The Transit Satellite Geodesy Program
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GLONASS System As a Tool for Space Weather Monitoring
GLONASS System as a tool for space weather monitoring V.V. Alpatov, S.N. Karutin, А.Yu. Repin Institute of Applied Geophysics, Roshydromet TSNIIMASH, Roscosmos BAKU-2018 PLAN OF PRESENTATION General information about GLONASS Goals Organization and Management Technical information about GLONASS Space Weather Effects On Space Systems On Ground based Systems Possible Opportunities of GLONASS for Monitoring Space Weather Effects Russian Monitoring System for Monitoring Space Weather Effects with Use Opportunities of GLONASS 2 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT GLONASS NATIONAL SATELLITE NAVIGATION POLICY AND ORGANIZATION Presidential Decree of May 17, 2007 No. 638 On Use of GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) for the Benefit of Social and Economic Development of the Russian Federation Federal Program on GLONASS Sustainment, Development and Use for 2012-2020 – planning and budgeting instrument for GLONASS development and use Budget planning for the forthcoming decade – up to 2030 GLONASS Program governance: Roscosmos State Space Corporation Government Contracting Authority – Program Coordinator Government Contracting Authorities Program Scientific and Coordination Board GLONASS Program Goals: Improving GLONASS performance – its accuracy and integrity Ensuring positioning, navigation and timing solutions in restricted visibility of satellites, interference and jamming conditions Enhancing current application efficiency and broadening application domains 3 CHARACTERISTICS IMPROVEMENT PLAN Accuracy Improvement by means of: . Ground Segment -
Geodesy in the 21St Century
Eos, Vol. 90, No. 18, 5 May 2009 VOLUME 90 NUMBER 18 5 MAY 2009 EOS, TRANSACTIONS, AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION PAGES 153–164 geophysical discoveries, the basic under- Geodesy in the 21st Century standing of earthquake mechanics known as the “elastic rebound theory” [Reid, 1910], PAGES 153–155 Geodesy and the Space Era was established by analyzing geodetic mea- surements before and after the 1906 San From flat Earth, to round Earth, to a rough Geodesy, like many scientific fields, is Francisco earthquakes. and oblate Earth, people’s understanding of technology driven. Over the centuries, it In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the the shape of our planet and its landscapes has developed as an engineering discipline artificial satellite Sputnik, ushering the world has changed dramatically over the course because of its practical applications. By the into the space era. During the first 5 decades of history. These advances in geodesy— early 1900s, scientists and cartographers of the space era, space geodetic technolo- the study of Earth’s size, shape, orientation, began to use triangulation and leveling mea- gies developed rapidly. The idea behind and gravitational field, and the variations surements to record surface deformation space geodetic measurements is simple: Dis- of these quantities over time—developed associated with earthquakes and volcanoes. tance or phase measurements conducted because of humans’ curiosity about the For example, one of the most important between Earth’s surface and objects in Earth and because of geodesy’s application to navigation, surveying, and mapping, all of which were very practical areas that ben- efited society. -
Solar Radiation Pressure Models for Beidou-3 I2-S Satellite: Comparison and Augmentation
remote sensing Article Solar Radiation Pressure Models for BeiDou-3 I2-S Satellite: Comparison and Augmentation Chen Wang 1, Jing Guo 1,2 ID , Qile Zhao 1,3,* and Jingnan Liu 1,3 1 GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (C.W.); [email protected] (J.G.); [email protected] (J.L.) 2 School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK 3 Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-027-6877-7227 Received: 22 December 2017; Accepted: 15 January 2018; Published: 16 January 2018 Abstract: As one of the most essential modeling aspects for precise orbit determination, solar radiation pressure (SRP) is the largest non-gravitational force acting on a navigation satellite. This study focuses on SRP modeling of the BeiDou-3 experimental satellite I2-S (PRN C32), for which an obvious modeling deficiency that is related to SRP was formerly identified. The satellite laser ranging (SLR) validation demonstrated that the orbit of BeiDou-3 I2-S determined with empirical 5-parameter Extended CODE (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) Orbit Model (ECOM1) has the sun elongation angle (# angle) dependent systematic error, as well as a bias of approximately −16.9 cm. Similar performance has been identified for European Galileo and Japanese QZSS Michibiki satellite as well, and can be reduced with the extended ECOM model (ECOM2), or by using the a priori SRP model to augment ECOM1. In this study, the performances of the widely used SRP models for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) satellites, i.e., ECOM1, ECOM2, and adjustable box-wing model have been compared and analyzed for BeiDou-3 I2-S satellite. -
AVL Systems for Bus Transit
T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M SPONSORED BY The Federal Transit Administration TCRP Synthesis 24 AVL Systems for Bus Transit A Synthesis of Transit Practice Transportation Research Board National Research Council TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1997 SELECTION COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN OFFICERS MICHAEL S. TOWNES Peninsula Transportation District Chair: DAVID N. WORMLEY, Dean of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Commission Vice Chair: SHARON D. BANKS, General Manager, AC Transit Executive Director: ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board, National Research Council MEMBERS SHARON D. BANKS MEMBERS AC Transit LEE BARNES BRIAN J. L. BERRY, Lloyd Viel Berkner Regental Professor, Bruton Center for Development Studies, Barwood, Inc University of Texas at Dallas GERALD L. BLAIR LILLIAN C. BORRONE, Director, Port Department, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (Past Indiana County Transit Authority Chair, 1995) SHIRLEY A. DELIBERO DAVID BURWELL, President, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy New Jersey Transit Corporation E. DEAN CARLSON, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation ROD J. DIRIDON JAMES N. DENN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation International Institute for Surface JOHN W. FISHER, Director, ATLSS Engineering Research Center, Lehigh University Transportation Policy Study DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Executive Director, Capital District Transportation Authority SANDRA DRAGGOO DAVID R. GOODE, Chairman, President, and CEO, Norfolk Southern Corporation CATA DELON HAMPTON, Chairman & CEO, Delon Hampton & Associates LOUIS J. GAMBACCINI LESTER A. HOEL, Hamilton Professor, University of Virginia. Department of Civil Engineering SEPTA JAMES L. -
The Navy Navigation Satellite System (Transit)
ROBERT J. DANCHIK THE NAVY NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (TRANSIT) This article provides an update on the status of the Navy Navigation Satellite System (TRANSIT). Some insights are provided on the evolution of the system into its current configuration, as well as a discussion of future plans. BACKGROUND sign goal was never achieved for long in those early In 1958, research scientists at APL solved the orbit days because the satellites had short operational life of the first Russian satellite, Sputnik-I, by analysis of times. The failures largely resulted from inadequate the observed Doppler shift of its transmitted signal. component quality and the large number of wiring in This led immediately to the concept of satellite navi terconnections. However, after OSCAR 2 10 and OS gation and the development of the U.S. Navy Navi CAR 12 were launched in 1966 and 1967, respectively, gation Satellite System (TRANSIT) by APL, under the enough data on the failure mechanisms became avail sponsorship of the Navy's Special Projects Office, to able to APL to achieve the desired advances in reli provide position fixes for the Fleet Ballistic Missile ability. The integrated circuit introduced in OSCAR Weapon System submarines. (The articles in Ref. 1, 10 significantly extended the satellite lifetime by im a previous issue of the fohns Hopkins APL Techni proving component reliability and reducing the num cal Digest devoted to TRANSIT, give the principles ber of interconnections. Subsequently, the last major of operation and early history of the system.) Now, design change made to the solar cell interconnections, 26 years after its conception, the system is mature. -
ABAS), Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS), Or Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS
Current Status and Future Navigation Requirements for Mexico City New Airport New Mexico City Airport in figures: • 120 million passengers per year; • 1.2 million tons of shipping cargo per year; • 4,430 Ha. (6 times bigger tan the current airport); • 6 runways operating simultaneously; • 1st airport outside Europe with a neutral carbon footprint; • Largest airport in Latin America; • 11.3 billion USD investment (aprox.); • Operational in 2020 (expected). “State-of-the-art navigation systems are as important –or more- than having world class civil engineering and a stunning arquitecture” Air Navigation Systems: A. In-land deployed systems - Are the most common, based on ground stations emitting radiofrequency signals received by on-board equipments to calculate flight position. B. Satellite navigation systems – First stablished by U.S. in 1959 called TRANSIT (by the time Russia developed TSIKADA); in 1967 was open to civil navigation; 1973 GPS was developed by U.S., then GLONASS, then GALILEO. C. Inertial navigation systems – Autonomous navigation systems based on inertial forces, providing constant information on the position of the flight and parameters of speed and direction (e.g. when flying above the ocean and there are no ground segments to provide support). Requirements for performance of Navigation Systems: According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) there are four main requirements: • The accuracy means the level of concordance between the estimated position of an aircraft and its real position. • The availability is the portion of time during which the system complies with the performance requirements under certain conditions. • The integrity is the function of a system that warns the users in an opportune way when the system should not be used. -
Coordinate Systems in Geodesy
COORDINATE SYSTEMS IN GEODESY E. J. KRAKIWSKY D. E. WELLS May 1971 TECHNICALLECTURE NOTES REPORT NO.NO. 21716 COORDINATE SYSTElVIS IN GEODESY E.J. Krakiwsky D.E. \Vells Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering University of New Brunswick P.O. Box 4400 Fredericton, N .B. Canada E3B 5A3 May 1971 Latest Reprinting January 1998 PREFACE In order to make our extensive series of lecture notes more readily available, we have scanned the old master copies and produced electronic versions in Portable Document Format. The quality of the images varies depending on the quality of the originals. The images have not been converted to searchable text. TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iv LIST OF TABLES . vi l. INTRODUCTION l 1.1 Poles~ Planes and -~es 4 1.2 Universal and Sidereal Time 6 1.3 Coordinate Systems in Geodesy . 7 2. TERRESTRIAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS 9 2.1 Terrestrial Geocentric Systems • . 9 2.1.1 Polar Motion and Irregular Rotation of the Earth • . • • . • • • • . 10 2.1.2 Average and Instantaneous Terrestrial Systems • 12 2.1. 3 Geodetic Systems • • • • • • • • • • . 1 17 2.2 Relationship between Cartesian and Curvilinear Coordinates • • • • • • • . • • 19 2.2.1 Cartesian and Curvilinear Coordinates of a Point on the Reference Ellipsoid • • • • • 19 2.2.2 The Position Vector in Terms of the Geodetic Latitude • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 2.2.3 Th~ Position Vector in Terms of the Geocentric and Reduced Latitudes . • • • • • • • • • • • 27 2.2.4 Relationships between Geodetic, Geocentric and Reduced Latitudes • . • • • • • • • • • • 28 2.2.5 The Position Vector of a Point Above the Reference Ellipsoid . • • . • • • • • • . .• 28 2.2.6 Transformation from Average Terrestrial Cartesian to Geodetic Coordinates • 31 2.3 Geodetic Datums 33 2.3.1 Datum Position Parameters . -
Satellite Geodesy: Foundations, Methods and Applications, Second Edition
Satellite Geodesy: Foundations, Methods and Applications, Second Edition By Günter Seeber, 589 pages, 281 figures, 64 tables, ISBN: 3-11-017549-5, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., Berlin, 2003 The first edition of this book came out in 1993, when it made an enormous contribution to the field. It brought together in one volume a vast amount Günter Seeber of information scattered throughout the geodetic literature on satellite mis Satellite Geodesy sions, observables, mathematical models and applications. In the inter 2nd Edition vening ten years the field has devel oped at an astonishing rate, and the new edition has been completely revised to take this into account. Apart from a review of the historical development of the field, the book is divided into three main sections. The first part is a general introduction to the fundamentals of the subject: refer ence frames; time systems; signal propagation; Keplerian models of satel de Gruyter lite motion; orbit perturbations; orbit determination; orbit types and constel lations. The second section, which contributes to the fields of terrestrial comprises the major part of the book, and marine physical and geometrical is a detailed description of the principal geodesy, navigation and geodynamics. techniques falling under the umbrella of satellite geodesy. Those covered The book is written in an accessible are: optical techniques; Doppler posi style, particularly given the technical tioning; Global Navigation Satellite nature of the content, and is therefore Systems (GNSS, incorporating GPS, useful to a wide community of readers. GLONASS and GALILEO), Satellite Every topic has extensive and up to Laser Ranging (SLR), satellite altime date references allowing for further try, gravity field missions, Very Long investigation where necessary. -
Multi-GNSS Kinematic Precise Point Positioning: Some Results in South Korea
JPNT 6(1), 35-41 (2017) Journal of Positioning, https://doi.org/10.11003/JPNT.2017.6.1.35 JPNT Navigation, and Timing Multi-GNSS Kinematic Precise Point Positioning: Some Results in South Korea Byung-Kyu Choi1†, Chang-Hyun Cho1, Sang Jeong Lee2 1Space Geodesy Group, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 305-348, Korea 2Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea ABSTRACT Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method is based on dual-frequency data of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The recent multi-constellations GNSS (multi-GNSS) enable us to bring great opportunities for enhanced precise positioning, navigation, and timing. In the paper, the multi-GNSS PPP with a combination of four systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou) is analyzed to evaluate the improvement on positioning accuracy and convergence time. GNSS observations obtained from DAEJ reference station in South Korea are processed with both the multi-GNSS PPP and the GPS-only PPP. The performance of multi-GNSS PPP is not dramatically improved when compared to that of GPS only PPP. Its performance could be affected by the orbit errors of BeiDou geostationary satellites. However, multi-GNSS PPP can significantly improve the convergence speed of GPS-only PPP in terms of position accuracy. Keywords: PPP, multi-GNSS, Positioning accuracy, convergence speed 1. INTRODUCTION Positioning System (GPS) has been modernized steadily and Russia has also operated the GLObal NAvigation Satellite Precise Point Positioning (PPP) using the Global Navigation System (GLONASS) stably since 2012. Furthermore, the EU Satellite System (GNSS) can determine positioning of users has launched the 12th Galileo satellite recently indicating from several millimeters to a few centimeters (cm) if dual- the global satellite navigation system is now entering a final frequency observation data are employed (Zumberge et al. -
Some Problems Concerned with the Geodetic Use of High Precision Altimeter Data
Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science Report No. 237 SOME PROBLEMS CONCERNED WITH THE GEODETIC USE OF HIGH PRECISION ALTIMETER DATA D. by cc w D.Lelgemann H.m ko 0 o Prepared for National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center ,a0 Greenbelt, Maryland 20770 u to r) = H 'V _U Al Grant No. NGR 36-008-161 M t OSURF Project No. 3210 pi ZLn C0 Oa)n :.)W. U0Q. 'no 0C The Ohio State University M10 E-14J Research Foundation 94I Columbus, Ohio 43212 0 aH January, 1976 Reports of the Departme" -4 f-,no, Science Report No. 237 Some Problems Concerned with the Geodetic Use of High Precision Altimeter Data by D. Lolgenann Prepared for National Aeronautics and Space Adminisfrati Goddard Space Flight Cente7 Greenbelt, Maryland 26770 Grant No. NGR 36-008-161 OSURF Project No. 3210 The Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, Ohio 43212 January, 1976 Foreword This report was prepared by Dr. D. Lelgemann, Visiting Research Associate, Department of Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University, and Wissenschafti. Rat at the Institut fdr Angewandte Geodiisie, Federal Repub lic of Germany. This work was supported, in part, through NASA Grant NGR 36-008-161, The Ohio State University Research Foundation Project No. 3210, which is under the direction of Professor Richard H. Rapp. The grant supporting this research is administered through the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland with Mr. James Marsh as Technical Officer. The author is particularly grateful to Professor Richard H. Rapp for helpful discussions and to Deborah Lucas for her careful typing. -
Precise Point Positioning from Combined GNSS
ARTICLE FUGRO MARINESTAR G4+ PPP-RTK DEVELOPMENTS Precise Point Positioning from Combined GNSS Currently there are four global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) available: GPS, Glonass, BeiDou and Galileo. The satellites of these systems are used for positioning, and the accuracy is greatly improved if precise satellite orbit, clock and uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) corrections are available when using the precise point positioning (PPP) technique. Fugro operates a worldwide network of reference stations capable of tracking GPS, Glonass, BeiDou and Galileo systems. This network is used to calculate precise satellite orbit and clock corrections of all four constellations in real time for maritime applications. The corrections are broadcast to users by eight geostationary L-band satellites providing worldwide coverage. This article describes the recent developments and the resulting accuracy of PPP with integer ambiguity resolutions (IAR). (By H. Visser, D. Lapucha, J. Tegedor, O. Ørpen and Y. Memarzadeh, Fugro) The Fugro Marinestar G4 service uses all four global satellite constellations. However, not all four constellations have the same geographical spread or the same number of available satellites. Therefore, one must consider the strengths and weaknesses of each constellation. The tracking status for each GNSS, based upon a minimum elevation of 5°, is given below. GPS In December 2016 there were 31 healthy US GPS satellites. In the current constellation, 19 Block IIF satellites transmit the additional L2C signal, which is 3dB stronger than the legacy L2 signal. This allows for better tracking in marginal circumstances and no impact on L2C when the L1 signal is jammed (in contrast with the legacy L2 signal, which will be affected). -
Revolution in Geodesy and Surveying 1
Revolution in Geodesy and Surveying 1 Prof. Gerhard BEUTLER President of the International Association of Geodesy, IAG, Switzerland Key words: Geodesy, surveying, space geodesy, GNSS, education. 1. FUNDAMENTAL ASTRONOMY, NAVIGATION, GEODESY AND SURVEYING The introduction to Peter Apian’s Geographia from 1533 in Figure 1 nicely illustrates that surveying, geodesy, positioning, navigation and astronomy in the “glorious old times” in essence meant measuring angles – the scale was eventually introduced by one (or few) known distance(s) between two sites (as indicated by the symbolic measurement rod in the center of the wood-cut). Figure 1: Peter Apian’s Geographia Figure 1 also indicates that relative local and absolute positioning was performed with the same instruments, the so-called cross-staffs, in Apian’s days. Global positioning simply meant the determination of the observer’s geographical latitude and longitude (relative to an arbitrarily selected reference site – first several national sites, then Greenwich was used for this purpose). The latitude of a site could be established easily by determining the elevation (at the observ- er’s location) of the Earth’s rotation axis, approximately given by the polar star Polaris. 1 This paper was for the first time presented as a keynote presentation at the plenary session of the FIG Working Week 2004 in Athens, Greece 24 May 2004. International Federation of Surveyors 1/19 Article of the Month, July 2004 Gerhard Beutler, President of IAG Revolution in Geodesy and Surveying In principle, longitude determination was simple: one merely had to determine the time difference (derived either by observing the Sun (local solar time) or the stars (sidereal time)) between the unknown site and Greenwich.