Index

A Arenicolites isp . , 21 , 46 , 64 , 70 , 85 , 88 Abarenicola pacifi ca , 105 Aristopentapodiscus , 373 Acanthichnus , 454 Artichnus , 21 , 43 , 93 Acropentapodiscus , 373 Artichnus pholeoides , 9 4 Acunaichnus dorregoensis , 390 Asaphoidichnus , 454 Ademosynidae , 195 Asencio Formation , 344 Adephagan beetles , 201 Asiatoceratodus , 238 Agua de la Peña Group , 192 Asteriacites , 9 , 21 , 43 , 44 , 66 Alcyonidiopsis , 280 , 283 Asteriacites lumbricalis , 42 , 67 Allocotichnus , 454 Asterosoma , 21 , 46 , 47 , 52 , 63 , 65 , 68 , 69 , 76 , Ameghinichnus , 372 , 373 78 , 85 , 89 , 95 Ameghinichnus patagonicu s , 372 Asterosoma coxii , 5 2 Amphibiopodiscus , 373 Asterosoma ludwigae , 5 2 Anachalcos mfwangani , 346 Asterosoma radiciformis , 5 2 Anchisauripus , 6 , 8 Asterosoma striata , 5 2 Ancorichnus , 4 5 Asterosoma surlyki , 5 2 Angulata Zone , 7 , 11 Atreipus , 6 , 8 , 147 Angulichnus , 454 Australopithecus , 413 Anomoepus , 6–8 Australopiths , 411 Anthropoidipes ameriborealis , 437 Avolatichnium , 192 Anyao Formation , 198 Azolla ferns , 202 Apatopus , 5 , 6 , 146 Arachnomorphichnus , 454 Arachnostega , 21 , 45 , 46 , 49 , 61 B Aragonitermes teruelensis , 335 Baissatermes lapideus , 335 Arariperhinus monnei , 335 Baissoferidae , 211 , 216 Archaeonassa , 34 , 62 , 223 , 454 Balanoglossites , 4 6 Archaeonassa fossulata , 192 Barberichnus bonaerensis , 304 Archeoentomichnus metapolypholeos , 320 Barrancapus , 5 Archosaur trackways, 6 Bathichnus paramoudrae , 8 0 Archosaurs , 137 , 138 , 140 , 143 , 145–147 , 160 Batrachopus , 6 , 7 Arcichnus , 21 , 43 , 44 , 454 Bauplan , 332 Arenicolites , 10–12 , 46 , 189 , 194 , 244 B. coronus , 209

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 475 M.G. Mángano, L.A. Buatois (eds.), The Trace-Fossil Record of Major Evolutionary Events, Topics in Geobiology 40, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9597-5 476 Index

Beaconites , 316 , 324 Camborygma , 181 , 189 , 194 , 215 , 325 , 331 , Beaconites antarcticus , 209 341 , 347 Beaconites fi liformis , 308 Camborygma araioklados , 320 Behavioral convergence , 241–244 Camborygma eumekenomos , 315 , 320 Belostomatidae , 195 Camborygma Ichnofacies , 330 , 331 , 333 , 340 Bestiopeda bestia , 375 Camborygma litonomos , 315 Bestiopeda sanguinolenta , 375 Camborygma symplokonomos , 315 , 320 Bichordites , 4 1 Cambrian Evolutionary Fauna (CEF) , 20 Bichordites kuzunensis , 4 2 Canipeda longigriffa , 375 Biformites , 454 Cantabritermes simplex , 335 Bifurcatichnus , 454 Cardioichnus , 4 1 Bifurculapes , 192 , 454 Caririchnium , 206 Biostratigraphic resolution , 288–289 Carnivorous archosaur trackways (Apatopus ) , 6 Biotal revolutions , 231–233 Carpatichnis , 454 Bipedalism Castrichnus , 242 , 344 3D imaging , 414 Castrichnus incolumis , 303 foot architecture , 414 Catastrophic vs. gradual extinction , 289–290 footprints , 412 Caulostrepsis , 53 , 57 , 60 , 61 , 92 group-of-three scenario , 414 Cave bear cults , 426 Laetoli trackways , 413 Cave paintings , 426–427 non-hominin Laetoli track , 415 Cellicalichnus , 347 paleontologic context , 413 Cellicalichnus antiquus , 332 sedimentologic signifi cance , 414 Cellicalichnus chubutensis , 316 , 338 trackmaker height , 412 Cellicalichnus dakotensis , 338 volcaniclastic sediments , 415 Cellicalichnus fi coides , 310 Bivalve-produced ichnogenera , 35–40 , Cellicalichnus meniscatus , 316 , 325 , 332 55–56 Celliforma , 242 , 309 , 324 , 339 , 344 Bivalves Celliforma germanica , 338 , 346 epifaunal and semi-infaunal taxa , 35 Celliforma ichnofacies , 340 evolutionary diversifi cation , 35 Celliforma nuda , 309 seagrasses and mangroves , 40 Celliforma rosellii , 346 tellinaceans , 40 Celliforma spirifer , 338 , 346 Blood feeding, dinosaur hosts , 278–279 Cenomanian–Turonian transition in Europe , 79 Blue Lias Formation , 11 Cenozoic diversity , 458 Bornichnus , 46 , 52 Cenozoic main radiation , 377 Brachiosauridae , 148 Cenozoic mammalian footprints , 373–376 , Brachychirotherium , 6 , 138 , 146 , 147 , 188 379–398 Brakeland formations, 328 Cenozoic radiation, mammals Branchiopods , 202 Antofagasta , 389 Brasilichnium , 6 , 188 biogeographic differentiation , 379 Brasilichnium elusivum , 373 Claromecó , 389 Brontopodus , 147 Faunistic Content , 376–379 Bryopompilus interfector , 337 footprints , 373 Bucklandi Zone , 11 assemblages , 390–394 Burejospermum , 331 and bones , 376 Burmomyrma rossi , 337 fossil , 376 Kayra , 381 Langui , 381–382 C Paruro , 381 Caballichnus impersonalis , 388–389 Quebrada de la Troya , 383 , 385 Calceocannabius , 388 Quebrada del Yeso , 383 Calceoformites , 5 record , 372 Camarasaurs , 148 inhabit , 371 Camarichnus , 458 K/T transition , 371 Index 477

mammal-age systems , 375 Cretonitis copripes , 345 Monte Hermoso , 390 Cretoserica latitibialis , 335 Pehuen-Có , 390 Cretotaenia pallipes , 214 South American , 375 Cretotrigona prisca , 335 Vinchina Basin , 382–385 Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) , 412 Cenozoic South American mammal , 379–390 Crocodilians tracks , 6 Cenozoic succession , 387 Crustacean-produced ichnotaxa , 24–32 , 59 Cenozoic Track Record, South American Callianassinae , 33 Mammals , 379–390 Cretaceous , 32 Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) , decapod burrows , 33 2 , 6 , 12 Decapod excavations , 32 Chaoboridae , 202 detritus-feeding shrimp , 33 Characeae , 229 Jurassic , 32 Characichnos , 188 macroevolutionary analysis , 24 Chironomidae , 202 Mesozoic , 32 , 33 Chirotherium , 138 Neogene , 33 Chondrites , 9–12 , 21 , 46 , 47 , 62 , 64 , 65 , 68 , ophiomorphids , 24 70 , 71 , 76 , 78 , 80–82 , 90 , 96 , 280 , Order Decapoda , 24 283 , 284 , 289 paleoecological data , 24 Chondrites ichnoguild , 81 Paleogene , 33 Chondrites targionii , 283 Phanerozoic , 32 Chresmodidae , 201 , 210 , 216 post-Paleozoic shallow-marine Chubutolithes , 344 ichnofaunas , 32 Chuí Formation , 33 Protocallianassinae , 33 Cicatricula , 5 4 thalassinidean , 24 Circolites , 53 , 56 , 83 Triassic , 32 Circulichnis , 454 Cruziana , 5 , 9 , 10 , 187 , 188 , 242 , 454 , 466 Cladichnus , 303 Cruziana problematica , 192 Climactichnites , 34 , 454 Cubiculum , 461 Clionoides , 54 , 57 Culicoides , 278 , 279 Clionolithes , 54 , 73 Culicoides bullus , 278 , 279 Cochlichnus , 5 , 189 , 223 , 454 Culicoides canadensis , 278 , 279 Cochlichnus anguineus , 189 , 192 , 198 , 209 Culicoides fi lapalpis , 278 Coenagronidae , 228 Cunctichnus , 5 8 Coenobichnus , 21 , 24 , 31 , 32 , 454 Curvolithus , 47 , 48 , 454 Coleoptera , 182 Curvolithus simplex , 7 7 Colymbothetidae , 195 Cylindrichnus , 9 , 21 , 46 , 47 , 52 , 63 , 68 , 70 , Conopsoides , 454 7 6 , 9 0 Copeza , 454 Cylindrichnus concentricus (Cy ) , 65 Coprinisphaera , 242 , 303 , 324 , 343–345 Cylindrichnus-Rosselia ichnoguild , 64 Coprinisphaera Ichnofacies , 301 , 337 , 340 , 343 , 344 , 348 Copris leakeyorum , 346 D Coptoclava longipoda , 214 Dagnichnus , 325 , 332 , 347 Coptoclavidae , 195 , 211 Dagnichnus titoi , 332 Corduliidae , 228 Dasyleptid bristletails , 195 Corythosaurus , 278 , 279 Davichnia , 454 Couches Rouges , 380 Deep-tier Chondrites isp. , 65 , 78 Cretaceous–Paleocene boundary , 86 Deep-tier Phycosiphon incertum (Ph) , 6 5 Cretaceous–Paleogene phase , 87 Dendroctonus , 277 Cretaceous–Paleolake Baissa , 240 Dendroichnites , 225 Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North Dictyothylakos , 331 America , 77 Dicynodontipus , 188 Cretochaulus lacustris , 214 Didymaulichnus , 454 478 Index

Didymaulichnus lyelli , 192 Egbellichnus jordidegiberti , 225 Digitichnus , 304 Electrobatinae , 230 Dilophosaurus , 8 Empididae , 212 Dimorphichnus , 454 End-Cretaceous extinction and ecosystem Dinopentapodiscus , 373 change Dinosauromorphs , 139–142 biogeographic ranges , 268 Dinosaurs , 136 , 137 , 139–141 , 149–154 , continental realm , 266 , 267 160 , 161 ecological disruption , 269–286 early diversifi cation , 144–145 ecospace , 269 origin and history , 142–147 extraterrestrial causation , 265 replacement dynamics , 145–147 feeding clades , 268 skeletal , 145 insect lineages , 266 timing of appearance , 143–144 K-Pg boundary , 266 Diplichnites , 5 , 187 , 192 , 324 , 327 , 454 , 466 K-Pg event , 267–269 Diplocraterion , 4 , 5 , 7 , 9–12 , 21 , 48 , 64 , 68 , macrobenthic colonization , 284–285 7 0 , 7 6 , 8 5 , 8 8 macrobenthic tracemaker community , 283 Diplocraterion habichi , 6 8 marine realm , 266 Diplocraterion parallelum , 64 , 69 , 71 , 77 mass extinction , 267–268 Diplopodichnus , 187 , 324 , 454 recovery phase , 268 Diplopodichnus biformis , 192 terrestrial and freshwater habitats , 266 Diptera , 182 , 196 vertebrate lineages , 266 Dromaeosauripus , 206 End-Triassic mass extinction , 1–14 , 62 , 464 Dry Biome , 185–186 Entobia , 5 4 Duquettichnus kooli , 373 Environmental shifts , 467–468 Dysoneuridae , 211 , 216 Eoameghinichnus , 373 Dytiscidae , 195 Eopentapodiscus , 373 Eosauropus , 6 Epeorominidae , 200 E Ephemeroptera , 196 Eatonichnus , 242 , 339 , 341 , 344 , 345 Ericichnus , 458 Eatonichnus claronensis , 315 Etterwindichnus , 454 Eatonichnus uthaensis , 315 Eubrontes , 6–8 , 145 Echinocardium cordatum , 4 1 Eubrontes giganteus , 8 Echinocardium group , 41 , 105 Eucommiidite , 206 Echinoderm-produced ichnotaxa , 41 , 56 Eufl abella , 21 , 48 , 52 , 84 , 102 Atelostomata , 43 Eumacrauchenichnus patachonicus , 390 Cretaceous and Cenozoic , 43 Euproopichnus , 454 deep-burrowing irregular echinoids , 40 Evazoum , 6 , 188 diverse marine groups , 40 early Paleozoic , 42 fascioles , 43 F holothurids , 43 Falsatorichnum , 388 , 389 irregular echinoids , 40 Falsatorichnum calceocannabius , 387 Modern Evolutionary Fauna , 44 Feeding community , 280–283 ophiuroids , 43 Felipeda felis , 375 Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic echinoids , 42 Felipeda lynxi , 375 spatangoids , 40 Feoichnus , 324 , 344 Spatangus group , 41 Feoichnus challa , 341 sulfi de-rich and anoxic sediment , 43 Fictovichnus , 315 , 324 , 339 , 346 Ecospace occupation , 60 , 103–104 , 226 , Fictovichnus gobiensis , 338 , 346 234–237 , 241 , 245 , 267 , 269 , 288 , Fleaglellius , 325 , 346 461–462 , 466–467 Fleming Fjord Formation , 189 Edaphichnium , 325 , 341 , 347 Foersterichnus , 24 , 32 , 454 Edaphichnium lumbricatum , 309 Footprints of Antofagasta , 389 Index 479

Footprints of Claromecó , 389 Halopoa isp. , 77 Forcipomyia , 278 Halovelia electrodominica , 230 Fossil record across the T–J Boundary , 3–12 Harpepus , 454 marine record Harpichnus , 454 deep-sea ichnofauna , 9 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park site , 432 shallow-marine ichnofauna , 9–12 Helicodromites , 48 , 89 terrestrial record , 5–8 Helicopsychidae , 211 Fuersichnus , 324 Helicotaphrichnus , 53 , 57 , 58 Fuersichnus communis , 190 Heliocopris antiquus , 346 Fuscinapeda sirin , 385 Hell Creek Formation , 274 Helminthoida , 1 2 Helminthoidichnites , 5 , 189 , 454 , 466 G Helminthoidichnites tenuis , 192 , 193 , 198 G2/3 footprints , 414 Helminthopsis , 5 , 189 , 385 , 454 , 466 Gastrochaenolites , 21 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 53–56 , 61 , Helminthopsis abeli , 192 , 198 62 , 73 , 79 , 81 , 83 , 86 , 92 , 450–451 Helminthopsis hieroglyphica , 198 , 209 Gerontoformica cretacica , 337 Hemeroscopidae , 210 Gerridae , 230 Hemeroscopus baissicus , 214 Getty Conservation Institute , 414 Hemiptera , 196 , 210 Gigantopithecus , 437 , 438 Herpystezoum , 454 Glacial and interglacial oscillations , 396 Heteropodichnus , 454 Glaciichnium , 225 , 454 Heterotripodichnus , 454 Global carbon system , 2 Hettangian , 7 Global ichnodiversity , 61–63 , 70 , 84–85 , 89 , Hexapodichnus , 454 93 , 95 , 103 , 199 , 233–235 , Hillichnus , 22 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 48 , 106 336–337 , 339 , 348 , 450–453 , Hillichnus lobosensis , 3 8 458–463 Hipparion , 415 Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) , 1 Hippipeda , 390 Glyphichnus , 21 , 26 , 31 Hippipeda aurelianis , 375 Gnathichnus , 53 , 56 , 62 , 73 , 92 , 458 Holocene Gordia , 454 , 466 footprints , 420 Gordia indianaensis , 192 track sites , 430 Gordia marina , 192 Holometabolan taxa , 201 Grallator , 6–8 , 145 , 147 , 188 Hominin evolution Granulohyalichnus , 450–451 body and trace fossil records , 435 Great Ordovician Biodiversifi cation Event , etymology , 412 453 , 459 , 462 footprint-bearing sites , 411 Green River biota , 229 hominid traces , 436 Gregariousness , 152–155 Ichnos , 412 Grypopentapodiscus , 373 Lake Turkana , 415–416 Gwyneddichnium , 6 , 188 , 191 non-volcaniclastic substrates , 436 Gymnopleurus eocaenicus , 346 Out of Africa , 416–419 Gyrochorte , 4 8 pre-Late Pleistocene , 436 Gyrochorte comosa , 66 , 77 pre- sapiens track , 435 Gyrolithes , 22 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 80 , 88 sea shore , 431 shadow of volcanoes , 432–433 trace fossils , 412 H track record , 422–426 , 437 Haenamichnus , 159 , 206 Hominipes modernus , 413 , 430 , 432 , 435 , 436 Haentzschelinia , 22 , 48 , 52 , 66 , 75 Homo erectus (H. ergaster) , 415–418 , 421 , 435 Haentzschelinia ottoi , 66 , 67 Homo fl oresiensis , 416 , 437 Haidomyrmex cerberus , 337 Homo heidlebergensis , 418 , 421 Haidomyrmodes mammuthus , 337 Homo neaderthalensis , 425 Halopoa , 466 Homo neanderthalensis , 413 , 426 , 436 , 439 480 Index

Homopodichnus , 454 Kouphichnium , 5 , 9 , 10 , 454 Homo sapiens , 413 , 424 , 428 , 429 , 435–439 K-Pg mass extinctions , 84 , 87 , 218 , 227 , ichnologic record , 419–427 265–291 , 341 , 372–373 , 463–465 Middle-Late Pleistocene , 419 K-Pg plant–insect interactions , 270 Nahoon Point tracks , 419 Krausichnus , 325 , 344 , 346 Human footprints Krausichnus pagodus , 310 Pleistocene , 415 Krausichnus trompitus , 310 Sebkra el Azrag , 431 Theopetra Cave , 422 Vârtop Cave , 422 L Human-like foot anatomy , 435 Labyrintichnus terrerensis , 308 Hydrophilopsia baissensis , 214 Lacustrine ecosystems, 182–184 , 238–241 , 244 Hydropsychidae , 228 , 229 bioturbation , 183 Hydroptilidae , 229 dispersal adaptations , 183 , 184 Hymenoptera , 196 evolutionary novelties and innovations , 184 exploration , 182 formation, isolation and destruction , 183 I long-lived lakes , 184 Ichnofabrics , 10 , 47 , 68 , 70 , 80 , 82 , 86 , 90 , taphonomic megabiases , 182 99–101 , 103–105 , 187 , 209 , 236 , Lacustrine trophic webs 280 , 285–287 , 344 , 468 bottom–up processes , 238 Ichnoguilds , 60 , 64 , 67–68 , 75–76 , 80–81 , ecosystem structure and function , 238 89–90 , 92 , 104 , 234 , 236 energy-fl ow diagrams , 239 Ichnos , 412 evolutionary history , 238 Ichnotaxonomic problems , 241 herbivore-driven food web , 240 Ignotomis , 206 Paleolake Messel , 241 Ignotornis , 155 Paleozoic lakes , 239 Insect herbivory , 271–277 physiochemical conditions , 241 Insect pollination , 277–278 Laetoli hominin trackways , 411 Intercontinental travel frontiers , 428–431 Lagerpeton , 140 Intertidal carbonate-sand fl at , 25 Lagerstätten , 182 Intra-Valanginian Discontinuity , 79 Lajas Formation , 67 Intricatus , 283 Lamaichnum guanicoe , 390 Iribarnichnum megamericanum , 390 Langui footprints , 381–382 Irichnus , 454 Langui ichnoassemblage , 392 Isochirotherium , 138 Lapispecus , 5 7 Ixalichnus , 454 Lapispira , 22 , 49 , 52 , 75 Las Flores Formation , 386 Las Hoyas fossil site , 240 J Late Permian tetrapods , 137 Jamesonichnites , 45 , 48 Lazaichnus , 324 , 344 Jindongornipes , 206 Lepidostomatidae , 211 Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary , 155 Leptoconops , 278 Lestidae , 228 Libellulidae , 228 K Liliensternus , 145 Katbergia , 331 , 347 Lilstock Formation , 11 Katbergia carltonichnus , 321 Limnephilidae , 229 Kayentapus , 8 Limoniidae , 196 , 202 Kayra footprints , 381 Linckichnus , 5 Keircalia , 454 Lithanomala , 335 Kimberichnus , 454 Lithographus , 454 Koranornis , 206 Lockeia , 5 , 9 , 10 , 22 , 35–37 , 39 , 61 , 62 , 88 , 187 Korymbichnus , 4 9 Lockeia amygdaloides , 66 , 190 Index 481

Lockeia siliquaria , 38 , 189 , 191 ichnologic record , 20 , 106 Loloichnus , 325 , 344 , 347 ichnotaxa , 20 Loloichnus baqueroensis , 316 , 332 ichnotaxonomic treatment , 52 Lonchidion , 239 infaunalization , 60–93 Lophoctenium , 22 , 35 , 37 Jurassic , 63–75 Lumbricus terrestris , 284 , 285 marine paleocommunities , 20 Lusatichnium , 225 , 454 mixed layer , 99–101 Lycoptera , 214 modern-marine ecosystems , 19 Neogene , 88–93 neoichnological observations , 20 M paleoenvironmental breadth , 93–96 Macanopsis , 22 , 26 , 30 , 67 , 88 , 321 , 331 Paleogene , 84–87 Macanopsis plataniformis , 2 9 paleogeography and climate , 101–103 Macaronichnus , 22 , 44 , 49 , 52 , 76 , 84 , 85 , 88 , post-Paleozoic bioturbators , 106 95 , 102 post-Paleozoic shallow-marine Macaronichnus segregatis , 7 7 environments , 20 Macoma balthica , 105 in shallow-water settings , 106 Macrauchenichnus , 383 , 389 sponges (see Sponges ) Macrauchenichnus rector , 385 , 387 tiering structure , 60–93 Maculichna , 454 Triassic , 61–63 Madygen deposits , 194 worms , 57–58 Madygenerpton , 239 Metacatharsius rusingae , 346 Maeandropolydora , 5 7 , 6 1 , 9 2 Microvory , 202 Maiakarichnus , 22 , 26 , 29 , 31 , 33 Milodontidichnum , 389 Manus , 372 Minisauripus , 206 Mariño Formation , 385–386 Mioclanis shanwangiana , 344 Marmarthia pearsoni , 274–275 Mirandaichnium , 454 Megalamaichnum tulipensis , 390 Mitchellichnus , 454 Megaloptera , 182 Mixed layer depth , 99 Megalosauripus , 8 Mixed layer traces , 100 Megatherichnum oportoi , 387 , 389 , 397 Modern Evolutionary Fauna (MEF) , 19 , 20 , Megatherium , 387 32 , 74 , 75 , 84–87 , 103 Megatherium americanum , 398 Monesichnus , 324 , 344 Melittosphex burmensis , 335 Monocraterion , 5 , 9 Mermia , 181 , 189 , 454 Monomorphichnus , 10 , 454 Merostomichnites , 9 , 10 , 454 Monomorphichnus lineatus , 198 Mesoleuctra , 195 Monte Hermoso , 390 Mesoleuctra – Mesoneta assemblage , 203 Morazatermes krishnai , 335 Mesonetidae , 200 Morrison Formation , 203 , 330 Mesozoic mammals , 371 Moyenisauropus , 8 Mesozoic marine revolution (MMR) , 24–40 , Multina , 467 54–55 , 450 Multipodichnus , 454 algae , 59 Myanmyrma gracilis , 337 behavioral evolution , 96–99 Myriapodites , 454 bioeroders , 52 bioturbation and ichnofaunas , 103–106 bryozoans , 58 N coevolutionary developments , 19 Naktodemasis , 339 cretaceous , 75–84 Naktodemasis bowni , 320 crustaceans , 58–59 Naviculichnium , 44 , 93 echinoids , 56 Naviculichnium marginatum , 9 4 foraminifera , 59–60 Necrotaulidae , 195 , 216 fungi , 59 Neomegatherichnum pehuencoensis , 389 , 397 ichnofaunal composition , 60–93 Nereites , 49 , 468 482 Index

Neuroptera , 182 Paleodictyon , 242 Nododendrina , 6 0 Paleogene insects , 227 Notonectidae , 195 Paleosol ichnofacies Nummipera , 8 6 Paleosol trace fossils , 302–329 Nyasasaurus , 144 , 145 Paleo-thermocline , 192 Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna (PEF) , 20 Pallichnus , 324 , 339 , 344 O Pallichnus dakotensis , 309 , 316 , 338 Ochteridae , 196 Palmichnium , 454 Octopodichnus , 454 Palmiraichnus , 324 , 344 Ocypode quadrata , 25 , 90 Palmiraichnus castellanosi , 303 Odocoileinichnum commune , 390 Parabrontopodus , 8 , 147 Oecanthoperlidae , 216 Paracanthorhaphe togwunia , 198 Oichnus , 53 , 55 , 73 , 74 , 86 , 92 Paradictyodora , 3 9 Oldhamia , 464 , 466 Paramylodon , 398 Oligichnos limnos , 224 Paranthropus boisei , 416 Oneonta Formation , 327 Parasynaptichnium , 138 Oniscoidichnus , 10 , 454 Pareiasaurs , 137 Onshore origination , 105–106 , 244 , 467–468 Parmaichnus , 3 1 Ophioichnus , 22 , 43 , 44 , 454 Parowanichnus , 339 Ophiomorpha , 22 , 26 , 28 , 30–33 , 64 , 66–68 , Parowanichnus formicoides , 315 70 , 74 , 76 , 80 , 84 , 85 , 88–91 , 93 , Paruro footprints , 381 , 393 102 , 280 , 468 Passaic Formation , 191 Ophiomorpha annulata , 94 , 283 Patagonichnus , 22 , 49 , 52 , 85 , 88 Ophiomorpha irregulaire , 7 7 Paucituberculata , 378 Ophiomorpha nodosa (Op) , 90–91 Pecoripeda amalphaea , 375 Ophiomorpha rudis , 283 Pecoripeda dicrocervoides , 375 Opisthocoelicaudia , 148 Pecoripeda djali , 375 Oravaichnium , 3 5 Pecoripeda gazelle , 375 Orchesteropus , 454 Pecoripeda satyri , 375 Ornithischian tracks , 6 , 7 Pehuen-Có, Argentina , 390 , 391 Ornithopodichnus , 206 Pelycosaurs , 137 Oro Grande Site , 430 Perleididae , 238 Orthogonum , 5 9 Permichnium , 454 Oryctoantiquus borealis , 335 Petalichnus , 454 Osteocallis , 458 Petroxestes , 53 , 56 Otozoum , 6 , 7 Phanaeus antiquus , 346 Ovipositional lesions , 201 Philopotamidae , 196 Phoebichnus , 24 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 67 , 68 , 75 , 76 Phoebichnus trochoides , 66 , 69 P Phoenicopterichnum rector , 390 Palaeochinastacus australianus , 331 Pholeus , 23 , 26 , 30 , 32 , 61 Palaeocopris labreae , 346 Phryganeina , 201 Palaeogyrinus , 230 Phycodes , 9 Palaeoniscidae , 238 Phycosiphon , 23 , 47 , 50 , 64 , 66–68 , 76 , 80 , Palaeophycus , 5 , 9–11 , 22 , 49 , 52 , 62–64 , 67 , 90 , 280 68 , 70 , 76 , 85 , 90 , 188 , 385 , 465 Phycosiphon incertum (Ph) , 6 5 , 6 7 Palaeophycus heberti , 6 5 Phycosiphon-Chondrites ichnoguild , 64 Palaeophycus striatus , 192 Pilichnus , 466 Palaeophycus tubularis , 192 , 283 Pilothylakos , 331 Palaeosabella , 5 3 , 5 7 , 6 1 Planolites , 5 , 9–12 , 23 , 50 , 52 , 62 , 63 , 68 , 70 , Paleocene tetrapod footprints , 374 76 , 80 , 82 , 85 , 90–91 , 100 , 188 , Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 280 , 283 , 285 , 303 , 465 (PETM) , 269 , 341 Planolites annularis , 209 Index 483

Planolites beverleyensis , 6 4 Q Planolites ichnoguild , 80 Quebrada de la Troya footprints , 383 , 385 Planolites montanus (Pl) , 65 , 189 Quebrada del Jarillal Formation , 387 Planorbis Zone , 11 Quebrada del Yeso footprints , 383 Plant and insect-feeding diversity , 276 Quirogaichnus , 242 Plant diversity , 271 Plant–insect associational studies , 287 R Plateosaurus , 8 Radulichnus , 53 , 55 , 73 , 92 , 458 Platyperlidae , 200 Ramosulcichnus , 5 7 Platystethus , 284 Rebuffoichnus , 324 , 339 , 344 Plecoptera , 195 Rebuffoichnus casamiquelai , 303 , 338 Plecopteran nymphs , 200 Rebuffoichnus guanche , 303 Plectrotarsidae , 211 Rebuffoichnus isp. , 338 Pleistocene–Holocene Bahamian-type Rebuffoichnus sciuttoi , 315 , 316 , 338 , 346 carbonates , 90–91 Renichnus , 5 3 , 5 5 , 9 2 Plesiornis , 8 Rhadostium , 454 Plover Formation , 65 Rhizocorallium , 5 , 9–12 , 24 Polykladichnus , 23 , 50 , 62 , 189 , 194 Rhizocorallium commune , 468 Polykladichnus aragonensis , 308 Rhizocorallium irregulare , 6 4 Porcellusignum , 389 Rhizocorallium isp. , 23 , 61 , 62 , 66–68 , 70 , 72 , Porcellusignum consulcator , 387 74–76 , 84 , 85 , 88 , 99 , 105 Portlandia arctica , 105 Rhizocorallium jenense jenense , 7 1 Praehominipes , 435 Rhizocorallium jenense spinosus , 7 1 Praehominipes laetoliensis , 413 , 432 , 435 Rhizolith ichnofacies , 327–329 , 333 , 337 , 347 Pre-Planorbis Beds , 11 Rhynchosauroides , 5–8 , 147 , 188 , 192 Prionocephale deplanate , 345 Rio Chico Group , 341 Prorhyacophilidae , 195 Río Negro Formation , 387–389 Prorotodactylus , 140 Rogerella , 53 , 58 , 60 , 73 , 83 , 92 Prosauropod tracks , 6 , 7 Ropalonaria , 53 , 58 Prostomium , 45 Rosellichnus , 303 , 346 Protichnites , 192 , 454 Rosselia , 5 0 Protocallianassa , 3 3 Rotodactylus , 140 , 141 Protochirotherium , 138 Rusophycus , 5 , 10 , 187 , 188 , 242 , 466 Protovirgularia , 9 , 10 , 23 , 35–37 , 39 , 61 , 62 , Rusophycus stromnessi , 192 75 , 76 , 88 , 95 , 454 Protovirgularia dichotoma , 7 7 Psammichnites , 3 4 S Pseudameghinichnus , 373 Salinity barrier , 241 , 243 , 244 Pseudotetrasauropus , 6 San Gerónimo Group , 379–382 Psilonichnus , 3 0 Santa Cruz Formation , 385 Psiloceras spelae , 1 0 Sarjeantipes whitea , 374 Psilonichnus , 23 , 26 , 67 , 84 , Saronichnus , 23 , 35–37 , 39 , 40 , 88 , 106 88 , 90 Saronichnus abeli , 3 8 Psilonichnus upsilon , 29 , 90–91 Sauropodomorph tracks , 6 Psychodidae , 202 Sauropods , 148 , 149 , 154 Pteraichnus , 158 , 206 Sauropod tracks , 8 Pteraichnus saltwashensis , 158 Scalichnus , 5 , 23 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 88 Pterichnus , 454 Scalichnus phiale , 3 8 Pterosaur locomotion , 157–160 Scaphichnium , 309 Pterosaurs , 139 , 157–160 Schaubcylindrichnus , 23 , 47 , 50 , 52 , 63 , 67 , Ptychoplasma , 3 5 68 , 76 , 79 , 85 , 90 Pumaeichnum biancoi , 390 Schaubcylindrichnus coronus , 7 7 Punctichnium , 454 Schizophoridae , 195 , 201 484 Index

Sciomyzidae , 212 Survivability , 465 Scolicia , 41 , 42 , 89 , 309 , 468 Synapsids tracks , 6 Scoyenia , 5 , 181 , 186 , 189 , 191 , 321 , 324 Synaptichnium , 138 Scoyenia beerboweri , 327 Syntermesichnus fontanai , 308 Scoyenia gracilis , 189–191 Scoyenia Ichnofacies , 327 , 336 , 340 , 347 , 385 Secundumichnus , 454 T Seilacherian ichnofacies , 301 Tacheria troyana , 383 Selenichnites , 10 , 327 Taenidium , 5 , 10 , 51 , 188 , 303 , 304 , 309 , 320 , Semidendrina , 5 9 321 , 324 , 346 , 385 Sepkoski’s curves , 459 Taenidium barretti , 209 , 308 Sericostomatidae , 216 , 229 Taenidium-Phycosiphon ichnoguild , 80 Shandongornipes muxiai , 157 Taenidium serpentinum , 64 , 303 , 320 Shrew opossums , 378 Talpina , 53 , 57 , 60 , 73 Sialis strausi , 230 Taphrhelminthoides , 454 Siberioperla , 195 Tapinoma nigerrima , 284 Siberioperlidae , 200 Tasmanitids , 185 Sieblosiidae , 227 Taxonomic revisions , 242 Simuliidae , 202 Teichichnus , 5 , 9 , 10 , 23 , 47 , 51 , 52 , 64 , 68 , Sinusichnus , 23 , 26 , 31 , 32 70 , 76 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 85 , 90 Sinusichnus sinuosus , 2 9 Teichichnus-Chondrites ichnoguild , 76 Siphlonuridae , 196 , 200 Teichichnus fl exuosus , 5 2 Siphonichnus , 23 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 64 , 68 , 88 Teichichnus ichnoguild , 64 Siphonichnus eccacensis , 3 8 Teichichnus nodosus , 5 2 Skolithos , 5 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 23 , 50 , 62 , 68 , 76 , 85 , Teichichnus patens , 5 2 88 , 90 , 189 , 192 , 194 , 303 , 308 , Teichichnus rectus , 52 , 65 , 69 320 , 321 , 324 , 327 , 338 , 346 Teichichnus sigmoidalis , 5 2 Skolithos linearis , 90–91 Teichichnus spiralis , 5 2 Socialites tumulus , 339 Teichichnus zigzag , 5 2 Solemyatuba , 3 7 Teisseirei , 315 , 324 , 344 , 346 Solemyatuba ypsilon , 3 8 Teisseirei barattinia , 344 Sonidae , 210 Temnospondyl amphibians , 137 Spatangus group , 4 1 Teredolites , 8 3 Sphecomyrma sp. , 337 Termitichnus , 242 , 309 , 325 , 346 Sphecomyrmodes orientalis , 337 Termitichnus Ichnofacies , 336 , 339 , 340 Sphenodontian track , 6 Terra Amata footprint , 436 Sphingopus , 140 Tetrapods, limb postures , 137 Sphinx snelleni , 344 Tetrasauropus , 6 , 188 Spirichnus , 53 , 58 Thalassinidean , 24 Spongeliomorpha , 5 , 23 , 26 , 29 , 32 , 74 , 88 , Thalassinoides , 9–12 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 30–32 , 188 , 191 , 324 , 466 61–67 , 70 , 71 , 74 , 76 , 78–80 , Spongeliomorpha milfordensis , 189 , 191 82–84 , 88 , 89 , 93 , 100–102 , 192 , Sponges , 52–54 , 62 , 73 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 92 , 95 280 , 283 , 285 , 289 , 290 , 463 Stegomastodonichnum australis , 390 Thalassinoides ichnoguild , 80 , 81 Steinsfjordichnus , 454 Thalassinoides paradoxicus , 8 1 Stiallia , 187 Thalassinoides suevicus , 77 , 94 Stiaria , 466 Theropods , 8 , 142 , 145 , 147 , 150–152 , 154 , Stomatopod crustaceans , 87 160 , 161 Stratiomyiida , 212 Theropod tracks , 6 Striatichnium , 454 Titanosauriformes , 148 Stychopterus , 214 Tombownichnus , 315 , 324 , 344 , 345 Subtidal callianassid mound , 25 Tombownichnus parabolicus , 303 Sundance Biota , 207 Tombownichnus plenus , 303 Sundance Formation , 203 Treptichnus , 5 , 189 , 466 Index 485

Treptichnus pedum , 4 5 Westbury Formation , 10 Treptichnus pollardi , 189 , 191 , 192 Wet Biome , 185 , 186 Triaplidae , 195 Worm-produced ichnotaxa , 45–51 , Triassocoridae , 195 57–58 Trichichnus , 283 bioturbators , 44 Trichoptera , 182 , 195 , 216 , 228 echiurans , 45 Trisulcus , 454 enteropneusts , 45 Trypanites isp. , 53 , 57 , 61 , 62 , 73 , 83 , 86 , 92 evolutionary history , 51 Tuberculichnus vagans , 198 nemerteans , 44 Tubotomaculum , 3 1 ophelids (scolecids) , 44 Tubulohyalichnus , 450–451 polychaetes , 44 , 51 Tumblagoodichnus , 454 post-Paleozoic rocks , 52 priapulids , 45 scolecida and palpata , 44 U sipunculids , 45 U- and Y-shaped burrows , 243 sophisticated spreiten , 45 Uhangrichnus , 206 Undichna , 189 , 208 Undichna bina , 192 X Undichna britannica , 192 Xenarthrans , 377 Uruguay , 324 Xylonichnus , 5

V Y Vagorichnus , 467 Younger Holocene footprint Vagorichnus anyao , 198 sites , 431 Venatoripes riojanus , 383 , 385 , 389 Vinchina Basin, Argentina , 382–385 Vinchina Formation , 383 Z Vitimotaulidae , 211 , 216 Zacallatidae , 227 Vondrichnus , 242 , 325 , 346 Zoophilous pollen , 277 Zoophycos , 51 , 61 , 76 , 80 , 96 , 99 , 101 , 105 , 280 , 283 , 284 , 289 W Zoophycos-Chondrites ichnoguild , 81 Warvichnium , 225 Zoophycos evolution , 97 , 98 Wasp cocoons , 279 Zoophycos-Taenidium ichnoguild , 81