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Responsible Fish Trade and Food Security

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Responsible Fish Trade and Food Security Cover: Project logo designed by Mr Laurie Baker. FAO FISHERIES Responsible fish trade TECHNICAL PAPER and food security 456 by John Kurien Fellow Centre for Development Studies Trivandrum, India FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2005 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-105376-6 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Publishing Management Service Information Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2005 iii Preparation of this document This report is the result of a series of studies prepared by consultants and carried out in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. The chief consultant prepared this publication over a period of 20 months, highlighting the importance of trade on low- income food-deficit countries (LIFDCs). The following individuals provided inputs to the 11 national case studies used to create this report: José Augusto Negreiro Aragão and René Schärer (Brazil); Roberto de Andrade (Chile); V.R. Bidesi, N. Evans, J. Raj, J. Rajan and D. Williams (Fiji); M.A. Mensah, K.A. Koranteng, D. Yeboah and A. Bortey (Ghana); Richard O. Abila (Kenya); Hopolang Phororo and Rehabeam Shilimela (Namibia); Sjef van Eijs (Nicaragua); Cesar Allan C. Vera Jr. (Philippines); Andrew Murray and Mamadou Mar Faye (Senegal); Oscar Amarasinghe (Sri Lanka); Somying Piumsombun (Thailand); Nicole Franz and Paola Sabatini (FAO, Rome). iv Abstract This report focuses primarily on the direct and indirect influence of fish trade and food security. It reviews in detail the positive and negative impacts of international fish trade on food security in low-income food-deficit countries (LIFDCs). The main findings are that this trade has had a positive effect on food security, both through higher availability of fish for human consumption in developing countries and through higher income generated through trade. The report cautions, however, that sustainable resource management practices are a necessary condition for sustainable international trade. It also highlights the need for free and transparent trade and market policies to ensure that benefits from international trade are enjoyed by all segments of society. Kurien, J. Responsible fish trade and food security. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 456. Rome, FAO. 2005. 102p. v Acknowledgements Numerous persons and institutions, too many to be named individually, contributed their valuable time and knowledge towards the successful completion of this study. The main sponsors were the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. They maintained a sustained interest in the study and greatly facilitated its organization and timely completion through their financing and the professional expertise of their staff. The FAO/ Netherlands Partnership Programme was gracious enough to cosponsor the efforts at a later stage. The members of the International Reference Group, some of the leading professionals in fisheries today, provided much-needed moral and intellectual support in launching the study. They also followed its progress with continued interest. The members of the Expert Group, an interdisciplinary think-tank, helped in the formulation of the study guidelines and in the selection of the countries in which case studies were to be conducted and the consultants to undertake the task. They also provided critical suggestions at every stage of the study and helpful comments on the draft reports. The team of national consultants, a knowledgeable set of persons with a keen understanding of the reality of the people involved in their country’s fisheries, undertook the case studies within a very limited time frame. The core of this report is based on the information provided by their dedicated endeavours. The final draft report was reviewed by the Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromso; the Technical Department of the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad); the Department of Trade Policy, Resources and Environmental Affairs of the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries; and the Evaluation Department of Norad; as well as several individuals in the Fisheries Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, and the Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, India. The enthusiastic support and constant guidance from such a large number of dedicated and knowledgeable collaborators have made my task as chief consultant to the study and author of this report easier and enjoyable. I wish to thank all of them individually and collectively for seeing the study through. However, I assume full responsibility for the opinions expressed in the report. John Kurien April 2004 vii Contents Preparation of this document iii Abstract iv Acknowledgements v Abbreviations xi Fact sheet xii Executive summary xiii 1. Fish trade and food security: an introductory overview 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 International fish trade in history 2 1.3 International fish trade today: some stylized facts 3 1.4 Fish for food security 5 1.5 Towards a greater understanding of food security 7 1.6 Food security as a human right 8 1.7 Fish trade and food security 9 1.8 Fish trade and food security: market, state and civil society 10 1.9 The way forward 10 2. Analysing international fish trade: the “global” food security perspective 15 2.1 Fish production 15 2.2 Realms of production 16 2.3 International trade 18 2.4 Fish trade and direct food security 19 2.5 Domestic fish supply 20 2.6 Understanding the fishery product trade of LIFDCs 21 2.6.1 Exports 22 2.6.2 Imports 24 2.7 WTO, fish trade and food security 26 2.7.1 Free trade and food security 26 2.7.2 Fish trade and fish prices 28 2.7.3 Value addition and food security 28 2.8 Conclusion 30 Annex: Exports and imports of low-income food-deficit countries 31 3. Fish trade and food security: the “micro” evidence from countries 35 3.1 Impact on the nation 35 3.2 Impact on the income and well-being of fishers 39 3.3 Impact on fish workers involved in processing 43 3.4 Impact on the fish consumption of poorer consumers 48 3.5 Impact on the fishery resource and ecosystem integrity 52 3.6 Moving along the “micro-global” spectrum 53 viii 4. Fish trade and food security: some policy perspectives 57 4.1 Resource management, “convivial” technology and sustainable consumption for food security 57 4.2 Chain-of-custody control and food security 59 4.3 Gender, sustainable trade and food security 60 4.4 Infrastructure, environment and domestic marketing for food security and food safety 63 4.5 Data and information requirements for food security 66 4.6 Responsible international trade and food security 68 4.7 Conclusion 70 5. Fish trade and food security: what is to be done? 71 5.1 Resource management 71 5.2 Chain of custody and trade structure 72 5.3 Fish as food 72 5.4 Workers’ welfare 73 5.5 Infrastructure 73 5.6 Data and information 74 5.7 Trade capacity-building 75 5.8 Cooperation among countries 75 5.9 Responsible trade 76 5.10 Responsible consumption 76 5.11 Conclusion 77 Appendixes Appendix 1: List of the 82 low-income food-deficit countries 79 Appendix 2: Methodology for selection of the countries 81 Appendix 3: Country summaries of the impact of international trade 83 3.1 Nicaragua 84 3.2 Brazil 85 3.3 Chile 86 3.4 Senegal 87 3.5 Ghana 88 3.5 Namibia 89 3.7 Kenya 90 3.8 Sri Lanka 91 3.9 Thailand 92 3.10 Philippines 93 3.11 Fiji 94 Appendix 4: Scoring the impact of international trade on food security 95 Appendix 5: List of institutions and persons consulted 97 Appendix 6: Summary of terms of reference 99 References 101 ix List of tables 1.1 Some characteristics of the countries chosen for detailed case study 12 2.1 Trends in fish production (FP) and human population (HP) 16 2.2 Realms of fish production 17 2.3 Trends in fishery product exports and imports 18 2.4 Trends in proportion of fish production being exported 19 2.5 Domestic food-fish supply resulting from changes in production, non-food use, imports and exports 21 2.6 Value of LIFDC trade and share of fishery products (exports) 22 2.7 Value of LIFDC trade and share of fishery products (imports) 24 2.8 Quantity of LIFDC trade and share of fishery products (imports) 24 2.9 Fish production, exports and imports, in live weight equivalent and value (1990–2000) 27 2.10 Unit value of live weight (UVLW) of LIFDC fishery product imports and exports 29 2.11 Fishery product terms of trade (product weight) 29 2.12 Export value of prepared and preserved fishery products as a share of total exports of developed and developing countries and LIFDCs 29 2.13 Export concentration and structural change indices 30 List
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