Urban Flood-Defence Systems: Conflicts, Complexity and New Concepts
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1 the DUTCH DELTA MODEL for POLICY ANALYSIS on FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT in the NETHERLANDS R.M. Slomp1, J.P. De Waal2, E.F.W. Ruijg
THE DUTCH DELTA MODEL FOR POLICY ANALYSIS ON FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE NETHERLANDS R.M. Slomp1, J.P. de Waal2, E.F.W. Ruijgh2, T. Kroon1, E. Snippen2, J.S.L.J. van Alphen3 1. Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment / Rijkswaterstaat 2. Deltares 3. Staff Delta Programme Commissioner ABSTRACT The Netherlands is located in a delta where the rivers Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt and Eems drain into the North Sea. Over the centuries floods have been caused by high river discharges, storms, and ice dams. In view of the changing climate the probability of flooding is expected to increase. Moreover, as the socio- economic developments in the Netherlands lead to further growth of private and public property, the possible damage as a result of flooding is likely to increase even more. The increasing flood risk has led the government to act, even though the Netherlands has not had a major flood since 1953. An integrated policy analysis study has been launched by the government called the Dutch Delta Programme. The Delta model is the integrated and consistent set of models to support long-term analyses of the various decisions in the Delta Programme. The programme covers the Netherlands, and includes flood risk analysis and water supply studies. This means the Delta model includes models for flood risk management as well as fresh water supply. In this paper we will discuss the models for flood risk management. The issues tackled were: consistent climate change scenarios for all water systems, consistent measures over the water systems, choice of the same proxies to evaluate flood probabilities and the reduction of computation and analysis time. -
Daan Roosegaarde Inundates the Netherlands with a 'Virtual Flood' the Netherlands - Culture of Living with Water
Daan Roosegaarde Inundates the Netherlands with a 'Virtual Flood' The Netherlands - culture of living with water Trade, negotiations and crafts, stubbornness, luck and faith. Below sea level: 26% Managing risks and uncertainties. Above sea level: 29% Born and raised below sealevel Outside the dykes: 3% Meuse outside the dykes: 1% Liable to flooding: 59% County of Holland, 16th Century Woodcut by Sebastian Münster SAFETY: DIKE SYSTEM - 22.000 kilometers of dikes, dunes and levees DUTCH WATER NETWORK (1953) > BUILDING CANALS (1869: ‘Apeldoorns kanaal’) Zuiderzee works 1916 flood • Response: Zuiderzee works • Enclosure dam of Zuiderzee and 5 polders 1953 Post 1953: Delta works + new safety strategy • Delta commission • Delta works scheme • Closing off estuaries • Compartimention works • Shorter coast line and fresh water reservoirs • New closure techniques, • New safety strategy • National dike designs based on frequency of water levels Maeslantkering (1997) BUILDING WITH NATURE ‘room for the river’ Argument of ¥ € $ Make money with waterstructures ECOLOGY AND AN ECONOMY ADDS UP TO MOBILITY WATER INFRASTRUCTURE: ‘TREKVAARTEN’ WATER CONNECTS ECONOMY AND ECOLOGY I > maintaining and enhancing the Dutch country (polders) > maintaining and enhancing watersafety (network of dykes, coast, deltawerken) > waterquantity and waterquality next to and connected to safety WATER CONNECTS ECONOMY AND ECOLOGY II > investing now in a robust and resilient way will prevent costs with future disasters > integrating investments builds a robust environment where quality, safety and economic assets merge and deliver > a safe region is attractive for investors Argument it looks ugly Integration with urban development Flexible measures? Building with Nature! MAASVLAKTE ROTTERDAM: HARBOR EXPANSION ROTTERDAM: HARBOR & CITY, CITY & HARBOR . -
Case Study of Flood Control in the Netherlands Natural Disasters Have
Case Study of Flood Control in the Netherlands Natural disasters have become much more violent, causing excessive damage to humankind. Among the most common and frequent natural disasters are inundations or floods. Many countries lack the capacity to deal with the destructive power of overflowing water, but the Netherlands has managed to exert control over its flooding situations. In fact, this small country is known for having the world’s best flood control system, in which advanced technologies and innovations have been integrated into the fight against inundations. The name Netherlands—meaning low countries—is befitting, since most of its landmass is below sea level. More than 60% of the country’s surface area are at risk of being inundated, including its international airport, which is 5 meters below mean sea level. The region that is now the Netherlands has dealt with floods for more than 2,000 years, but the Dutch have never given up. Their saying “God created the world but the Dutch created the Netherlands” is exemplary of their ability to cope with natural disasters. Flooded Area in the Absence of All Water Defences Safety Standard per Dike-Ring Area Water Defenses Images depicting the Netherland’s flood-risk area and flood control solutions During the historic North Sea Flood of 1953, the storm and sea waves of 16 feet obliterated the shorelines of Scotland, Belgium, England, and the Netherlands. Among over 2,000 casualties were 1,835 Dutch citizens, and more than 70,000 people were displaced. About 150,000 hectares of the surface area or 9% of the entire country was under water. -
The Dutch Deltaprogramme & Adaptive Delta Management
The Dutch Deltaprogramme & adaptive delta management Peter C.G. Glas LLM MSc Deltacommissioner 26-10-2020 26 October 2020 1 The Netherlands, a delta country 26 October 2020 2 A history of water management circa 1580 circa 1700 2000 26 October 2020 3 History of flood protection in NL Century 20th: • 1916 floods (North) • 1953 flood disaster (South-West) Structural solutions with dams and barriers Afsluitdijk dam to create IJsselmeer, Delta Works •1993/1995 high water levels (rivers) Developments in policy: − Integrated water management − Three layer flood safety approach − Room for the river − Building with nature 26 October 2020 4 Challenges in the 21st century Increased More /extreme More/intense More summer invested storms? rainfall drought value Increased Spatial river developments discharge + 10% Sealevel rise Salt Decreased Increased (20 cm--> intrusion river erosion 100 cm/100y) Subsidence discharge 0,5-1.0cm/yr - 60% 26 October 2020 5 2nd Delta Programme • 2007 new Delta Committee • 2008 advice to Cabinet • 2010 Delta Commissioner • 2012 Delta Act, Delta Fund • 2011 etc. Annual Delta programme: 1. Flood protection 2. Fresh (surface/ground) water availability 3. Spatial Adaptation • 2014 Delta decisions & strategies • 2020 first 6yr Recalibration 26 October 2020 6 Uncertain future → scenario’s • Climate change – Temperature – Rainfall, evaporation – River discharge – Sea level rise, • Socio-economic developments – Population, demography – Economic growth, 1) When will current policies fail? 2) What possible futures should we – Land use/urban development prepare for? → inspiration for new strategies, 3) How will strategies perform under different conditions? → robustness test 26 October 2020 7 Uncertain future → expected tipping points →Failure of Drinking-water intake points too saline present policies Design criteria storm-surge barrier exceeded Closing freq. -
Flooding in River Mouths: Human Caused Or Natural Events? Five Centuries of Flooding Events in the SW Netherlands, 1500–2000
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2673–2684, 2015 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/19/2673/2015/ doi:10.5194/hess-19-2673-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Flooding in river mouths: human caused or natural events? Five centuries of flooding events in the SW Netherlands, 1500–2000 A. M. J. de Kraker VU-University, CLUE (Research Institute for the Heritage and History of the Cultural Landscape and Urban Environment), De Boelelaan 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Correspondence to: A. M. J. de Kraker ([email protected]) Received: 4 December 2014 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 30 January 2015 Revised: 21 April 2015 – Accepted: 29 April 2015 – Published: 9 June 2015 Abstract. This paper looks into flood events of the past archipelago consisting of islands on which many small pold- 500 years in the SW Netherlands, addressing the issue of ers were interwoven with dikes into one big patchwork of what kind of flooding events have occurred and which ones defences. As the area borders the southern North Sea, tidal have mainly natural causes and which ones are predomi- water is funnelled into the delta daily, some of which could nantly human induced. The flood events are classified into reach dangerously high levels during winter time. Since me- two major categories: (a) flood events that were caused dur- dieval times the area has been exploited, providing people ing storm surges and (b) flood events which happened dur- with their livelihood, such as farming, peat cutting and fish- ing warfare. From both categories a selection of flood events ing. -
Everything You Should Know About Zeeland Provincie Zeeland 2
Provincie Zeeland History Geography Population Government Nature and landscape Everything you should know about Zeeland Economy Zeeland Industry and services Agriculture and the countryside Fishing Recreation and tourism Connections Public transport Shipping Water Education and cultural activities Town and country planning Housing Health care Environment Provincie Everything you should know about Zeeland Provincie Zeeland 2 Contents History 3 Geography 6 Population 8 Government 10 Nature and landscape 12 Economy 14 Industry and services 16 Agriculture and the countryside 18 Fishing 20 Recreation and tourism 22 Connections 24 Public transport 26 Shipping 28 Water 30 Education and cultural activities 34 Town and country planning 37 Housing 40 Health care 42 Environment 44 Publications 47 3 History The history of man in Zeeland goes back about 150,000 brought in from potteries in the Rhine area (around present-day years. A Stone Age axe found on the beach at Cadzand in Cologne) and Lotharingen (on the border of France and Zeeuwsch-Vlaanderen is proof of this. The land there lies for Germany). the most part somewhat higher than the rest of Zeeland. Many Roman artefacts have been found in Aardenburg in A long, sandy ridge runs from east to west. Many finds have Zeeuwsch-Vlaanderen. The Romans came to the Netherlands been made on that sandy ridge. So, you see, people have about the beginning of the 1st century AD and left about a been coming to Zeeland from very, very early times. At Nieuw- hundred years later. At that time, Domburg on Walcheren was Namen, in Oost- Zeeuwsch-Vlaanderen, Stone Age arrowheads an important town. -
Water Management in the Netherlands
Water management in the Netherlands The Kreekraksluizen in Schelde-Rijnkanaal Water management in the Netherlands Water: friend and foe! 2 | Directorate General for Public Works and Water Management Water management in the Netherlands | 3 The Netherlands is in a unique position on a delta, with Our infrastructure and the 'rules of the game’ for nearly two-thirds of the land lying below mean sea level. distribution of water resources still meet our needs, but The sea crashes against the sea walls from the west, while climate change and changing water usage are posing new rivers bring water from the south and east, sometimes in challenges for water managers. For this reason research large quantities. Without protective measures they would findings, innovative strength and the capacity of water regularly break their banks. And yet, we live a carefree managers to work in partnership are more important than existence protected by our dykes, dunes and storm-surge ever. And interest in water management in the Netherlands barriers. We, the Dutch, have tamed the water to create land from abroad is on the increase. In our contacts at home and suitable for habitation. abroad, we need know-how about the creation and function of our freshwater systems. Knowledge about how roles are But water is also our friend. We do, of course, need allocated and the rules that have been set are particularly sufficient quantities of clean water every day, at the right valuable. moment and in the right place, for nature, shipping, agriculture, industry, drinking water supplies, power The Directorate General for Public Works and Water generation, recreation and fisheries. -
Urbanizing Deltas on the New Urban Agenda
A plea for putting the issue of Urbanizing Deltas on the New Urban Agenda Delta Alliance / TU Delft Han Meyer, Renske Peters Delft, January 27, 2016 1 Urbanizing Deltas – a special challenge Summary Urbanizing deltas belong to the most promising regions of the world, considering their large concentrations of population, their role in the world’s ecosystems and their significance to the world’s economy. At the same time, these regions are dealing with extreme vulnerability and face multiple threats. The combination of intensification of urban and economic land use, the related disappearance of the deltas’ capacity to resist natural hazards, and climate change, are resulting in an increase of deadly diseases, poverty and substantial economic losses. To ensure a sustainable future in these areas, new strategies are necessary to improve the living conditions for all people in delta regions and to decrease their risk level. Successful strategies are possible if they focus on (1) the recovery of the formative power of the deltas and the capacity of land-water ecosystems to absorb the impact of extreme events and their resilience to restore balance after disturbances; (2) an inclusive approach to planning by integrating scientific research, engineering and design, and combining interventions concerning prevention, spatial adaptation and disaster management; (3) the possibility to combine adaptation and mitigation of climate change by developing new perspectives with low carbon footprints for ports and industrial areas; (4) capacity building and social inclusiveness; (5) multi-actor governance arrangements with smart financial mechanisms. I. Introduction In the framework of the attention of Habitat III to the processes, consequences and challenges of worldwide urbanization, the question of urbanizing deltas needs special attention. -
3 Rotterdam: a City and a Mainport on the Edge of a Delta
3 Rotterdam: A City and a Mainport on the Edge of a Delta Han Meyer, Anne Loes Nillesen & Wil Zonneveld Originally published in: European Planning studies, Taylor & Fransis, ISSN 0965-4313. Some changes were made, mainly to improve consistency and readability throughout this thesis.. This paper can be seen as the overall introduction in which the Rotterdam Rijnmond case study region and its spatial and flood risk challenge are introduced. It describes the strong historical relation between flood risk management interventions and the spatial development of the region. The region is protected against floods by an extensive system of (sea)barriers and dike-rings. Positioned on the edge of the Rhine-Meuse delta, the region developed as a port area and is part of the so-called Randstad area: the most densified area of the Netherlands. Due to climate change, increasing sea levels and peak river discharges are expected in the future, resulting in an increased flood risk. In order to address this future flood risk challenge, the second Delta Committee was established - the first Delta Committee was established after the 1953 flood that flooded part of the Netherlands. This Delta Committee develops regional strategies for flood risk reduction for the long-term period, up to 2100. As part of the strategy development process, four conceptual regional flood risk reduction strategies are developed, which can be perceived as cornerstones of the playing field of possible flood risk reduction strategies for the region. Those cornerstone strategies vary from the complete damming of the delta (thus lowering the extreme water levels behind the barrier) to opening up the delta and dealing with the expectedly high water levels by elevating the region’s dike-rings. -
Enabling Delta Life
4 Enabling Delta Life ‘What makes managing land and water in deltas different?’ March 2013 Deltares Marcel Marchand Tom Bucx Cees van de Guchte Alterra-Wageningen UR Bart Makaske Wim van Driel To be cited as: M. Marchand, T. Bucx, B. Makaske, C. van de Guchte & W. van Driel (2012). Enabling Delta Life - What makes managing land and water in deltas different? Discussion paper. Delta Alliance and GWP. www.gwp.org / www.delta-alliance.org Enabling Delta Life ‘What makes managing land and water in deltas different?’ Discussion paper Table of contents Chapter 1 Introduction 5 2 What makes deltas different? 7 Framework for Delta Assessment 9 Drivers of change 10 Trends in society 11 Spatial layer model for deltas 11 Management responses for each layer 12 3 Governance characteristics for each layer 13 Analysis of case studies 15 Main issues 17 Measures 19 Governance 20 4 Suggestions for other deltas 22 Table of contents Synthesis of comments and suggestions from workshops 23 Delta challenges 24 Solutions 25 Governance and international cooperation 26 5 Knowledge 26 The GWP-DA initiative 26 Conclusions 27 Deltas provide opportunities for IWRM in practice 27 Delta Assessments 29 6 Towards a Delta Agenda 29 References 30 Annex 1 Case studies 31 Bangladesh: The Delta Development Plan 2012, the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta 32 Benin: Towards designing a Master Plan, the Ouémé Delta 34 Cambodia: The Mekong delta 36 China: The Pearl River Delta comprehensive Regulation Planning, the Pearl River Delta 38 Egypt: The Alexandria 2030 Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) plan, the Nile Delta 40 Indonesia: Managing diverse delta systems 42 Thailand: The Town and Country Planning Act, the Chao Phraya Delta 44 Vietnam: The Delta Master Plan, the Mekong Delta 46 Annex 2 48 List of resource persons and Case Studies Introduction Chapter 1 The Global Water Partnership (GWP) jointly with the Delta Alliance, supported by the Netherlands International Development Programme (DGIS), have the intention to jointly explore how to further the sustainable management of deltas. -
Working Together with Water
Working together with water A living land builds for its future Findings of the Deltacommissie 2008 Aan de watergang geboren, aan de grote stroom getogen, met verholen het vermogen om zijn tijdingen te horen, om de maningen van zijn gronden na te stamelen bij monde, blijf ik het verbond bewaren. Bij de wereld in gebreke blijf ik naar het water aarden; mag ik met het water spreken, ademen zijn ademhalen, zijn voorzeggingen vertalen. By the water born, by the current reared, a hidden power to hear, its tidings, its demands, And repeat them, stammering, I keep the bond. In this failing world my roots are in the water; I converse with the water, breathing its breaths, its promptings I translate. From: Het Sterreschip by Ida Gerhardt Verzamelde Gedichten II Athenaeum-Polak & van Gennep Amsterdam 1992 WORKING TOGETHER WITH WATER 1 Uit: Het Sterreschip door Ida Gerhardt Verzamelde Gedichten II Athenaeum-Polak & van Gennep Amsterdam 1992 De ondertitel van het advies is ontleend aan de spreuk op het monument op de Afsluitdijk 2 DELTACOMMISSIE 2008 Working together with water A living land builds for its future Findings of the Deltacommissie 2008 WORKING TOGETHER WITH WATER 3 Aan de watergang geboren, aan de grote stroom getogen, met verholen het vermogen, om zijn tijdingen te horen, om de maningen van zijn gronden Na te stamelen bij monde. Uit: Het Sterreschip door Ida Gerhardt Verzamelde Gedichten II Athenaeum-Polak & van Gennep Amsterdam 1992 De ondertitel van het advies is ontleend aan de spreuk op het monument op de Afsluitdijk 4 DELTACOMMISSIE 2008 Foreword One cannot conceive of the Netherlands without water. -
Flood Risk Analysis for the River Scheldt Estuary
Integrated Flood Risk Analysis and Management Methodologies Flood Risk Analysis for the River Scheldt Estuary Date February 2006 Report Number T25-06-01 Revision Number 1_0_P01 Deliverable Number: D25.1 Due date for deliverable: February 2006 Actual submission date: February 2006 Task Leader Delft Hydraulics FLOODsite is co-funded by the European Community Sixth Framework Programme for European Research and Technological Development (2002-2006) FLOODsite is an Integrated Project in the Global Change and Eco-systems Sub-Priority Start date March 2004, duration 5 Years Document Dissemination Level PU Public PU PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) Co-ordinator: HR Wallingford, UK Project Contract No: GOCE-CT-2004-505420 Project website: www.floodsite.net FLOODsite Project Report Contract No:GOCE-CT-2004-505420 DOCUMENT INFORMATION Title Flood Risk Analysis for the River Scheldt Estuary Lead Author Marcel Marchand Contributors Alessandra Crosato, Frans Klijn Distribution Public Document Reference T25-06-01 DOCUMENT HISTORY Date Revision Prepared by Organisation Approved Notes by 04/03/06 1_0_P02 Marchand Delft Hydraulics 11/05/06 1_0_P01 J Bushell HRW Formatting; change of name from ‘Task_25_Risk Analysis_v1.0_p02_compressed.doc’ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The work described in this publication was supported by the European Community’s Sixth Framework Programme through the grant to the budget of the Integrated Project FLOODsite, Contract GOCE-CT- 2004-505420. DISCLAIMER This document reflects only the authors’ views and not those of the European Community.