarbida, 99, 101 Thereus, 598 297 Trilobita, 49, 98–100, 124 , 521 trace fossils, 50, 54, 92, 380, 551, 637: , 273, 274 Theridiidae, 103 burrows, 50, 51, 54, 55, 92: coprolites, 50: Triops cancriformis, 97 Thermobia domestica, 151 frass, 50, 52, 53, 54; larval cases, 51; nests, Trioza, 291 Thomisidae, 103 50 Triplosoba pulchella, 164 Thomomydoecus, 280 tracheae, 125, 178 Triplosobidae, 164 thoracic structure, 125–131 Tracheata, 99, 107 , 210 thorny lacewings (see Rhachiberothidae) Trachymyrmex, 278 Tritocerebra, 94 Thraupidae, 615 , 363, 366, 367, 368, 630: trochantellus, 126 thread-winged lacewings (see Jurassic, 367 trochanter, 125, 126 Nemopteridae, Crocinae) Trachypachus, 366 Trochilidae, 615 Thripidae, 284, 285, 286 Traditional, 334–35 , 266 thrips (see Thysanoptera) traps (Pleistocene/), 61 , 270, 378 Throscidae, 382, 383 tree hoppers (see Membracoidea) , 266 Thuringia, Germany (Triassic), 71 Tremembé Formation, Brazil (Oligocene), 92 troglobites, 230 Thuringopteryx, 163, 165 Tremicinae, 412 Troides, 556, 595 Thyrididae, 583 Trench Fever, 272 Troidinae, 597, 604 Thysania agripinna, 178 Triadophlebiidae, 183 tropical forest canopies, 12 Thysanoptera, 12, 147, 199, 280–87, 261, 262, Triadophlebiomorpha,183: defined, 183 true bugs, 314 263, 623, 642: austral distributions in, 284; Triadotypidae, 183 Trypanosoma: brucei, 545; cruzi, 326; castes, 283; classification, 284; Triaplidae, 367 gambiense, 545 cleptoparasites, 283; communal behavior, Triassic, 4, 51, 52, 54, 70–73, 369: fossil insect politum, 437 283; development, 282; diets, 283; deposits, 70–73 tsetse flies (see Glossinidae) diversity, 284; feeding, 282, 283; fossils, Triassocoridae, 319 Tshekarda, Russia (Permian: Koshelevka 285–287; gall forming, 283; haplodiploidy, Triassolestidae, 184 Form), 69 284; phylogeny, 286; polymorphism, 280, Triassomachilidae, 148 Tshekardocoleidae, 361, 362 283; prepupa, 282; pretarsus, 280, 281; Triassomachilis uralensis, 149 Tubulidentata, as hosts, 274 pupa, 282; relationships, 284, 287; social Triassothrips virginicus, 285, 286 Tubulifera, 284 behavior, 283; structure, 280, 281; wings, Triatominae, 323, 490 Tunga, 485 286 Tribolium, 389 Tungara frog (see Physalaemus pustulosus) , 150 trichobothria, 326, 327 Tupus gracilis, 175 tibia, 125 , 498 Turanodermatidae, 218 CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 755 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi:

INDEX 755

Turanophlebia, 184 vestibulum, 229 Xenopteridae, 172 Turanothemistidae, 187 vicariance biogeography: criticsms, 631; Xenozorotypus burmiticus, 201 Turanoviidae, 218 defined, 631; geographic extinctions, Xenusia, 94 Turonempis styx, 531 631–34 Xeris spectrum, 412 twisted-winged parasites (see Strepsiptera) viruses, symbiotic, 427–428 Xiphiopsyllidae, 480 Tychtodelopteridae, 341 Vitimotauliidae, 551 Xiphopterum, 215 tympanum (auditory), 203: in viviparity, 230, 231, 543 Xiphosura, 97, 99: defined, 100; fossils, 74, Auchenorrhyncha, 304–308; in Vladipteridae, 498 97, 100 Lepidoptera, 583–585; in Mantodea, 257; vomer, 191, 211, 226 , 409, 411, 417, 630 in Orthoptera, 204; in Psocoptera, 266 Vorkutiidae, 172 Xiphydrioidea, 413 Tympanogaster, 371 Vosges, France, 71 , 71, 409, 410, 616: Cretaceous, 410; type specimens, 35, 584: holotype, 35, 153; Triassic, 409–410 lectotype, 35 ; name-bearing, 35; neotype, Xyeloidea, 409 35; paratype, 35 walking-sticks (see Phasmatodea) Xyelotomidae, 409, 411 Typhoctes, 437 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 24, 25 Xyelydidae, 409, 412 walnut (see Juglandaceae) Xyleborini, 397 U wasps (see Apocrita) xylococcid, 299 Ulmaceae, 410, 413 water bears (see Tardigrada) Xylocopa , 461, 456: virginica, 456 Ulmeriella, 244 water hyacinth, 210 , 467 Ulomites, 391 water striders (see Gerromorpha) Xylocopini, 435 Ultracoelostoma, 300: honeydew, 300 wax secretion, 289, 290, 299 , 516 Ululodes, 347, 348 Wealden deposits (Cretaceous), 78 , 493, 516, 520 Umbelliferae, 624 webspinners (see Embiodea) Xylophagomorpha, 516 Umenocoleidae, 220, 229, 234, 235 (see Curculionoidea) Xyloryctidae, 576 Unicalcarida, 409 Wegener, Alfred, 627 Xyronotidae, 211 uniformitarianism, 24 (Permian), 69 Uniramia, 98 Welwitschia mirabilis, 608 University of California Museum of wetas (see Orthoptera, Ensifera) Ycaploca, 630 Paleontology, Berkeley, 91 Whalfera venatrix, 355, 356 Ycaploca evansi, 431 University of Kansas, 26 whip spiders (see Amblypygida) yellowjackets (see Vespidae) Upiga virescens, 573 white flies (see Aleyrodoidea) (Cretaceous), 470, 478, Uraloptysmatidae, 548 Wigglesworth, Sir Vincent B., 142 523, 611, 616, 618 Urania, 585 Wilcox Group (: Eocene), 87 Yponomeuta, 557 Uraniidae, 569, 583, 585 Willmann, Rainer, 144 Yponomeutidae, 577 Urodus parvula, 576, 577 Wilson, E. O., 14, 631 Yponomeutoidea, 576 Uropsylla tasmanica, 485 wing articulation, 130 yucca moths (see Prodoxidae) Uropygida, 99, 105 wing cells, 131 Usinger, Robert, 26 wing coupling, 262, 265, 313, 315, 594 Uskatelytridae, 332 wing function, 156–157 Zacryptocerus, 441: colony, 442; in amber, Ussher, Bishop, 23 wing scales, 556 443 Uzelothripidae, 284, 285 wing structure, 128–131, 617, 618 Zelmiarcha lebanensis, 510 Uzelothrips scabrosus, 284 wing veins, 128–129: naming, 190, 217, 231, Zeuzera, 579 259, 268, 521; structure, 158, 178 Zingerberaceae, 53 V wing venation, 9, 43, 159, 128, 184 Zootermopsis, 247 Vachonisia, 98 wings, 128–131, 155, 156, 158, 159: ; function, Zoraptera, 12, 147, 189, 191, 199–201: Valditermes, 244: acutipennis, 250; brenanae, 156; gill theory, 159; origin of, 154, classification, 199; defining features, 199, 250 158–160; paranotal lobes, 158; pronotal 200; dimorphism, 199; fossils, 201; Valeseguya, 500: disjuncta, 501 lobe theory, 159 phylogenetic position, 199–201 valvifers, 132, 134, 229 Winteraceae, 613, 621 zorapterans (see Zoraptera) valvulae, 132 wood borings: fossil, 54 Zoropsocus, 286, 287: itschetuensis, 287; Van Houten cycles, 72 wood roach (see Cryptocercus) stanleyi, 285 , 418, 421 wood wasps (see Symphyta, Siricoidea, Zorotypidae, 199, 200, 201 , 317, 321 Xiphydrioidea) Zorotypus, 199, 201: goeleti, 201; hubbardi, Velocipedidae, 329 Woodworth, Charles, 143 200; nascimbenei, 201 velvet worms (see Onychophora) worker polymorphism, 444 Zygaena, 578 , 516 Wright, Sewell, 26 Zygaenidae, 579 Vermipsyllidae, 480, 481, 485 Wurthiinae, 581 Zygaenoidea, 579, 580 Vertebrata, 467 Wyeomyia, 502 Zygentoma, 12, 147, 149, 150–152, 160, 628: vertebrate parasitism, 543 classification, 150; courtship, 151; defining Vespidae, 353, 437, 438, 466, 467: in amber, features, 150; fossils, 152, 154 439; nests, 439; relationships, 439 Xamenophlebiidae, 183 Zygophlebiidae, 183 Vespina (see Euhymenoptera) Xaniothrips, 283 Zygoptera, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184: defined, Vespinae, 437, 438 Xanthopan, 584: morganii praedicta, 585 183; fossil, 185; in amber, 185; mating , 430, 433–451 Xenopsylla, 480: cheopis, 480, 482 wheel, 182