A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Strategies of Resistance Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Cramer, Jacob M. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 14:51:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/593600 STRATEGIES OF RESISTANCE by Jacob M. Cramer ____________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN POLITICAL SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Jacob M. Cramer, titled Strategies of Resistance and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: October 5, 2015 Faten Ghosn _______________________________________________________________________ Date: October 5, 2015 H. Brinton Milward _______________________________________________________________________ Date: October 5, 2015 Alex Braithwaite Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: October 5, 2015 Dissertation Director: Faten Ghosn 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Jacob M. Cramer 4 DEDICATION To Ava Jeanne with all my love. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................7 LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1. VIOLENCE AND NONVIOLENCE: AN INTRODUCTION ...........................10 1.1 Questions about Strategic Complexity............................................................... 11 1.2 Defining Violence and Nonviolence .................................................................. 13 1.3 Rational or Predetermined? Impacts on Behavior ............................................. 14 1.4 Role of the Government ..................................................................................... 15 1.5 What’s Next? ..................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2. EGO NETWORKS AND THE SUPPORT FOR NONVIOLENCE: LOOKING AT NORTHERN MALI ..................................................................................................20 2.1 Literature Review: Ego Networks and Structural Holes.................................... 23 2.2 Overview of the 2012 Mali Conflict .................................................................. 28 2.3 Theoretical Arguments....................................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Weak Ties .............................................................................................32 2.3.2 Ego Network Size .................................................................................35 2.4 Overview of the Survey ..................................................................................... 36 2.5 Data and Methodology ....................................................................................... 41 2.6 Findings.............................................................................................................. 44 2.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 54 CHAPTER 3. STATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON THE USE OF VIOLENCE AND NONVIOLENCE ...................................................................................................56 3.1 How Do State and Environment Factors Affect Groups? .................................. 58 3.1.1 Demographic and Economic ................................................................59 3.1.2 Government Form and Behavior ..........................................................60 3.1.3 Conflict and Competition in the Environment .....................................63 3.1.4 Geography ............................................................................................65 3.2 How Do These Factors Apply to Both Violence and Nonviolence? ................. 66 6 3.2.1 Expectations of Demographic and Economic Factors ..........................67 3.2.2 Expectations of Government Form and Behavioral Factors ................68 3.2.3 Expectations of Conflict and Competition Factors...............................70 3.2.4 Expectations of Geographic Factors .....................................................72 3.3 Data and Methodology ....................................................................................... 73 3.4 Findings.............................................................................................................. 77 3.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 82 CHAPTER 4. THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONS ON VIOLENT AND NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE .................................................................................................................84 4.1 Literature Review: Group Learning and Diffusion ............................................ 86 4.2 Theoretical Arguments....................................................................................... 90 4.2.1 Adopting Innovations ...........................................................................90 4.2.2 The Impacts of Environmental Uncertainty .........................................93 4.3 Data and Methodology ....................................................................................... 97 4.4 Findings............................................................................................................ 102 4.5 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER 5. MOVING FORWARD WITH VIOLENCE AND NONVIOLENCE ................111 5.1 Future Directions ............................................................................................. 117 APPENDIX A: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS .....................................................................121 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................124 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Villages of Gounzoureye Commune ..................................................................37 Figure 2: The Effect of Relationships Outside of the Village: On the Probability of Supporting Nonviolence ....................................................................................................47 Figure 3: The Effect of Relationship Duration: On the Probability of Supporting Nonviolence .......................................................................................................................47 Figure 4: Conditional Marginal Effects of Family: On Ego-Network Size .......................49 Figure 5: The Effect of Perceptions of MUJAO: On the Probability of Supporting Nonviolence ......................................................................................................................50 Figure 6: Probability of Violence over Nonviolence: As Predicted by GDP/Capita .........79 Figure 7: Probability of Violence over Nonviolence: As Predicted by State Repression ............................................................................................................................................81 Figure 8: The Proportion of Nonviolence: Impacted by Low and High Capacity ...........105 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Villages of Gounzoureye Commune ...................................................................38 Table 2: Support for Nonviolence in Gounzoureye Commune .........................................45 Table 3: Factors Impacting the Likelihood of Resistance Groups Using Violent Tactics ............................................................................................................................................77