DOCSLIB.ORG

Surface Tension of Refrigerants. Selection of Data and Recommended Correlations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Surface Tension of Refrigerants. Selection of Data and Recommended Correlations Surface Tension of Refrigerants. Selection of Data and Recommended Correlations. I. Cachadiña, A. Mulero, and J. Tian SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL. This supplementary material includes detailed figures for both the surface tension data (points) and correlation (line), as well the percentage deviations for each refrigerant. For R10B1, R114B2, and R1130 no correlation is given, so only the surface tension data are shown. The fluids are ordered as given in Table 1, i.e. by numerical order of the refrigerant number (avoiding letters). Name, CAS number and Refrigerant number are given. The numbers of references are the same as given in the paper. The data that have not considered in the fit procedure are grey colored. [CARBON TETRACHLORIDE,56−23−5, R10] 35 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 250 300 350 400 450 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 PD(%) −2 −3 −4 −5 250 300 350 400 450 T(K) [BROMOTRICHLOROMETHANE,75−62−7, R10B1] 45 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 40 35 30 25 (mN/m) σ 20 15 10 5 0 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 T(K) [TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE,75−69−4, R11] 40 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 35 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 10 8 6 4 2 PD(%) 0 −2 −4 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 T(K) [DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE,75−71−8, R12] 40 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 35 Ref. 34 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 150 200 250 300 350 400 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 PD(%) 0 −2 −4 −6 150 200 250 300 350 400 T(K) [BROMOCHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE,353−59−3, R12B] 30 DIPPR32 WW22 25 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 200 250 300 350 400 1 0.5 0 −0.5 PD(%) −1 −1.5 200 250 300 350 400 T(K) [DIBROMODIFLUOROMETHANE,75−61−6, R12B2] 30 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 25 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 250 300 350 400 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 −0.5 −1 PD(%) −1.5 −2 −2.5 −3 250 300 350 400 T(K) [CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE,75−72−9, R13] 35 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 100 150 200 250 8 6 4 2 0 PD(%) −2 −4 −6 100 150 200 250 T(K) [BROMOTRIFLUOROMETHANE,75−63−8, R13B1] 40 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 35 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 20 15 10 5 PD(%) 0 −5 −10 100 150 200 250 300 350 T(K) [CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE,75−73−0, R14] 30 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 25 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 100 120 140 160 180 200 3 2 1 0 −1 PD(%) −2 −3 −4 100 120 140 160 180 200 T(K) [CHLOROFORM,67−66−3, R20] 35 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 250 300 350 400 450 500 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 PD(%) 0 −0.5 −1 250 300 350 400 450 500 T(K) [TRIBROMOMETHANE,75−25−2, R20B3] 50 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 45 40 35 30 25 (mN/m) σ 20 15 10 5 0 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 PD(%) 0 −0.2 −0.4 −0.6 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 T(K) [DICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE,75−43−4, R21] 50 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 22 45 WW 40 35 30 25 (mN/m) σ 20 15 10 5 0 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 10 8 6 4 2 0 −2 PD(%) −4 −6 −8 −10 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 T(K) [CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE,75−45−6, R22] 45 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 40 Ref. 34 35 30 25 (mN/m) σ 20 15 10 5 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 25 20 15 10 5 PD(%) 0 −5 −10 −15 100 150 200 250 300 350 T(K) [BROMODIFLUOROMETHANE,1511−62−2, R22B1] 50 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 45 40 35 30 25 (mN/m) σ 20 15 10 5 0 150 200 250 300 350 0.5 0 −0.5 −1 PD(%) −1.5 −2 150 200 250 300 350 T(K) [TRIFLUOROMETHANE,75−46−7, R23] 35 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 150 200 250 300 30 25 20 15 10 PD(%) 5 0 −5 150 200 250 300 T(K) [DICHLOROMETHANE,75−09−2, R30] 35 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 250 300 350 400 450 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 PD(%) −0.5 −1 −1.5 250 300 350 400 450 T(K) [DIBROMOMETHANE,74−95−3, R30B2] 60 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 50 40 30 (mN/m) σ 20 10 0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 14 12 10 8 6 4 PD(%) 2 0 −2 −4 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 T(K) [CHLOROFLUOROMETHANE,593−70−4, R31] 70 DIPPR32 60 50 40 (mN/m) σ 30 20 10 0 150 200 250 300 350 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 −0.02 PD(%) −0.04 −0.06 −0.08 −0.1 −0.12 150 200 250 300 350 T(K) [DECAFLUOROBUTANE,355−25−9, R31−10] 20 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 18 16 14 12 10 (mN/m) σ 8 6 4 2 0 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 0.5 0 −0.5 −1 PD(%) −1.5 −2 −2.5 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 T(K) [DIFLUOROMETHANE,75−10−5, R32] 25 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 10 5 0 −5 PD(%) −10 −15 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 T(K) [METHYL CHLORIDE,74−87−3, R40] 40 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 35 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 200 250 300 350 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PD(%) 0 −1 −2 −3 200 250 300 350 T(K) [BROMOMETHANE,74−83−9, R40B1] 45 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 40 35 30 25 (mN/m) σ 20 15 10 5 0 200 250 300 350 400 7 6 5 4 3 2 PD(%) 1 0 −1 −2 200 250 300 350 400 T(K) [METHYL FLUORIDE,593−53−3, R41] 30 DIPPR32 25 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 PD(%) −0.2 −0.4 −0.6 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 T(K) [HEXACHLOROETHANE,67−72−1, R110] 30 DIPPR32 25 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 PD(%) 0 −0.05 −0.1 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 T(K) [PENTACHLOROFLUOROETHANE,354−56−3, R111] 35 DIPPR32 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 400 450 500 550 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 PD(%) 0.2 0 −0.2 −0.4 400 450 500 550 T(K) [1,1,2,2−TETRACHLORODIFLUOROETHANE,76−12−0, R112] 30 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 25 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 300 350 400 450 500 550 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 PD(%) −1 −2 −3 −4 300 350 400 450 500 550 T(K) [1,1,1,2−TETRACHLORODIFLUOROETHANE,76−11−9, R112A] 35 DIPPR32 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 300 350 400 450 500 2 1.5 1 0.5 PD(%) 0 −0.5 300 350 400 450 500 T(K) [1,1,2−TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE,76−13−1, R113] 30 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 Ref. 35 25 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 250 300 350 400 450 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 PD(%) −2 −4 −6 −8 250 300 350 400 450 T(K) [1,1,1−TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE,354−58−5, R113A] 30 DIPPR32 WW22 25 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 PD(%) 0.2 0 −0.2 −0.4 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 T(K) [1,2−DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE,76−14−2, R114] 30 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 Ref. 35 25 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 200 250 300 350 400 20 15 10 5 PD(%) 0 −5 −10 200 250 300 350 400 T(K) [1,1−DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE,374−07−2, R114A] 35 DIPPR32 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 PD(%) 0 −0.5 −1 −1.5 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 T(K) [1,2−DIBROMOTETRAFLUOROETHANE,124−73−2, R114B2] 35 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 30 25 20 (mN/m) σ 15 10 5 0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 T(K) [CHLOROPENTAFLUOROETHANE,76−15−3, R115] 25 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 WW22 20 15 (mN/m) σ 10 5 0 200 250 300 350 4 3 2 1 0 −1 −2 PD(%) −3 −4 −5 −6 −7 200 250 300 350 T(K) [HEXAFLUOROETHANE,76−16−4, R116] 18 DIPPR32 DETHERM33 Ref.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Safety Assessment of Polyfluorinated Polymers As Used in Cosmetics
    Safety Assessment of Polyfluorinated Polymers as Used in Cosmetics Status: Tentative Report for Public Comment Release Date: June 13, 2018 Panel Date: September 24-25, 2018 All interested persons are provided 60 days from the above date to comment on this safety assessment and to identify additional published data that should be included or provide unpublished data which can be made public and included. Information may be submitted without identifying the source or the trade name of the cosmetic product containing the ingredient. All unpublished data submitted to CIR will be discussed in open meetings, will be available at the CIR office for review by any interested party and may be cited in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Please submit data, comments, or requests to the CIR Executive Director, Dr. Bart Heldreth. The 2018 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Ronald A. Hill, Ph.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D.; Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Executive Director is Bart Heldreth, Ph.D. This report was prepared by Wilbur Johnson, Jr., M.S., Senior Scientific Analyst and Jinqiu Zhu, Ph.D., Toxicologist. © Cosmetic Ingredient Review 1620 L STREET, NW, SUITE 1200 ◊ WASHINGTON, DC 20036-4702 ◊ PH 202.331.0651 ◊ FAX 202.331.0088 ◊ [email protected] ABSTRACT: The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of polyfluorinated polymers in cosmetic products, and most of these ingredients have the film former function in common.
    [Show full text]
  • Transport of Dangerous Goods
    ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Cylinder Valve Selection Quick Reference for Valve Abbreviations
    SHERWOOD VALVE COMPRESSED GAS PRODUCTS Appendix Cylinder Valve Selection Quick Reference for Valve Abbreviations Use the Sherwood Cylinder Valve Series Abbreviation Chart on this page with the Sherwood Cylinder Valve Selection Charts found on pages 73–80. The Sherwood Cylinder Valve Selection Chart are for reference only and list: • The most commonly used gases • The Compressed Gas Association primary outlet to be used with each gas • The Sherwood valves designated for use with this gas • The Pressure Relief Device styles that are authorized by the DOT for use with these gases PLEASE NOTE: The Sherwood Cylinder Valve Selection Charts are partial lists extracted from the CGA V-1 and S-1.1 pamphlets. They can change without notice as the CGA V-1 and S-1.1 pamphlets are amended. Sherwood will issue periodic changes to the catalog. If there is any discrepancy or question between these lists and the CGA V-1 and S-1.1 pamphlets, the CGA V-1 and S-1.1 pamphlets take precedence. Sherwood Cylinder Valve Series Abbreviation Chart Abbreviation Sherwood Valve Series AVB Small Cylinder Acetylene Wrench-Operated Valves AVBHW Small Cylinder Acetylene Handwheel-Operated Valves AVMC Small Cylinder Acetylene Wrench-Operated Valves AVMCHW Small Cylinder Acetylene Handwheel-Operated Valves AVWB Small Cylinder Acetylene Wrench-Operated Valves — WB Style BV Hi/Lo Valves with Built-in Regulator DF* Alternative Energy Valves GRPV Residual Pressure Valves GV Large Cylinder Acetylene Valves GVT** Vertical Outlet Acetylene Valves KVAB Post Medical Valves KVMB Post Medical Valves NGV Industrial and Chrome-Plated Valves YVB† Vertical Outlet Oxygen Valves 1 * DF Valves can be used with all gases; however, the outlet will always be ⁄4"–18 NPT female.
    [Show full text]
  • Miller-Stephenson Material Safety Data Sheet
    miller-stephenson Material Safety Data Sheet 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT/COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Name: MS-122XD Product Use: Release Agent or Dry Lubricant DPMS-Z0612A PTFE Release Agent/Dry Lubricant MANUFACTURER/DISTRIBUTOR: Emergency Phone Number: (800) 424-9300 Milier-Stephenson Chemical George Washington Highway Danbury, Conn. 06810 USA (203) 743-4447 Date Revised: May 2011 2. INGREDIENTS Material (s) CAS No. Approximate % 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 811-97-2 80-90 2,3 Dihydroperfluoropentane (HFC-43-lOmee) 138495-42-8 9- 15 Poly-TFE, Omega-Hydro-Alpha-(Methylcyclohexyl)- 65530-85-0 1 -2 Poly-Tetrafluoroethylene 9002-84-0 <1 3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Milky, white, liquid with a faint ethereal odor, packaged in an aerosol container. Potential Health Effects 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane INHALATION: Misuse or intentional inhalation abuse may cause death without warning symptoms, due to cardiac effects. Other symptoms may include, anaethetic effects, light-headedness, dizziness, confusion, incoordination, drowsiness, or unconsciousness, irregular heartbeat with a strange sensation in the chest, heart thumping, apprehension, feeling of fainting and weakness. Vapors are heavier than air and can cause suffocation by reducing oxygen available for breathing. SKIN: Contact with hquid or refrigerated gas can cause cold bums and frostbite. May cause skin irritation with discomfort, itching, redness or swelling. EYE: Contact with liquid or refrigerated gas can cause cold bums and frostbite. May cause eye irritation with tearing, redness and discomfort. MS-122XD Page 2 of 7 2,3 Dihydroperfluoropentane (HrC-43-lOmee) INHALATION: Gross overexposure by inhalation may cause suffocation if air is displaced by vapors and central nervous system stimulation with increased activity or sleeplessness, tremors or convulsions.
    [Show full text]
  • Gas Conversion Factor for 300 Series
    300GasTable Rec # Gas Symbol GCF Density (g/L) Density (g/L) 25° C / 1 atm 0° C / 1 atm 1 Acetic Acid C2H4F2 0.4155 2.7 2.947 2 Acetic Anhydride C4H6O3 0.258 4.173 4.555 3 Acetone C3H6O 0.3556 2.374 2.591 4 Acetonitryl C2H3N 0.5178 1.678 1.832 5 Acetylene C2H2 0.6255 1.064 1.162 6 Air Air 1.0015 1.185 1.293 7 Allene C3H4 0.4514 1.638 1.787 8 Ammonia NH3 0.7807 0.696 0.76 9 Argon Ar 1.4047 1.633 1.782 10 Arsine AsH3 0.7592 3.186 3.478 11 Benzene C6H6 0.3057 3.193 3.485 12 Boron Trichloride BCl3 0.4421 4.789 5.228 13 Boron Triflouride BF3 0.5431 2.772 3.025 14 Bromine Br2 0.8007 6.532 7.13 15 Bromochlorodifluoromethane CBrClF2 0.3684 6.759 7.378 16 Bromodifluoromethane CHBrF2 0.4644 5.351 5.841 17 Bromotrifluormethane CBrF3 0.3943 6.087 6.644 18 Butane C4H10 0.2622 2.376 2.593 19 Butanol C4H10O 0.2406 3.03 3.307 20 Butene C4H8 0.3056 2.293 2.503 21 Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.7526 1.799 1.964 22 Carbon Disulfide CS2 0.616 3.112 3.397 23 Carbon Monoxide CO 1.0012 1.145 1.25 24 Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4 0.3333 6.287 6.863 25 Carbonyl Sulfide COS 0.668 2.456 2.68 26 Chlorine Cl2 0.8451 2.898 3.163 27 Chlorine Trifluoride ClF3 0.4496 3.779 4.125 28 Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 0.2614 4.601 5.022 29 Chlorodifluoroethane C2H3ClF2 0.3216 4.108 4.484 30 Chloroform CHCl3 0.4192 4.879 5.326 31 Chloropentafluoroethane C2ClF5 0.2437 6.314 6.892 32 Chloropropane C3H7Cl 0.308 3.21 3.504 33 Cisbutene C4H8 0.3004 2.293 2.503 34 Cyanogen C2N2 0.4924 2.127 2.322 35 Cyanogen Chloride ClCN 0.6486 2.513 2.743 36 Cyclobutane C4H8 0.3562 2.293 2.503 37 Cyclopropane C3H6 0.4562
    [Show full text]
  • Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)
    PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID 1. Exposure Data 1.1.2 Structural and molecular formulae, and relative molecular mass: straight-chain 1.1 Identification of the agent isomer 1.1.1 Nomenclature F FFF F F F O F Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No.: 335-67-1 OH Chem. Abstr. Serv. Name: Perfluorooctanoic FFF F F F F acid Molecular formula: C8HF15O2 IUPAC Name: 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8- Relative molecular mass: 414 pentadecafluorooctanoic acid Synonyms: PFOA; pentadecafluoro-1-octan - 1.1.3 Chemical and physical properties of the oic acid; pentadecafluoro-n-octanoic acid; pure substance: straight-chain isomer pentadecaflurooctanoic acid; perfluoro- caprylic acid; perfluoroctanoic acid; From HSDB (2014), unless otherwise perfluoroheptanecarboxylic acid; APFO; indicated ammonium perfluorooctanoate Description: White to off-white powder Isomers and Salts: There are 39 possible struc- Boiling point: 192.4 °C tural isomers of pentadecafluorooctanoic acid (1 with chain length 8, 5 with chain Melting point: 54.3 °C length 7, 13 with chain length 6, 16 with chain Density: 1.792 g/cm3 at 20 °C length 5, and 4 with chain length 4). These Solubility: 9.5 g/L in water at 25 °C isomers can also exist as the ammonium, Vapour pressure: 0.0023 kPa at 20 °C (extrap- sodium, or potassium salt (Nielsen, 2012). olated); 0.127 kPa at 59.25 °C (measured) Fig. 1.1 presents the few isomers and salts (ATSDR, 2009); 0.070 kPa at 25 °C that have Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Stability: When heated to decomposition it references.
    [Show full text]
  • DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS of FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS
    criteria for a recommended standard . occupational exposure to DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS of FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE criteria for a recommended standard... OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS of FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health September 1977 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-193 PREFACE The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 emphasizes the need for standards to protect the health and safety of workers exposed to an ever-increasing number of potential hazards at their workplace. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has projected a formal system of research, with priorities determined on the basis of specified indices, to provide relevant data from which valid criteria for effective standards can be derived. Recommended standards for occupational exposure, which are the result of this work, are based on the health effects of exposure. The Secretary of Labor will weigh these recommendations along with other considerations such as feasibility and means of implementation in developing regulatory standards. It is intended to present successive reports as research and epidemiologic studies are completed and as sampling and analytical methods are developed. Criteria and standards will be reviewed periodically to ensure continuing protection of the worker. I am pleased to acknowledge the contributions to this report on the decomposition products of fluorocarbon polymers by members of the NIOSH staff and the valuable constructive comments by the Review Consultants on the Decomposition Products of Fluorocarbon Polymers and by Robert B.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluorinated Butatrienes
    Fluorinated Butatrienes Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) eingereicht im Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Dipl.-Chem. Christian Ehm aus Berlin Berlin, April 2010 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dieter Lentz 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Beate Paulus Disputation am 28.6.2010 I Acknowledgements It would not have been possible to write this doctoral thesis without the help and support of the kind people around me, to only some of whom it is possible to give particular mention here. First and foremost I would like to thank my principal supervisor, Professor Dieter Lentz, for the opportunity of doing research in his group. Without his continuous support and encouragement this thesis would not be in the present state. I highly appreciate that Professor Beate Paulus has agreed to be co-referee of my thesis. I would like to cordially thank Lada for her love and patience as well as her interest in my research. Special thanks to my family for their continuous support and love. I would like to thank Mike Roland, Sten Dathe and Sven Wünsche for their friendship and the fun we have had every Sunday evening. Special thanks to Sebastian Freitag, Boris Bolsinger and Frederic Heinrich for their friendship. They deserve much gratefulness for keeping me on the right way. I would like to thank all my colleagues at the Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie. In particular I want to thank all members of the Lentz group, Thomas Hügle, Moritz Kühnel, Dr. Floris Akkerman, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Tetrafluoroethylene
    TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE Tetrafluoroethylene was reviewed previously by the Working Group in 1979, 1987, and 1998 (IARC, 1979, 1987, 1999). New data have since become available, and these have been incor- porated, and taken into consideration in the present evaluation. 1. Exposure Data 1.1.3 Chemical and physical properties of the pure substance 1.1 Identification of the agent From IFA (2014), unless otherwise indicated 1.1.1 Nomenclature Description: Colourless gas, odourless or sometimes described as having a faint Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No.: 116-14-3 sweetish odour; extremely flammable Chem. Abstr. Serv. Name: Tetrafluoroethylene Boiling point: −75.63 °C IUPAC Systematic Name: Melting point: −131.15 °C (HSDB, 2014) 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethene Density: 4216 kg/m3 at 15 °C at 1 bar Synonyms: Perfluoroethylene, Perfluoroethene, Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, 159 mg/L Ethylene tetrafluoro-, tetrafluoroethene at 25 °C (HSDB, 2014) Vapour pressure: 2947 kPa and 20 °C 1.1.2 Structural and molecular formulae, and Stability: Decomposes into fluorine and fluo- relative molecular mass rine compounds when heated (HSDB, 2014) Reactivity: A terpene inhibitor (limonene) is F F generally added to the monomer to prevent CC spontaneous polymerization. F F Risk of explosion in contact with air or in the absence of air at elevated temperatures and/or Molecular formula: C2F4 pressures (> 600 °C and 100 kPa). The stabilized Relative molecular mass: 100.01 monomer is flammable in air if ignited (flamma- bility limits: lower, 11%; upper, 60%) producing soot and carbon tetrafluoride Babenko( et al., 1993; HSDB, 2014). Incompatible with polymerization catalysts and peroxides.
    [Show full text]
  • Freon™ 123 PUSH Bulletin
    Freon™ 123 Refrigerant (R-123) Properties, Uses, Storage, and Handling Freon™ 123 Refrigerant Table of Contents Shipping, Storage, and Handling ......................................16 Shipping Containers in the United States ..............................16 Introduction ...........................................................................3 Bulk Storage Systems ..........................................................................16 Background .......................................................................................................... 3 Storage, Handling, and Use Recommendations .................16 Freon™ 123—An Environmentally Acceptable Prohibited Uses ...................................................................................16 Alternative ....................................................................................................... 3 Personal Protective Equipment ................................................17 Uses .......................................................................................3 Storage ......................................................................................................17 Refrigerant ...................................................................................................... 4 Handling ....................................................................................................17 Heat-Transfer Fluid ....................................................................................4 Charging, Maintenance, and Sampling .................................18
    [Show full text]
  • Teflon™ FEP Fluoropolymer Resins
    Teflon™ FEP Fluoropolymer Resins Product and Properties Handbook Teflon™ FEP Fluoropolymer Resins Table of Contents Introduction . 3 Commercially Available Products . 3 Specifications . 3 General Properties of Teflon™ FEP . 3 Typical Properties of Teflon™ FEP . 3 Mechanical Properties . 3 Tensile Properties . 4 Flexural Modulus . 4 Compressive Stress . 5 Creep and Cold Flow . 5 Apparent Modulus of Elasticity . 5 Stress Relaxation . 5 Poisson’s Ratio . 9 Fatigue Resistance . 9 Impact Resistance . 9 Hardness . 10 Friction . 10 Thermal Properties . 10 Electrical Properties . 11. Chemical Resistance . 11 Absorption . 11 Permeability . 11 Weathering . 11 Cryogenic Service . .11 Mildew Resistance . 13 FDA Compliance . 13 Optical Properties . 13 Fabrication Techniques . 13 Forming and Fabrication . 14 Choose Correct Working Speeds . 14 Properly Shape and Use Tools . 14 Rules for Dimensioning and Finishing . 15 Closer Tolerances . 15 Measuring Tolerances . 15 Surface Finishes . 15 Safety Precautions . 15 2 Teflon™ FEP Fluoropolymer Resins Introduction Specifications Teflon™ FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) is The ASTM material specification covering Teflon™ FEP chemically a copolymer of hexafluoropropylene fluoropolymer resin is D2116. Teflon™ FEP fluoropolymer and tetrafluoroethylene. It differs from PTFE resin is also called out in various industrial and military (polytetrafluoroethylene) resins, in that it is melt- specifications for tubing, molded parts, and film, as well as processible using conventional injection molding and numerous
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Degradation of Tetrafluoroethylene and Hydrofluoroethylene Polymers in a Vacuum!
    Journal of Research 01 the National Bureau of Standards Vol. 51, No.6, December 1953 Research Paper 2461 Thermal Degradation of Tetrafluoroethylene and Hydrofluoroethylene Polymers in a Vacuum! S. L. Madorsky, v. E. Hart, S. Straus, and V. A. Sedlak * Te fl on and tetrafluoroethylene photopolymers, on py rolysis in a vacuum at 423.5 0 to 513.00 C, yield almost J 00 perce nt of monomer. The rate of formation of monomer at a n.,· given temperat ure fo llows a first-order react ion and is independent of t he method of prepara­ tion of poly mer or its initial average molecular weight. The activation energy was deter­ mined by a pressure method and a weigh t method, and a value of 80.5 kcal was found b.'· both methods. A prelimina ry heating of Teflo n in air at 400 0 to 470 0 C did not change appreciably its rate of degradation into monomer when it was subse quently heated in a yacuum. Polyvinyl fluoride, 1,I-polyvin y li dene fluoride, and polytrifluoroethylene were pyrolyzed in t he range 372 0 to 5000 C. The volatiles consisted in all cases of HF and a wax-like material consisting of chain fragments of low volatility. Polyvinyl fluoride and polytrifl uoroethylene degrade to co mplete volatilization, whereas 1,1-poly vinyli dene fluoride becomes stabilized at about 70-percent loss of we ig ht. The rate-of-volat ilization curves indi­ cate a fi l'st-order reaction for polyvinyl fluo ri de, a zero-order reaction fo r t rifluoroethylene, alld an undeterm in ed order for 1,1-polyvinyli dene fluoride.
    [Show full text]