Geodesy in the 21St Century
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Geodetic Surveying, Earth Modeling, and the New Geodetic Datum of 2022
Geodetic Surveying, Earth Modeling, and the New Geodetic Datum of 2022 PDH330 3 Hours PDH Academy PO Box 449 Pewaukee, WI 53072 (888) 564-9098 www.pdhacademy.com [email protected] Geodetic Surveying Final Exam 1. Who established the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey? A) Thomas Jefferson B) Benjamin Franklin C) George Washington D) Abraham Lincoln 2. Flattening is calculated from what? A) Equipotential surface B) Geoid C) Earth’s circumference D) The semi major and Semi minor axis 3. A Reference Frame is based off how many dimensions? A) two B) one C) four D) three 4. Who published “A Treatise on Fluxions”? A) Einstein B) MacLaurin C) Newton D) DaVinci 5. The interior angles of an equilateral planar triangle adds up to how many degrees? A) 360 B) 270 C) 180 D) 90 6. What group started xDeflec? A) NGS B) CGS C) DoD D) ITRF 7. When will NSRS adopt the new time-based system? A) 2022 B) 2020 C) Unknown due to delays D) 2021 8. Did the State Plane Coordinate System of 1927 have more zones than the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983? A) No B) Yes C) They had the same D) The State Plane Coordinate System of 1927 did not have zones 9. A new element to the State Plane Coordinate System of 2022 is: A) The addition of Low Distortion Projections B) Adjoining tectonic plates C) Airborne gravity collection D) None of the above 10. The model GRAV-D (Gravity for Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum) created will replace _____________ and constitute the new vertical height system of the United States A) Decimal degrees B) Minutes C) NAVD 88 D) All of the above Introduction to Geodetic Surveying The early curiosity of man has driven itself to learn more about the vastness of our planet and the universe. -
NASA Space Geodesy Program: Catalogue of Site Information
NASA Technical Memorandum 4482 NASA Space Geodesy Program: Catalogue of Site Information M. A. Bryant and C. E. Noll March 1993 N93-2137_ (NASA-TM-4482) NASA SPACE GEODESY PROGRAM: CATALOGUE OF SITE INFORMATION (NASA) 688 p Unclas Hl146 0154175 v ,,_r NASA Technical Memorandum 4482 NASA Space Geodesy Program: Catalogue of Site Information M. A. Bryant McDonnell Douglas A erospace Seabro'ok, Maryland C. E. Noll NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 1993 . _= _qum_ Table of Contents Introduction .......................................... ..... ix Map of Geodetic Sites - Global ................................... xi Map of Geodetic Sites - Europe .................................. xii Map of Geodetic Sites - Japan .................................. xiii Map of Geodetic Sites - North America ............................. xiv Map of Geodetic Sites - Western United States ......................... xv Table of Sites Listed by Monument Number .......................... xvi Acronyms ............................................... xxvi Subscription Application ..................................... xxxii Site Information ............................................. Site Name Site Number Page # ALGONQUIN 67 ............................ 1 AMERICAN SAMOA 91 ............................ 5 ANKARA 678 ............................ 9 AREQUIPA 98 ............................ 10 ASKITES 674 ........................... , 15 AUSTIN 400 ........................... -
Solar Radiation Pressure Models for Beidou-3 I2-S Satellite: Comparison and Augmentation
remote sensing Article Solar Radiation Pressure Models for BeiDou-3 I2-S Satellite: Comparison and Augmentation Chen Wang 1, Jing Guo 1,2 ID , Qile Zhao 1,3,* and Jingnan Liu 1,3 1 GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (C.W.); [email protected] (J.G.); [email protected] (J.L.) 2 School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK 3 Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-027-6877-7227 Received: 22 December 2017; Accepted: 15 January 2018; Published: 16 January 2018 Abstract: As one of the most essential modeling aspects for precise orbit determination, solar radiation pressure (SRP) is the largest non-gravitational force acting on a navigation satellite. This study focuses on SRP modeling of the BeiDou-3 experimental satellite I2-S (PRN C32), for which an obvious modeling deficiency that is related to SRP was formerly identified. The satellite laser ranging (SLR) validation demonstrated that the orbit of BeiDou-3 I2-S determined with empirical 5-parameter Extended CODE (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) Orbit Model (ECOM1) has the sun elongation angle (# angle) dependent systematic error, as well as a bias of approximately −16.9 cm. Similar performance has been identified for European Galileo and Japanese QZSS Michibiki satellite as well, and can be reduced with the extended ECOM model (ECOM2), or by using the a priori SRP model to augment ECOM1. In this study, the performances of the widely used SRP models for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) satellites, i.e., ECOM1, ECOM2, and adjustable box-wing model have been compared and analyzed for BeiDou-3 I2-S satellite. -
Space Geodesy and Satellite Laser Ranging
Space Geodesy and Satellite Laser Ranging Michael Pearlman* Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Cambridge, MA USA *with a very extensive use of charts and inputs provided by many other people Causes for Crustal Motions and Variations in Earth Orientation Dynamics of crust and mantle Ocean Loading Volcanoes Post Glacial Rebound Plate Tectonics Atmospheric Loading Mantle Convection Core/Mantle Dynamics Mass transport phenomena in the upper layers of the Earth Temporal and spatial resolution of mass transport phenomena secular / decadal post -glacial glaciers polar ice post-glacial reboundrebound ocean mass flux interanaual atmosphere seasonal timetime scale scale sub --seasonal hydrology: surface and ground water, snow, ice diurnal semidiurnal coastal tides solid earth and ocean tides 1km 10km 100km 1000km 10000km resolution Temporal and spatial resolution of oceanographic features 10000J10000 y bathymetric global 1000J1000 y structures warming 100100J y basin scale variability 1010J y El Nino Rossby- 11J y waves seasonal cycle eddies timetime scale scale 11M m mesoscale and and shorter scale fronts physical- barotropic 11W w biological variability interaction Coastal upwelling 11T d surface tides internal waves internal tides and inertial motions 11h h 10m 100m 1km 10km 100km 1000km 10000km 100000km resolution Continental hydrology Ice mass balance and sea level Satellite gravity and altimeter mission products help determine mass transport and mass distribution in a multi-disciplinary environment Gravity field missions Oceanic -
Space Geodesy and Earth System (SGES 2012) Aug 18-25, 2012, Shanghai, China
International Symposium & Summer School on Space Geodesy and Earth System (SGES 2012) Aug 18-25, 2012, Shanghai, China http://www.shao.ac.cn/meetings; http://www.shao.ac.cn/schools Venue: 3rd floor of Astronomical Building Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences International Symposium on Space Geodesy and Earth Sytem (SGES2012) August 18-21, 2011, Shanghai, China http://www.shao.ac.cn/meetings Contact Information: Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Emergency Phone: 13167075822 Police: 110; Ambulance: 120 Venue: 3rd floor, Astronomical Building Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, China Available WIFI at the workshop with the password at conference hall doors Sponsors • International Association of Geodesy (IAG) Commission 1, 3, 4 • International Association of Geodesy Sub-Commission 2.6 • Asia-Pacific Space Geodynamics Program (APSG) • Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) • Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO), CAS 1 Scientific Organizing Committee (SOC) • Zuheir Altamimi (IGN, France) • Jeff T. Freymueller (Uni. Alaska, USA) • Richard S. Gross (JPL, NASA, USA) • Manabu Hashimoto (Kyoto Uni., Japan) • Shuanggen Jin (SHAO, CAS, China) (Chair) • Roland Klees (TUDelft, Netherlands) • Christopher Kotsakis (AUTH, Greece) • Michael Pearlman (Harvard-CFA, USA) • Wenke Sun (Grad. Uni. of CAS, China) • Harald Schuh (TU-Vienna, Austria) • Tonie van Dam (Univ. Luxembourg) • Jens Wickert (GFZ Potsdam, Germany) • Shimon Wdowinski (Univ. Miami, USA) Local -
VLBI, GNSS, and DORIS Systems
The NASA Space Geodesy Project Frank Lemoine & Chopo Ma April 5, 2012 Background • Space geodetic systems provide the measurements that are needed to define and maintain an International Terrestrial Reference Field (ITRF) • The ITRF is realized through a combination of observations from globally distributed SLR, VLBI, GNSS, and DORIS systems • NASA contributes SLR, VLBI and GNSS systems to the global network, and has since the Crustal Dynamics Project in the 1980’s • But: the NASA systems are mostly “legacy” systems VLBI SLR GPS DORIS Doppler Orbitography and Radio Positioning Very Long Baseline Satellite Laser Ranging Global Positioning System Integrated by Satellite Interferometry Space Geodesy Project – 04/05/2012 2 ITRF Requirements • Requirements for the ITRF have increased dramatically since the 1980’s – Most stringent requirement comes from sea level studies: “accuracy of 1 mm, and stability at 0.1 mm/yr” – This is a factor 10-20 beyond current capability • Simulations show the required ITRF is best realized from a combination solution using data from a global network of ~30 integrated stations having all available techniques with next generation measurement capability – The current network cannot meet this requirement, even if it could be maintained over time (which it cannot) • The core NASA network is deteriorating and inadequate Space Geodesy Project – 04/05/2012 3 Geodetic Precision and Time Scale http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Precise-Geodetic-Infrastructure-National-Requirements/12954 Space Geodesy Project – 04/05/2012 4 NRC Recommendations • Deploy the next generation of automated high-repetition rate SLR tracking systems at the four current U.S. tracking sites in Hawaii, California, Texas, and Maryland; • Install the next-generation VLBI systems at the four U.S. -
JHR Final Report Template
TRANSFORMING NAD 27 AND NAD 83 POSITIONS: MAKING LEGACY MAPPING AND SURVEYS GPS COMPATIBLE June 2015 Thomas H. Meyer Robert Baron JHR 15-327 Project 12-01 This research was sponsored by the Joint Highway Research Advisory Council (JHRAC) of the University of Connecticut and the Connecticut Department of Transportation and was performed through the Connecticut Transportation Institute of the University of Connecticut. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the University of Connecticut or the Connecticut Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. i Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. JHR 15-327 N/A 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Transforming NAD 27 And NAD 83 Positions: Making June 2015 Legacy Mapping And Surveys GPS Compatible 6. Performing Organization Code CCTRP 12-01 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Thomas H. Meyer, Robert Baron JHR 15-327 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) University of Connecticut N/A Connecticut Transportation Institute 11. Contract or Grant No. Storrs, CT 06269-5202 N/A 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Connecticut Department of Transportation Final 2800 Berlin Turnpike 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Newington, CT 06131-7546 CCTRP 12-01 15. Supplementary Notes This study was conducted under the Connecticut Cooperative Transportation Research Program (CCTRP, http://www.cti.uconn.edu/cctrp/). -
Coordinate Systems in Geodesy
COORDINATE SYSTEMS IN GEODESY E. J. KRAKIWSKY D. E. WELLS May 1971 TECHNICALLECTURE NOTES REPORT NO.NO. 21716 COORDINATE SYSTElVIS IN GEODESY E.J. Krakiwsky D.E. \Vells Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering University of New Brunswick P.O. Box 4400 Fredericton, N .B. Canada E3B 5A3 May 1971 Latest Reprinting January 1998 PREFACE In order to make our extensive series of lecture notes more readily available, we have scanned the old master copies and produced electronic versions in Portable Document Format. The quality of the images varies depending on the quality of the originals. The images have not been converted to searchable text. TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iv LIST OF TABLES . vi l. INTRODUCTION l 1.1 Poles~ Planes and -~es 4 1.2 Universal and Sidereal Time 6 1.3 Coordinate Systems in Geodesy . 7 2. TERRESTRIAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS 9 2.1 Terrestrial Geocentric Systems • . 9 2.1.1 Polar Motion and Irregular Rotation of the Earth • . • • . • • • • . 10 2.1.2 Average and Instantaneous Terrestrial Systems • 12 2.1. 3 Geodetic Systems • • • • • • • • • • . 1 17 2.2 Relationship between Cartesian and Curvilinear Coordinates • • • • • • • . • • 19 2.2.1 Cartesian and Curvilinear Coordinates of a Point on the Reference Ellipsoid • • • • • 19 2.2.2 The Position Vector in Terms of the Geodetic Latitude • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 2.2.3 Th~ Position Vector in Terms of the Geocentric and Reduced Latitudes . • • • • • • • • • • • 27 2.2.4 Relationships between Geodetic, Geocentric and Reduced Latitudes • . • • • • • • • • • • 28 2.2.5 The Position Vector of a Point Above the Reference Ellipsoid . • • . • • • • • • . .• 28 2.2.6 Transformation from Average Terrestrial Cartesian to Geodetic Coordinates • 31 2.3 Geodetic Datums 33 2.3.1 Datum Position Parameters . -
Satellite Geodesy: Foundations, Methods and Applications, Second Edition
Satellite Geodesy: Foundations, Methods and Applications, Second Edition By Günter Seeber, 589 pages, 281 figures, 64 tables, ISBN: 3-11-017549-5, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co., Berlin, 2003 The first edition of this book came out in 1993, when it made an enormous contribution to the field. It brought together in one volume a vast amount Günter Seeber of information scattered throughout the geodetic literature on satellite mis Satellite Geodesy sions, observables, mathematical models and applications. In the inter 2nd Edition vening ten years the field has devel oped at an astonishing rate, and the new edition has been completely revised to take this into account. Apart from a review of the historical development of the field, the book is divided into three main sections. The first part is a general introduction to the fundamentals of the subject: refer ence frames; time systems; signal propagation; Keplerian models of satel de Gruyter lite motion; orbit perturbations; orbit determination; orbit types and constel lations. The second section, which contributes to the fields of terrestrial comprises the major part of the book, and marine physical and geometrical is a detailed description of the principal geodesy, navigation and geodynamics. techniques falling under the umbrella of satellite geodesy. Those covered The book is written in an accessible are: optical techniques; Doppler posi style, particularly given the technical tioning; Global Navigation Satellite nature of the content, and is therefore Systems (GNSS, incorporating GPS, useful to a wide community of readers. GLONASS and GALILEO), Satellite Every topic has extensive and up to Laser Ranging (SLR), satellite altime date references allowing for further try, gravity field missions, Very Long investigation where necessary. -
Multi-GNSS Kinematic Precise Point Positioning: Some Results in South Korea
JPNT 6(1), 35-41 (2017) Journal of Positioning, https://doi.org/10.11003/JPNT.2017.6.1.35 JPNT Navigation, and Timing Multi-GNSS Kinematic Precise Point Positioning: Some Results in South Korea Byung-Kyu Choi1†, Chang-Hyun Cho1, Sang Jeong Lee2 1Space Geodesy Group, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 305-348, Korea 2Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea ABSTRACT Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method is based on dual-frequency data of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The recent multi-constellations GNSS (multi-GNSS) enable us to bring great opportunities for enhanced precise positioning, navigation, and timing. In the paper, the multi-GNSS PPP with a combination of four systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou) is analyzed to evaluate the improvement on positioning accuracy and convergence time. GNSS observations obtained from DAEJ reference station in South Korea are processed with both the multi-GNSS PPP and the GPS-only PPP. The performance of multi-GNSS PPP is not dramatically improved when compared to that of GPS only PPP. Its performance could be affected by the orbit errors of BeiDou geostationary satellites. However, multi-GNSS PPP can significantly improve the convergence speed of GPS-only PPP in terms of position accuracy. Keywords: PPP, multi-GNSS, Positioning accuracy, convergence speed 1. INTRODUCTION Positioning System (GPS) has been modernized steadily and Russia has also operated the GLObal NAvigation Satellite Precise Point Positioning (PPP) using the Global Navigation System (GLONASS) stably since 2012. Furthermore, the EU Satellite System (GNSS) can determine positioning of users has launched the 12th Galileo satellite recently indicating from several millimeters to a few centimeters (cm) if dual- the global satellite navigation system is now entering a final frequency observation data are employed (Zumberge et al. -
Infoag Conference NSRS Modernization 2022 New Datums Scott Lokken National Geodetic Survey, NOAA Mid Atlantic Regional Geodetic Advisor July 24, 2019
InfoAg Conference NSRS Modernization 2022 New Datums Scott Lokken National Geodetic Survey, NOAA Mid Atlantic Regional Geodetic Advisor July 24, 2019 July 24, 2019 1 NGS Regional Advisors • Geodesist • 31 Years with NGS • GIS Certified • Farm Kid from SE N.D. July 24, 2019 2 National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) NGS Mission: To define, maintain & provide access to the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) to meet our Nation’s economic, social & environmental needs Consistent National Coordinate System • Latitude/Northing • Longitude/Easting • Height • Scale • Gravity • Orientation and how these values change with time. New Reference Systems Planned for 2022 • Replace NAD83 with a geocentric reference frame • GNSS based • Replace NAVD88 with a gravity based geoid • Replace: bluebooking, database, State Plane Coordinates July 24, 2019 • improve toolkit, surveying methodologies. 4 What matters to you? Required Accuracy vs Precision determines how the new datums will impact you. Low Precision HIgh Precision Low Precision High Precision Low Accuracy Low Accuracy High Accuracy High Accuracy July 24, 2019 5 Different times, different accuracy 2019 1981 July 24, 2019 6 Bottom Line, Up Front • If you do geospatial work in the USA… • and you work in the National Spatial Reference System.. • every product you’ve ever made… – every survey… – every map… – every lidar point cloud… – every image… – every DEM… – WILL have the wrong coordinates on it in 3 years. Let’s talk about what this means, why it is happening, and how it will affect things -
Journal of Geodynamics the Interdisciplinary Role of Space
Journal of Geodynamics 49 (2010) 112–115 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Geodynamics journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jog The interdisciplinary role of space geodesy—Revisited Reiner Rummel Institute of Astronomical and Physical Geodesy (IAPG), Technische Universität München, Arcisstr. 21, 80290 München, Germany article info abstract Article history: In 1988 the interdisciplinary role of space geodesy has been discussed by a prominent group of leaders in Received 26 January 2009 the fields of geodesy and geophysics at an international workshop in Erice (Mueller and Zerbini, 1989). Received in revised form 4 August 2009 The workshop may be viewed as the starting point of a new era of geodesy as a discipline of Earth Accepted 6 October 2009 sciences. Since then enormous progress has been made in geodesy in terms of satellite and sensor systems, observation techniques, data processing, modelling and interpretation. The establishment of a Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) which is currently underway is a milestone in this respect. Wegener Keywords: served as an important role model for the definition of GGOS. In turn, Wegener will benefit from becoming Geodesy Satellite geodesy a regional entity of GGOS. −9 Global observing system What are the great challenges of the realisation of a 10 global integrated observing system? Geodesy Global Geodetic Observing System is potentially able to provide – in the narrow sense of the words – “metric and weight” to global studies of geo-processes. It certainly can meet this expectation if a number of fundamental challenges, related to issues such as the international embedding of GGOS, the realisation of further satellite missions and some open scientific questions can be solved.