UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems The Way Forward 10 YEARS OF ACHIEVEMENT 2005-2015 UNITED NATIONS Cover photo © ESA/C. Brezeanu OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems: The Way Forward 10 YEARS OF ACHIEVEMENT 2005-2015 UNITED NATIONS New York, 2016 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.16.I.5 ISBN 978-92-1-101333-7 eISBN 978-92-1-057859-2 ST/SPACE/67 © United Nations, January 2016. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concern- ing the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Information on uniform resource locators and links to Internet sites contained in the present pub- lication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. iii Foreword by the Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs The tenth anniversary of ICG brings with it the opportunity to recognize and acknowledge the vital role that satellite technology has played as an innovative tool for sustainable devel- opment. The Office for Outer Space Affairs, as the executive secretariat of ICG, has worked with Member States to enhance the compatibility and interoperability of constellations of GNSS, so that satellite technologies remain equally accessible for all. ICG has encouraged tangible international cooperation, and leading global satellite opera- tors have coordinated their GNSS services to provide global coverage in satellite-based positioning, navigation and timing, for the benefit of all. The ICG acts as a platform for open discussions and the exchange of information under the umbrella of the United Nations, and as such promotes the use of GNSS technology for environmental manage- ment and protection, disaster risk reduction, agriculture and food security, emergency response, more efficient surveying and mapping, and safer and more effective transporta- tion by land, sea and air. The Office for Outer Space Affairs continues to support progress towards achieving com- patibility and interoperability among global and regional space-based navigation systems. As new systems emerge, signal compatibility and interoperability among GNSS on one hand, and transparency in the provision of open civil services on the other, will be key factors in ensuring that civil users around the world receive the maximum benefit from GNSS applications. It is my hope that collaboration among the representatives of GNSS providers and GNSS user communities will continue to grow and deepen in the future. We must also use that vital collaboration to address the protection of the GNSS spectrum, orbital debris and orbit de-confliction among current and future global and regional satellite-based systems. First and foremost we support the broader objective of integrating GNSS and their augmentations into the basic infrastructure, i.e. governmental, scientific and commercial, of developing nations. The remarkable work ICG and the Office for Outer Space Affairs are doing to promote international cooperation in the peaceful uses and exploration of space is important in helping to build a multi-GNSS environment for sustainable development. The tenth anniversary of ICG represents a milestone in the cooperation between Member States in the use of outer space for peaceful purposes. I am proud of the role that the Office for Outer Space Affairs has played and look forward to working with all Member States to confront the challenges ahead. Ms Simonetta Di Pippo Director, Office for Outer Space Affairs iv Introductory remarks by the Co-Chairs of the Action Team on Global Navigation Satellite Systems In 1999, at the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, known as UNISPACE III, the participating States outlined the social and economic benefits of GNSS. Since then, GNSS have rapidly become an integral component of the emerging global information infrastructure, with applications including aviation, maritime and land transportation, mapping and surveying, agriculture, power and telecom- munications networks, and disaster warning and emergency response, to name only a few. Particularly for developing countries, GNSS applications offer cost-effective solutions that make it possible to pursue economic growth without compromising on the need to preserve the environment, now and in the future, thus promoting sustainable development. As co-chairs we would like to recall that the Action Team on GNSS is made up of more than 30 countries and more than 10 international organizations. It has presented detailed reviews of existing and planned GNSS, augmentations to existing GNSS, and GNSS applications. It has also promoted the use of GNSS in the implementation of the recom- mendation relating to GNSS made by UNISPACE III. In 2004, the Action Team concluded that it was important to create an international framework to support operational coordination and an exchange of information among system operators and national and international user communities. The assumption was that current and future system operators would soon move from a competitive to a collabo- rative model, as they had a shared interest in the universal use of GNSS services regardless of the system used. That is why, taking stock of what has been achieved to date, we are pleased to note that ICG has played its role as an important platform for international cooperation and coor- dination in achieving compatibility and interoperability among GNSS providers, and that it greatly contributes to the overall aim of achieving efficient interaction in one of the most important fields of space applications. Of particular note have been the productive discus- sions in ICG, in which providers of space and ground-based navigation systems work together to address their differences, including protection of the GNSS spectrum, address- ing orbital debris and orbit de-confliction. We are also pleased to note that the leadership of the Office for Outer Space Affairs has contributed significantly to the organization of and planning for the meetings of ICG and the activities undertaken in its capacity as execu- tive secretariat of ICG. Looking ahead, as co-chairs of the Action Team on GNSS, we believe that ICG will con- tinue to strengthen its role as a major player in the multilateral arena, given that satellite positioning becomes more and more a multinational cooperative venture. Mr Mario Caporale Mr Kenneth Hodgkins v Acknowledgements This publication was produced by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs in its capacity as executive secretariat of ICG and its Providers’ Forum on the basis of reports submitted by the ICG members, associate members and observers. The purpose of this publication is to provide the GNSS user community and manufactur- ers of GNSS receivers with a clear and consistent description of the global and regional navigation satellite systems and satellite-based augmentation systems that are currently operating and that will operate in the future. This publication also provides key facts about international and regional organizations and associations dealing with GNSS services and applications, including the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, and the role of those organizations and associations in ICG as associate members and observers. The executive secretariat of ICG and the Providers’ Forum gratefully acknowledge the support of the ICG participants for their advice throughout the whole process of prepara- tion of the publication. The executive secretariat is also grateful to the Office for Outer Space Affairs for its communication support, advice, cooperation and proofreading assistance. vi List of acronyms APV approach procedure with vertical guidance BOC binary offset carrier BPSK binary phase shift keying C/A coarse/acquisition CDMA code division multiple access CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations CGSIC Civil Global Positioning System (GPS) Service Interface Committee EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (European Union) EPN EUREF Permanent Network ESPI European Space Policy Institute EUPOS European Position Determination System EUREF IAG Reference Frame Sub-Commission for Europe FAI World Airsports Federation FDMA frequency division multiple access GAGAN GPS-aided GEO-augmented Navigation System (India) GBAS Ground-based Augmentation System (United States) GDGPS Global Differential GPS System GEO geosynchronous GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System (Russian Federation) GNSS global navigation satellite systems GPS Global Positioning System (United States) IAG International Association of Geodesy IAIN International Association of Institutes of Navigation ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICG International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems iGMAS International GNSS Monitoring and Assessment Service IGS International GNSS System IOAG Interagency Operations Advisory Group IRNSS Indian Regional Navigation