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NATURE 723 of the Ubiquitous Pilferer No. 4073 November 22, 1947 NATURE 723 of the ubiquitous pilferer. In a metre bridge set-up, German Physical Society in the British for example, most of the components have sub­ stantial 'black-market' value, and unless precautions Zone are taken to safeguard the apparatus there is a high Autumn Conference probability that it will be found one morning in a somewhat despoiled state. Experience has similarly N autumn conference of the German Physical shown the extreme undesirability of leaving electric A Society in the British Zone was held during lamps in accessible positions. September 5-7 in the University of G5ttingen. This Considerable progress has been made in building conference gave striking evidence of German recup­ up the library again, but little can be done to improve erative powers under considerable material diffi. the text-book situation. In the Western Zones of culties, for it was attended by some five hundred Germany there is no paper available for the printing physicists, and a formidable total of fifty-eight of scientific books, although the position of journals original papers was read. The conference was de­ is slightly better. The Zeitschrift fur Physik, for clared open by the president, Max v. Laue, and at example, has just reappeared under the editorship of this opening session the assembled members and von Laue. A few copies of British and American visitors were greeted by Dr. R. Fraser on behalf of scientific periodicals have found their way into the the Research Branch of the C.C.G. Although library, but the impossibility of payment prevents technically a British Zonal conference, in effect it a regular influx of foreign literature. was to some extent a meeting of the Physical Society Similar conditions are encountered at the Heinrich for the whole of Germany, sinoo delegates were also Hertz Institut fiir Schwingungsforschung, which is present from the French, Russian and American associated with the Technical University by virtue of Zones. The younger generation was strongly repre­ the fact that its director, Prof. G. Leithauser, is a sented and actively contributed, a fact calling forth member of the staff, and of the senate, of the Univer­ the approval of many of the older German physicists. sity. This Institute is concerned with the training of There is no doubt that organised physics in Germany engineers in radio communications and allied fields, has now recovered from the stagnant aftermath and possesses facilities for a small amount of research. which followed defeat, and active research is being All work is, of course, subject to the usual Military prosecuted from many centres. Government scrutiny, and no micro-wave equipment Considerable satisfaction was expressed by many is allowed. Suitable apparatus for teaching purposes Germans present at the fact that a number of invited is in very short supply and the number of available guests had arrived from abroad to read papers. These experiments is thus severely limited ; one class of were: A. Michels (Amsterdam), V. L. Jordan (Copen­ twenty-four students is obliged to work in groups of hagen), B. Pippard, E. H. Sondheimer, D. Shoenberg six as there is sufficient apparatus for only four (Cambridge), S. Tolansky (London), J. G. Wilson experiments. The main lines of research are: defects (Manchester), and all were rE,ceived with warmth and of mirror systems, the design of large horn loud­ given a particularly attentive hearing. The number speakers for low-frequency reproduction and various of papers read was sufficiently large to enable the radio circuit problems. A pulsed transmitter (wave­ emerging pattern of interests in the post-war physics length range 30-100 metres) is being designed for of Germany to be appreciated. Nuclear physics (in ionospheric investigations. the wide sense) accounted for fifteen contributions So far as research in physics is concerned, facilities divided into cosmic rays (5), nuclear reactions (5) and at the Technical University are practically non­ isotopes (5). There were nine papers on optics and existent, and of the three professors, C. Ramsauer, spectroscopy, nine on metallic conduction and magnet­ H. Kallmann and R. Frerichs, the two latter are ism, and nine on acoustics. The remaining sixteen supervising small groups working at the Kaiser papers ranged widely, from quantum mechanics to Wilhelm Institut in Dahlem. This is situated in the diffusion pumps. American sector and therefore all projects are sub­ It will be gathered from this distribution that the mitted to the American authorities for approval. pattern of interests is little different from what might Prof. Kallmann, in addition to theoretical work in have been expected from any German conference of wave mechanics, is working on the detection of pre-war days, and indeed the traditional emphasis <X· and (3-particles by a scintillation method, using so characteristic of Germany is well reflected. A organic fluorescent materials. The scintillations are matter of some considerable interest is the emergence recorded by a photo-tube and the responses are ampli­ of quite a number of unfamiliar place names as the fied and shown on a cathode-ray oscillograph. Prof. centres of research. This may possibly be associated Frerichs is investigating the properties of cadmium with war-time evacuation measures carried out to sulphide photo-cells embodying photo-conducting avoid the intensive bombing attacks, or perhaps for st(rips about I em. in length. Interesting results have other reasons. In addition to many contributions been obtained with (3· and y-radiation, and further from old-established and well-known university experiments are being carried out with X-rays. centres, papers were read :e1.bout researches which As a concluding remark, it may perhaps be appro­ had been carried out in such unfamiliar places as, for priate to mention one of the most notable features example, Hechingen, Weissenau, Tailfingen, Honnef, of academic life, namely, the universal eagerness for Horb, Markenkirchen, etc. It is stressed that these contact with the world outside Germany and in contributions were largely of the academic type particular with Great Britain. There are many normally expected from universities or associated reasons why such schemes as student exchanges can establishments. take place on only a small scale at present ; but a On each of the three days of the conference, a few students and lecturers from Germany have general review of a specific topic was given ; these already visited Great Britain under the auspices of the aroused a. good deal of interest. The first, which International Student Service, and it is to be hoped constituted the opening paper of the conference, was that many other visits of this nature will be made delivered by W. Heisenberg. It was a clear and possible in the future. B. DoNOVAN concise factual statement of the present position in © 1947 Nature Publishing Group 724 NATURE November 22, 1947 Vol. 160 cosmic ray research, and was a valuable and compre­ second kind. Prof. H. Miinzner (Gottingen) introducer! hensive contribution. The second general review wa8 and solved an integra-difference equation which by K. Wirtz. The author was a member of a research arises in the description of a. 'cascade'-process where t eam engaged on the German uranium project, and a particle multiplies k-fold, with probabilities depen­ in his paper he surveyed the limited achievements of dent on k, at times t, the "intensity of multiplication" the Germans in this direction. The third general being dependent on t. Finally, Dr. E. Sperner paper was delivered by E. Meyer, who surveyed recent (Oberwolfach) gave an account of his method of developments in acoustics in a comprehensive manner. expanding meteorological functions in terms of In addition to the formal papers read, some eigenfunctions for the purpose of extrapolation. specially arranged were held, the visitors An animated discussion took place in the afternoon from Britain taking part respectively in those on at the Geophysical Institute, where the participants metallic conduction and interferometry. The social met by courtesy of the director, Prof. J. Bartels, programme was indifferent, which was inevitable in whose notion of "pernistence tendency" applied to view of the difficult conditions in Germany to-day. time series (see J. Amer. Stat. Assoc., June, 1940) In view of these quite serious difficulties, the con­ gave rise to talks on a great variety of subjects, ference must undoubtedly be considered as quite an ranging from weather forecasts to the Heligoland administrative achievement and augurs well for the explosion (see Nature, September 13, p. 350), seismic future of physical research in Germany, despite the graphs of which were exhibited. very serious shortage in the current materials of Many representatives of German statistics were, of research. S. TOLANSKY course, unable to attend the meeting, but there was much interest in its proceedings. It was felt by all that the comparison of results obtained in ignorance of similar work done in other countries may prove Stati-stical Methods stimulating, though at present Germany has scarcely anything to show which could compare with the HE first meeting of mathematical statisticians fundamental progress achieved in Great Britain and T ever held in Germany took place on September the United States in the last twenty-five years or so. 3-4, 1947, in Gottingen. It was attended by British To facilitate the exchange of ideas it was decided to statisticians who had been invited in an endeavour start work on an English-German dictionary of to overcome the difficulties which German mathema­ statistical terms, and to supplement it with proposals ticians have experienced by having been cut off from for a universal notation. Suggestions will be welcomed foreign literature for a long time. The losses suffered by Prof. H. Miinzner (University of Gottingen, by libraries in Germany and the impossibility of Germany, British Zone), or by the British visitors to replacing their stocks contribute to the desire of the meeting.
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